on tap kien thuc tieng anh

8/3/2019 On Tap Kien Thuc Tieng Anh

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR REVIEW

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LESSON 1: PHONETICSA. Pronunciation.1/ Pronunciation of -ED

* / id/ : / t, d /* / t/ : / f, k, p, s, ks, t , , /* / d/ sau cc ph m cn li v cc nguyn m

Note: some special adjectives ending in ED, and some adverbs pronounced / id /Adj : naked crooked ragged wretched rugged

learned beloved wicked sacred2/ Pronunciation of -s or -es ( present simple/ plural nouns/possessive)* /S/ : / k, t, p, f, /

*/ iz/ : / ks, t , , ,, z, s/* / z/ : sau cc ph m cn li v cc nguyn m

Note: */ / : truth, month, mouth, south, death , both, bath....*/ ks/ : box...*/ f / : laugh, cough...*/t /: watch...*/ / : wash

B. Stress1.Prefixes khng lm tthay i trng m chnh ca t

un, im, in, ir , dis, not, en, re, over, under,Ex: unimportant. Inaccurate, irregular, dislike, nonsmoker, reorder, overcome, underweight.Exception ( ngoi l) : understatement, undergrowth, underground, underpants2. Suffixes khng lm thay i trng m chnh ca t

-Ful,- less, -able,-al,-ous,-ly,-er/ -or, -ing, ise/ize, -en, -ment, -ness, -ship, -hood,Ex: beautiful, thoughtless, enjoyable, dangerous, happily. National, worker, memorize, widen,enjoyment, relationship, childhood,3. Nhng t tn cng bng cc tip v ng sau c trng m chnh ri vo m tit ngay trc mtit cha tip v ng .

-tion, sion, -ic, ical,-ity, ial, -ially, -itive, -logy, -grahpy, -try.Ex: protection, decision, scientific, musical, ability, essential, social, competitive, technology...

Exception: television, Arabic, arithmetic, politics, catholic4. Nhng t tn cng bng cc tip v ng sau c trng m chnh ri vo m tit cch n mtm tit : -ate , -ary

Ex: investigate, communicate, dictionary, necessary, January.Exception: docu'mentary, ele'mentary, ex'traordinary, supple'mentary

5.Nhng tip v ng sau thng nhn trng m chnh-ee, -eer, ese, -ain( for Verbs only ), -aire, -ique., -esque

EX: degree, engineer, nominee, Vietnamese, Japanese, remain, questionnaire, millionaire,technique, unique, picturesque

Exception: committee, coffee6.Trng m nhng t hai m tit:*Verbs and adjectives: du nhn ri vo m tit th hai nu m tit th hai cha: nguyn m

di, nguyn m i ( tr "" ), hoc kt thc bng hai ph m.Ex : escape, forget, relax, enjoy, allow, repeat, attract ( nhn m tit th hai)

promise, answer, enter, offer, open. Happen, listen( nhn m tit th nht)*Nouns: nhn vo m tit th nht nu m tit th hai cha nguyn m ngn.Ex: standard, handsome, carpet, pretty, busy. table( nhn m tit th nht)

machine, mistake, alone....( nhn m tit th hai)C. Mt s t hai m tit va l V , N th N c trng m chnh m tit u tin, cn V nhn m tit th haiEX: present, export, import, record,, contrast, object, insult .


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LESSON 2: -TENSEStense Form Use-Example Du hiu Th Ho hp ThSimplepresent(HT)

*BE : is , am are*Vordinary:-I /we/ you /they +Vinf-she / he / it + Vs/esDo/ does +S + Vinf?

S +dont / doesnt +Vinf

1. Chn l, s tht hin nhin: Thesun sets in the west.2. Thi quen: She usually get up atsix oclock.3. Cu iu kin loi I , if clause.4. Thay cho Th HTTD i vi mt

s V khng dng c trong ThTD5. Trong Clauses of time nu MDC Tng lai

Often, usually.frequently, always,constantly,sometimes,occasionally, seldom,rarely,

everyday(week,month)

HT:---HTHT- HTTDHT :---HTHTHT- TL

-TLTD-TLHT

PresentContinuous(HTTD)

Is/ am / are + Ving 1. hnh ng ang xy ra ngay tithi im ni hoc xung quanh thiim ni hin tiEx: He is playing football at themoment.

This month I am writing a bookNOTE: mt s V khng dng viTh ny.2. K hoch trong tng lai gn

(thng km theo thi gian tnglai : next, tomorrow.)

At the moment, now ,right now, at present.Sau cc cu cm thn.

HTTD- HTTDHTTD - HTWhile + HTTDWhen +HT

Presentperfect(HTHT)

Has/ Have +Ved/ V3

1. Hnh ng bt u QK ko din HT, Tng lai. ( for, since)

I have learned English for twoyears.2. hnh ng xy ra ri QKnhng thi gian khng r( Nhnmnh hnh ng thc hinxong)

EX: I have seen that film3. Hnh ng xy ra nhiu lnv c th tip tc xy ra HT, TL:

She has writen many novels.4.Hnh nh va mi xy ra.( just)

Just, recently, latelyEver, never, already,yet, beforeSo far, until now, upto now, up to thepresent : cho n bygi.For: khong thi gianSince: Mc thi gian,

Mnh :( QK)

HTHT-HTD.

HTHT sinceQK

It is the first (second..) time +S+ HTHT( ever)

IT is the Adj sosnh nht + S +

HTHT

Presentperfectcontinuous(HTHTTD)

Has/ Have+been+Ving

1. Hnh ng bt u QK ko din HT, Tng lai( Ging HTHT 1) - Nhn mnh tnhcht lin tc ca mt hnh ng tlc bt u ti lc niEx: He has been writing his reportfor 2 hours

For/ since

Past simpleQK

* Be: was/ were* S +Ved/ V2* S+ didnt +Vinf

Did+ S + Vinf?

1. Hnh ng xy ra v kt thc QK -thi gian xc nh r.2. Chui cc hnh ng xy ra lintip nhau trong QKWhen she saw him , she turnedaway3. Vi when hi v thi gian hnhng xy ra QK.4. Hnh ng ngn xy ra chenngang vo H ang xy ra ca THQKTD.5. Hnh ng ngn xy ra sau H TH QKHT.6. Thi quen QK

In 1998( nm).Last night ( year,month, week...AgoYesterday..

QK-QKQK-QKTDQK-QKHT.

QK : ngnQKTD: di,

ang xy ra.QKHT: xy ra

trc

Past Was/ Were+ Ving 1. Hnh ng ang xy ra vo mt When QK-,


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continuousQKTD

thi im xc nh QK.Eg: I was doing my homework at 6p.m last sunday2. hnh ng ang xy ra QK thc mt H ngn chen vo.( QK)3. Cc H cng ang xy ra songsong vi nhau QK.

At 8pm yesterday.

At this time yesterday.

While+QKTD( nu QK)

QKTDWhile QKTD-QKWhile QKTD-QKTD

Past perfectQKHT

Had+ Ved/ V3 1. H xy ra trc mt mc thigian hoc mt H khc trong QK.

(H xy ra sau :QK)Eg: We had worked here for 5years by the end of last year.When I got up this morning , my

fatherhad already left2. L Th tng ng ca HTHTtrong QK.He said that he had done hishomeworksince 7am.3. Cu K loi III , M IF

-Before , by + mc tg QK

cc du hiu HTHTc th l ca QKHTnu QK(-No sooner QKHTthan QK.-Hardly QKHT whenQKVa mi....... ri th )

QKHT-QKni vi nhau =

after, before,when, as soonas, by the time,till, until...( Hxy ratrc : QKHT,H xy ra sau:QK)

Past perfectcontinuousQKHTTD

Had been + Ving 1. H xy ra v ko di cho nmt thi im trong QK, hoc mtH khc QK xy ra.

{H Sau ( QK) }.Eg:The men had been playing cardsfor two hours before I came

For + Khong tg -QKHTTbefore QK-When QK,

QKHTTD

SimplefutureTL

Will/ shall + Vinf 1. H s xy ra trong TL( mtquuyt tm hoc kin)Eg: I will call you tomorrow.2. Cu K 1, MC

Some day, tomorrowNext week ( year,month)soon

TL when/ assoon as/ untilHT/ HTHT

FutureperfectTLHT

Will/ shall have+Ved/ V3

1. H s hon tt trc mt thiim cho trc tng laiEg: They will have built that houseby July next year.2. H s hon tt trc mt Hkhc trong TL.

Eg:when you come back, I willhave written this letter.

By / before + mcthi gian tng laiBy the time / before(HT)By then

TLHT when/ bythe time HT

FuturecontinousTLTD

Will/ shall + be +Ving

1. H s ang xy ra vo mt thiim trong TLHe will be doing research at thistime tomorrow2. H s ang xy ra trong TL thc mt H khc xy n ( H xyn : HT)Eg: What will you be doing when Icome tomorrow?

At 8 am next sun day.

At this time next year

TLTD whenHT

Be going to S+is/ am/ are goingto+ V-inf

1. H s xy ra trong tng lai - cd nh t trc.

I've decided. I'm going to buy anew bike2. d on mt H sp xy ratrong TL c c s HT.

Look at the blackclouds. It is going torain

*Qui tc ho hp TH gia MC v MTrng Ng ch thi gian

Chnh MTrng Ng ch thi gian1. QK QK2. HT HT3. TL HT: HT ( thng)/ HTHT( nhn mnh H thc hin xong)NOTE:*. Khng s dng Th TL trong MTrng Ng ch thi gian.


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* Mt s V khng dng c cc TH TD ( thay bng TH n). l nhng V ch hnh ng ca gicquan, tnh cm, s h, trng thisee, hear. understand, be. know, like , want, feel. think( that), smell, love, hate, wish, remember ..

Eg: Now my mother ( be ) at home ( is being : is )* Cc cm t du hiu Th ch c xt cc cu n. nu cu c nhiu M cn xem xt S Ho hpTH. Nhng cm t ny c th dng cho TH tng ng ca n QK.Eg: I usually get up at six. But I usually got up at six when I was a student.* Trong cc cu Tng Thut, nu Vchnh QK nh ch Li TH v QK mt bt* HTHT since + QK( hnh ng xy ra v chm dt QK)

HTHT since + HTHT( hnh ng xy ra QK.HT)LESSON 3 : Reported speech

*Cu gin tip l cu dng thut li ni dung li ni trc tip.* Cc thay i chung khi chuyn t cu trc tip sang cu gin tip.1. Thay i v th trong cu:( reported verbs in the past) (nu V tung thut cc Th QK)

Cu trc ti p Cu gin ti pSimple present Simple Past

Present progressive Past progressivePresent perfect Past perfect

Present perfect progressive Past perfect progressiveSimple Past Past perfect

Past progressive Past perfect progressiveSimple Future(will + inf Future in the past( would+ ifn)

can could

must Had toNOTE:Khi cau trc tiep dien ta 1 chan l, s that hien nhienkhong thay oi Th.

Ex: Our teacher said, 'The sun rises in the East.' Our teacher said that the sun rises in the east.

2. Thay i v i t nhn xng,i t s hu v tnh t s hu:RULE: ngi th nht-ngi S mnh chnh; ngi th haingi O mnh chnh; ngi th ba thngkhng thay i3. Thay i v cc nhm t ch thi gian v ni chn:

Nhm t trong cu trc tip Nhm t trong cu gin tiptoday that day

yesterday the day before/ the previous daytonight that night

tomorrow the following day/ the next day/ the day afterthis month that month

last month (week, year..) the month (week, year..)before / the perious month (week, year..)next month the month after / the following month

here therenow thenago before

This/these That/ those* Cc thay i c th cho tng loi cu trong li ni gin tipI. Cu trn thut(statement)

saidS + (that) + S + V

told + ONote:

Nu V -tng thut l Said gi nguyn li tng thutNu V -tng thut l Said to +O told +Othay i th,i t,cm t ch thi gian, ni chn

Ex : 'I saw her this morning', he said He said that he had seen her that morning Marysaid to Bill,' I dont like living here' Mary told Bill she didnt like living thereI. Cu hi ( questions):

Cu hi o ( yes/ no question)S + asked + ( O )/ wondered/ wanted to know + if / whether+ S+V

Cu hi c t hi:( wh-question)S+ +asked +( O ) wondered/ wanted to know + wh- word+S+V

Note:: trt t t ca cu hi tr v dng cu pht biu ( Khng mn AUX, khng o AUX ra trc)thay i v th, i t, t ch thi gian v ni chn cho ph hp vi vn cnh li ni.


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Ex:' Does your brother live in London, Nam?,she asked -> She asked Nam if his brother lived in LondonEx : The boy asked me, ' What time is it?' -> The boy wanted to know what time it wasIII. Dng mnh lnh thc /cu ra lnh , ngh(command/ requests)

S+ ng t tng thut + O + (not) + to infinitive* ng t tng thut : told, asked, advised, persuded, taught, directed, begged, encouraged.......NOTE: tu theo tnh cht ca cu mnh lnh m ta s dng V- tng thut cho ph hp

Trong cu mnh lnh c cha Cu phat biu Ta cng thay i TH nh cu pht biuEx : She said to John :' Show me yourpaper' -> She told John to show herhis paper

Ann said to him : ' Dont wait for me if I am late' -> Ann told him not to wait for her if she was late

IV.Ty theo ngha trong cu trc tip, chng ta c th chuyn sang cch ni gin tip bng mts cu trc sauNhm i vi to-inf Nhm i vi V-ing

1. S+ V+ O+ ( not) to infAdvise (khuyn)Warn (cnh bo)Remind ( nhc nh)Encourage ( khuyn khch)Invite ( mi)Urge (thc gic)Order (ra lnh)2. S+V+ ( not) to infPromise (ha)

Ask (yu cu)Agree ( ng )Demand (:yu cu)Hope( hi vng), threaten (e do)Offer: ( ngh gip)Refuse( t chi)Ex : @' Well come back again'

-> They promised to come backagain.

@ 'Youd better get up early'-> He advised me to get up early.

@ 'Could you close the

window?' John said to Peter-> John asked Peter to closethe door

@ 'Remember to lock the door' my sister said

-> My sister reminded me tolock the door

@ 'Come and see mewhenever you want'

-> She invited me to come andsee her whenever I wanted

1. S+V+(O)+gii t +V-ingdream of (m v)object to ( phn i)complain about ( phn nn v)Stop sb ( from) V-ing, ngn cn ai khng c lm g)Compliment sb on khen ai v ci gAccuse sb of+ V-ing ( buc ti)Apologize to sb for + V-ing ( xin li)Thank sb for + V-ing ( cm n)Blame sb for V-ing ( tha)

Congratulate sb on + V-ing ( chc mng)Insist on + V-ing ( khng khng)Warn sb against V-ing (khuyn co ai ng lm g)Prevent sb from + V-ing ( ngn cn ai khng c lm g)

2. S+V +V-ingAdmit + V-ing ( tha nhn)Suggest + V-ing ( ngh)Deny ( th nhn) +VingRerget ( tic v vic g)

Ex :@ 'I hear you passed the exam. Congratulations!' John said to us-> John congratulated us on passing our exams

@ 'Im sorry Im late' Mary said-> Mary apologized for being late@ 'You stole my watch' the man said-> The man accused me of stealing his watch.@ 'Ive lost your letter' he said-> He admitted losing my letter@ ' I didnt break your window'-> He denied breaking my window

V. Cu iu kin trong li ni gin tip-Nu trong li ni gin tip c cu iu kin, th ch c cu iu kin loi mt l thay i v th, hai cu

iu kin cn li vn gi nguyn hnh thc ng t.LESSON 4 : PASSIVE VOICE

Structure :Active: S + V + Obj.

Passive: S + (Be) + Vpp + ( by Obj)BE: Chia theo TH ca V trong cu ch ng .

S + am/ is/ are, + V pp ( by Obj.) - simple present S + was/ were + V pp ( by Obj.) -simple past S + am/ is/ are + Being + Vpp (by Obj. - present continuous/


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S + was/ were + Being + Vpp (by Obj -past continuous S + have/ has +been + Vpp ( by Obj.) -present perfect S + had been + Vpp ( by Obj.) -past perfect S + will/ shall + Be + Vpp.( by Obj.) - simple future S + will/ shall + have been Vpp.( by Obj.) -future perfect

Modal verbs: S +can/ may/ must/ ought to/ should/ could/ have to/ be going to.........+Be + Vpp.

S + modal verbs + have been + Vpp ( dng hon thnh)***Notes:+ Ta c th b: by me, by him, by her, by it, by us, by you, by them, by someone, bypeople trong cu b ng nu khng mun nu r tc nhn hoc thy khng quan trng.

+ Nu cu ch ng c cc trng t( ng) ch ni chn th t chng trc 'by + tnng b ng'.eg. The police found him in the forest

_He was found in the forest by the police.+ Nu cu ch ng c cc trng t( ng) ch thi gian th t chng sau ' by + tn

ng b ng' eg. They are going to buy a car tomorrow.A car is going to be bought by them tomorow.

+ Nu tn ng trong cu b ng ch s vt, s vic th ta dng gii t with thay bytrc tn ng y.

eg. The bottle is filled with ink./ The bowl is fill with sugar.

+ Nu ng t ch ng c hai tn ng th mt trong hai tn ng c th dng lm chng trong cu b ng ( nhng ch ng v ngi c s dng nhiu hn)Nu O ch vt c chuyn lm S th gia cm V v O ch ngi ta phi dng gii t TO cho" bring, send, show, give, lend , show, teach, offer hoc FOR cho buy

Ex : Mary gave me a bookI was given a book by Mary A book was given to me by Mary.

Mt s dng passive t bit1. causative form ( have / Get) ( nh bo: khi mun ni rng chng ta cho ai / nh ai/ yucu ai lm vic g,ch khng t tay chng ta lm) Active: S + have +O (person) + bare Infinitive + O( thing )

S + get + O (person) + to Infinitive + O( thing )Passive S + have / get +O (thing) + Ved

/ V3 + [by + O ( person )]Bill repaired the roof. (= he did it himself) # Bill had the roofrepaired. (= he arranged forsomeone else to do it)Ex: I had him repair my bicycle yesterday. I had my bicycle repaired yesterday

I get her to make some coffee I get some coffee made.2. Verbs of perception ( gic quan): see , watch, hear, listen, ..

S + V + O + bare infinitive / v-ing + S (O ) ( be) Ved/ V3 + to infinitive / V-ing

Ex: They saw her come in. She was seen to come in.3. Verbs of opinion : say, think, believe, report, rumor

Active: S1 + V1 + ( that ) S2 + V2 + O2Passive It + (be) + Ved/ V3 (v1) + ( That ) + S2 + V2 + O2

S2 + (be) + Ved/ V3 (v1) + to infinitive ( if V2 in simple present tenses)

+ to have +Ved/ V3 ( if V2 in perfect or past tenses)

Ex: People say that he is a famous doctor. It is said that he is a famous doctor. He is said to be a famous doctor.Ex: They thought that Mary had gone away. It was thought that Mary had gone away. Mary was thought to have gone away.

LESSON 5: Conditional sentences.A. Grammar: Cu iu kin c hai mnh : M ph (hay M iu kin) bt u bng If,

v M chnh( nu ln kt qu).


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-C 3 loi cu K :1. Real conditional sentences ( Type 1).Future possible ( c th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai ).

If + S + V (simple present) + S + will/ can/ may/ must...+ V inf.eg. If I have time, I will visit you.

Tuy nhin c th c cc bin th sau

*. Habitual ( thi quen).If + S + V( simple present) + S + V ( simple present).

eg. Ann usually walks to school if she has enough time.*. Command ( cu mnh lnh, yu cu).

If + S + V (simple present) + command form.eg. Please buy me some fruits if you go to market.

2. Present unreal conditional sentences ( Type 2 ). ( tri ngc thc t trong hin ti, TL)

If + S + V (simple past) + S + would/ should/ could/ might + V inf.(Trong M ph nu cTo beth dng Were cho tt c cc ngi.)

eg. If today were Saturday , I could go to the beach .If I had time , I would write you a letter.

3. Past unreal conditional sentences ( Type 3).( tri ngc thc t trong Qu Kh)If + S + V (past perfect) + S + would/ could/ might + have + Vpp.

eg. If I hadnt lost my way, I would have arrived sooner.Note:- C th dng o ng( chuyn Were, hoc HAD ln u cu v b IF) trong cu K loi2 c Were v loi 3.

eg. If I were younger, I would play tennis.- Were I younger,I would play tennis.

If he had studied hard, he would have passed his exam.- Had he studied hard, he would have passed his exam.

- Unless: Trong M iu kin , ta c th thay lin t If bng Unless( nu khng, tr phi).Unless = If............not ..........

eg. If you dont study hard, you will fail in the exam.=Unless you study hard, you will fail in the exam. Khi ta i If sang Unless , nu M If th khng nh khng c i sang th ph nh

khi dng Unless m phi i M chnh sang th ngc li.eg. If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster.

=Unless we had more rain, our crops wouldnt grow faster.- Provided ( that) / providing ( that),On condition (that )( vi iu kin l) , As long as, so

long as (min l, vi iu kin l), Suppose, supposing ( gi s nh ), In case ( trong trnghp), Even if ( ngay c khi, d cho....dng ch s tng phn hay nhn mnh), .........c thdng thay cho If trong cu iu kin.

eg. Supposing it rains, what will you do ?Ill accept your invitation provided you go with me

Dng K c hiu ngm.1. But for ( nu khng v, nu khng c)

eg. But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.2. Without ( khng c ): eg. Without his books, he would know nothing.3. Mnh lnh cch + and : Do that again and Ill call a policeman.(= If you do )4 . As if and As though : ( nh th l, tri ngcvi tnh hung tht)

* Ch hnh ng hay s kin khng c tht hin ti:S + V (present) As if/ As though + S + V (past).eg. He acts as though he were rich.

The girl dresses as if it were summer even in the winter.* Ch hnh ng hay s kin khng c tht qu kh.


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S + V (past) + As if/ As though + S + V ( past perfect).eg. She looked as if she had seen a ghost.

Tuy nhin as if , as though cng c th * Ch hnh ng c th xy ra hin ti:S + V ( present) + As if/ As though + S + V ( present).

5. Clauses after Wish, If only: (ao c, gi m ). Sau Wish v If only thng dng mt M chmt iu ao c, mt iu khng tht. C 3 M sau Wish v If only:a. Future wish: S + wish + S + would/ could + V (bare inf.)

( If only)eg. I wish I would be an astronaut in the future.

If only I would take the trip with you next Sunday.b. Present wish: S + wish + S + V past subjunctive=simple past. ( V2 ;be were).

( If only )eg. I cant swim. I wish I could swim

Marry isnt here. I wish she were here. =If only Marry were here.c. Past wish: S + wish + S + past perfect/ could have + Vpp.

( If only)eg. She wishes she had had enough money to buy the house.

( She hadnt have enough money to buy the house).If only I had met her yesterday.( I didnt meet her).

LESSON 6 : COMPARISONS (so sanh)

1.So snh Adj / AdvTypes Models

1/ Equal Degree(So sanh bang) S1 +V1 AS + adj / adv + AS + S2 +V2

( trong cau phu nh AS au tien co the thay bang SO)2/ComparitiveDegree

(So sanh hn)

Adj. / adv(NGN) + ERS1 +V1 MORE + adj. / adv(dai) THAN S2 +V2

LESS + adj. / adv ( kem hn)

3/Superlative

Degree(So sanhnhat)

THE + adj. / adv(ngan) + EST IN( Nsot em c)

S +V THE MOST + adj. / adv(dai) + (N)The Least adj. / adv ( kem nhat) OF(NSo nhieu em c)

Examples: 1/ a) You are as tall as I am. (=me)b) John doesnt work as/so effectively as Tom (does)2/ a) The letter will probably arrive sooner than you expect.b) Mr. Smith can drive more carefully than his wife (can).

3/ a) She works (the) hardest of anyone in the class.b) Thats the most beautiful girl of the three girls

Notes:

1. S2 +V2 C th thay bng O2/ Short Adj. / Adv (ngan): - 1 van - Adj 2 van tan cung = -y,-er, -le,-ow,

Ex: happy, clever, simple, early.3/Long Adj. /Adv (dai): - 2 van tr len, tr cac trng hp tren4/ So Sanh Nhat : Dung cho 3 oi tng tr len.5/ So Sanh Bat Qui Tac:

good / well better the bestbad / badly worse the worstmany/much more the mostlittle less the least


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- late later the latest( v thi gian)/ the last( v th t)far farther/further the farthest /furthest

farther/ farther noi ve khoang cach # further/ furthest noi ve thi gian, N tru tng6) So sanh hn co the c nhan manh bang cach them 'much, far, a lot, a bit, a littletrc hnh thc so sanh

Ex: You speak English much more fluently than Lan doesA watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon

2. So snh N :Danh t cng c th c dng trong so snh:- So sanh bng S + V + the same + (noun) + as +noun(pronoun).

eg. My house is as high as his = My house is the same height as his.Marry is as old as Tony = Marry and Tony are the same age.

S + V + as + many/ much/ little/ few + noun +as + noun/ pronoun.(nhiu, t................................nh)

eg. He earns as much money as his brother.-So snh hn S + V + more/ fewer/ less + noun + than + noun/ pronoun.

( nhiu, t .............................hn)I have more books than she does.

3) Double copmparative(so sanh kep)

a) So sanh ong tien : (cang th cang)

The + comparative + S + V, The + comparative + S+ V( t so sanh hn) ( t so sanh hn)

Ex: The hotter it is, the more uncomfortable I feel

b) So sanh luy tien ( cang ngay cang )adj / adv + er + and+ adj / adv + er ( ngan)more and more+ adj / adv ( dai)

Ex: You are younger and youngerMy mother becomes more and more beautiful

LESSON 7: RELATIVE CLAUSES( MQH)- MQH : -L M ph c dng b ngha cho danh t ng trc n.

- c m u bng cc i t quan h- V tr : MQH ng ngay sau danh t m n b ngha.

Relative Pronouns & Adverbs:

Functions(Tien t)Antecedents

Subject Object Poss.(shu) Adv

Things Which/ That Which/ That Whose + N(of which)

People Who/ That Whom/ Who/ That Whose + n

Place WhereTime WhenReason Why

Types: 2 loi MQH Defining relative clauses ( gii hn)Non-defining relative clauses ( Khng gii hn)

A. Defining relative clauses ( gii hn, xc nh) :l M cn thit xc nh N i trc, ch r lngi no , vt no m ngi n cp n. V vy n khng th c lc b.( Khng dng du phytrong trng hp ny)NOTE: THAT c th thay th cho WHO, WHOM, WHICH trong loi M ny.-Cc TQH : THAT, WHO, WHOM, WHICH lm O( tn ng) c th c lc b trong loi M ny

eg. -The man is my teacher Hes standing overthere.=The man who(that) is standing overthere is my teacher.


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EX - The book is very interesting. I bought it yesterday.=The book which(that) I bought yesterday is very interesting.

Or The book I bought yesterday is very interesting. ( That, which c lc b)B.Non-defining relative clauses ( Khng gii hn) :

L M b sung thng tin, khng c chc nng xc nh N i trc bi v bn thn N t xcnh r. N c tch ra khi MC bng du phy.

EX: Mr Robin still works very hard.He is 64 years old= Mr Robin, who is 64 years old , still works very hard.

NOTE: -Khng dng THAT ; khng c lc b TQH trong loi M ny

Nhng tien danh t sau la N xac nh v vay MQH sau chung laMQH gii han, xac nh- Danh t rieng- Danh t c bo ngha = THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE- Danh t c bo ngha = s hu (MY, YOUR, ,TOMS HOUSE,)- Danh t c bo ngha = 1 nhom t ( EX: The man from Hanoi,)

Ex: They wanted to see my manager, who was away.TQH vi gii t:*Gii t bnh thng sau ng t nhng ta cng c th em n ra trc TQH.*WHICH v WHOM mi c th i sau gii t ,cn cc ch khc nh THAT ,WHOSE .. th khng th .EX: This is the house. I live in it . => This is the house in which I live . ( which I live in )*cc cm t ch nh lng i vi of : both of ,none of ,one of ,two of ,neither of ,most of ..... phiem c cm ra trc which ,whom

EX: I have many dogs . You like none of them => I have many dogs none of which You likeNhng gii tkhng th em ra pha trc . l trong hp gii t hp vi ng t thnh mtcm ng t kp ( thnh ng) nn ta khng th tch ri chng c .V d nh : Come across ( tnh c gp ) ,look after ( chm sc ), put up with ( chu ng ) ,give up ( t b).... This is the man .I came across him yesterday

=> This is the man across whom I came yesterday (sai )=> This is the man whom I came across yesterday (ng )

RelativeAdverbs*Where = In / On/ At....... Which sau Nplace

Thay th cho In / On/ At....... + Nplace hoc HERE , THEREEx: That is the house. we are living in that house now.That is the house where / in which we are living now

*When = In / On/ At....... Which sau NtimeThay th cho In / On/ At....... + Ntime hoc THEN

eg. Ill never forget the day. I met her on that day./ then==> Ill never forget the day when/ on which I met her.

*Why = For Which sau N- The reason ; thay th cho for the( this , that) reasoneg. Please tell me the reason. you are so sad for that reason.

==> Please tell me the reason why / for which you are so sad.NOTE:

-Whose: l mt TQH, ng sau danh t ch ngi v thay cho tnh t s hu trc danh t. Whose cngc dng cho vt ( =of which). Sau Whose lun l mt danh t.EX. The woman is my sister. Her wallet was stolen yesterday==>The woman whose wallet was stolen yesterday is my sister.

*THAT: -thay the cho 'WHO, WHOM, WHICH' trong menh e co gii han-khong dung trong MQH khong gii han(M nam gia cac dau phay)-Khong dung sau gii t.

*Dung sau all, everything, little, much, none, no v cc t so snh nht( superlatives)*dung sau cm t hn hp ( vt + ngi)Rt Gn Mnh A.MQH ( c TQH lm S)


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- Nu Verb MQH nng ng-> b who, whom, which, that v dng hnh thc V-ing- Nu Verb MQH b ng -> b who, whom, which, that v dng hnh thc V3/ed- Nu N trc MQH c the last, the second so snh nht

* rt gn MQH bng to-inf ( nu cu nng ng)* Rt gn MQH bng to be V3/ ed ( nu cu b ng)

Ex : 1. I live in a house which was built 30 years ago -> I live in a house built 30 years ago2. The boy who is playing guitar is Ben -> The boy playing guitar is Ben3. The firstperson that can help me is Mr. Smith -> The first person to help me is Mr. Smith4. This is thesecond person who was killed in that way -> This is the second person to be killed inthat way

B. MQH c TQH lm O ( ni v mc ch) ==> to infEX: English is an important language which we have to master

==> English is an important language to masterLESSON 8 : VERB FORM

A. To Infinitive1. to inf as subject ( lm S)Ex: To make mistakes is easy. ( It's easy to make mistakes)To wait for people who were late made him angry. ( It made him angry to wait for people who were late

2. to inf as complement ( lm b ng)Ex: My ambition was to retire at thirty.( It was my ambition to retire at thirty)

Your task is to get across the river without being seen. ( It is your task to get across the river withoutbeing seen )3. to inf as object of verbs: ( lm tn ng cho V)

Agree arrange ask attempt begin care ceaseChoose come decide determine demand desire expectFail hope intend learn manage mean offerPlan prepare promise refuse seem tend wantWish afford appear happen hesitate would likeClaim pretend volunteer

4. to inf after verbs + object ( sau V + tn ng)Ask enable encourage force get invite order beg forbid temptTell teach urge implore want warn wish expect Persuade

5. to inf after question words ( sau cc t hi): what / where/ who / whom/ which/ when / how

Ex: I don't khow what to do, where to go.6 S + be + adj +( for +O) to-inf-Too + adjective/ adverb + ( For O ) + to infinitive- adjective/ adverb Enough + ( For O ) + to infinitive (Ch : enough + noun + to- inf)

7.To -inf = In order to inf = So as to inf : to express purpose (din t mc ch )Ex: she learns English to go abroad..8.Noun / pronoun + to-inf (sau N, i t thay th cho mt mnh quan h)

Ex : I have a lot of work to do ( which I have to do )To- inf dng sau the first/ the last/ the only...... or The superlative ( so snh nht) : thay th

cho mnh quan hEX: He was the first students to find the answer ( who could find the answer)

B/ Bare Infinitive1. after modal auxiliary verbs: will/Shall/ should / could/ can / may / must/ might/ had better/would

rather v why notEx: I can swim why not phone me tomorrow night?2. let/ make +O + bare infinitive (but in passive( trong cu b ng) : be made to infinitive )

EX: He made me work hard - I was made to work hard3. help +O + bare infinitive / to infinitive Ex : we both heard him say that I was leaving.4. feel, find, hear, listen to, notice, see, smell, watch + O + bare infinitive (din t hnh ng ktthc hoc ton b hnh ng) (But in passive : felt, found......... + to infinitive)

EX: I saw him steal her bicycle - He was seen to steal her bicycle5. Do anything/ nothing/ everything But/ Except + bare infinitiveC/ Gerund ( danh ng t)1. after some verbs: ( OBJECTS ) ( sau mt s V)


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Admit appreciate consider delay detest keep mindrecall resent involve postpone risk avoid dislikedeny enjoy feel like imagine miss practice suggest

Ex : I enjoy watching T.V2. after some expressions: ( sau mt s cm t)be worth It's no good It's no use can't stand can't help There's no point in have difficulty/ troubleEx: It's worth learning English3. after prepositions ( sau gii t) (Prepositional Object )

Ex: she is interested in listening to music.Note : look forward to / be ( get) used to / be accustomed to/ object to / confess to / contribute to / take to+ Ving ( to here :preposition)4.gerund can be used as Subject or complement ( lm ch ng. hoc b ng)Ex: swimming is a good sport. My hobby is going for a walk after dinner.5. In compound noun(trong N ghp): Ex :weigh-lifting, lorry-driving, dining-room, swimming pool6. Adverbial Modifier( trng ng)

By/Without + V-ing ( th cch) He earns money by doing manual work.He looked at me without saying anything

For + V-ing ( mc ch) Money is used for buying things.After/at/in/on/before while/ upon + V-ing ( thi gian)

On returning home I found that the door was open.We ate while listening to the radio.

D/ To infinitive or Gerund

1. advise/ allow/ recommend/ permit / forbid + O + to Infinitiveadvise/ allow/ recommend/ permit ( no Object) + Gerund (V-ing )Note: trong cu b ng S l O, v vy be advised/ allowed/ recommended/ permitted + to INF2. remember/ forget/ regret + to infinitive ( happened after main verbs)( xy ra sau H chnh)

V-ing ( happened before main verbs)(xy ra trcH chnh)Ex : I regret spending so much money.= I'm sorry I spent so much money. ( spendingis the first action,regretis the second) EX: I regret to say that you have failed your exam.3. stop + to infinitive Ex: We stopped to ask the way. ( dng lm g)

V-ing EX: We stopped talking when he came in ( dng lm g).4. try + to infinitive ('attempt')( c gng)

V-ing ('make the experiment' ) ( th )5 S ( person) + Need + to infinitive . Ex: They need to cut the grass.S ( thing) + Need + to be Ved/ V3 The grass needs to be cut

V-ing The grass needs cuttingE. The participles ( phn t)I/ The present (or active) participle ( Hin ti phn t)1 To form the continuous tenses ( hnh thnh cc TH tip din)2 As adjectives (active meaning) : ( lm tnh t: mang ngha ch ng, thng dng miu t tnhcht ca vt) Ex: The film is interesting4 A present participle can sometimes replace a relative pronoun + verb

( l hnh thc rt gn ca MQH mang tnh ch ng c TQH lm Ch Ng)people who wish/wished to visit the caves = people wishing to visit the caves

5 After verbs of sensation . see, hear, feel, smell, listen (to), notice , watch +O+ VingEX: She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising.

NOTE : see, hear, feel, smell, listen (to), notice , watch +O+ bare Infinitive (Khi mun nhn mnh

hnh ng hon tt)EX: Isaw him enter the room6 Aftercatch/find/leave + object Ex: I left him talking to Bob = He was talking to Bob when I left.7 Aftergo, come, spend, waste, be busy

EX They are going riding/skiing/sailing* spend/waste + an expression of time or money + Ving

8 Present participles can sometimes replace subject + verb in other main or subordinateclauses ( l hnh thc rt gn ca mnh mang tnh ch ng)

We take off our shoes . we creep cautiously along the passage= Taking off our shoes, we creep cautiously along the passage

As he knew that he wouldn't be able to buy food on his journey he took large supplies with him= Knowing that............................


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II/ The past participle ( qu kh phn t)1 Hnh thnh cng thc ca cc TH Hon Thnh, v trong Cu B ng

he has seen it was broken2 As an adjective:(passive meaning )( lm tnh t: mang ngha b ng, thng dng miu t tnhcm ca ngi)

EX: Im interested in the film3 The past participle can replace a subject + passive verb( l hnh thc rt gn ca mnh mang tnh b ng)She enters. She is accompanied by her mother. = She enters, accompanied by her mother.

As he was convinced that they were trying to poison him, he refused to eat anything=Convinced that they were trying to poison him, he refused to eat anything.4 A past participle can sometimes replace a relative pronoun + passive verb

( l hnh thc rt gn ca MQH mang tnh b ng c TQH lm Ch Ng)EX: The chair which was broken yesterday has just been repaired

= The chair broken yesterday has just been repaired

LESSON 9 : PHRASES and CLAUSES1. REASON.(nguyn nhn)because/ since/ as +S+V = because of / due to/ owing to/ thanks to + N- phrase/ V-ing phrare.

Ex : He couldnt go to school because he was sick-> He couldnt go to school because of his sickness

2. Concession ( mc d.)* Although In spite ofEven though + S + V = + N- phrase/ V-ing phrare.Though Despite

Ex : Although he was sick, he went to school = In spite of his sickness, he went to school* No matter what/ where/ who/ when/ why/ how....

= whatever/ wherever/ whenever/ whoever/ why ever/ however( d g, d u,....................) Note : - Whatever ( pro) ( i t) - whatever you do , I believe you

Whatever + N -Whatever clothes she wears, she looks beautiful-No matter how +Adj / Adv = however Adj / Adv

However hard I worked, she was never satisfied.3. Purpose ( mc ch)so that to

S + V = so as to + infinitiveIn order that in order to

EX: she learns hard so that she can get good marks= she learns hard to get good marks.

4. CAUSES & EFFECTS ( nguyn nhn & kt qu)A. So/ such . that: qua .. en noi

S + V

so adj / adv

that S+ V

such (a / an) + adj + N

so manyso few (adj) + N

so nhieu

so much

so little

(adj) + N so t

Ex: The weather was so cold that we couldnt go out.It was such cold weatherthat we couldnt go out.There are so many people that we cant find Tom.He ate so much meat that he got fat.There is so little waterthat people couldnt leave here.

B. Too...... to ( qua.. ...... nen khong the)


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S + V + TOO + adj/adv + (for +O) + TO infEx: The tea is too hot forme to drink.

He drove too badly to pass the driving test.C. Enough (u e co the)

S + V + adj/adv + ENOUGH + (for +O) + TO infEx: The tea is not warm enough for me to drink.

He didnt drive well enough to pass the driving test.

5. Adverbial clause of time* Mnh trng ng ch thi gian ng vai tr tng ng vi trng ng ca cu. Mnh ny khngth ng mt mnh m phi lun i km vi mnh chnh.*Mnh trng ng ch thi gian thng bt u vi cc t sau:When (khi) - I was watching TV when it began to rain.While ( trong khi) - While Tommy was having a bath, the telephone rang.As ( khi) - As I was watching TV, it began to rain.

. As soon as ( ngay sau khi) - As soon as I finish reading this book, I will return it to you.Until ( cho n khi) - Please wait for me until I come back.Before ( trc khi) - You must remember to turn all lights off before you go out.After ( sau khi ) - After my parents have dinner, they often watch TV till late at night.by the time(ngay trc khi) - I will have cooked dinner by the time he comes

Since ( t khi) - Since I move here, I have never met my next-door neighboorAs long as: (lu chng no) - You can stay here as long as you want to.NOTE:* Ngi ta khng dng th tng lai trong mnh ch thi gian.Khi mnh chnh c ng t thtng lai th trong mnh ph ch thi gian, ngi ta s dng:- Th HT hoc - Th HTHT ( nu mun nhn mnh hnh ng hon tt.)* Sau As v While ta hay dng ng t th tip din.

LESSON 10: ARTICLE (Mo t)I. Indefinite Articles( Mo t bt nh) : a/ an- Dng trc danh t ( s t) cha xc nh / mi cp ln u

* Dng 'an' trc nguyn m ( u, e, o, a, i) hoc ph m 'h' cmEx : an hour, an honest person

* Dng 'a' trc danh t/ tnh t bt u bng 'u' c l /ju:/Ex : a unit ( nhng an unofficial strike)

- a/ an thng dng trong cc trng hp sau+ vi danh t ch ngh nghip . Ex : a doctor ; an engineer+ danh t m c s t. Ex : We had an argument+ cc t ch s, s lng. Ex : A hundred, a million, a pair of shoes

- Khng dng a/ an trc danh t khng m cII. Definite Article ( Mo t xc nh) : the

1. Cc trng hp dng 'the'- Nhng vat duy nhat. Ex : the sun,the moon,the world.- Cac danh t c xac nh qua ng canh

hoac c e cap trc o.

- I have a book and an eraser. The book is now on the

table.- Cac danh t ch s giai tr. Ex:the theater,the concert,the church- Trc ten cac tau thuyen, may bay. Ex: The Titanic was a great ship.- Cac song, bien, ai dng, day nui Ex: the Mekong River, the China Sea, the Pacific

Ocean,the Himalayas- Mot nhom cac ao hoac quoc gia. Ex:the Philippines,the United States.- Tnh t dung nh danh t tap hp. Ex: You should helpthe poor.- Trong so sanh nhat. Ex: Nam isthe cleverest in his class.- Ten ngi so nhieu (ch gia nh). Ex: The Blacks, The Blues, the Nams- Cac danh t ai dien cho mot loai. Ex: The cat is a lovely home pet.


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- Cac trang t ch thi gian, ni chon. Ex: inthe morning, inthe street, inthe water..- So th t. Ex:the first,the second,the third.- Chuoi thi gian hoac khong gian. Ex:the next,the following,the last...

2. THE khong c dung:- Trc cac danh t so nhieu noi chung Ex: They buildhouses near the hall.- Danh t tru tng, khong em c. Ex:Independence is a happy thing.- Cac danh t ch mau sac. Ex:Redand white make pink.

- Cac mon hoc. Ex:Math is her worst subject.- Cac vat lieu, kim loai. Ex: Steelis made from iron.- Cac ten nc, chau luc, thanh pho. Ex:Ha Noi is the capital ofVietNam.- Cac chc danh, ten ngi. Ex:President Bill Clinton,Ba,Nga- Cac ba an, mon an, thc an. Ex: We haverice andfish fordinner- Cac tro chi, the thao. Ex:Footballis a popular sport in VN.- Cac loai benh tat. Ex: Coldis a common disease.- Ngon ng, tieng noi. Ex:English is being used everywhere- Cac k ngh, le hoi. Ex: Tet, Christmas, Valentine- Cac cm t 'at work/ at home/ at school/ go

to work/ go home'NOTE :* Khng c dng "the" trc mt s danh t nh home, bed, church, court, jail, prison,

hospital, school, class, college, univercity v.v... khi n i vi cc ng t v gii t ch chuynng ch i n l mc ch chnh hoc ra khi cng v mc ch chnh.

Ex: Students go to school everyday.Ex: The patient was released from hospital.

*Nhng nu n hoc ra khi khng v mc ch chnh bt buc phi dng "the".Ex: I went to the hospital to visit her.

LESSON 11 : SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT

I. SINGULAR SUBJECT: ( ch ngs t) + V- s t

Singular subject Examples

1 Indefinite pronouns: (ai t bat nh)- anybody (any one), anything, anything,

nobody (no one), nothing, everybody(everyone), everything.

- Something is under the armchair.- Everyone wants to go home early.

2 Uncount nouns: Cac chat ran, chat long,chat kh, danh t tru tng ..- water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline,- ice, butter, bread, cheese, meat, gold, glass- steam, smoke, air, oxygen, smog, nitrogen,

- rice, chalk, dust, flour, grass, salt, sand, ..- happiness, pollution, love, health, patience,- work, homework, advice, information, ..

Happiness is one of the most important thingsin life

3 Subjects, sport, languages, naturalphenomena, nations, diseases: (Mon hoc,the thao, ngon ng, cac hien tng t nhien,ten cac quoc gia benh)- mathematics, linguistics, statistics, physics,- swimming, gymnastics, athletics, tennis, ..- Chinese, English, Spanish, German, ..

- Mathematics is a basic tool.- Many people take up gymnastics because it isgood exercise.- English is an international language.- The fog was very thick.


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II. PLURAL SUBJECT ch ngs nhiu) + V- s nhiu

III. Cac dang hoa hp chu t va ong t:

LESSON 12 : PREPOSITIONS- Gii t l t dng ch mi quan h gia danh t hoc i t vi mt t khc trong cu.- Gii t lun i trc mt danh t hoc i t v cc danh t hoc i t gi l tn ng ca gii t.- i t nm sau gii t lun phi hnh thc tn ng: him, her......- ng t ng sau gii t lun hnh thc Danh ng t( Ving)A. Prepositions used for Time and for Places.1. AT:

- weather, fog, snow, sunlight, smog, ...4 So o lng, lng tien, thi gian:

-- Ten kilometres is a long distance to walk.- Two million dollars is a large sum of money.- Eight hours of sleep is enough for me.

5 Who/ what lam chu ng: - Who uses English?- What has happened to you?

6 That + Clause lam chu ng:

'Wh' + clause lam chu ng:To inf/ V-ing

- That he is naughty makes his father sad.

- What he says is unreliable.- listening to music is interesting7 Some determiners: (Mot so nh t )

- Each, every, one of,- A little, little, much, a great deal of, a largeamount of, ..- Either , Neither,

- Each student has a pencil.- There is a little wine in the bottle.

- Neither student does homework.- Neither of the students is well prepared.

8 The + N and + N: mot ngi kiem 2 chc vu: - The assistant and secretary is very busy now.9 Hon hp:

- bread and butter: banh m b- The horse and carriage : xe nga

- Bread and butter is my favourite food.- The horse and carriage is coming round thecorner.

Plural subject Examples

1 The + adj : ( nhom ngi co cung tnh chat cua tnh t)- The rich, the poor, the disabled, the blind,- The British, the Vietnamese, the Japanese,

- The poor need our help.- The Vietnamese are very brave.

2 Danh t luon dang so nhieu:- police, cattle, goods, clothes, belongings, wares, ..

- The police are looking for themissing child.

3Some determiners: (mot so nh t)- both, many, a few, few, a number of, several, a greatmany, a good many, the majority

A few students are playing football

1 Hoa hp vi danh t sau:Either .. or .. + V ..Neither .. nor .. + V . ( Theo N2)Not only but also .. + V

- Either I or John s going to do thehousework.- Not only the boy but also his friendslike to play football.

2 Hoa hp vi danh t trc:

- N1 + along with + N2 + V (theo N1)as well as/ with/ accompanied by

not

- Miss Hang, along with her friends,

wants to meet the boss.- Nam, not Tam, has just come.


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a. For time:- at 4 oclock, at 5 pm - at last/ first- at night/ noon/ midnight - at the moment- at Christmas, at Easter - at present- at once- at the age of- at sunset/ sunrise

- at weekends- at the same time

b. For places:- at home/ school/ work - at the theatre - at the seaside- at the corner of the street - at the grocers, at the doctors- at the top - at the bottom - at the foot of the page- at the beginning of/ at the end of: vo u/ cui - at the shop- ( To arrive) at the airport/ rainway station.2. IN:a. For time:- In c dng trc nm, thng, ma, bui ni chung ( tr at night, at noon).

eg. in 1990, in August, in Spring, in the morning.- In time: ng gi.

b. For places:- In: trong in the living room/ in the box.

- In c dng trc cc thnh ph, t nc, min, phng hng: in London, in Hanoi, in France, in theeast ..........- in the street/ sky - in my opinion - in good/ bad weather- in the newspaper - in the middle of - in English/ German- in the rain/ sun - in the dark - in + time( in 2 days)- in the water/ river/ sea - in a line/ queue - in a picture/ mirror/ photo- in bed/ hospital/ prison - in the end:( cui cng) - in love with3. ON.a. For time:- On c dng trc th ( ngy trong tun), bui c th eg. on Sunday, on Sunday mornings- On c dng trc ngy thng eg. on August 12th- On time : ng gi( chnh xc) - On Christmas day - On holiday/ on a trip/ on a tour

- On the occasion of: nhn dpb. For places:- On : trn eg. on the table - on the phone - On horseback: trn lng nga

- on a diet - On foot : bng chn( i b) - on fire- On TV / on radio - on the left/ right - On the beach - on the 1st floor

4. BY.- By c dng trong cu b ng ngha l bi.- By c dng ch phng tin i li( by bike, by car.....)- By the time : trc khi - By chance : tnh c - Learn by heart: hc thuc lng5. TO:- TO (ch n) thng c dng sau ng t GO( go to the cinema..... nhng GO HOME).- TO thng c dng ch s di chuyn : My father takes me to the cinema.

Marry invited me to her birthday party.6. INTO:- INTO c ngha l vo trong, c dng sau cc ng t : GO, PUT, GET, FALL( ri ng), JUMP(nhy), COME ......

eg. go into the room, get into the train, put the pen into the bag, fall into the river, jump into the riverand swim, come into the house.....- INTO cn c dng ch s thay i ca iu kin hoc kt qu:

The rain changed into snow.7. OUT OF: ra khi.

eg. He came out of the house. / He is looking out of the window.8. WITH:


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- With: c ngha l c, mang, cng: eg. a girl with blue eyes./ a coat with two pockets.- With c dng ch mt cng c, phng tin. Hes writing with a pen- With c dng ch s lin h hoc ng hnh, c ngha cng vi

Im living with my parents.- With cn c ngha l vi Do you agree with me?9. UNDER:- Under: c ngha l di, ch v tr pha di mt vt. eg. The cat is under the table.- Under cn c ngha l t hn, thp hn. - Children under fourteen years of age shouldnt see such a film.B. Prepositions following Adjectives:1. OF:- ashamed of: xu h v - hopeful of/ about : hy vng- afraid of: s, e ngi - independent of: c lp- ahead of: trc - proud of: t ho- aware of: nhn thc - jealous of: ghen t vi- capable of: c kh nng - guilty of: phm ti( v), c ti- confident of :tin tng - sick of: chn nn v- doubtful of: nghi ng - joyful of: vui mng v- fond of: thch - full of: y2. TO:- acceptable to: c th chp nhn - likely to: c th

- accustomed to: quen vi - lucky to: may mn- agreeable to: c th ng - next to: k bn- addicted to: am m - open to: m- delightful to smb: th v i vi ai - pleasant to: hi lng- familiar to sb with sth: quen thuc i vi ai/ci g - preferable to: ng thch hn- clear to: r rng - profitable to: c li- contrary to: tri li, i lp - rude to: th l, cc cn- equal to: tng ng vi, bng - similar to: ging, tng t- favourable to: tn thnh, ng h - useful to smb: c ch cho ai- grateful to sb for sth : bit n ai v vic g - necessary to smt/ smb:cn thit cho ai/ci g- harmful to smb/ for smt:c hi cho ai/ ci g - available to smb/ for smt: sn cho ai/ci g- important to: quan trng - responsible to smb: c trch nhim vi ai

3. FOR:- difficult for: kh - sorry for: xin li- late for: tr - qualified for: c phm cht- dangerous for: nguy him - helpful/ useful for: c li/ c ch- famous for: ni ting - good for: tt cho- greedy for: tham lam - grateful for smt: bit n v vic- necessary for: cn thit - convenient for: thun li cho- perfect for: hon ho - ready for smt: sn sng cho vic g- suitable for: thch hp - responsible for smt: chu trch nhim v vic g4. AT:- good at: gii (v....) - excellent at: xut sc v- bad at: d( v.....) - present at: hin din

- clever at: kho lo, thng minh v - surprised at: ngc nhin- skilful at: kho lo, c k nng v - amused at: vui v- quick at: nhanh - clumsy at: vng v- amazed at: ngc nhin - annoyed at sth : kh chu v iu g5. WITH:- delighted with: vui mng vi - busy with: bn- aquainted with: lm quen( vi ai...) - familiar with: quen thuc- crowded with: ng c - furious with: phn n- angry with: gin d - pleased with: hi lng- friendly with: thn mt - popular with: ph bin- bored with: chn - satisfied with: tha mn vi


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- fed up with: chn - contrasted with: tng phn vi- angry with so / about sth : gin ai v iu g6. ABOUT:- confused about: bi ri (v...) - serious about: nghim tc- excited about: ho hng - upset about: tht vng- happy about: vui, hnh phc - worried about: lo lng- sad about: bun - anxious about: lo lng- disappointed about smt: tht vng v ci g7. IN:- interested in: thch, quan tm v.... - successful in: thnh cng v....- rich in: giu v...... - confident in smb: tin cy vo ai8. FROM:- isolated from: b c lp - far from: xa- absent from: vng mt ( khi......) - safe from: an ton- different from: khc - divorced from: ly d, lm xa ri9. ON: - keen on: hng hi v.....10. Notes: - be tired of: chn eg. Im tired of doing the same work every day.- be tired from: mt v..... eg. Im tired from walking for a long time.- be grateful to sb for st: bit n ai v vn g eg. Im grateful to you for your help.- be responsible to sb for st: chu trch nhim vi ai v vic g.

eg. You have to be responsible to me for your actions.- good/ bad for: tt/ xu cho......, good/ bad at: gii/ d v........eg. Milk is good for your health. / She is bad at mathematics.

C. Prepositions following verbs/ two-word verbs.- apologize to sb for st: xin li ai v vic g - approve of st to sb: ng v vic g vi ai- admire sb of st: khm phc ai v vic g - participate in: tham gia- belong to sb: thuc v ai - succeed in: thnh cng v- accuse sb of st: t co ai v vic g - prevent sb from: ngn ai khi .....- blame sb for st ( sth on sb): li cho ai v vic g - provide sb with sth: ( sth for sb)cung cp- differ from: khc vi - agree with: ng vi- introduce to sb:gii thiu vi ai - beg for st: xin, van ni cho- give up: t b - borrow st from sb: mn ci g ca ai

- look at: nhn vo - depend on/ rely on: da vo, ph thuc vo- look after: trng nom, chm sc - die of( a disease): cht v....- look for: tm kim - join in: tham gia vo- look up: tra t.( trong t in) - escape from: thot khi- look forward to: mong i - insist on: khng khng- put on: mang vo, mc vo # take off : - change into, turn into: ha ra-take off : ct cnh -wait for sb: ch ai- stand for: tng trng - arrive at( station, bus stop, airport.....) n- call off: hy b, hon cc a im nh- object to sb/ Ving: phn i ai/ vic g - arrive in( London, Paris, England.....) n- infer from: suy ra t thnh ph hay t nc....- congratulate sb on st: chc mng ai v vic g. - put off: hon li

C. VERB + NOUN ( PHRASE) + PREPOSITION:1. catch sight of : trong thay2. give place to : nhng cho cho3. give way to : nhng bo ,tranh ng cho4. keep pace with : theo kp, sanh bc5. keep track of: theo du vt6. lose sight of : mat hut, khong thay7. lose touch with : mat lien lac vi8. lose track of : mat dau vet cua9. make allowance for: chieu coac biet

10. make fun of : che nhao11. make a decision on ;quyt nh12. make a contribution to : ph gip ng gp

13. make a fuss over / about: lm om sm, tochuyn v

14. make room for : don cho cho15. make use of : s dung16. pay attention to : chu y en17. put a stop to : lam dng lai


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18. put an end to : cham dt19. set fire to : cham la, ot20. take account of : chu y en21. take advantage of : li dung

22. take care of : cham soc23. take note of : chu y en24. take notice of : chu y ti

LESSON 13 : WORD FORM( T Loai )I. N( Noun phrase): : lam S cho V

: lam O cho V

: lam O cho prep.: lam C ( C : complement: bo ng)* Notes: Basic Noun phrase structure ( cau truc mot ng danh t c ban )

- a, an ,the- this, that, these, those- some, any, many, -ADV - ADJ - N - Nhead

- my, your, Toms, ( danh t chnh ng cuoi , cac thanh phan bo ngha ng trc N

Cach thanh lap N ghep

*Cch thnh lp N

II. Adjective (adj.)( Adj phrase):1) adj + N2) adv + adj3) be (th, la ), look co ve), feel, become, taste (co mui), smell ( co v), get, grow,remain,

stay, turn, seem, appear, sound, + adjEx: That young girl is very beautiful.

*The order of Adjectives ( trt t ca ADJ trc N)


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III. Adverb (adv): l nhng t dng din t tnh cch, c tnh, mc , trng thi... v c dng b ngha cho ng t thng, tnh t, trng t khc hoc cho c cu.

1) S + Vi + adv Ex: They arrived safely.2) S + Vt + O + adv Ex: She did the housework disappointedly.

3) S + Vaux + adv + Vmain Ex: He can surely do it4) adv + adj Ex: He is reasonably right.5) adv + adv Ex: Jack runs very quickly.6) S + V + adv Ex: We have bought it at that store recently.

( or: adv + S + V + . ) (or: Recently we have bought it at that store.)* Trng t thng c thnh lp bng cch thm hu t ly vo sau tnh t.

beautifully, carelessly, strongly, mainly...* Mt s trng hp c bit:+ good well late late : tr ( lately: gn y)+ ill ill fast fast hard hard ( hardly: hu nh khng )

Mt khi c nhiu trng t trong mt cu, v tr ca trng t nm cui cu s c th t u tin nh sau:


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[ Ni chn - Cch thc - Tn sut - Thi gian]Ch ng/ng t

Ni chn/a im

Cch thc Tn sut Thi gian

I went to Bankok by plane yesterdayI walked to the library everyday last monthHe flew to London by jet plane once a week last year

Nhng trng t ch phm cht cho c mt cu nh Luckily, Fortunately, Eventually, Certainly hoc Surely... thng c t u mi cu.

LESSON 14:EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY( CM TCH S LNG) Ngh a Dng vi N

khng m dcDng vi Nm c

Cch dng V d

nhiu much many - ph nh , nghi vn- sau " as, too. Very, so"

There's not much sugar in the jar.I have so many problems

nhiu A great deal of A large numberof

- khng nh He has a great deal of moneyA large number of students are inthe room

Bao nhiu How much How many + N -How many books do you have?-how much money do you want?

mt it/ vi A little A few -ngh a khng nh ( c)

I have a little money( enough tolive on )

I have a few friends and we meetquite often.

rt t little few - ngh a ph nh( hu nhkhng c)

I had little money ( almost nomoney)Few tourists visited the areabecause of the oil spill.

mi X Each - + N m c s t Each student needs a bookmi , mi X every -N m c s t Every student must learn hardkhng X neither - khng trong s 2 ngi

hoc 2 vtNeither of the two childrenwants to go to bed.

hoc X either -trong s 2 ngi hoc 2vt

Either he or she is wrong

c hai X both - nhm 2 ngi hoc 2 vt both my parents work hardmt vi Some - cu k/ cu mi. yu cu Could I have some books, please?

any -cu p/ hi/ iu kin There isn't any reason tocomplain.

no- none -enough- all- half-a lot of- lots of- plenty of ( nhiu)

- most -more* using OF after quantifiers before specific Nouns.{ ( the, this, that, these...,my, his, her... ) + noun}

trc nhng N xc nh c th.{ ( the, this, that, these...,my, his, her... ) + noun} ta phidng OF sau cc t ch s lng

Some people - some of the people - some the people some of peopleEach child - each of my childrenNote: -Sau Both/ half/ all ta c th b of : all of her friends = all her friends

- cc cm t c OF nh : a great deal of , a large number of .. ta khng thm OFLESSON 15 : QUESTION TAGS( CU HI UI)

S + V, aux + Pronoun ?General rule : 1. negative statements affirmative interrogative

Cu ph nh ui khng nh2. affirmative statements negative interrogative

Cu khng nh ui ph nhEx : you didnt see him, did you? Peter helped you , didnt he ?Note:1. I m late , arent I ?2. Cu ngh: Let|s +(not) + V , shall we? Let|s listen to some music, shall we?


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3. Cu mnh lnh:Do/don|t do smt, will you? Open the door , will you?. Don|t be late, will you?

Cu mnh lnh :nhc nh nguy him s sy ra dng (wont you)Be careful with that dog, won t you?

4.Nhng cu vn c cc t mang ngha ph nh : Neither, no , noone, nobody, nothing , scarcely ,barely, hardly ever, seldom. C cu hi ui khng nh.Ex: no salt is allowed, is it?

5. Khi S = anyone, no one , anybody, nobody, none , neither - dung ' they' lm S ca cu hi ui.Ex : Everyone had recognized him , hadnt they?6. phn cu ch ng l nothing, something, everything, this, that th phn ui ta dng i t 'it'.

Everything will be all right, wont it?

LESSON 16 :MODAL VERBS

MODAL VERBS ngha V duCan (be able to) +V0 Co the ( kha nang) Can you speak any foreign

languages?Could +V0 -Co the ( kha nang qk)

-trong cac cau e ngh , xin phep-My grandfather could speak fivelanguages.-could you tell me theway to the

post office?Must +V0 Phai (can thiet, bon phan phai lam g )Chac han ( suy luan co c s )

-'You must do something'- she looks pale. She must be ill.

Mustn't+V0 Khong c phep( cam )lam g You mustn't smoke in here.May/ might +V0 Co the, co le ( hien tai hoac tng lai)

May : dung e xin phep ( may I...)"There's someone at the door "- " Itmay be Tom"-May I go out?

Needn'tV0 Khong can thiet lam g We'v got plenty of time .we needn'tleave yet.

Must have + Ved/ V3 At han a (dien ta 1 s suy oan gan

ung ve 1 s kien qua kh)

She won the game. She must have

been very happy.Should have +Ved/ V3 ang le phai (dien ta 1 li khien trachoi vi 1 hanh ong qua kh ang lenen lam ma lai khong lam)

It was a great party last night.You

should have come.Why didnt you?

Neednt have Ved/ V3 a khong can thiet lam qua kh( nhng a lam):

I needn't have written to him becausehe phoned me shortly afterwards.

LESSON 17 : CONJUNCTION( LIEN T) : But/ Yet/ However/so/ therefore1. But/ Yet/ However. ( nhng, tuy nhien - neu ra s oi lap) : giong nhau ve ngha nhng khac nhauve dau cau.

Clause 1, but/ yet + clause 2

Sentence 1. However, sentence 2.Clause 1; however, clause 2.

I tried my best to pass the exam, but I still failed.= tried my best to pass the exam;however, I still failed.=I tried my best to pass the exam.However, I still failed.

2. so/ therefore ( v vy, v th) : giong nhau ve ngha nhng khac nhau ve dau cau.Clause 1, so + clause 2

Sentence 1. Therefore, sentence 2.Clause 1; therefore, clause 2.

Tim was too angry, so he left without saying anything.


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=Tim was too angry;therefore, he left without saying anything.=Tim was too angry.Therefore, he left without saying anything.

LESSON 18: OTHER COMMON STRUCTURES1.

It + takes / took + (O ) + Ktg + to V0 .. : (ai) mat ktg eS + spend / spent + Ktg + (in) + Ving : trai qua ktg lam g

Ex: It takes me 2 hours to do homework every day.

I spend 2 hours doing homework every day.2.S + would rather + (not) + V0 (HT) : muon, thchS + would rather + V0 .. + than + V0 (HT) : thch .. hnS + would rather + S + V2 / were +. (HT) : muon, thch

Ex: 1. She would rather go to the cinema.2. I would rather watch TV than go out.3. I would rather he didnt smoke here.

3.S + prefer + Ving / sth + to + Ving / sth : thch hn

S + prefer + to-inf + than + to-inf . : thch hnEx: They prefer swimming to playing football.I prefer to cook than (to) clean the floor.

4.The last time + S + V2 was + in + 1993

when S+ V2two years ago

Lan cuoi la

S + havent / hasnt + V3 .. since 1990since S + V2for two years

a khong .

It is + KTG + since + S (last) + V2 a bao lau ke t ..Ex: 1. The last time we met him was in 1990. We havent met him since 1990.

2. The last time I talked to him was when I was at school. I havent talked to him since I was at school.

3. The last time we played football was ten years ago. We havent played footballforten years. Its ten years since we (last) played football.

5.This is the first time + S + have/has + V3 Lan au tien...lam

S +have never( not) + V3 + ..... before. Cha bao gi lam trc ay

Ex: This is the first time I have met him.= I have never met him before.6.

S + began / started + to V0/ Ving when + S + V2...........ago

bat au lam khi... cach ay

S + has /have + V3 since + S + V2Has/ have + been + Ving for khoang thi gian

a lam....ke t khi...... trong ktg

Ex: He started to learn English when he was 5 years old He has learned English since he was 5 years old

Ex: He began working here 6 years ago= he has been working here for 6 years


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7.

Its (high / about) time + for + O + to V0 : a en lucIts (high / about) time + S + V2

Ex: Its time she went to bed. Its time for her to go to bed.Ex: I shouldn't have stayed up last night. ( I stayed up last night and now I regret)

The woman might have gone home.8. a)

It + be + adj + (for O ) + to-infVing + be + adj .To-inf

Ex: It is important (for us) to study English.To study English is important. Studying English is important.

b)nice

politeIts + kind + of+ sb + to-inf :

considerate

rude

t telch st techu ao

tho loEx: It is kindof you to help me with the homework.

c)nicepolite

Sngi + be + kind to + sb / sthconsiderate

rude...

t telch st techu aotho lo

EX: He is kind to everyone. You are a little rude to customers9.. Extra object 'it':

findconsider to-inf

S + make + it + adj / noun + that + clausethink Whbelieve

prove

: tm thay: xem nh: nhan nh: ngh rang: tin rang: chng to

Ex: He finds itdifficult to do maths.My sister made ither duty to do housework.

10. USED TO/ BE USED TOUSED TO: ( TNG ) S + Used to +V0

S + didn't use to +V0Did +S + use to +V0 ?

BE / GET USED TO ( QUEN VI) S + (be) Used to + V-ing11. Li ni ph ha khng nh v ph nh ( cng vy, cng th)1. Khng nh S + auxiliary + too

Affirmative statement + and +So + auxiliary + S

Ex: They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.Ex: They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.

2. Ph nh S + negative auxiliary + eitherNegative statement + and +


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Neither + positive auxiliary + SEx: I didn't see Mary this morning, and John didn't eitherEx: I didn't see Mary this morning, and neither did John.

LESSON 19 :MU CU GIAO TIP1) CC MU NGH NGI KHC GIP MNH: ngh tr li ng tr li khng ng - V0 ............, please.- Can you / Could you + V0..........- Would you please + V0...........-will youV0.- I wonder if you'd/ could +V0.

- Certainly - Of course - Sure- No problem- What can I do for you?- How can I help you?

I'm sorry. (I'm busy )I'm afraid I can't/ couldn't

- Would / Do you mind V-ing........ - No I don't mind.- No, of course not. - Not at all.

- I'm sorry, I can't.

2 ) CC MU MNH MUN GIP NGI KHC:tr li ng tr li khng ng

Shall I...Would you like me to ...Do you want me to ...

- What can I do for you ?- May I help you ? - Do you need any help?- Let me help you. - Can I help you ?

-Yes. Thank you-That's very kind of you.Yes, please.Oh, would you really? Thanksa lot.

No. Thank youNo, thank you. I canmanage.

No, there's no need. Butthanks all the same.Well, that's very kind ofyou, but I think I canmanage, thanks.

3 ) CC MU XIN PHP NGI KHC:tr li ng tr li khng ng

- May I ....? - Can I .....?Could I. May I go out ?

Do you think I could ...I wonder if I could ...Is it all right if I ...

- Certainly - Of course- Please do - Please go ahead

-Yes, by all means - I'd rather you didn't- I'd prefer You didn't-No, I'm afraid you can't-I'm sorry, but you can't.- Would you mind if I + QK

Would you mind if I smoked ?- Do you mind if I + HT.Do you mind if I smoke ?

- No, of course not.- Not at all.- Please do- Please go ahead

5 ) CC MU CU"R":tr li ng tr li khng ng

- Let's + V0.......... - why don't we + V0.........?.- Shall we +V0.......... ? - How about + V-ing ?- What about + V- ing?

Yes, let's.That's good idea. Sure, why not?Yes, definitely.By all means.

. Good idea!

No, let's not.

6 ) CC MU CU CM N:tr li

- Thank you. - Thank you very much. - Thanks a lot. - Thanks a lot for ....

- You're welcome. - That's all right.- Not at all. - It's my pleasure

7 ) CC MU CU hi li khi nghe khng r:- Pardon? ( ch ny thng dng cc em cn nh)- Please say that again.

8 ) CC MU CU MI:


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a) Mi n ung: - Would you like + mn n/ungV d: Would you like a cup of tea? ( mi bn ung tr)p li: - Yes, please. / - No, thanks.

b) Mi i u: - Would you like + to inf.V d: Would you like to go to the cinema with me? ( mi bn i xem phim vi ti)

Would you like to go to the party? ( mi bn i d tic)Giving warnings Don't move! Mind you head! Watch out!

Look out! Be careful! Take care!

Showing interest 1. Uh-huh! 3. Right! 3. Really? 4. That's interesting!5. And? 6. What then? 7. Oh? 8. What happened next?Showing thatyou're listening

1. Now, you mentioned... 2. So, that's how...?3. Yes, I was going to ask you about that... 4. Could you give me / us an example of...?5. Could you explain in more detail...?

Thanking andresponding

1. Many thanks. 2. Thanks a lot. 3. Cheers! 4. That's very kind of you.5. Thank you very much 6. Not at all. 7. It's a pleasure. / My pleasure.8. You're welcome. 9. Don't mention it. 10. Any time.11. That's OK / all right. 12. I'm glad to have been of some help

Apologizing 1. Sorry 2. I'm very/awfully/so/extremely sorry.3. Excuse me. 4. Sorry, (it was) my fault.5. I do apologize. 6. Please accept my apologies

Accepting an

apology1. That's all right/OK. 2. Not to worry.3. That's quite/perfectly all right. 4. No reason/need to apologize.5. Don't worry about it

Givinginstructions

1. Make sure... 2. Remember... (to do).3. Be careful... (not to do). 4. Don't forget... (to do)

5. Giving directions 6. Go straight on.7. Take the first/second on the left / right. 8. Turn left / right.9. Go along... as far as... 10. Take the number 7 bus / tram.12. Get off (the bus / tram) at... (place). 13. Carry on until you see...14. Look out for..

Checkingsomeone hasunderstood

1. Are you with me? 2. Did you follow that?3. Have you got that? 4. Is everything clear so far?5. Does that seem to make sense

Sequencing

actions1. First of all, ... 2. Next, ... 3. Then, ... 4. After that, ... 5. Finally,

.Talking About Actions

?...


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ENGLISH GRAMMAR REVIEWMaking suggestions1. Shall I / we... (do)?2. Let's... (do).3. Why don't I / we... (do)?4. How about... (doing)?5. What about... (doing)?6. I think we should... (do).7. I suggest that we... (do).8. It might be a good idea if we / you... (do).9. I think the best way of dealing with this situation would be to... (do).10. If you ask me, I think we / you should... (do).12. We could...Agreeing to a suggestion

1. Yes, I think that's a good idea.2. That's probably the best option.3. Sure, why not?4. Yes, definitely.5. By all means.

6. Good idea!

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