Nurturing Students’ Professional Spirit in Nurturing Students’ Professional Spirit in Translation Courses with Empowerment Translation Courses with Empowerment

ApproachApproach

Sugeng HariyantoSugeng HariyantoState Polytechnics of Malang, IndonesiaState Polytechnics of Malang, Indonesia

sg_hariyanto[@]yahoo.co.idsg_hariyanto[@]yahoo.co.id

Sharing of Sharing of experience in experience in developing developing translation translation coursescourses

BackgroundBackground

Unemployed university graduatesUnemployed university graduates Esp. foreign language graduatesEsp. foreign language graduates

Good economic growth of IndonesiaGood economic growth of Indonesia

Entrepreneurship or professional spiritEntrepreneurship or professional spirit

Some statistical backgroundSome statistical background

Population: 242.3 million Population: 242.3 million (2011)(2011)

Higher education: 3011 (+ 15)Higher education: 3011 (+ 15)

Indonesian HE under MOE&CIndonesian HE under MOE&C

*There are 15 academies under other ministries

*

Graduates per yearGraduates per year

Students and graduates of Students and graduates of language- language- and-literature and-literature related field of study (2010)related field of study (2010)

Non – teacher training:Non – teacher training: Students: 116,172 Graduates: 17,659Students: 116,172 Graduates: 17,659

Teacher training:Teacher training: Students: 170,081 Graduates: 24,947Students: 170,081 Graduates: 24,947

TOTAL:TOTAL: Students: 286,253 Graduates: 42,606Students: 286,253 Graduates: 42,606

EVERY YEAR

ENTREPRENEURSHIPENTREPRENEURSHIP

GILT

2 Translation courses (of the whole BA 2 Translation courses (of the whole BA program)program)

show them “translator” is an alternative show them “translator” is an alternative profession and make them ones.profession and make them ones.

Baseline situationBaseline situation

Translation I: Lecture on the Translation Translation I: Lecture on the Translation Studies basic themes, e.g. linguistic and Studies basic themes, e.g. linguistic and translation, culture and translation, definition translation, culture and translation, definition of translations, dichotomies in Translation of translations, dichotomies in Translation Studies, Translation strategies, etc.Studies, Translation strategies, etc. Delivery mode: lectureDelivery mode: lecture

Translation II: Translating specific textsTranslation II: Translating specific texts Students do the text translation as home Students do the text translation as home

assignment and discuss in the class where assignment and discuss in the class where teacher is the center of the activityteacher is the center of the activity

Course structureCourse structure PhilosophyPhilosophy ApproachApproach DesignDesign techniquetechnique

Literature ReviewLiterature Review Approaches to Approaches to

translation teachingtranslation teachingProduct orientedProduct orientedProcess orientedProcess orientedSkill-orientedSkill-orientedFunction-orientedFunction-orientedEmpowerment appEmpowerment appInteractive approachInteractive approach

((sorry, it may be a bit sorry, it may be a bit overlappingoverlapping) )

1. Product oriented1. Product oriented

Teaching focus: the productTeaching focus: the product Usually teacher centered Usually teacher centered Students’ trial and errorStudents’ trial and error Discussion: student presents, class Discussion: student presents, class

discussion/error analysis, feedback discussion/error analysis, feedback from the teacher based on his/her from the teacher based on his/her perspectiveperspective

Orientation: produce the best Orientation: produce the best

2. Process-oriented2. Process-oriented

Focus: to see what’s going on in the mind of a Focus: to see what’s going on in the mind of a translatortranslator

Translator reports in a written form the Translator reports in a written form the processprocess Diary (Olivia, 2000)Diary (Olivia, 2000) Sequential process (Gile, 1995)Sequential process (Gile, 1995) Collaborative translation (Jakobsen, 1994)Collaborative translation (Jakobsen, 1994)

Class discussion: students reports the Class discussion: students reports the problems encountered and the solution takenproblems encountered and the solution taken

3. Function-oriented approach3. Function-oriented approach

Focus: appropriate function of the target Focus: appropriate function of the target text (quality of the product)text (quality of the product)

Teaching Technique: Certain steps in Teaching Technique: Certain steps in the processthe process

Material: Authentic text/warm textMaterial: Authentic text/warm text

4. Skill-oriented approach4. Skill-oriented approach

Focus: translation skills or strategyFocus: translation skills or strategy Classroom scenario: discussion Classroom scenario: discussion

appropriate skills for certain problems appropriate skills for certain problems and exerciseand exercise

Source of idea: Mona BakerSource of idea: Mona Baker

5. Empowerment approach (Kiraly, 1992)5. Empowerment approach (Kiraly, 1992)

Focus: achieving student’s professional Focus: achieving student’s professional level of autonomylevel of autonomy

Classroom scenario:Classroom scenario: Many independent workMany independent work Authentic projectAuthentic project

Students’ Roles: project manager, Students’ Roles: project manager, translator, editortranslator, editor

Teacher’s role: client representativeTeacher’s role: client representative

6. Interactive approach6. Interactive approach

Classroom: Classroom: IndependentIndependent

What is the teaching of What is the teaching of Translation like in Indonesia?Translation like in Indonesia? Bachelor levelBachelor level

1 dept of Translation, Open University, 1 dept of Translation, Open University, (distant learning)(distant learning)

At other universities, Translation is only 2 or At other universities, Translation is only 2 or 6 credit points out of 120 credit points taken 6 credit points out of 120 credit points taken by Ss.by Ss.

Translation Master’s program: 4 Translation Master’s program: 4 Translation Doctorate programs: 2 (USU Translation Doctorate programs: 2 (USU

and UNS)and UNS)

S

I

T

U

A

T

I

O

N

What are the contents of the What are the contents of the courses?courses? Bachelor levelBachelor level

1 dept of Translation, Open University, (distant 1 dept of Translation, Open University, (distant learning) – translation theory and practicumlearning) – translation theory and practicum

At other universities: Overview of the field and At other universities: Overview of the field and theories, with minimal text translation exercise.theories, with minimal text translation exercise.

Translation Master’s program: Translation Translation Master’s program: Translation theorytheory

Translation Doctorate programs: translation Translation Doctorate programs: translation theorytheory

PROPOSAL assumptionPROPOSAL assumption

PACTE model of Translation Competence (2005)

NOT

ENOUGH

NOT

ENOUGHNOT

ENOUGHNo team-work

ProposalProposal

Approach, design and procedure (2004)Approach, design and procedure (2004) Approach: theories or belief about Approach: theories or belief about

Translation. Translation is a Translation. Translation is a professional skill. Skills can be nurtured. professional skill. Skills can be nurtured. Translation teaching shall empower Translation teaching shall empower students to be professional translators. students to be professional translators.

SequencingSequencing

1 23

students

Professionaltranslators

Design:Design: Content selectionContent selection AimAim SequencingSequencing Ss and Ts’ rolesSs and Ts’ roles

For Bachelor students:

-2 subjects on Translation, not enough; must be at least 3

-The 3 subject is considered as one course

Basic idea:

- scalfolding

translators

1

SequencingSequencing

12

3students

Team work,etc

Knowledge about translation

Bilingual

Instrumental

Extra-linguisticExtra-linguistic

1

SequencingSequencing

12

3

Team work,etc

Knowledge about translation

Bilingual

Instrumentaltranslators

Extra-linguistic

Translation ITranslation I

Definition and types of TranslationDefinition and types of Translation Dichotomies in Translation studiesDichotomies in Translation studies Translation procedures/strategiesTranslation procedures/strategies Finding word level equivalenceFinding word level equivalence Finding phrase level equivalenceFinding phrase level equivalence Finding clause/sentence level Finding clause/sentence level

equivalenceequivalence Textual equivalenceTextual equivalence

Translation IITranslation II

Translating general textTranslating general text Translating short storiesTranslating short stories Translating journal articlesTranslating journal articles Translating newsTranslating news Translating filmTranslating film

Translation IIITranslation III

Translation IIITranslation III

Project workProject work Real jobReal job Use of CAT and Use of CAT and

related softwarerelated software Real paymentReal payment Final score based Final score based

on the group work on the group work and product qualityand product quality

Asking peersAsking peers

31Unrestricted

Searching the internetSearching the internet

CAT Tool

wordfast

Translation III: Product EvaluationTranslation III: Product Evaluation

Error categoryError category Error sub-categoryError sub-category Severity levelSeverity level

languagelanguage Grammar/syntaxGrammar/syntaxPunctuation/spellingPunctuation/spellingNaturalness/fluencyNaturalness/fluency

minor/major/criticalminor/major/criticalminor/major/criticalminor/major/criticalminor/major/criticalminor/major/critical

terminologyterminology Adherence to glossaryAdherence to glossaryField specificField specificconsistencyconsistency

minor/major/criticalminor/major/criticalminor/major/criticalminor/major/criticalminor/major/criticalminor/major/critical

accuracyaccuracy Wrong meaningWrong meaningOmissionOmissionAdditionAdditioncross-referencecross-reference

minor/major/criticalminor/major/criticalminor/major/criticalminor/major/criticalminor/major/criticalminor/major/criticalminor/major/criticalminor/major/critical

Result is discussed with the students.

Translation III: Process EvaluationTranslation III: Process Evaluation

Teacher’s observation

Working document (PM, TSL, EDT)

Biggest challenge!!!

Experience from the fieldExperience from the field

Changing roleChanging roleTeacher: not readyTeacher: not readyStudents: fineStudents: fine

Students’ opinionStudents’ opinionSelf confidenceSelf confidenceProfessional attitudeProfessional attitude

Final note: encouragementFinal note: encouragementWe cannot just provide a fertile land for a sprout, but we must water it, too.

Think positive!

every tunnel has its end.every tunnel has its end.

Work the best, and Work the best, and others will notice others will notice you.you.

God knows, but He waits. God knows, but He waits. So, wait for your turn to So, wait for your turn to

rock the world.rock the world.

Thank youThank you