offshore pipelines brochure

DNV SERVING THE OIL & GAS INDuSTRy pipeline technology and materials

offshore pipelines

OPTIMISEPIPELINE PERFORMANCE

ThEPOwERTO

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■■ Verification and Certification ■■ Technology Qualification■■ SHE Risk Management■■ Enterprise Risk Management

■■ Asset Risk Management■■ Advisory Services■■ Laboratory Services■■ Full Scale Testing Facilities

GLOBAL SERVICES TO THE pIpELInE InDUSTRy

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04 Commitment to support the pipeline industry06 The business life cycle08 Addressing pipelines end to end10 Is pipeline the optimal transport solution? 11 Making pipeline the safe and reliable option

12 Pushing the design envelope safely14 The assurance of full independence16 Safely extending the lifespan18 Taking the industry forward20 Documentation of performance/Project examples

COnTEnTS


Tomorrow’s oil and gas reserves will be located in ever deeper waters, in harsh environments, far from existing infrastructure. Since the early 1970s, DNV has supplied the industry with a full range of services and competence related to the development, operation and maintenance of pipeline systems. Pushing into the new energy frontier poses greater challenges for pipeline systems and DNV is committed to support the industry continuously as a pipeline technology leader.

COMMITMENT TO SuPPORT ThE PIPELINE INduSTRy

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VerIfIcatIon and certIfIcatIonWe ensure that your projects are properly managed through transparent risk based verification and certification.

SHe rISk ManageMentWe develop, implement, maintain and continuously improve the best practices in SHE management.

tecHnology QualIfIcatIonWe provide you with the confidence that your technology will function reliably.

aSSet rISk ManageMentWe safeguard integrity and maintain optimal production safely and cost-efficiently.

enterprISe rISk ManageMentWe provide a complete view of your organisation’s total risk exposure and manage these risks in an integrated way.

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DNV – assisting pipeline operators along the entire life cycle to safeguard and improve business performance.

PROjECT PHASES:

DNV DELIVERIES:

FEASIBILITy & COnCEpT SELECTIOn

STRATEGy DESIGn

VERIFICATIOn

BUSInESS CASE ASSESSMEnT

InTEGRATED FIELD DEVELOpMEnT SUppORT

pROjECT DUE DILIGEnCE

pROjECT AnD SCHEDULE RISk MAnAGEMEnT

SHE RISk MAnAGEMEnT

RELIABILITy ASSESSMEnT

TECHnOLOGy qUALIFICATIOn

DESIGn SUppORT

qUALITy SURVEILLAnCE AnD InS pECTIOn

FULL SCALE TESTInG FACILITy InC LUDInG MATERIAL AnD CORROSIOn TESTInG

ThE BuSINESS LIFE CyCLESERVICES OVERVIEW


COnSTRUCTIOn InSTALLATIOn & COMMISSIOnInG

OpERATIOn & LIFE ExTEnSIOn

DECOMMISSIOnInG

pROjECT AnD SCHEDULE RISk MAnAGEMEnT

TECHnOLOGy qUALIFICATIOn

OpERATIOnS ExCELLEnCE

pIpELInE InTEGRITy MAnAGEMEnT

qUALITy SURVEILLAnCE AnD InS pECTIOn

FULL SCALE TESTInG FACILITy InC LUDInG MATERIAL AnD CORROSIOn TESTInG

TROUBLESHOOTInG


Industry and governments make signifi-cant investments in pipeline systems. They rely on a broad range of expertise to ensure that each pipeline operates in a safe, reliable and cost-effective way. Since the early 1970s, DNV has played a lead-ing role in the development of pipeline technology. We were deeply involved in the SUPERB Joint Industry Project that introduced limit state-based design and modern design principles, revolutionis-ing pipeline design. Today DNV offers unique multidisciplinary competences to customers all over the world – from the very early phases through to operations and life extension.

ADDRESSInG THE EnTIRE LIFE CyCLEDNV can assist you in selecting the right transport solution, evaluating aspects ranging from availability and tariffs associated with existing infra-structure, to cost, revenue and risks related to a new solution.

Materials need to be stretched to their limit in order to safely install and oper-ate pipelines in extreme water depths and other challenging conditions. We work on the latest design methodolo-gies. We assure quality and integrity during installation so that you can break barriers confidently.

As pipelines are put into operation, a different set of considerations and capabilities is required. DNV provides a variety of services for pipelines in operation with focus on reducing pipeline operating costs, while still maintaining an acceptable reliability and safety level. A COMpLETE SUITE OF SERVICESFrom well to shore, concept to operation, internal flow to external threat, ensuring that each pipeline is designed, fabricated and operated in a safe, reliable and cost-effective manner involves many professional disciplines.

DNV offers the full range of services for all phases of offshore pipeline systems:■■ Transport solution■■ Concept & feasibility studies■■ Environmental studies and impact assessment

■■ Safety and risk analysis■■ Flow assurance■■ Material selection and corrosion■■ Geotechnical engineering■■ Structural design assistance■■ Fabrication and installation surveillance

■■ Marine warranty ■■ In-service inspection

Designing, fabricating, installing and operating pipeline systems are challenges with ever increasing complexity. DNV offers a wide range of services related to pipelines covering the entire business life cycle from concept to abandonment. We can help you safeguard and improve your operations through a broad and in-depth understanding of risks and opportunities within your pipeline projects.

AddRESSINg PIPELINES ENd TO ENd

SERVICES OVERVIEW

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■■ Condition and integrity risk assessments

■■ Lifetime extension and re- qualification of existing pipelines

■■ Database management■■ Laboratory facilities for both small-scale and full-scale testing

■■ Failure investigations and analyses.

ADVAnCED SOFTwARE TOOLS AnD SOLUTIOnS■■ EasyRisk is used to assess business risk related to different field devel-opment scenarios

■■ OLGA is a program developed for analysis of multiphase flow issues

■■ FATFREE is a program for failure analyses of free spans exposed to ocean current and wave loading in

compliance with DNV RP-F105 Free Spanning Pipelines

■■ STABLELINES calculates stability of offshore pipelines according to DNV RP-F109 On-Bottom Stability Design of Submarine Pipelines

■■ Pipeline Engineering Tool (PET) addresses all key design formulas in DNV OS-F101 Offshore Standard for Submarine Pipeline Systems

■■ SilverPipe Pipeline Management System is a web-based tool covering both onshore and offshore pipeline integrity management.

wORLD-CLASS STAnDARDS AnD BEST pRACTICES ■■ World-leading internationally recog-nised Offshore Pipeline Standards and Recommended Practices

■■ Enable operators to reduce CAPEX while maintaining integrity

■■ Allow for new concepts to be considered (installation, materials, design)

■■ Harmonised with ISO 13623 and ISO 3183

■■ Limit-state-based design criteria using calibrated safety factor, allow-ing for optimised design and consist-ent safety level

■■ Comprehensive standards covering all phases from concept to abandonment.


Early-phase field development involves business case assessments of possible development concepts. A major part of a development concept is the transport solution, where alternatives range from sea transportation using shuttle tankers to novel subsea-to-land solutions. The selection of a transport solution depends on several factors, from avail-ability and tariffs associated with exist-ing infrastructure, to cost, revenue and risks related to a new solution. To find the best solution, you need to chal-lenge and assess both technical and economical aspects of the full field development solution.

OUR AppROACHDNV applies an integrated approach to ensure that both technical and eco-nomical issues are properly accounted

for when assessing the attractiveness of the various development and export alternatives.

The integrated model includes the various risks, uncertainties and dependencies that impact a field development, such as:■■ Uncertainties in in-place volumes and recovery factors

■■ Availability and risks related to technical performance

■■ Frequency of component failures, duration of repairs, and waiting time and cost of repair resources

■■ Uncertainty in CAPEX, OPEX, tariffs, etc.

■■ Uncertainty in product prices■■ Uncertainty in timing of first oil/ first gas.

kEy BEnEFITSThe DNV approach does not replace detailed analyses, but provides a means of aggregating data from different disciplines into a more complete basis for decision making.

Since the integrated model allows all relevant uncertainties and their dependencies to be included, the total risk can be described more completely. Furthermore, the major risk drivers and their underlying causes and knock-on effects can be analysed.

ExISTInG pIpELInE ASSETSDNV is recognised as one of the world’s leading international providers of project due diligence services to the oil, gas and petrochemical industries. Clients include energy companies, petrochemical companies, investment companies and finance institutions.

We have experience with drilling units, light well intervention vessels, fixed or floating oil/gas production platforms and terminals, LNG export or import terminals, pipelines, subsea develop-ments, a number of different oil and product tankers and LNG carriers, as well as petrochemical plants.

The selection of a transport solution depends on a host of factors. DNV helps you find the optimal alternative, based on the particular needs of your project.

IS PIPELINE ThE OPTIMAL TRANSPORT SOLuTION?

ENTERPRISE RISk MANAGEMENT – ERM

Distance to market

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A new risk agenda is emerging, bring-ing with it new demands on your busi-ness and how it is managed. Stake-holders expect clear management of safety, health and the environment. Mere compliance with legal require-ments for SHE performance is no longer sufficient for forward-thinking organisations. We can help you safely and responsibly improve your business performance.

DNV applies risk-based methods and advanced software tools to ensure that hazards are identified and understood throughout the life cycle of projects and operations. We adopt our ap -proach to the relevant project chal-lenges, applying the full range of DNV capabilities and experience.

InCREASE SAFETy AnD RELIABILITyOur services will ensure that you make the appropriate strategic and opera-tional decisions related to health and safety issues:■■ Risk assessments■■ Consequence assessments■■ External impact assessments■■ Design accidental load and protection studies

■■ Management systems and perfor-mance standards

■■ Emergency planning, response and investigation.

EnVIROnMEnTAL CHALLEnGESWe provide many inter-related services in the area of environmental risk man-agement including:

■■ Environmental impact and risk assessment

■■ Dispersion and fate modelling■■ Impact and risk management planning

■■ Spill preparedness and response analysis and planning

■■ Biodiversity management – Environmental monitoring – Visual mapping of sensitive areas – Environmental ROV surveys

■■ Corporate Social Responsibility.

COMMITMEnTBy understanding the new risk agenda and working hard to improve safety and environmental performance, we are committed to our vision of making a global impact for a safe and sustain-able future.

We work with our clients to develop, implement, maintain and continuously improve best practices in SHE Risk Management of offshore pipelines.

MAkINg PIPELINE ThE SAFE ANd RELIABLE OPTION

SHE RISk MANAGEMENT

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With a highly experienced and well trained global network of personnel, DNV is well placed to meet the require-ments of a global pipeline market. We offer tailored solutions throughout the life cycle of pipeline systems with focus on adding value and safeguarding life, property and the environment.

STRUCTURAL DESIGnA key element of DNV’s services is that independent detailed engineering analysis forms part of third-party verifi-cation activities. We use a range of state-of-the-art software packages to perform relevant technical analysis:■■ Global and local buckling■■ Pipe reeling■■ Pipe snaking■■ Upheaval buckling■■ Expansion curve■■ Tie-in spool piece

■■ J-tube pull-in■■ Fatigue analyses for free spans and VIV

■■ On-bottom stability■■ Pipeline installation, dynamic and static

■■ Structural design.

FLOw ASSURAnCEDNV provides in-depth understanding of multi-phase flow characteristics in pipeline systems at both normal and incidental operating conditions. This knowledge represents a valuable input to the optimisation of the design and operation of pipelines and contributes to cost-effective solutions and robust and effective pipeline performance. We address the follow-ing key areas either as part of an inte-grated approach or as standalone services:

■■ Thermo-hydraulic analysis (pressure and temperature drop)

■■ Capacity/line sizing■■ Slug/terrain slugging■■ Hydrate and wax prediction■■ Chemical injection■■ Insulation optimisation/design■■ Start-up and shut-down■■ Cool down■■ Blow down■■ Water hammer/pressure surge analysis

■■ Leak analysis.

Understanding and analysing mul-tiphase flows is complicated. DNV utilises the state-of-the-art transient multiphase program OLGA to analyse issues related to production and trans-portation of multiphase flows from the reservoir to the separator. We participate in all phases of a project,

Extreme free spans, global buckling of HPHT pipelines, ice scour induced loads and enhanced utilisation of materials in corrosive environments – DNV can help you break these and other barriers with confidence.

PuShINg ThE dESIgNENvELOPE SAFELy

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FLOW ASSuRANCE, DESIGN, FOuNDATIONS AND MATERIALS


from feasibility studies to the opera-tional phase.

OLGA is developed for analysis of multiphase flow issues in pipe systems, and may be used for both steady-state and transient analysis. The program solves the governing equation for mass, momentum and energy for the various phases, based on flashing and conden-sation of the gas and liquid phases. SOLID FOUnDATIOnSGeotechnical design is associated with a variety of challenges where a broad understanding of both structural responses and soil characteristics is required. In DNV, soilpipe interaction issues are identified and solved by integrating the geotechnical services in the design or verification process. Our services involve application of DNV standards, other recognised standards, national requirements and client specifications. The services are offered for a broad scale of both onshore and offshore pipelines, including:■■ Geophysical surveys to identify potential hazards

■■ Seismic hazard studies

■■ Soil investigations■■ Slope stability analyses■■ Flow analyses of failed soil (‘debris flow’, turbidity flow)

■■ Optimum pipeline route selection■■ Soil properties and soil resistance■■ Heat isolation for cover■■ Anchor or ice ridge hazards and impact loading.

THE RIGHT MATERIALSEnsuring that the right material is selected, specified, delivered and installed is a key aspect of every success-ful pipeline project. DNV owns and operates material laboratories in Norway, Singapore and the USA. We draw on a wealth of experience from failure investigations, corrosion studies, testing and R&D projects to help the customer select the optimal material. We also help ensure that the materials are properly joined through our deep understanding of welding and non-destructive testing. DNV has published a number of codes and standards to ensure that the international pipeline industry has easy access to best practices:■■ Assessment of ultimate pipe capacity■■ Fracture mechanics and fatigue assessment

■■ Verification of material specifica-tions and manufacturing documentation

■■ Mechanical testing■■ Metallurgical investigations■■ Corrosion testing■■ Qualification of new materials■■ Quality surveillance■■ Troubleshooting■■ Remaining life assessment■■ Failure investigation.

TECHnOLOGy qUALIFICATIOnTen years ago, DNV issued a procedure for qualification of new technology. Since then many projects have been executed with basis in the TQ process described in DNV RP-A203, and many clients have adopted this structured process for qualifying new technology.

Qualification is the process of provid-ing the evidence that the technology will function reliably within specific limits, and with an acceptable level of confidence (DNV TQ definition).

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DNV’s transparent and fully independent approach to verification, certification, quality surveillance and marine operations will help reduce and manage risk, thereby ensuring a successful project.

ThE ASSuRANCE OF FuLL INdEPENdENCE

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Authorities now tend to move from prescriptive regimes to functional requirements in a goal-setting regime, where safety shall be demonstrated based on risk approaches. Hence, there will probably be a stronger future demand for measurable objectives to be presented by the owners regarding safety to life, property and the environment.

Verification and certification have historically been carried out with vary-ing scope and depth of involvement. The depth of involvement, or level of verification, has not always been very transparent. In order to ensure a trans-parent approach, DNV was the first organisation to introduce a risk-based approach. A RISk-BASED AppROACHDNV aims, through Risk-Based Verification, to instil confidence in our customers and other stakeholders. Through independent and competent scrutiny, the intent is to confirm that the asset is designed, constructed and/or operated so that:■■ It is fit for its intended purpose■■ Its level of integrity is as high as reasonably practicable

■■ The associated risk to health, life, property and environment is as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP).

VERIFICATION


DNV OSS-301 Certification and Verification of Submarine Pipeline Systems, which describes DNV’s certification and verification services for pipeline systems, was pub-lished in October 2000. It is the first, and still only, publicly available detailed description of third-party involvement for pipeline systems. The document gives detailed scope of work for certification and verifica-tions for three levels; low, medium and high. This will allow the owner to select the degree of certification or verification in compliance with the overall risk objective for the project.

IMpORTAnCE OF EARLy InVOLVEMEnTRisk-Based Verification services should seek to reduce any uncertainty in the field or pipeline development as early as possible. If any weaknesses are revealed, the services should allow for effective management of necessary changes. DNV’s verification experience reinforces the important message of early involvement and the need for in-depth knowledge of the activities required to obtain optimal resource allocation for the verification process. A proactive approach is required, placing particular emphasis on roles and responsibilities.

qUALITy SURVEILLAnCE AnD InSpECTIOnThe level of verification activity is differentiated according to the inher-ent risk (i.e. consequence) to the pipeline system. During the fabrication and installation phase, we support our customers by providing:■■ Quality surveillance during pipe manufacturing and coating

■■ Inspection services and construction supervision through pipeline instal-lation and commissioning.

Depending on risk level low, medium or high, DNV’s attendance varies from an audit-based approach to full 24/7 site team attendance. MARInE OpERATIOnSThe financial and technical conse-quences which may be incurred as a result of an accident or occurrence during offshore marine operations can be devastating. This fact alone empha-sises the importance of a well-defined marine verification scope, a recognised technical reference, competence and experience, and quality within the marine verification service.

DNV stands up to these requirements through our integrity and independence, our close relation to in-house specialist disciplines, and through

more than thirty years’ experience as warranty surveyor and marine verifier. We base our work on the DNV Rules for Planning and Execution of Marine Operation. GLOBAL REACHThe opportunities of the global energy market belong to those who approach them with a comprehensive under-standing of risk. Equally important is the ability to implement solutions and uniform standards across geographies. That’s why DNV’s global presence is so highly valued by our customers in the energy sector. No matter where you conduct your business, DNV is close at hand and prepared to help. Our inter-national organisation comprises a network of more than 300 offices globally.

Early involvement = Higher chance to implement changes with lower financial impact

EARLy PHASE INVOLVEMENT

TIMECOnCEpTUAL pHASE COMMISSIOnInG

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COST OF CHAnGE

ABILITy TO InFLUEnCE

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DNV provides a variety of services addressing issues related to pipelines in operation. These services focus on reducing pipeline operating costs, while still maintaining an acceptable reliabil-ity and safety level. DNV experts team up with the pipeline operators to estab-lish the most cost-efficient solutions for each pipeline system.

Most of our services for pipelines in operation are requested during the pipeline operational phase. However, DNV also provides operations-related services at an early design phase, ensur-ing that sound pipeline operational integrity is built into the pipeline sys-tem during initial planning, design and construction. We build our services in the operational phase on the compe-tence gained when participating in a number of joint industry development projects and developing DNV’s unique

pipeline codes and standards. Services for Pipelines in Operation cover:

■■ Integrity Management involving all activities required for control and documentation of a pipeline system’s integrity during its operational life.

■■ Condition Assessment for pipeline systems and components. This includes assessment of metal loss defects, dents and cracks (i.e. defect assessment) as well as evaluation of global pipeline behaviour (i.e. free-span condition, lateral buckling response etc.).

■■ Inspection and Maintenance Planning uses the results from the condition assessment to prioritise inspection and maintenance activi-ties based on risk of failure balanced against cost of prevention work.

■■ Pipeline Operability Review allows the pipeline operator to identify and

assess all important areas of poten-tial operational improvement (with regard to both management and technical solutions) against a set of ‘Best Practices’ based on DNV’s experience from major projects and international operators.

■■ Re-qualification as required for lifetime extension, change of use of the pipeline systems, or modifica-tions and repairs due to damage.

■■ Data management support by col-lecting and organising data needed for long-term integrity management and daily operation, covering pipe-line data, surveys and inspection results, assessments etc.

■■ Support for Regulatory Compliance including interpretation of regula-tions, consultancy during planning and implementation, information management and meetings with regulators.

As pipelines are put into operation and approach maturity in their design life, a different set of considerations and capabilities is required. At this stage, the value of planning the operational phase early in the project also becomes evident.

SAFELy ExTENdINg ThE LIFESPAN

PIPELINE INTEGRITyMANAGEMENT

DNV’s integrity management services and systems connect key operational activities with assessment and stakeholder requirements.

DESIGn AnALySES AnD RE-DESIGn

AUTHORITIES MAnAGEMEnT CUSTOMERS pUBLIC

OpERATIOnS AnD MOnITORInG MAInTEnAnCE InSpECTIOnS REpAIRS EMERGEnCy

RESpOnSE

pIpELInE InTEGRITy MAnAGEMEnT (pIM)

PIPELINES IN OPERATION


■■ Risk assessment supporting the operators in managing SHE and business risk. Methods such as HAZID and QRA can be applied at different levels of detail, and the output risk ranking can be used as basis for decision-making approaches like RCM and RBI.

■■ Availability and reliability evaluations of pipeline networks provide confi-dence and maximise system uptime.

■■ Technical support for operators in connection with repair, trouble-shooting, onsite support and techni-cal advice, intervention, decommis-sioning, training etc.

wEB-BASED InTEGRITy MAnAGEMEnTSilverpipe is a Pipeline Integrity Management support software tool developed by DNV in close coopera-tion with leading oil and gas compa-

nies. The tool supports the activities and working process within pipeline integrity control and documentation, and contains modules for:■■ Data management■■ Condition assessment■■ Defect evaluations■■ Pipeline and component risk assessment

■■ Inspection planning■■ Pro-forma reporting.

The new fully web-based Silverpipe Management System covers both onshore and offshore pipeline integrity management functions and is delivered with an Integrity Management Portal as standard. This portal provides ready access to historical reports, condition of all assets embraced by the system, overall risk profiles, system alerts and status of integrity management projects and tasks in a traffic light fashion.

Tailored integration to customer appli-cations, e.g. GIS, SAP and other sys-tems, is important to reduce the overallimpact on a company when introduc-ing a new pipeline integrity solution.Rather than replacing in-house appli-cations, the pipeline integrity solutionrepresents a strengthening of the com-pany’s overall asset management as it isintegrated with already well function-ing in-house systems.

The oil & gas industry dedicates large resources to the development of tomorrow’s operations – making use of new technology for more efficient work processes. The Silverpipe software tool will help you make faster and more qualified decisions, thereby safely extending the lifespan of your pipelines.

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Pipelines are an effective and highly reliable means for hydrocarbon trans-portation over short and medium-range distances. They represent large invest-ment costs for a field development or gas-export transport system. These investment costs are highly influenced by the applicable codes for design and construction of the pipeline. SELECTInG THE BEST CODEMany national and international pipe-line codes in use are subject to various safety regimes and operator prefer-ences. What is the criteria for selecting the ‘best design code’? Is it the code giving the minimum wall thickness – or something else? DNV believes the selection criteria are simple and threefold:■■ The code shall ensure at least a minimum safety level that is accept-able to society.

■■ Given the above, the best code is the one that gives the minimum life cycle cost.

■■ The code should comply with the overall ISO standards.

For an ‘off the shelf’ pipeline design, any of the internationally recognised codes fulfill the first criterion based on historical records. Most of these codes are experience-based, using an allowable stress format where all fail-ure modes are covered implicitly in a few simple design formats. They are often simple to apply and work well when applied within the scope of application, i.e. where there has been extensive past experience used as the basis for the code. For other pipeline designs where there is limited field experience – such as HT or HP, deep-water, uneven seabed, Arctic pipelines in ice-infested areas – only a limit-state-based design code with links to fabrication, installation and operation phases can ensure an acceptable safety level.

A FAMILy OF BEST pRACTICESBased on our project experience, research, and joint industry develop-ment work, DNV issues a number of pipeline codes. These comprise service specifications, standards and recom-

mended practices, and are highly regarded within the international pipeline community.

DNV OSS-301 Service Specification for Certification and Verification of Pipelines presents a comprehensive and detailed risk-based method for this service.

DNV OS-F101 Offshore Standard for Submarine Pipeline Systems provides acceptance criteria and design proce-dures for pipelines. The standard applies modern limit-state-design prin-ciples with ‘safety classes’ linked to consequences of failure.

The DNV standard is complemented by several recommended practices (RPs) which give detailed advice on how to analyse specific technical aspects according to stated criteria:■■ DNV RP-C205 Environmental Conditions and Environmental Loads

■■ DNV RP-F101 Corroded Pipe- lines

DNV’s first pipeline code was issued in 1976. Since then we have created a series of internationally recognised standards and recommended practices together with the pipeline industry.

TAkINg ThE INduSTRy FORwARdWORLD-CLASS CODES AND STANDARDS

A clearly set structure accommodates the different DNV codes.

STRuCTuRE OF DNV OFFSHORE CODES

SERVICE SpECIFICATIOnS

OFFSHORE STAnDARDS

DESIGn

RECOMMEnDEDpRACTICES

InTERnATIOnALLyRECOGnISED CODES

COnSTRUCTIOn

OpERATIOn


■■ DNV RP-F102 Pipeline Field Joint Coating and Field Repair of Linepipe Coating

■■ DNV RP-F103 Cathodic Protection of Submarine Pipelines by Galvanic Anodes

■■ DNV RP-F105 Free Spanning Pipelines

■■ DNV RP-F106 Factory Applied External Pipeline Coatings for Corrosion Control

■■ DNV RP-F107 Risk Assessment of Pipeline Protection

■■ DNV RP-F108 Fracture Control for Pipeline Installation Methods Introducing Cyclic Plastic Strain

■■ DNV RP-F109 On-bottom Stability■■ DNV RP-F110 Global Buckling of Pipelines

■■ DNV RP-F111 Interference between Trawl Gear and Pipelines

■■ DNV RP-F112 Design of Duplex Stainless Steel Subsea Equipment Exposed to Cathodic Protection

■■ DNV RP-F113 Pipeline Subsea Repair

■■ DNV RP-F116 Integrity Management of Submarine Pipeline Systems

■■ DNV RP-F118 Pipe Girth Weld AUT System Qualification and Project Specific Procedure Validation

■■ DNV RP-O501 Erosive Wear in Piping systems.

Some of the above RPs were originally developed for offshore pipelines, but are also relevant for onshore pipelines. See www.dnv.com for an overview of all available codes.

THE FUTUREDNV has always focused on renewing its knowledge and setting new stand-ards. A major part of our work is carried out through joint industry projects.

Codes and standards should reflect current good practice and be open for application to innovation and state-of-the-art technology. Therefore ‘best codes’ do not exist statically or indefi-

nitely. There will always be a need for developments and enhancements in order to guide and support the indus-try in relatively uncharted territories such as the Arctic, ultra-deep waters, or projects with challenging fluid compo-sition and long tie-back solutions.

A number of exciting ongoing projects are helping the industries safely and responsibly improve business performance.

We are currently working with the industry to develop better criteria for deepwater installations, better under-standing of pipe/soil interaction, Arctic pipelines and smarter pipeline integrity management.

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pURpOSEPerform testing to document the per-formance of a material or component, large structures, corrosion protection systems or degradation mechanisms in a process facility.

BEnEFITSDNV’s laboratory services provide a unique and broad portfolio of testing capabilities, combined with strong multi-disciplinary knowledge and expe-rience from the global shipping and energy sectors. In order to better deter-mine all of the parameters affecting the technology’s performance, we give your company access to a combination of failure investigation and analysis with laboratory tests. This allows us to model actual operating conditions in the most realistic way. We utilise advanced reliability techniques to extract as much information as possible from tests. In addition, we can deter-mine the technology’s operating enve-lope, thus increasing the value of a test.

DNV’s global network and laboratories in Europe, Asia and the USA serve the shipping and energy markets in an efficient manner.

OUR AppROACHDNV’s laboratories are located in Oslo and Bergen in Norway, Singapore,

Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia and Dublin, Ohio in the USA. All are seamlessly integrated with other DNV services.DNV provides not only tests, but also answers and solutions. We exploit hazard identification techniques

together with our knowledge of the object and process to determine the most critical failure mechanisms, in addition to environmental and load conditions. A combination of testing and analysis is often used to determine the operating limits for the technology.

With our processes and experience, we can reduce the cost of testing and optimise the performance of the tech-nology. Some of the services we provide:■■ Fitness for service■■ Re-qualification for extended operat-ing conditions

■■ Failure investigation or ‘failure anal-ysis before failure occurs’

■■ Qualification testing■■ Large-scale structural tests (dynamic loads, pressure, temperature, etc.)

■■ Flow assurance testing.

The laboratories have several standard test facilities. However, often tailor-made test facilities are designed for a specific project or investigation, or for qualification tests.

Results from the laboratory testing are used as a basis for developing models, which we implement in our prediction tools, model verification and updates. The laboratories are also well suited to offer component qualification services.

In order to support the global energy and shipping sectors with state-of-the-art laboratory services, DNV offers a wide range of testing capabilities, combined with strong multi-disciplinary knowledge and experience.

dOCuMENTATION OF PERFORMANCE

LAbORATORy SERVICES AND FuLL-SCALE TESTING FACILITIES


nORD STREAM pIpELInE CERTIFICATIOn 1,225 kM THROuGH THE bALTIC SEA

The world’s longest offshore pipeline with the power to supply energy to more than 26 million European households. The Nord Stream pipeline is the most direct connection between vast gas reserves in Russia and energy markets in the European union. When fully operational, the 48-inch twin pipelines will have the capacity to annually transport a combined total of 55 billion cubic metres of gas over a distance of 1,225 km through the baltic Sea.

DNV started supporting the project during the conceptual phase in 2005, verifying the conceptual/FEED study of Nord Stream for Gazprom. Since 2007, DNV has been engaged by Nord Stream AG to verify that design, fabrication and installa-tion meet the governing code DNV OS-F101 Submarine Pipeline Systems.

OBjECTIVEManaging risk by using risk-based verification according to DNV OS-F101 involving multidisciplinary competencies and state-of-the-art methods and tools.

CRITICAL ISSUE Safe installation of two large-diameter 1,225 km long pipelines through the baltic Sea, i.e. through areas with irregular seabed, very soft soils and other obstacles like munitions, ship wrecks and cultural heritage sites.

VALUE DELIVEREDTotal System Certification via design verification, manufacture control and independent construction inspection.

Management of the totality of high-risk elements by utilising DNV’s full width of technical competences and provision of comprehensive and independent technical quality assurance.

InTEGRITy MAnAGEMEnT OF SUBMARInE pIpELInE SySTEMS NORTH SEA – HALTEN NORDLAND

In 2006, Statoil and DNV in cooperation developed a three- level Condition Management tool to handle the integrity of the infield pipelines in the Åsgard field. The methodology has since then been taken into use on several other pipeline systems located in the North Sea, including kristin, Mikkel and urd flowlines and all infield pipelines in the Halten Nordland area.

OBjECTIVEFor the infield pipelines in the Halten Nordland area, the objec-tive has been to establish an integrity management program based on an advanced integrity assessment methodology, pipeline simulation models and software visualization tools.

CRITICAL ISSUEDue to high pressure and high temperature (HP/HT), the pipe-lines are designed to be exposed on seabed to make them able to buckle and release axial forces. based on results from exter-nal surveys of the pipelines, the strain in the buckles can be assessed in detail using FE models developed. The results from the analyses are used to evaluate threats like pipe utilization in buckle, fatigue, and trawl impact/pullover.

VALUE DELIVEREDThe integrity management program covers 84 pipelines. The outcome of the assessment, quantified in terms of risk of failure associated with governing failure modes, is used as basis for specification of maintenance and intervention requirements.

PROjECT ExAMPLES

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ream

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DESIGn GUIDELInE HIGH INTEGRITy PRESSuRE PROTECTION SySTEM (HIPPS)

OBjECTIVE The objective of the Over Pressure Protection System (OPPS, generalized HIPPS), located downstream of choke, is to stop the flow in case of a pressure increase downstream in order to protect the pipeline designed for a lower pressure.

MOTIVATIOn For a high-pressure pipeline system, there may be several rea-sons to design for a pressure lower than the source pressure, e.g. design may be unfeasible due to the weight of a deep-water SCR, full pressure design may imply fabrication and installation restraints or may require components with limited track record, full pressure may only exist for a short period compared to the overall lifetime that will impose unrealistic high CAPEX, or may restrict export into an existing pipeline infrastructure with lower design pressures.

CRITICAL ISSUE Pipelines designed for a pressure less than the source pressure will achieve the lower pressure either by a choke or by natural friction in the system. Full source pressure hazards may be blockage downstream at the receiving terminal, obstruction in the pipeline due to internal flow issues (hydrate, wax etc.), or choke failure.

VALUE DELIVERED The jIP on HIPPS has developed a guideline based on the prin-ciple that design for full source pressure may be carried out with reduced safety factors, in case it can be classified as an accidental scenario; i.e. with a frequency less than once every hundred years. The guideline includes figures on how to select the incidental pressure, safety factors for wall thickness design in an accidental scenario, as function of frequency, and exam-ples on how to calculate blockage frequencies.

Pressure source Fortified

section

HIPPS

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x-STREAM uLTRA-DEEP PIPELINE CONCEPT

OBjECTIVE The X-Stream concept allows pipe wall thicknesses to be reduced by ensuring that the internal pressure never falls below a certain level. by utilising an inverted field-proven High Pressure Protection System (i-HIPPS) and inverted Double block-and-bleed (i-Dbb) valves, the system immediately and effectively isolates the deepwater pipe if the pressure starts falling. In this way, the internal pipeline pressure is maintained above the critical level for any duration of time.

MOTIVATIOnDNV has launched a concept for gas pipelines in ultra-deep waters to meet the particular challenges of extreme depths and pressures. New fields are also often located several hun-dred kilometers from shore, in water depths exceeding 2,000 metres. In addition, long gas trunklines have to cross very deep waters. Deepwater pipelines normally require very thick pipe walls to withstand the extreme external water pressure during installation and operation, making such pipelines heavy and expensive. Large quantities of steel are needed, and only a few pipe mills and pipelaying vessels are qualified to handle such heavy pipes.

CRITICAL ISSUE The challenge is to avoid a pipeline collapse due to the internal pressure dropping in the event of a leak in or rupture of the pipe in shallow waters during operation.

VALUE DELIVERED X-stream offers significant cost savings in terms of wall thick-ness, welding time and installation compared to traditional gas pipelines. It can be implemented in the near future and used for safe and reliable gas transport instead of flaring.


TECHnOLOGy qUALIFICATIOn AMbIENT PRESSuRE CRyOGENIC PIPELINE FOR OFFSHORE LNG

BACkGROUnDA subsea pipeline can be used to transport the LNG from/to an offshore terminal, thereby eliminating the need and cost for a connecting trestle. Subsea cryogenic pipeline designs often involve novel design and new technology which needs to be qualified.

qUALIFICATIOn pROCEDURES FOR nEw TECHnOLOGyDNV has developed a risk-based technology qualification pro-cess, as described in DNV RP-A203 Qualification Procedures for New Technology, with the objective to provide a systematic approach to the qualification of new technology, ensuring that the technology functions reliably within specific limits with an acceptable level of confidence.

DESCRIpTIOn OF THE TECHnOLOGy AnD MAIn CHALLEnGESFluor’s cryogenic LNG pipeline technology, for which patents are pending, consists of inner carrier pipe manufactured in high strength 9% Nickel Steel. Aerogel insulation at ambient pres-sure provides high thermal performance required for cryogenic LNG pipeline flow assurance. The external pipeline was manu-factured with X-65 Carbon Steel.

The use of 9% Nickel Steel in cryogenic application is proven, as it has been employed for several decades in extremely low temperature tanks. Additionally, the process to manufacture the 9% Nickel Steel pipe from a plate, although challenging, is also not a new technology. The new aspect, with this technol-ogy, was the use of 9% Nickel Steel and fulfilling the require-ment of the Offshore Pipeline Code DNV OS-F101, especially regarding fabrication aspects such as welding.

The objective of the qualification process was to utilise a sys-tematic approach to document that the Fluor-designed LNG pipeline was adhering to the criteria of DNV RP-A203 as assessed by DNV as an independent body. The role of DNV was to facilitate and give guidance to Fluor in following the steps to obtain the Certificate of Fitness for Service for its LNG pipe-in-pipe technology.

TECHnOLOGy ASSESSMEnTIn order to assess the new aspects of the technology and identify the key challenges and uncertainties, a Technology Assessment was required to assess the technology elements with respect to newness and identification of the main chal-lenges and uncertainties related to the new technology aspects.

qUALIFICATIOn METHODSThe selection of the qualification methods was described in Fluor’s Qualification Plan where each identified failure mode had a margin to failure established by recognized methods like testing, previous experience, or analyses.

DnV DELIVERABLESFor the qualification of the pipe-in-pipe LNG technology, Fluor followed the principles outlined in DNV RP-A203 Qualification Procedures for New Technology and thereby achieved a “Certificate of Fitness for Service”. Pipeline safety philosophy and safety criteria given in DNV OS-F101 were applied, as part of the design methodology, to validate the overall technical safety level.

A cross-section of the Fluor LNG pipe-in-pipe system.

tHIS IS dnVDNV is a global provider of services for managing risk, helping customers to safely and responsibly improve their business performance. Our core competence is to identify. assess and advise on risk management. DNV is an independent foundation with presence in more than 100 countries.

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tHIS IS dnVDNV is a global provider of services for managing risk, helping customers to safely and responsibly improve their business performance. Our core competence is to identify, assess and advise on risk management. DNV is an independent foundation with presence in more than 100 countries.

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