Ohio Archaeologist

V O L . 2 N U M B E R 2

New Series - April 1952

Ohio Indian Relic Collectors Society C o l u m b u s , O h i o

SEVEN DEEP NOTCHES

By Earl C. Tor/send, Jr.

These beautiful and rarely perfect flints range in length from 4 1 4 inches to 5 inches. The seven have been selected because of the narrow and delicate notches and exceptional size and perfection. Because there are five critical breaking points on this type it is extremely rare to obtain a perfect one. It is to be noted that the tangs of three of the specimens are well rounded whereas on the other four there is a ten­dency toward the rectangular tang.

On three of then there is a concave base. Each of these projectiles displays meticulous craftmanship and they are master pieces of th- fl^nt chipping art. Numbers 1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 are fashioned from '/yandotte flint. Numbers 3 and 6 are made of a brownish hornstone typical of Kentucky and Tennessee flint projectiles.

The origin of these pieces is as follows:

1 - 4 3/4 inch - Ohio County, Kentucky. 2 - 4 3/4 inch - Hardin County, Kentucky. 3 - 5 inches - Hart County, Kentucky. 4 - 4 9/16 inch - Shelby County, Indiana. 5 - 4 1/4 inch - Kentucky (County unknown). 0 - 4 1/2 inch - Summit, Kentucky. 7 - 4 3/8 inch - Clay County, Indiana.

As will be seen from this listing of origina the deep notch concept may be saia to have had its beginning in Kentucky and worked its way across the Ohio up as far as lower central Indiana. Of some 30 specimens of this SPu W n i Cu- aVe,3;n *n" colil-ction, I have none which has been found north

7 *l* ',, g t W a? 40, X have never seen one ^ a farmer's collection north o. this line. In general then, this is a concent which coincides with the hornstone dovetail spear and is found in the same general area.

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C O N T E N T S

Pa/re

Wyandotte F l i n t Doveta i l s by E a r l C. Townsend, J r . 1

Contents 2

Of f ice r s 3

Council F i r e Echoes by H. C. T7achtel 4

E d i t o r i a l a n a by H. R. L'cPherson - E d i t o r 5-6

Days dig i n Kaine by Roland A l l i s o n 7-8

C u l t i v a t e d and ?,'ild Food From Abor ig ina l S i t e s i n Ohio by Robert LI. Gosl in 9-29

Cross Sec t ion Display of Ohio Ind ian R e l i c s

by Harold Engle 30-31

Objects From Feur t Vi l l age S i t e - P h i l i p Kientz 32-34

Announcements 34.

Seven Deep Notches by E a r l C. Townsend, J r . 35-36

An Ashtabula Spear by Fred 0 . Ba r to l 36

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O F F I C E R S

Pres iden t H. C. ffachtel, 307 31mhurst Rd . , Dayton, Ohio.

Vice-Pres Frank B u r d e t t , 112 East Main S t . , S p r i n g f i e l d , Ohio.

Sec 'y -Treas Ernes t L. Spoon, R. R. ; ; 2 , Miamisburg, Ohio.

D I R E C T O R S

Dr. Leon Kramer, Columbus, Ohio. LaDow Johns ton , Toledo, Ohio. Mr. P . F . Mooney, Ohio S t a t e Museum. Prof . V ic to r H i l l , Athens, Ohio.

Alber t Wakefield, Youngstown, Ohio.

PUBLISHING COMMITTEE Dr. G. F . i.-euser, 2248 Summit S t . , Columbus, Ohio. H. R. iicPherscn - E d i t o r - 1116 F rank l in Ave. , Columbus, Ohio. Dr. Leon Kramer, 2581 E. F i f t h Ave., Columbus, Ohio. Mr, P . F . Kooney, Ohio S t a t e Museum, Columbus, Ohio. LaDow Johns ton , 2001 Toledo Trust B ldg . , Toledo, Ohio. B. E. Ke l l ey , 138-140 S. Faye t t e S t . , Washington C. H. , Ohio. C. H. Bauer, 2866 E. L3th Ave. , Columbus, Ohio David C o l l i n s , 627 Snow H i l l B lvd . , S p r i n g _ f i e l d , Ohio.

PROGRAM COIH.IITTEE Frank B u r d e t t , S p r i n g f i e l d , Ohio. P . F . Mooney, Ohio S t a t e Museum. Dr. Leon Kramer, Columbus, Ohio. LaDow Johns ton , Toledo, Ohio.

Prof . V ic to r H i l l , Athens, Ohio. George C a r r o l l , Urbana, Ohio.

ME?.-S3RSI;IP coisrrrraE LaDow Johns ton , Northwest S e c t i o n . Dr. Leon Kramer, Cen t ra l S e c t i o n . B. . . D i l l e y , Nor theas t Sec t i on . C. H. Kruger, Southwest S e c t i o n .

Donald McBeth, Southeas t Sec t ion Frank B u r d e t t , Overa l l S e c t i o n .

OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY

The Ohio Ind ian R e l i c C o l l e c t o r s Soc ie ty i s organized t o d i scover and conserve a r chaeo log i ca l s i t e s and m a t e r i a l w i th in the s t a t e of Ohio; seek «nd promote a b e t t e r unders tand ing among c o l l e c t o r s of a r c h a e o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l i n c l u d i n g i n d i v i d u a l s , museums and i n s t i t u t i o n s and t o d isseminate knowledge as to s u b j e c , ma t t e r of archaeology. The membership i s composed of United HviiT3 ° io S T 8 o f

u . f u i t a b l e c h a r a c t e r and i n t e r e s t . The annual membership dues i s ^ . 0 0 payable June 1 each y e a r . The funds a re used for ma i l i ng n o t i c e s ox meet ings and p u b l i s h i n g our " B u l l e t i n " of which we aim t o put out four i s s u e s each y e a r . A r t i c l e s and p i c t u r e s are furn ished by the members.

anv ^ t i o i D U e C r f t 5 h < ^ d b e g i V 6 n t " : i s P u b l i c a t i o n and the author f o r any a r t i c l e or da ta copied and pub l i shed by o t h e r s .

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LU):

WW <M I! yH$~ £ fjtW™** 1 ;;,,

The Presidents Page H. C. Wachtel

This will be last issue of the "Ohio Archaeologist" in which my name wiU appear as president and the authof. of "Council Fire Echoes."

I hope there has been no raisin* terpation to any of these articles, in the most of which I may have stressed too much of my personal, selfish desires to promote the growth of our member­ship, and also our publication, i have a feeling that I may have stressed these points too much or rather toe often but in every group there is always someone who is accused or pushing the others around, but when the occassion arises where these others get into the same position they change their minds. But still believe me, when I say I hope my efforts have been somewhat in­strumental in increasing our membership and publishing and that we continue to grow.

I know my successor will become embued with the same principle and I am sure he will have the full cooperation that I have received during my tenure in office.

Don't miss reading our calendar of activities for the coming year as shown on page 34. These dates were settled upon at our March loth meeting so we could lay our plans for the coming year and also not to interfere with other societies.

I want to ospecially thank Mr. H. P.. LIcPherson for his fine cooperation in the publishing of our bulletin, which demanded many hours of hio time. His place will be hard to fill rut I think his memories will still be with our group and his native state. The older we grow the more the reainicences of the past mean. Old friends and hochies cannot be easily forgotten, so don't forget"us, Harry, and send us some interesting news from the south.

You will also notice an insert in your copy of this magasine as to the status of your duos standing. Some notices will show paid ahead but wc would greatly appreciate the payment of those due. At this time we depend entirely on dues and gifts for publishing.

I want to thank /.r. Erwin C. Zopp, Director of the Ohio State Museum for the favors he has shorn our society i.i the use of the Ohio State Museum and its facilities for meetings held there this past year. T./e are fortunate in having the Ohio State Museum available for meetings. I also went to thank Mr, R. L. Baby, Curator of Archaeology, for his advice and assistance.

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E D I T O R I A L ANA

By the Editor

This column has noted with much interest the expressions of Harold ungle, page 30 this issue, in which he laments the tendenc- on the part of some to illustrate, write about, talk about and even exhibit l i t t l e of the artiiacture of the Ohio Indians except the ceremonial objects or so-called super-specimens in other classes.

i„ +m I t fS °Ur 5eelin£» too> t h a t s°m e degree of mistake is being made e" -K-t P r a c t l c e V Naturally i t is the ambition of collectors to possess and

t f S V - c i T J o T T " ^ " " b U t t h l S "** n 0 t b e t h e b e s t P ° U ^ w h e n P^cticed to the exclusion of the more cor mon or even the lowly tyoes. One very fine specimen in any class of artifacts must have been culled from among hundreds or even thousands of i ts kind and is not necessarily representative of i t s type.

fc« n„0^-Plef!e b e ! r inJ.«

l2d t h a t t h e r e i s n o intention in this discourse to question the judgment of or to censure those who have founded find col-

edCir?e?o?iw?erT+Sl-eCijnenS Z Z, e l S e S U C h ° b j e c t s inight h a v e b * c o r a e scatter-

n , ,™ ? J7 ' 1 S c o ^ a e n d a b ^ that some have done so. Rather i t is the S ^ « + ° stress the importance of paying heed to, and manifesting greater appreciation of, those types of specimens which possess less of the aesthetic C[U.cllXT»XS S •

+ i ™ - I n fn"ection ™-th : { r - Engle's comments, i t must be admitted that there seems to be justification for his well-intended remarks.

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RPI.V M I ! i comparatively easy to obtain new members for the Ohio Indian C ^°i l e C^° r S 3 o C i f 7 - kittle is required to enlist interested persons

into membership except to seek them out, discuss the subject with them,

in°theirJ'VahaiT f ^J**** Archaeologist," evince a genuine interest in Jheir behalf, hand them a membership aoplication form and then offer to send in their application and membership dues for them. Mhv not ke-o this matter in the forefront of your ambition and thereby render a service to this Society and to others who will appreciate your assistance?

# * *

other handi r ^ T \ l ^ r ed i t° r filUSt re l i«J"i8h his responsibilities to MemSisr^nneSee^ * ' ^ ^ > * C O n t ^ e s locating percent . , in

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Naturally i t wi l l be with a sense of regret to leave one's home s t a t e , where born end reared and in which three score years have been spent more than forty of which have been devoted to active interest^ and effort in behalf of the archaeology and history of Ohio. M'ithin t h i s span i t has been my privi lege to witness and to some extent pa r t i c ipa te in the vast program which has brought about the r i se and development of our recent cu l tura l progress.

In 1910 l i t t l e , indeed, was heard about archaeology. There was an1 Ohio State Archaeological and His tor ical Society struggling to s t r e s s the importance of t he i r archaeology upon the people of Ohio - - but i t had not yet succeeded to the point where i t enjoyed state-wide pres t ige and support. There were no soc£ties or groups such as the Ohio Indian Relic Collectors Society or county h i s to r i ca l soc ie t i es ; the subject o f^ the^ "Mound Builders" was mentioned and heard by but few; co l lec tors of Indian r e l i c s were rare and classed as "d i s t inc t oddi t ies" ; l i t t l e loca l i n t e r e s t was manifest in behalf of Ohio's h i s to ry ; l i t t l e , i f any, a t tent ion was shown the mounds" and archaeological s i t e s of Ohio; and most everyone was r iding behind horses in the mud and dust.

During t h i s , perhaps one of the most important periods of Ohio's h is tory , i t may be conservatively reported tha t the wr i te r had had f i r s t ­hand knowledge of much that has t ranspired in the f ie ld of Ohio his tory ana archaeology. He saw the day when there was l i t t l e i n t e r e s t in behalf of Ohio's s ta te parks and memorials and in the preservation of her archaeolog­i c a l and h i s to r i ca l her i tage . He helped to create to some extent and witnessed the tremendous upsurge of public reaction which lead to the s i tuat ion which prevailed in 1940 - - a decade l a t e r - - and which has continued onward. I t was an inspir ing experience during a very progressive era .

I t may be expected that the a c t i v i t i e s in Ohio, wil l not be for­gotten and wi l l be watched from afar ..1th unabated i n t e r e s t . In some small way perhaps I can continue to a s s i s t in the work which i s now well es tabl ish­ed and which by a l l means should continue.

My new address i s 1370 Mississippi 3oulevard, Memphis 6,Tennessee, and i t i s hoped that friends and fellow members wi l l continue to contact me.

And so here ' s to unlimited success for a l l those who are s t r iv ing to promote the program to conserve Ohio's archaeological and h i s to r ica l her i tage . "So long i t ' s been nice to mingle and work with you. ' ' .

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A DAY'S DIG IN A MAINE SHELL HEAP

By Roland Allison Deer Isle, Maine.

Leaving home on July 16, I walked to Cak Point where my skiff is kept. After readying it, I rowed down the "reach" to a place which is called the "Spruce Point Site." This is of fairly good size with an average depth of about thirty-six inches and covering approximately one acre. It is on the shcre facing the southeast, and like all others, the clam flats are nearby. I believe this is my fourth dig at this site. There are a number of others near here. As it is not the purpose to see how much bulk can be moved in one day, I proceed cautiously and endeavor to do a creditable job. It is somewhat difficult to see points and other objects among the claii shells and ashes. Undoubtedly one should use a screen in order to find all of them.

Digging had been going on but a few minutes when out came a fine flint point (Figure 1); then after a few more fork-fuls, a nice hammer stone; then a couple of bone points; a few more urves and a fair celt; then another flint point (Figure 2); a few more minutes of dig­ging and several bone points were obtained. Then came a glimpse of a flint point just as it was covered again. Getting down on my knees I searched carefully with my hands - - and what a point — one of the kind a fellow finds but once in a long time. ;7hen found the color was almost orange (Figure 3), but the boldness of the color disappears somewhat as it dries but it is very nice and well made. The material is not common to Maine and it is difficult to tell from whence it came.

The bone points mentioned above vary from one to three inches in length, are fashioned from solid bone, and are tapered down to a wedge­like shape at one end in order that they could be tied into the split end of the arrow shaft. The pointed end was rounded off into a sharp, sturdy point.

After a pause following this encouraging experience, digging was resumed alongside a fair-sized rock, where were found the usual run of bone points, flint scrapers, etc. After lunch I dropped back several feet and started another course. Upon reaching the rock again I en­countered, along the far side, a number of small boulders about an old fire pit. Here were found two nice flint blades (Figures 4 ana 5), both finely made and from an odd material. There were also two fine bone awls and more bone points as well as an odd pebble, about one inch by three inches in size, of very pretty red r.?terial with bluish streaks. It had been used as L. hammer stone but no doubt the owner used it also for an ornament or charm. This is the first one of such objects which I have found here end it could be called "problematic" with regara to its intended purpose.

By this time the weather had become so hot that there was little pleasure in digging so my paraphernalia was gathered together and then came the hike back to the skiff. Then cajne the long cull homeward,

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Leaving Spruce Point I rowed ov.r by Bear Island and across to Conory's Beach. There was quite a fresh breeze and the going was hard but the Beach was finally reached and the boat tied up. Taking the tea jug I walked up to the spring for a crink of cool, fresh water, and while sitting and refreshing I wondered how many Indians had been at this same spot and how many year's ago - - as there is a large shell heap near this place. Coming back, a search was made alcng the beach to see what might have been washed out recently. I was fortunate and found a fine black flint point, one scraper of felsite and a couple of flint blanks. After searching this beach, the boat was put back in the water and I rowed to Oak Point where there is another shell heap. After looking over this site for a short while the homeward journey was resumed and the trip ended just in time for supper.

Thus is recounted the experiences attending one day of digging in the shell heaps. It is a day long to be remembered as there is so much to see. '.'hile rowing oast the seal rocks one can see about fifty seals lying there; going by Bear Island I noted a Bald Eagle at her nest, as well as gulls, cormorants, and other sea birds all of which go together to make a trip more enjoyable.

CULTIVATED AND MILD PLANT FOOD FROM ABORIGINAL SITES IN OHIO

By Robert M. Goslin

An important part in the life of the early aboriginal in­habitants of Ohio, was their means of obtaining food for their very existence. Me are aware of the hunting of game sucn as deer, bear, raccoons, squirrels, woodchucks, and many other animals, as well &s birds, fish and turtles, which is evidenced by the finding of many flint artifacts, such as arrow points, knives and scrapers, on their camp and village sites. Also much evidence of the chase is found in the refuse dumps and pits in their villages by the finding of the bones of the animals used for food. Plant food was also obtained, to supplement the supply of meat, such as wild fruits, berries, nuts, corn, beans, sunflower seed and punpkins or squashes. Because of the perishable nature of the plant foods, the remains of this material is not so much in evidence as the less perishable bone material from the animals killed for food. The evidence of the plant materials used for food has persisted only where it has been charred or burned and where it has been kept dry, particularly- under the dusty surfaces of the dry rock shelters.

Since most of the evidence of plant foods from aboriginal sites has appeared in a number of archaeological reports, it would seem of interest to gather together from these reports what has appeared, as well as from personal observations, a table showing what plants have been found and the associated site. In this manner it will be easier to obtain a more complete survey of the plant foods knovm to have been used by the Indians at the vrrious sites.

There are several types of sites which have produced plant food materials in Ohio, which will bo considered in this article. The most important arc the large Fort Ancient Culture sites located mostly on the terraces along the larger river systems in the southern pare of Ohio. These are the Madisonville, Turpin, and Anderson Village Sites, all along the Little Mian!. River; Campbell Island Village Site, along the Miami River; Baum Village Site along Paint Creek; Feurt, Crtmer and Gartner Village Sites, all along the Scioto River; and the Ealdwin Village Site, on Baldwin's Run, a tributary of the Hocking River.

In the southeastern part of the state, where the country is very hilly, there are ledges or outcrops of sandstone which have formed over-hangs, these being sometimes called rockshelters or caves. U;i< these ledges of sandstone the aborigines camped or lived, in some of them, and also used them for the burial of the dead. For the most the shelters are small and served as temporary abodes. Others, partic­ularly the larger ones, were used as more permanent homes, There are a great many of these shelters in the southern part of Ohio, and the majority of them show evidence of occupation or as burial places for the dead. There are, however, only a few of these that have been known to produce ocrishable materials. These are known as dry roc* shelters where articles such as string, cords, moccasins, leather, feathers, wooden objects, and the like have been preserved by being

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kept perfectly dry since they were placed there by the Indians. The floors of the caves are very dusty, due to a combination of ashes and weathered stone mixed with rubbish, which has been brought to the caves by the Indians. The perishable materials are usually found only in the upper levels of the floor deposits in the caves. Tiie dry rock shelters to be considered in this treatise are: Canter's Caves (Indian Cave and Echo Cave) in Jackson County; Ash Cave in Hocking County; and Kettle Hill Cave in Fairfield County. These caves have all furnished plant food materials well preserved by the dryness of the dusty floors.

In the northern part of Ohio are Indian village sites located on high ground or on promontories overlooking the streams or along the shore of Lake 3rie. These sites, as shown by the early surveys and maps, reveal that many of them had an earthern embankment across one end. This suggests that these sites were stockaded or had one end, at least, of the village fenced in. These villages have been considered as Erie, Iroquoian or more recently as "Whittlesey Focus" sites. These which have produced plant food materials are Tuttle Hill, located on the west side of the Cuyahoga River, six miles south of Cleveland, and at the north edge of Independence; South Park Village Site, one mile south of Tuttle Hill at the south edge of Independence, both on the west side of the Cuyahoga River; and the Franks Site, located on the east side of the Vermilion River, in Lorain County.

^

One site, which is different from the others already mentioned, is the Merlon Site, located on the east side of the Scioto River, just south of Columbus. The cultural identity of this site has not been es- 4 tablished definitely. The site is very similar to others in central Ohio and suggests what is usually considered as a ''Joodland Culture.

All of the sites mentioned previously have produced evidence of plant foods and each site will be taken up separately. Plant mater­ials from some of these sites have been studied by the late Prof. John H. Schaffer, of Ohio State University, and Dr. Melvin R. Gilmore, of the University of iichigan.

FORT ANCIENT CULTURE VILLAGE SITES

BAUM - -The Baura Prehis tor ic Village Si te i s s i tuated on a terrace on

the south side of Paint Creek, across from the small v i l lage of Bourneville, in Twin Township, Ross County. I t i s an extensive v i l lage covering ten or more acres of ground. Excavations were carr ied on in t h i s v i l l age in 1C97, by Dr. Clarence Loveberrv working under the direct ion of Prof. MMK.Moorehead, but these excavations were not very extensive and Prof. Moorehead, in des­cribing his finds and commenting on them in vo l . VTI of the Public;.tions of the Ohio State Archaeological and His tor ical Society, pages 152-153,says:

"I do not think i t i s of the h i s tor ic period, end i f Indian, of some t r ibe which knew l i t t l e or naught of ag r i cu l tu re . "

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Had the excavations been inore extensive it would have been found that these inhabitants of the Baum Site did know something of agriculture as was dis­covered later by Dr. M'illiam C. Mills.

In the summer of 1899, Dr. 'Tilliam C. Mills began extensive ex­cavation on tho Baum Site. Three summers were spent in this examination, 1899, 1902 and 1903. At the conclusion of the digging a studv of the mat­erial was made by Dr. Mills and published in Vol. XV of the Ohio Archaeolog­ical and Historical Society Publications, 1906. Dr. Mills made a very de­tailed study of the plant food and its occurrence in the Baum Site and I will quote at length from his report. On pages 73 - 1j he says:

"The finding of charred corn, beans, nuts and seeds of fruits and even the remains of dried fruit, in the subterranean store houses in various parts of the Baum village, leads one to be-leive that the early inhabitants wcr_ agriculturists enjoying a certain degree of civilization. The most important product raised was corn 'Zea mays.'

The corn unearthed in the village was always in the abandoned subterranean storehouses and invariably at the bottom of the pit. "hen any quantity was found, the charred lining of the storehouse was present, which lining frequently consisted of long grass and sometimes bark. The corn, when found in the ear, was laid in regular order, devoid of the husk, and con­sisted of two varieties, an eight-rowed and a ten-rowed var­iety. The eight-rowed variety had a cob about half an inch in diameter and short, while the cob of the ten-rowed variety was larger and longer. The grains of the cobs, having boon charred, wore in a good state of preservation.

In other pits the corn had been shelled and placed in a woven bag and the charred, massed grains were removed in large lumps with portions of the woven bag attached. Therefore it seems resonable to believe from the presence of so many storehouses for the care and preservation of their most nutritious agri­cultural product, that corn was tho one staple upon which pre­historic man depended to tide him through the cold winters un­til the harvest came again.

Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). This bean is found in abdundance in the pits, sometimes mixed with shelled corn and placed in a container, and sometimes placed in the store house along with nuts and dried fruit of the wild plum, and was no doubt one of the agricultural products of aboriginal roan of the Baum Village Site Three species of hickory nuts wore found in abundance in the storehouses. Hicoria ovata (shell bark) was taken from almost every pit where the shells found. Some of the perfect, charred nuts were found in -one bottom of the pits associated with corn and beans, but the ashes thrown into tho pits from their fire-places usually contained many charred shells of this nut,"'

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Other plant food materials listed by Mills and their occur­rence are as follows:

"Hicoria minima (Bitter-nut) and Hicora laciniosa were also found in the ashes, but not so plentiful as the shellbark.

Butternuts (Juglans cinerea) and walnuts (Juglans nigra) were found in the perfect, charred state in the storehouses and the ashes from the iireplaces contained many shells.

Papaw seed (Asimina triloba) and Hazelnut (Corylus americana) were also found in the bottom of the storehouse.

Chestnut (Castanea dentata) was found in small quan­tities in various parts of the village.

Mild Red Plum (Prunis a-nericanus). The seeds were found in the ashes and the charred remains of the fruit with seeds were taken from one of the storehouses.

Wild Grape (Vitis sp.) was found sparingly in a few of. the pits."

Through the examination of the Baum Village Site, Dr. Mills found that the inhabitants of this village were without doubt agricul­turists, defending substantially on corn and beans for a living? They also relied on wild fruits and nuts, as well as to a considerable de­gree on hunting, to secure food. This combination of food gathering methods, hunting and agriculture, gave them a good variety of foods and provided a well-balanced diet.

GARTNER - -

The Gartner Village Site is located on a level plateau on the east side of the Scioto River, about six miles north of Chillicothe. The river bank at this point is high and steep and somewhat irregular. The village site is of about four or more acres in extent and entirely surrounds the Gartner Mound, which was explored by Dr. Mills in 1902. A portion of the village site was examined by Dr. Mills in 1903 and a report of his work is published in Vol. XIII of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications.

This site was found to resemble the Baum Village Site, and although not so large, produced a great variety of objects, animal bones, and plant food materials. On the subject of plant food materials I will quote from Dr. .'lills' report on the site:

"The refuse pits, which are so abundant in the villages of tho Paint Creek valley, were present in great numbers and distributed over the village site surrounding the habitats of the various families During the examination in the village, more than 100 pits were found and thoroughly examined. The evidence produced by this examination shows

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that 20 of the pits examined wore originally used for store houses of grain, beans and nuts, and perhaps for animal food. These pits were lined with straw or bark and in some instances the ears of corn laid in regular order upon the bottom; in other instances the corn was shelled and placed in -woven bags; in others, shelled corn and beans were found together; in others, hickory nuts, walnuts, chestnuts -nd the seeds of the pawpaw were present in goodly numbers. All this was in the charred state, accidentally caused no doubt, by fire being blown into these pits and the supplies practically destroyed before the flames were subdued The burning of these supplies must have been a great loss to these primitive people and may havo caused them great suffering during the severe winters, but it has left a record of their industry which never could have been ascertained in any other way.

From the quantities of those two food articles (corn and beans), there is no doubt but that corn and beans were a staple article of food for this primitive people.

Hickory nuts were very abundant. Three varieties were found Hicoria minima (Marsh.) Britt., Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt., and Hicoria laciniosa (Mx.) Britt. Only small quanti­ties of butternuts (Juglans cinerea,L.) and black walnuts (Juglans nigra,L.) were found. In some places great quantities of charred pawpaw seed (Asimina triloba,L.) Dunal, were found, stored in connection with corn and nuts. In several other pits the wild hazelnut (Corylus americana) Walt., and the wild red plum (Prunis americana) Marsh., were present in small quantities."

FSURT

The Feurt Village Site is about five miles north of Portsmouth, in Scioto County, on the east side of the Scioto River. It is on a level plateau of about five acres in extent which is elevated about forty feet above the bottom lands. This extensive village was examined in 1896 by Prof. Warren K. Moorehead aid in 1916 by Dr. William C. Mills made an ex­tensive examination of the site. For many years local collectors have made collections from the site, both by hunting the surface and by digging.

This village site belongs to the Fort Ancient Culture, like Baums and Gartner's, but there are some differences in the method of the disposal of the ashes and refuse in the villages. At Feurt's, the refuse was simply scattered about and the accumulation of this refuse is from three to four feet deep in some places. At Baum's and Gartner's the re­fuse and ashes were cast into storage pits. Only two pits were found by Dr. Mills at Feurt's while he found at Baum's 234 storehouses and at Gartner's over 100 were examined.

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Dr. Mills wrote that "perhaps their storehouses were constructed of wood and built upon the surface," in his attempt to explain absence of the store houses at Feurt's. It is the belief of the writer that at Feurt's the large pottery vessels were probably the answer to the storage problem. ilany fragments of very large pottery vessels have been found there.

In his report on the Feurt Site in Vol. XXVI of the Ohio Archae­ological and Historical Society Publications, page 342, Dr, Mills mentions the occurrence of plant foods under "Food Resources," where he says:

" The presence of charred corn in so m?ny of the tepee sites as well as the shells of walnuts, butter­nuts, hickory nuts and acorns, found so plentifully in the fire places, would indicate their use as food, and the pro­fusion of seeds of the wild cherry, blackberry and wild plum in the fire places show that they drew heavily upon these for sustenance."

In addition to the above mentioned plant foods, Mills lists (page 347) the presence of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) as being found sparingly in the fire places. A few seeds of the pawpaw have been found on this site by H. R. McPherson.

CAMPBELL ISLAND - -

Campbell Island Village Site is a Fort Ancient Culture village site, located on Campbell Island, in the Miami River, near the north edge of Hamilton, in Butler County. This site was explored by H. C. Shetrone late in the summer of 1921 and an account of this exploration is published in "Certain Mounds and Village Sites," Vol. IV, pages 5 -.'.37.

This village, while very similar to others of the Fort Ancient Culture, did not have as many storage pits as some of the larger sites, but the ones found were similar to those noted elsewhere. The pits on this site contained the usual materials of ashes, black earth, pottery fragments, bone and stone implements, animal bones and the like. In one storage pit plant food material was found which consisted of corn and beans. Since Mr. Shetrone describes this pit, I will quote from his report in "Certain Hounds and Village Sites," Vol. IV, page 16, where he says:

"The storage pits, cache pits or refuse pits, as they are variously termed, as found in the Campbell Island Site, were quite similar to those found in other sites of the culture group in Ohio. Although, owing to the lesser importance and size of the site under consideration, they perhaps were not so large nor so carefully constructed. The largest of the 35 pits examined measured three and one-half feet in diameter at the top, was five feet in depth, and tapered slightly inward to the flat bottom. It was filled with the characteristic strata of earth, organic remains, sane, and so forth, while upon the bottom, to a depth of 10 inches, lay a deposit of charred shelled corn aid beans. Almost a bushel of the intermixed corn and beans was removed and

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was found to be in a very gratifying condition, the greater, part of the grains retaining their natural forms. Numerous animal and bird bones were taken from the upper strata of this pit, and many fragments of the characteristic pottery-ware were recovered."

','hile examining the material from this cache of corn and beans in 193S, the writer discovered several small seeds which he tentatively identi­fied as "Sunflower seed." These were sent to Volney Jones, of the Ethno-botanical Laboratory, University of Michigan, and the identification con­firmed. This was apparently the first record of the Sunflower irem a Fort Ancient Culture site in Ohio. The account of this has been noted by James B. Griffin in his book, "The Fort Ancient Aspect," page 155.

MADISONVILLE - -

The Madisonville Village Site is located on the west side of the little Miami River, in Columbia Township, Hamilton County, near Madisonville which is now a part of Cincinnati. It is one of the largest Fort Ancient Culture sites in Ohio and excavations were carried on there for many years.

This site was discovered by Dr. Charles L. Metz, of Madisonville. In the spring of 1879, Dr. Metz began the excavation of the Madisonville Village Site and cemetery, and continued these excavations until the fall of 1881. The work was then taken over by the Peabody Museum and under the direction of Prof. F. W. Putnam, with Dr. Metz in charge of the field work. This work was carried on by parties from Harvard University until 1911. A report on this site was not published until 1920 when it appeared in Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol. VIII No. 1, "Indian Village Site and Cemetery Near Madisonville, Ohio," by Earnest A. Hooten and Charles C. Willoughby.

In the report on this site the only plant food material which is mentioned is the occurrence of quantities of stored corn in the pits. This is described at length as well as the practice of the storage of corn by various Indians. This description is very similar to what Dr. Mills made following his finds at Baum's and Gartner's.

From the great number of ash or storage pits excavated at this, the largest village site and cemetery known in Ohio, the only plant food mentioned in the report is the presence of corn. Certainly other plant foods must have been found.

ANDERSON - -

The Anderson Village Site is a Fort Ancient Culture site located on the east bank of the Little Miami River in the valley slightly north of the great Fort ancient earthworks. The site was owned by Cliffore C. Anderson, who carried on excavations there and made a collection which he displayed in a private museum near the site. Part of his ccli.ection is now in the Ohio State Museum while a portion is exhibited near the

-15-

Anderson Site in tho small museum which is administered by the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society,

This site has bean explored by different persons over many years. Prof. Warren K. Moorehcad escavated on the site during 1387, 1389 and in 1891. The site was also excavated by Mr. Anderson at various times over a long period.

The evidence of plant food material from this site, insofar as I have learned, is the listing of corn by James 3. Griffin in "The Fort Ancient Aspect," page 375. It would be interesting to known wether other plant food materials were found at this site.

CRAMER - -

The Cramer Village Site is a Fort Ancient Culture village site, located on the west side of the Scioto River, in Ross County, about five or six miles north of Chillicothe. This site is a fairly large one, extending ever perhaps three or four acres in the center of which is a large mound. The location is a short distance from the Gartner Village Site and on the opposite side of the river. The cultural material from these two sites are very similar in"many ways. The site has not been e-cavatad by any institution but some digging has been done by collectors from time to time. The results of these sporadic diggins has provided some information about the site.

I have seen a great deal of material from this site and it is all very similar to that found at Gartner's and is most certainly of the Fort Ancient Culture and closely related to the Gartner Site.

Through the kindness of H. R. McPherson and Philip Kientz I have had the opportunity to examine specimens from this site which were found by them and are in their collections. I was particulars interested to learn of the discovery of a quantity of charred shelled corn and I had the pleasure of going through the corn with Mr. McPherson and Mr. Kientz, in the hope of finding other materials mixed with the corn. A few fragments of charred hickory nuts were found among the shelled corn, but the rest consisted of the shelled corn anu a very few fragments of corn cobs. .hile looking over this material a charred fragment was noted, the nature of which I could not determine. On close inspection I noticed that it was the imprint of a section of woven material, impressed in a piece of burned earth. To find out just what this was, a cast was made and it was found to be a section from the rim of a woven container, showing an interesting loop design.

According to Mr. McPherson there wore throe caches of corn found, two being within ten feet of each other and the other a greater distance away, but in the same general area.

The largest pit is described as being about 12 inches beneath the surface and carefully prepared. The pit was oval in shape, about three feet long, 18 inches wide and 12 inches deep. The sices sloped inward toward the bottom which was fiat. The shelled corn was in one compact mass and was taken out in lumps and there was evidence of grass lining in the pit. The two other smaller pits contained corn which had also been shelled and burned.

Samples of corn from this site were submitted to Edgar Anderson, of the Missouri Botanical Garden, St, Louis, for study. In a letter to the writer dated August 19, 194.6, he says in oart:

"It is typical crescent seeded Eastern North American corn and may be either flint or flour or both. The latter dis­tinction is not at all imuortant in this area since the flint corns of Eastern North ^merica differ from the flour corns by only a single gene and the difference is a trivial one. The wider kernels and the large germs are all charac­teristic The corn was undoubtedly eight or ten-rcwed and wasn't very different from the flint and flour varieties which are still being grown by the Six Nations of New York."

Other plant materials found at this site by Mr. McPherson are: Beans a small quantity of well preserved specimens. Wild Plum Seeds a small quantity of these seeds; Pawpaw Seeds a single pawpaw seed; Hickory Nuts a cache cf hickory nuts were found in a pit as -well as isolated individual specimens. Some different varieties were intermixed with charred shelled corn. Three different varieties of hickory nuts are represented from this site.

BALDWIN - -

The Baldwin Village Site is a small site located at the north­east edge of Lancaster, in Beene To-unship, Fairfield County. It is on a small stream called Baldwin's Run, which is a tributary of the Hocking River. It is situated on the south bank of the stream and is on a level elevated terrace. This site was discovered by the writer and was named from the former owner of the land. Excavations were carried on by the writer at this site at various times between 1926 and 1930, and surface collecting continued from 1919 to 1950.

A number of pits were found here and five burials wero uncovered. The pits were similar to those at Baum's and Gartner's and the material resembles that found at these two sites and is of the Fort Ancient Culture, The pottery from the Baldwin Site is in soma respects somewhat different but on the,, whole is more like Fort Ancient Culture material.

Plant food jnaterial was found in one pit at this site. The pit, which was four feet in diameter at the top, was stratified as follows: too soil and leaf mold, 10 inches; animal bones and ashes, 12 inches; gravel and clay, 3 inches; animal bones and ashes, 15 inches; shelled corn and hickory nuts in a woven container, 10 inches. This corn,

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which was placed in the bottom of the pit, when taken out was found to be mixed with hickory nuts. Lying on the bottom and beneath this decosit of corn, was half of a stone celt, split length-;.so. The other naif was found near the top of the pit just below plow depth.

Specimens of this corn and hickory nuts were sent to Dr. Melvin R. Gilmore, of the University of Michigan, who identified the specimens for me. He reported that the corn was an eight-rowed, small flint corn. The hickory nuts were those of the shagbark and the small pignut. A wild plum seed was found with the hickory nuts.

TURPIN - -

The Turpin Village Site is located on the second terrace of the Little Miami River between Newtown and the Beec'hmcnt Levee Bridge, southeast of the Little Miami River in Hamilton County.

Working for the Peabocy Museum in 1386, Dr. Charles Metz ex­plored a portion of this village site, which brought to public attention this most interesting archaeological site. A more extensive exploration of this site was made between 1946 and 1949 by the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History. A report on this examination was publisned by Charles M. Oehler, and entitled "Turpin Indians" Cincinnati'Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 1, December, 1950. In this publication, on page 26, mention is made of the plant food material found there, as follows:

"In addition to animal remains, charred corn, buckeyes and the seeds of many wild fruits were found."

SCHISLER - -

The Schisler Village Site is located on the east side of the Scioto River about one mile south of Lucasville, in Scioto County. It is on a terrace well back from the river. This site has been gleaned for years by local collectors and others, and some digging has been done there. Enough material has come from the site to show that it belongs to the Fort Ancient Culture. It has also been reported that trade ob­jects in the form of glass beads, have been found with a burial on this site. One such burial, at least, was discovered by Harold Young, a collector living at Lucasville. This would tend to show that the village must have extended up into the historic period.

Of plant food materials found on this site, I have seen a few charred hickory nuts of two varieties, the shellbark and the pignut. For the inform, tion and the opportunity to examine specimens from this site I am indebted to H. R. McPherson.

WHITTLESEY FOCUS SITES

TUTTLE HILL - -

The Tuttle Hill Village Site is located at the north edge of

- 18 -

Independence, Cuyahoga County, on the west side of the Cuyahoga River. It is on high ground aid. overlooks the Cuyahoga River. Tills site was excavated by Dr. Emerson ?. Greenraan. and the writer, in the spring of 1930 and a number of burials and refuse pits were found. The pits were filled with the usual refuse of animal bones, ashes and artifacts. In only one pit at Tuttle Hill was found andy evidence of plant food material - - and that was a few kernels ana cobs of corn. The report of the work at this site has been published in the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications, Vol. XLVI, No. 4. On page 311 of this report, Dr. Greenman says:

"Of edible vegetable materials, kernels and cobs of corn were found in four pits at South Park, and in one at Tuttle Hill."

SOUTH PARK - -

The South Park Village Site is located in Cuyahoga County, on the west side of the Cuyahoga River at the south edge of Indepen­dence. This site is about one mile south of Tuttle Hill.

After finishing our work at the Tuttle Hill Site Dr. Green-man and the writer moved, to the South Park Site and excavated a limit­ed area at that place. During the time that we -worked at South Park 39 pits were excavated. Of this number only one pit contained the remains of the butternut and four contained the remains of kernels > and cobs of corn.

It will be seen from the above that the inhabitants of both the South Park and Tuttle Sites had corn as a food item. Had we been able to continue the excavations at these sites more extensively a better knowledge of the plant food materials might have been ootained. Excavations at each of these sites were limited to only a small portion of the occupied areas.

FRANKS ' - -

The Franks Site is a large site located in Brownhelm Town­ship, Lorain County, on the east bank of the Vermilion River, and about three miles south of Vermilion. This site has been extensively excavated by Raymond Vietzen, of Elyria, Ohio, and his reports have been*published in his book "The Immortal Sries." Of the plant food material found on this site Mr. Vietzen reports the finding of three kinds of plant food wild plums, chinquapin nuts and charred corn.

OTHER VILLAGE SITES

MERION - -

The Merion Village Site is located just south of Columbus, on the east side of the Scioto River and on the level terrace over­looking the river. For many years local collectors have secured many specimens for their collections from this site, which is probably one of the largest near Columbus,

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Local collectors have made finds at this site in recent years and from what has been found, it would appear to the writer, that this is a Woodland Site. It is very similar bo other sites in central Ohio, from which surface material has be-'n gathered, but which have never been excavated thoroughly.

From material which has come from this site I have seen some charred food materials in small quantities which were found scattered about in the refuse. No pits of the well defined tyne were found at Marion's and the refuse had been scattered about for the most part. Among the specimens of plant foods are hickory nut fragments, wild olum seeds and one fragment of the charred shell of the buckeye. H.R. McPherson has done some excavating at this site and possesses a representative collection of artifacts, one large restored pottery vessel, pottery frag­ments and other material.

KEY TO ILLUSTRATED DRAWINGS Opposite page

Corn Cobs Specimens from Kettle Hill Cave.

Lumps of Charred Shelled Corn Cramer Site.

Lump of Charred Shelled Corn showing Woven Container Baldwin Site.

Charred Hickory Nuts Cramer and Baldwin Sites.

Pumpkin or Squash Rind and Seeds Kettle Hill Cave.

Beans Campbell Island.

Hazelnut Baum Village Site.

Pawpaw Seeds Baum and Feurt Sites.

Wild Plum Seed Merion Site.

Wild Cherry Seeds Side view of seeds.

Black Walnut Showing section through center and nut without hull.

Butternut Showing section through center, with and without hull.

Chestnuts Showing side and end view of nuts.

All drawings by the author. — Editor.

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#4

CHARRED SHELLED CORN

HICKORY NUTS

(

HA7ELNUTS

CORN COBS

PUMPKIN OR SQUASH RIND

'3 L*X ) &

PUMPKIN OR SQUASH SEEDS

^

*

CHESTNUTS

o

WILD CHERRV stEDS

WILD PLUM SEEDS

CHARRED SHELLED CORN IN WOVEN CONTAINER

BLACK WALNUTS

*r<^m> ^% PAWPAW SEEDS

BUTTERNUTS

PLANT FOOD ITEMS OF THE PREHISTORIC OHIO INDIANS

THE LOCATIONS OP SOME ARCHAEOLOGICAL S I T E S IN OHIO

WHERE PLANT FOOD ITEMS HAVE BEEN FOUND

• FORT ANCIENT S I T E S . © W H I T T L E S E Y FOCUS S I T E S . A DRY ROCK SHELTERS.

<D OTHER VILLAGE S I T E S .

BAUM

GARTNER

FEURT

C AMPBELL ISLAND

MADISONVILLE

ANDERSON

7

8

9

10

1 1

12

CRAMER

BALDWIN

TUTTLE HILL

SOUTH PARK

FRANKS

MERION

13

1 4

15

1 6

17

CANTERS CAVES

KETTLE HILL C AVE

ASH CAVE

TURPIN

SCHISLER

DRY ROCK SHELTERS

CANTER'S CAVES

The C a n t e r ' s Caves, which are r e a l l y "twin caves , " are l o c a t e d about f ive mi les nor thwest of Jackson, in Jackson County, and are s i t u a t e d on the e a s t s ide of L i t t l e S a l t Creek. These caves c o n s i s t of two l a rge caves or rock s h e l t e r s , the l a r g e r of which i s c a l l e d "Echo Cave" while the o the r i s known as "Indian Cave." Both of t he se caves are of cons ide rab le s i z e , "Echo Cave" be ing about 108 fee t wide a t i t s mouth with a deoth of 55 f e e t .

I t was i n these caves t h a t some very i n t e r e s t i n g a r chaeo log i ca l f i nds were made i n 1925 by George N. M i l l e r , owner of the land upon which the caves are l o c a t e d . While c l e a r i n g out the d i r t on the cave f l o o r s i n Prepa r ing the a r e a for a r e s o r t , he came upon much evidence of Ind ian occu­p a t i o n . He excavated a nunber of b u r i a l s and with them and s c a t t e r e d i n the dust and ashes he found a grea t v a r i e t y of p e r i s h a b l e m a t e r i a l . He secur ­ed a f ine s e r i e s of woven sanda l s made from p l a n t f i b e r s , co rds , deer skin turkey f e a t h e r s , c l o t h made from b a s t f i b e r s , woven c a r r y i n g bag, arrow p o i n t s and bone a r t i f a c t s . Also among t h i s m a t e r i a l were many animal and b i rd bones, and p l a n t food m a t e r i a l i n the form of corn cobs , nu t s of va r ious k i n d s , and the l i k e . The m a t e r i a l which Mr. M i l l e r secured was turned^oyer t o the Ohio S t a t e Museum, where i t i s on d i s p l a y . A r e p o r t on these i n t e r e s t i n g f inds was pub l i shed bv H. C. Shetrone i n the Ohio S t a t e Archaeological and H i s t o r i c a l Soc ie ty P u b l i c a t i o n s , Vol . XXXVII, 1928, pages 1 - 34. This i nc ludes the r e p o r t on both C a n t e r ' s Caves and K e t t l e H i l l Cave.

Of^the p l a n t food m a t e r i a l s found in C a n t e r ' s Caves may be mentioned corn cobs-, b u t t e r n u t s , h a z e l n u t s , punpkin o r squash, g rapes , ches tnu t s and hickory n u t s .

KETTLE HILL CAVE - -

The K e t t l e K i l l Cave i s a l a rge rock s h e l t e r l oca t ed about t h r e e mi les south of Lancas t e r , i n Berne Township, F a i r f i e l d County. This s i t e has been known to con ta in " Ind ian r e l i c s " for many y e a r s and l o c a l c o l l e c t o r s nave specimens taken from t h i s cave . Most of the f inds were fragments of pootery and p r o j e c t i l e p o i n t s but seve ra l b u r i a l s are known t o have be-n found On February 22 , 1 927, a f ind was made i n t h i s cave when some ' Lancas te r 3oy Scouts l o c a t e d a b u r i a l unusual ly wel l p rese rved , with a bas t f i b e r c l o tn wrapped about i t . I went out to the cave' and c a r e f u l l y e x ­cavated t h i s b u r i a l , which i s now on disp lay i n the Ohio S t a t e Museum. Following t h i s i n t e r e s t i n g discovery the w r i t e r r e tu rned to the cave and i n v e s u i g a t e a the ash bed searching for undis turbed a r e a s t h a t mi-ht have f u r t h e r i n t e r e s t i n g m a t e r i a l s c a t t e r e d among the a shes . In one amail a rea n h S f V f

u ? n d i s1

t u r b e d rubbish and ashes was found, and an i n t e r e s t i n g objec t fashioned from f e a t h e r s and o ther t h i n g s were uncovered. L a t e r i n t he so r ing the w r i t e r spent a few days in examining t h i s cave with H. C. She t rone , of the Ohio S t a t e Museum, and a. number of a d d i t i o n a l i n t e r e s t i n g ob j ec t s were recovered . Among the p e r i s h a b l e m a t e r i a l s were some p l a n t food i t e m s . These inc luded hickory n u t s , wa lnu t s , b u t t e r n u t s , h a z e l n u t s , pumpkin or squash, g rapes , c h e s t n u t s , corn cobs and wild r i c e !

u M + +- I t . ' v o u l d appear that Kettle Hill Cave was a rather permanent habitation site of the Indians, as there is a great amount o/asheTon the floor ana the cave is one of the largest in the area, measuring 157 feet in length and 29 or 30 feet from the front to the back wall.

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ASH CAVE - -

Ash Cave Rock Shelter is located about four miles east of Bloomingville, Benton Township, Hocking County. It is situated on the west side of a steep ravine, at the head of which is a much larger wet cave, over which there is a waterfall during most of th~ year. The ravine is a very scenic area both in the su.imer and winter and has been made into a state park which is visited by many people each year. The attraction of this cave area seems to be the scenic beauty of this place and the large "wet cave" at the head of the hollow.

Ash Cave apparently got its name from a large bed of ashes found under the shelter on tho floor. This bed of ashes aroused the curiosity of the people of the community and digging was done there by persons looking for Indian relics. It was not until about 1877 that any effort was made to carry on an archaeological investigation in this cave. Prof. E.B. Andrews made the first examination for the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, and a report of his explorations was published by that institution. Later Warren King Moorehead with Dr. Thomas Wilson as director of the pa.rty, ex­plored some caves in Ohio and some work was done in Ash Cave. This 'work by Hoorehead was published in 1895, in the "First Report of the Curator of the Archaeological museum of tho Ohio State University." In April,1928, the y/riter visited Ash Cave and noticed that interesting perishable mater­ial was to be found there and he brough this to the attention of H. C. Shetrone, Director of the Ohio State Museum. Arrangements were made for the writer to make a preliminary examination of the Cave. Three days in April, 1928, were spent in excavating a small test trench in the caye and a number of interesting objects were recovered.

The report of Prof. E. B. Andrews was published in the "Tenth Annual Report of the Peabody museum, Vol. II, No. 1, and entitled "On Exploration of Ash Cave in Benton Township, Hocking County, Ohio," pages 48 - 50. In describing the results of his finds I will quote a part of his article in which he says on pages 48 - 49:

"The ash heap is about 100 feet long by 30 feet wide, and where our trench was dug, nearly two and one-half feet deep, an en­ormous pile of ashes to be gathered in one spot.

A trench was dug upon a point a little east of the ash belt to the back wall of the shelter as shown in the diagram; little was found at first except ashes with an occasional fragment of a food-bone and chip of flint, but as the wall-rock was approached we came upon a well-defined refuse heap of bonej, etc. it was a confused mass of sticks for arrows, stalks of coarse grasses, food-bones in great variety, bits of pottery, flints, nuts,corn­cobs, etc., etc. this layer of refuse was from four to six inches below the surface, and covered with ashes. Below this layer was the chief deposit of ashes from one and one-half to two feet in depth according to the inequalities of the sand floor beneath. About three feet from the back wall of the "cave" and at the bottom of the ashes, we found a skeleton in a fair state of pre­servation, evidently that of an Indian. There were traces of bark over it to protect the body from ashes, but the bark was much decayed.

The body, doubtless, had been buried in a sitting position, as the bones were found compactly together, the head resting upon the others. Apparently the body had been placed against a small loose rock and in a cavity in the sand.

- 24 -

There were no traces of clothing about the skeleton, and no implements of any kind. One one side of the skeleton and quite near it was found, in a pocket of sand, about three pecks of small black seeds, most carefully stored away. They lay directly upon the sand, which was perfectly clean, but above they were carefully protected from the ashes by a mat of ferns, grasses and coarse cloth. A portion of this was removed as it lay and is sent with the seeds. Professors Gray and Watson pronounce the seeds to be those of Chenopodium album, (Lambs quarter), doubtless an indigenous plant although not so regarded by some botanists. The seeds have lost their vitality and crumble to powder under slight friction."

The next exploration of this cave was made by Warren K. Moorehead and Dr. Thomas Wilson. The report was written by Mr. Moorehead and was published as the "First Report of the Curator of the Archaeological Museum of the Ohio State museum, 1895." The article in this publication was en­titled "Preliminary Exploration of Ohio Caves" and on page 15 the author saysi

"At Ash Cave we found a cavern some 80 feet in height, 100 feet in depth and 400 feet long. Two hundred and fifty feet of this distance was covered by a deposit of ashes, ranging from two to six feet in depth. Picnic parties, relic collectors and others have pretty well dug over the entire deposit. However, we would recommend a thorough exploration. We understood from people living near the cave that three human skeletons have been' found at four or five feet depth, and that several whole pottery vessels, a sack of seeds, and two or three pairs of sandals were exhumed by some gentleman from New York, but we could not ascertain his name.

We have excavated extensively in Ash Cave and found the relics of man very numerous throughout the ashes and the cave dirt on the floor. These relics consisted of small fragments of pottery, flakes and scales of flint, bones hardened or burned by fir., broken stones, arrowheads, blocks of partly worked flint, bone awls, charcoal, burnt stone, etc. About 400 specimens were found in two days digging.

We think from our examination that the cave was used as a habitation site for a considerable length of tirne, and that three or four burials were made in the sand at the back of cive against the rear wall. The ashes covering the sand at the place of burial are about three feet in depth. We found a number of human bones at the rear of tho cave, and from their state of preservation the skeletons uncovered by pre­vious explorers must have been oerfect. We understood that the sack of seeds buried with one of the individuals was cf very coarse texture and in size 24 x 18 inches. The pottery is thin, made of local clays and superior in texture to that usually found in Ohio. The decorations are simple incised lines cut with a sharp flint or pointed stick.""

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In the explorations at Ash Cave by the author in April, 1928, a section of the floor was staked out towards the south edge of the ash heap. A trench, eight feet in width from north to south and ten feet in length from east to west, was extended to the back wall. Digging was continued down to the clean, yellow sand floor, which was two feet in depth, corres­ponding well with what Prcf. Andrews described in the report of his work here. A burial of an infant was found at the bottom of the trench near the rear wall.

The trenching revealed that previous digging had disturbed the upper portion of the ash bed, but a careful search and the screening of all of the excavated dirt produced a variety of interesting perishable materials, even pieces of arrow shafts. The finding of these specimens verifies what Prof. Andrews reported when he said:

"It was a confused mass of sticks for arrows, stalks of coarse grasses, food bones in great variety, bits of pottery, flints, nuts, corn-cobs, etc., etc."

Among the specimens recovered from Ash Cave during this explor­ation was a variety of plant food materials in small quantity. Among the material were corn-cobs, acorns, hickory nuts, walnuts, butternuts, hazel­nuts, pumpkin or squash and grapes.

Some interesting features are revealed in this article which is a review of the plant food materials taken from aboriginal sites in Ohio through archaeological explorations over many year3. In the first place the practice of agriculture among the Indians is shown by the finding of" corn, beans and squash or pumpkin. The most important of these is corn which is sometimes found in quantities in the storage pits, almost in­variably from the bottom'of the pits. All of the corn found in the caves are in the perfect dry state, retaining their natural size and shape. The charred cobs found in the villages are usually broken or very much shrunken in size. For this reason much better knowledge is obtained from the cobs taken from the reck shelters.

The corn produced by the inhabitants of most of these sites sterns to be of two varieties, and eight-rowed variety and a ten-towed variety. The eight-rowed corn hes a small short cob, while the ten--rowed type is somewhat longer. Perfectly preserved specimens of the cobs of each of these varieties have been found in the rock shelters.

The charring of corn found in the village sites, in the bottoms of the pits where the corn was stored for use, has been thought by some to have caused suffering due to the loss through the accidental burning of the food supply. It is the opinion of the writer that these stores which arc "invariably found in the bottom of the pits," may represent supplies -which remained from the previous season. Rather than use this old stereo com when the new crop was at hand, that which remained in the pits at that particular time may have been intentionally burned, or perhaps hot ashes dumped into the pits set fire to the corn.

The frequent occurrence of beans in the village sites seems to be in sufficient quantity to show that they, also, were an important item and regularly cultivated by the Indians. Beans, thus f?.r, have been found only in tho village sites. None have been found in the rock shelters as yet although it seems quite possible that they were grown by the .Inhabitants cf those, inasmuch as they produced corn - and corn and beans were usually grown together by the Indians. _z

CHART SHOING OCCURRENCE OF VARIOUS PLANT FOODS AT FORT ANCIENT VILLAGE SITES

Food Item

" ' i ld Gvaoe Blackberry

Baum

X

".'ild Cherry

Hazelnut Chestnut X Pawpaw But ternut Wild Plum i

X V

Hickory Nut . X Beans Corn X

Gartner Feur t

-;

V

X X Y A

j \ .

X X

1 1 •_'Unno.;er—

Buckeye

X | A

X

X A

• \ r

Ji>

X

1

Baldwin

Y V

Y - k

Anderson

A

I Madison­v i l l e

v

Campbell I s l a n d

Y

• A

Y

S c h i s l e r

J ~

. _ ,

Turpin

I

j • 1 1 1

1 V

Y

A 1 JV . . m

v --X

, ... ... !

X

X

HOP.THERK OHIO AND OTHER VILLAGE SITES DRY ROCK SHELTER SITES

F e c i Item ! T u t t l W,ild Graoe

e H i l l

acorn Haze]nut flhe- atr>ut b u t t e r n u t Wa] nut Hickory Nut. Buckeve Wild Plum '7i ld Rice Corn Pumpkin Lambs u a r t e

Seeds

X

p

Sou+.h Park

X

7»"

iks S i t e

A

X

X

W\ri r n J C»« ta r ' a Caves

X Y

Y

W

V

X

.

X

X X

ish Cave •r

X

I f

• -

A

X

KVH-.+.ls M i l l CPVP.

X

X X

v A X

X X X

— - — — . — —

rock

One other product which is In evidence as a cuH-iv-t.rt nl»«» <. the pipkin o r s q u a s h ; a s s h o v m b y t h 0 r M , 2 o c c l Z J r t / r ' ^ l ? S o l the nnd. There are but a fe„ fragments of the ouaokin or squash OTai> ahl.

hf lLrf 1heSviliUL"S l*SUZ l n t h i ' ^ U c i e ^ boen'ta, enIro,; the roc pIoklTcr Jotsh vefu . ^ n 0 t -T Produc011 ""io^nce of either the

8 £ £ t ^ c a r e f X ^ 4 of lhe^crSo 3 S . " ~ " " U ' * * * " * * * -

ant „e , s £ s ^ ^ f n l h f S ^ ^ * . * * ^ J S S T "

co^a'f'ind!"165' P O O t S M d t H e U k e »* t h e I n d i « » * " l f u L of\,hat he

Pioart ion sHoveVthen t

ye fars3fSf^ZKSS?, "T^ S * ? * 1 ^ 1 -

Culture i / a X a r s l n a t t'ta^rtod'o? £"• ^ ^ f*" ° f t h a F ° r t A n C i e n t

cient sites which show contact with the h ' J T e ^ 2 r e \T " M ^ no contact antomoi T i.u , , ''"J-te man. Ihe other sites yielded

some of the sites «+ loIeV ^ u •>. stat~d with some certainty that

in this treatise ^are atSibulSle te^1** ?1&nt f°°d m a t G r i G l S " * • d historic or the ^ o ^ S a t o ^ c ^ S d f ""* ^ ^ ' ~ ^ ^ PrC~

Trom s i t e s l ^ w l i ? ^ t ^ ^ ^ " ^ * ^ ?*»*«

^ S ^ ^ - ^ ^ ^ P L i S l S r S i l 2 c a n ^ ^ S n J d S T

seed of same kind mav Sd ££ i ^ J"""?* °f C h a r r e d root> tuber or Indian. 7 d d t 0 O U r kno»ledge °* what was used or eaten by the

Curator o f ^ r c h a e o ' l o ^ a t ^ h e ^ ^ ^ 1 " " 0 ^ * 1 0 " t o 1 I r ' *tf*°nd S. Baby, drawings of s^e of fhe specimens i r ustrat'dT' 'Jf ?Q™lssi™ t o **» H. R. McPherson for the use o? his material " ^ "" ^ ^ ** dUG

- 28 -

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Andrews, E. B. 1877 "On Exploration of Ash Cave in Benton Township, Hocking County, Ohio." Tenth Annual Report of the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, Vol, II, pages 48 - 50.

2. Anderson, Edgar 1946 Letter of August 19.

3. Goslin, Robert . . 1950 "Kettle Hill Cave," Bulletin, Ohio Indian Relic Collectors Society, No, 23, January, 1950.

4. Greenman, Emerson F. 1937 "Two Prehistoric Villages Near Cleveland, Ohio." Publica­tions of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society, Vol. XLVT, pages 305 - 366.

5. Griffin, James B. 1943 "The Fort Ancient Aspect." University of Michigan Press.

6. Hooton, Earnest A. and Vharles C. Willoughby 1920 "Indian Village Site and Cemetery near Madisonville, Ohio," Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnol­ogy, Vol. VIII, No. 1.

7. Mills, William C. 1904, Explorations of the Gartner Mound and Village Site." Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications, Vol. XIII, pages 128 - 189.

1906 "The Baum Village Site." Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications, Vol. XV, pages 45 - 136.

9. 1917 "The Feurt Mounds and Village Site." Certain Mounds and Village Sites in Ohio, Vol. Ill, pages 1 - 149.

10. Oehler, Charles A. 1950 "Turpin Indians." Cincinnati Museum of Natural History, Popular Publications Series, No. 1, pages 1 - 36.

11. Shetrone, H. C. 1923 "Explorations of the Campbell Island Village Site and the Hine Mound and Village Site." Certain Mounds end Village Sites in Ohio, Vol. IV, pages 1-37.

12.

1928 "Some Rock Shelters Bearing Evidence of Human Occupancy." Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications, Vol XXXVII, Pages 1 - 34. • . .

13. Vietzen, Raymond C. 1945 "The Immortal Sries." 7ilmot Printing Co,, Elyria, Ohio.

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A CROSS SECTION DISPLAY OF OHIO INDIAN RELICS

By Harold Engle Washington Court House, Ohio.

b o y h o o d ^ ! a n d ^ r i i : ^ r e t a S t i T s n / 0 ^ ^ ^ * « « * * * • f~* - since e d i f i c a t i o n from t h i ^ S w S ? 1 £ a n d enJ°^t a s ^ as cons ide rab le

Ohio, which excel in" e x n l ^ U n g ^ i a r i l v t ^ f . ^ ^ * f * " ? « » W l t h S ° m e i n

i t n e v e r t h e l e s s comprises a fa f r ^ f y ^ h f . b e s t ^ s t o n e > f l i n t and s l a t e , used by the I n d i a n f o f the O n S a r e a ! r 6 S e n t a t l V e S h o w i ' ^ o f t h e atone a r t i f a c t s

i n t h e ' g a m r f ^ ^ l ^ V t ^ l t ° ^ ^ ~ M * M t a l * t h o S e

specimens i n o the r c e s s e s I t lust L ? i \ T ? * C e r e m o n i a l o b j e c t s o r super and p l e a s i n g t o the eve _ but such nh , p t ^ ^ t h e y & r e e x t r e m e l j n ice too expensive for most of us to cons, der I f , ^ 8 c a r

1c e . ? n d p e n s i v e - i n f a c t

f ee l t h a t some c o l l e c t o r s are neg lec t in t t * S C C U n u l a t i+

n S a c o l l e c t i o n . I

^ ^ n e ^ r ^ ^ ™ l h l ^ n S r ^ n e 0 ! . " S T ^

served the e v e r y ^ a ^ ^ h o s f P ^ w h ^ d ^ ^ 1 ^ ^ ! ^

u t i l i t y ^ o b j e ' c f v a ^ and e J f r o m o w n i n g & ^ ^ ^ at $100.00. Af ter a l l f t h e s e Sere" ?nV7nni 8 8 *~" * ! f W 0 U l d a ^ s t o n e valued used in t h e i r da i l y r o u t i n e ! a L T \ i ? P IV t 0 ° l s t h a t t h e I n d i a n s

them than were the c e r e m o S a l o b £ c t J . ^ ^ e V e n n ° r e e s s ^ t i a l t o

to t h e I s e ^ p e T o f T u f : ^ s ^ n S \ 1 e £ . . O H r e J ^ " " " " and a r t i c l e s r e l a t i n g d i s c u s s i o n ^ b o u t g e t t i n g out an i s s u e S i T ^ 0 1 ^ ? ' " There has been some agreed would be f S e S f the aav n " d c I l e c t r ° T ^ T "**' ^ " i S

ing fo r the amateur c o l l e c t o r i f an > « „ f; u ! , O U l d p r o v 9 v e r y i n t e r e s t -c e l t s , p e s t l e s and o t h e r stone o b j e c t s ! ^ ** d 6 V ° t e d ' ^ ^ t o axes ,

c o l l e c t i o n ! ° P P ° S i t e P&8* " * i l l u s t r a t ^ some of the stone axes from my

Top Row ( l e f t t o r i g h t ) • , , , , „

i - Gray g r a n i t e . D e V g r o o v e , B u t t e r t - % 1 ? £ , ! \ l ° T t \ „ County, Ohio " ' " " h l t e 3 P e <* led .

2 - Gray * „ h i t e . r a n i t e ^ J e f f e r son 2 . Banned s i a t e . B u t j t S S j j g g j -

3 - Light gray g r a n i t e ^ f i ^ r a n K - » " S ™ ? ^ 8 J P " * 1 , d • « & £ & -l i n r t J. i y P d i s h e d . Brown Countv, Ohio

4 - Dark granite. E C ^ i S ^ 4 " " " * " d ' — ' " • • 3 » • ^

5 - Dark gray-high p o l i s h . B u t l e r ^o n * r w o . x County, . . i s s o u r i .

I - Ught s t o n e ^ n * £ S £ £ & \ Z £ * ^ H ' ^ S ^ ^ t o 3ottom Row ( l e f t t o r i g h t )

2 ~ S H ? i b.1UG ! d a r d r e d h e ^ i t e . Lawrence Co . , Ohio 2 - Banded s l a t e . Darke County, Ohio. '

I - toZ f 2 J J 6 S p e c k l e d g r a n i t e . Dr. Bunch C o l l e c t : o , . 5 - r ^ v ? t^Q s p e c k l o d g r a n i t e . F rank l in County, Ohio 6 B r f n n W h 1 ^ g r ^ i t e - J Ion tgOinery County, Oh io ! ' 6 - Bro n Quar tz . Faye t te County, Ohio.

- 30 -

5

OBJECTS FROM THE FEURT VILLAGE SITE KIENTZ COLLECTION FULL S I Z E

FIFTEEN OBJECTS FROLJ THE FEURT VILLAGE SITE

By Philip Kientz Columbus, Ohio.

Illustrated on the opposite page are fifteen choice objects taken from the Feurt Village Site, north of Portsmouth, by Philip Kientz, of Columbus. These specimens are among the best of hundreds of objects collected from this site by Lr. Kientz during excav3tions carried on there between 1937 and 1949. All these objects are in perfect condition, well executed and highly polished - and were found in various sections of the village site, in undisturbed strata, and disassociated with burials. All are illustrated full size.

1. Bodkin of solid bone, oval in cross-section, with two separate grooves entirely encircling the specimen. Yellowish-brown in color and well polished.

2. Needle fashioned from rib of deer or elk. Grayish-black, highly polished over entire surface. Tip end blunt, but rounded, while upper end shows evidence where original eye was broken out and a new one drilled. The specimen has a double longitudinal curvature which, very probably was intentional for use in sewing or weaving. The point curves slightly upward.

3. Solid bone object, highly polished over entire surface, probably fashioned by splitting heavy bone of some mammal. May have been employed for weaving. Specimen heavily stained a pinkish-red over lower half of its length.

4. Hair pin, glossy polish over entire surfac:, yellowish-white in color, almost like ivory. Spatulate shape, slightl." curved upv/ard and sideways at point. Side notches and holes may have been intended for decoration or for attaching feathers or other type of ornamentation. One of tho best executed objects of bone taken from this site by this collector.

5. Bone whistle or flute with four holes. This specimen is glossy polished over entire surface, including each end. It is a deep brov/nish­red in color and appears to have been artificially colored with hematite, the stain from which has premeated entirely through the bone structure.

6. Ulna awl of the deer. This specimen is almost coal black and highly polished over entire surface. The specimen has not been burned or scorched and appears to have been artificially dyed.

7. Shell disc, almost three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness. Bears many cross-hatch or scratch marks which seem to portray no definite pattern. Edges polished.

8. Perforated canine tooth of the Indian dog.

9. Effigy arrowhead fashioned from slate or shale, well polished.

- 33 -

n o i e s ^ i n c ^ s e f l ' n e l " , 9 - B e a r+

S . d e c o r a t i ° n s c o n s i s t i n g of counter-sunk

Specimen i s J o l i s h e d . S 6 r r a t l 0 n S C U t *?? ^ * » • ° P P o s i t e * * S i * * .

1 1 . F ish hook fashioned from s o l i d bone of some mammal.

12 . F ish hook fashioned from bone of b i r d . This in c o r s s - s e c t i o n .

1 3 . Fish hook, two and one- 'nu- ' th i „ , i , „ , i » po l i shed , w i t h ' l o n g n e ^ U k ^ o i ^ h ^ l t J ? ' " * ? * ' ^ some l a r g e animal This hoofcln - i S J i ' f s n i o n e d f r o n a neavy. bone of •

r a i r p o r t ^ a r b o r ^ u j l o ^ f a n o ^ J & & S S £ * > ^ ">

of the s p e c i e . « ! cut S S l i s h ^ ' o ^ r t f e n S l u r J S . 0 ' " " » " * ?

15. Pe r fo r a t ed canine t oo th of the PT-PV »<if D 4. •

what v,hilo s e n i o r end a h o w s ^ o ' . e h n ^ o a S o n ' o f ^ L n g ^ r S d . 1 8 ° * ^ # * * # # tf * # * .;;. # ... ,, # #

N O T I C E

OHIO INDIAN RELIC COLLECTORS SOHTv.TV

IEETING DATES FOR 1952 and I953

June 29, 1952 - Annual P icn ic a t the V i r g i l Schaeffer Cabin. Same p lace as 1950 and 1951.

Ju ly 27, 1952 - i i ee t ing a t Newark Earthworks a t Newark, Ohio and s ide t r i p to F l i n t Ridge i n af ternoon under t h e

f n t ' S d L 0 ' f S W * a n d ? r« K r a m e r ' w h o ^ : T ne n a g e . (Don' t miss t h i s )

September U , 1,52 . R i i g u l a r q 8 . U n g < ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

November , , 1,52 - Regulor „ e e t i n s . V7U1 be announced.

March 15 , 1953 - Regular a c t i n g , f i n be m „ o l m C e d .

m 17, 1953 - Annual e l e c t i o n . . .eeting.

1953 OHIO SUSQUHSMIEHHIAL

Our c X t t e f o f •?£*'?*&?%/% T ^ ^ ' i n t h i s . • Roy Vie tzen , Or t i i M n o . s S i . i - , - B a b y ' "*• ° ° P e l « o . ,

Kruger, ; : r . U D o J J b h J S o n ^ J " ^ £ f * " g * J * • < \ » • our p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h i s This J i i u i . ' x 1 1 l a y p l a n s l o r

and we should do oun pa r t . ' C n e f i t b ° t h p a r t i e s concerned

-34 -

'.TANDOTTE FLINT DOVETAILS

By Earl C. Townsend, Jr.

The name 'Vyandotte has become affixed to the variety of Bluish-gray hornstone from which these three dovetails are fashioned. The ancient quarries from which the material was obtained encompass many miles of southwestern Harrison Count; , Indiana, and eastern Crawford County,Indiana, and rival or surpass the Ohio Flint Ridge quarries in size. Our red predecessors secured ellipsoidal nodules up to eight to ten inches in dia­meter from which tnese dovetails ultimately were fashioned. Spears and blades made of this material are scattered over the lower Ohio and middle Mississippi valleys and the large cache of disks in the mound atChilli-cothe, Ohio cane from these flint beds.

1. - THE LANESVILLE SPEAR

This is the most perfect, most symmetrical large dovetail made of this material which I have seen. It is 7 inches long and 1 7/8 inches wide. It has an extreme thickness of less than 3/8 of an inch. The late Joseph J. Geringer obtained it from Robert "alther of Lanesville, Indiana, about 1947. "Valther collected it from the finder on the south bank of the Ohio River in Jefferson County, Kentucky, about 1939.

2. - THE BOONVILLE SPEAR

This famous dovetail has graced the cases of many well known collectors. It is 7 l/4 inches in length and 2 1/8 inches in width and less than 3/3 inch thick. I urchased it from Chalmcr Lynch of Evansville in July of 1950. Last summer Gray LaDassor recognized it in my collection as"The Boonville Spear", ''hereupon I wrote to Thomas J, Dillingham of Boonville, Indiana, and sent him a tracing of it. His reply was enlightening and I set it out in full:

"Dear Sir: The spear head, tiie tracing of which you recently sent me

I am sure that I once owned. I sold it to a Lir. Rinker, and I was later infor....jd that

Geringer purchased it of him and finally Chalmers Lynch secured it of ~..r. Geringer.

Looking back in my notes I find that on January 3, 1936 I purchased the spear from a Lir. Forrest Hern who had found in in Lincoln City, Indiana. Lir. Hern lived in the Gentryvilie-Lincoln City, Indiana neighborhood.

The spear as I renmember was of a light gray color and was 7 1/4 inches long, and as my notes said "very fine".

Respectfully yours Thomas J. Dillingham"

Further research has proven that Gaines Rinker sold it to Dr. Cheney from whose collection Mr. Geringer obtained it.

- 35 -

3 - THE GERINGER SPEAR

3/8 i n c h e S s S a t a [ t ^ t h 7 i c " pC S S ^ f * V 1 ' / i 6 i n C h e S i n v l d t h r n d i s l e s s t han

the la?e J o s L h J telZt '°° * * * * " t a k e a t h e l l t e r t * c f n a m 3 L n« « a " e r

a l l t h r e e ' o f ^ h n p ^ i ^ - 1 0 " * • t h 8 t M r* G ^ W e r a t one time or ano ther owned

a l a r ^ s ? f a r o r t S a \ C ; n S P e a r ; ' "?,' B" " ' S t C p h e n S c f **»*'> ******* * a s

Protected by the chiefs or . ^ ^ ^ £ S & r S ^ P E L E £ . - "

so-called g S L i r i r S J S P°UShed baS° ™hiCh " * — * * • » • • * this

* * -if tf no

N O T I C E

Ind iana . This as a t the extreme e a s t I Z T o l ' ^ n ^ c ^ Z ^ f 1 ^ ^ 0 1 1 3 ' west of the 1s t t r a f f i c e l i g h t on Rt # Z ? All ^ ? i i \ d ' b l ° C ' : S

Come anrl ha™ n „„-> • Z* nZ 7rh ' " l l 0a~° c o l l e c t o r s are i n v i t e d . I t ^ i ? hp JJ t l , : : e ' T h e r e v ' i L 1 b e a l o t of m a t e r i a l for so le and t«ad=> I t , i l l be worth your while to see "The Townsend C o l l e c t i o n " . '

#

AN ASHTABULA SPT».A?

of K ^ r x s s ssa F ^ S E - ' A --:;-

NE' mmsBs OF THS 0 . I . R. C. S.

gunnel alp _ R. a. ,.3j Box 89, Circleville, Ohio. C. F. Hyde, Clarksourg, Ohio. (Ross County) Koon, R. Dwight, R. R. :;4, SLm Grove, '.. Va,

^ r e ' Dr* y^A,;?,?-?*011- iiissouri^ (Dunklin County) rc2, Merwin, 434 ,.ill Road, Hamilton, Ohio. Quack, Douglas, 11366 Grandville Ave., Detroit 28, Michi~an Snider, Paul J., 109 South St., Fariborn, Ohio. ^cnx»an' snider, Perry S., R. R. #1, Pi ai n City, Ohio.

- 36 -