nursing tics prelim 2003 version

8/6/2019 Nursing tics Prelim 2003 Version

1/9

NURSING INFORMATICS PRELIM

LESSON # 1:

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

Abacus , first used by the Babylonians for

mathematical computations in 300 B.C

Blaise Pascals Pascaline mechanical calculator

in 1642

Joseph Marie Jacquardspunched cards in 1801

- LOOM

Charles Babbages steam driven calculating

machine, called the Difference Engine in 1822

Later on was developed asAnalytic Engine,

which is more general in purpose and can be

programmable. It has 2 main parts the store

and mill, these same parts are called the

memory unit and central processing unit (CPU)

in the modern computer.

Herman Holleriths Hollerith Desk, a punched-

card tabulating machine which was used in

United States 1890 Census.

Herman Hollerith built the Tabulating Machine

Company which eventually became International

Business Machine, or better known as IBM.

The first true digital programmable computer is

the Harvard Mark I which was built as a

partnership between Harvard University and

IBM in 1943..

It is used in airplane design and other complex

engineering applications.

After the war, Eckert and Mauchly produced the

first vacuum tube computer

first generation computers.

ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer)

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer).

These early computers are called first

generation computers.

Second generation computers were introduced

in the late 1950s. They include IBM 1401 and

1620 which use transistors instead of vacuumtubes.

Third generation computers started the

explosion in use of the computers with the

invention of integrated circuit ormicrochip in

1958. IBM 360 and 370 were the classic

computers in this generation.

1972 signalled the rise of the Modern Personal

Computerwhen Intel corporation introduced

Intel 8008, the first commercial microprocessor.

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak bought a

microprocessor for $25 and built a very simple

computer apple, they introduced it in 1976, the

Apple Computer Company and the first PC were

born.

INFORMATICS AND NURSING INFORMATICS

Informatika russian Oznovi Informatiki 1968

Information science within the context of

computers.

INFORMATICS is the management of

information using cognitive skills and the

computer

Florence Nightingale was the first

She collected and systematized record keeping.

Pie graph

What is Nursing Informatics?

Nursing informatics is the integration of

nursing, its information and information

management with information processing and

communication technology to support the health

of people worldwide.

(International Medical Informatics Association,

1998).

History of Nursing Informatics

Prior to 1960s: Simple Beginnings

Initially, computers were used for business officetransactions.

UNIVAC -12,000 digits

EDVAC

IC texas instuments

In 1951 "UNIVAC" (Universal Automatic

Computer) is developed. It can store 12,000

digits in random access mercury-delay lines.

In 1952 "EDVAC" (Electronic Discrete Variable

Computer) is completed under contract for the

Ordinance Department.

In 1959 Texas Instruments and Fairchild

semiconductor both announce the integratedcircuit.

IC = manufactured by the patterned diffusion oftrace elements into the surface of a thin

substrate ofsemiconductormaterial.

1960s: Issues and NI Researches

The use of computer technology in healthcare

settings began to be questioned

Nursing standards were reviewed and resources

were analyzed
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor


2/9

Computer vendors were beginning to penetrate

the healthcare field

BON = BOE board of examiners

1965 ammendment of the USA Social security

act to include medicare and medicaid. This

accelerated the use of computers

The demand of federal agecies for more data

continues to be the driving force for the use of

computers in the healthcare industry

1970s: Giant Leap for Nursing Informatics

Nurses begin to recognize the value of the

computer for their profession.

Computer applications for financial and

management functions of patient care systems

were perceived as cost saving technologies.

In late 1970 Intel introduces a 1K RAM chip and

the 4004, a 4-bit microprocessor.

In 1971 Bill Gates and Paul Allen form Traf-O-

Data to sell their computer traffic-analysis

systems. In 1971 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak are

building and selling "blue boxes" in Southern

California.

In 1972 Intel introduces the 8008, the first 8-bit

microprocessor.

IN 1975 Microsoft is born when Paul Allen and

Bill Gates develop BASIC for the Altair 8800.

In 1979 Software Arts releases "Visicalc," the

first spreadsheet program.

1980s: Emergence of Informatics Field

NI became an ACCEPTED specialty and many

nursing experts entered the field

The need for nursing software evolved

and nursing education identified the need to

update practice standards, determine data

standards, vocabularies and classification

schemes that could be coded for CPRs

By 1980 Apple has captured 50% of the

personal computer market.

In 1981 the IBM PC is released.

In 1985 Microsoft Windows 1.0 hits the market.

The microcomputer/PC1. accessible

2. affordable

3. usable

4. By 1980 Apple has captured 50% of the

personal computer market.

5. In 1981 the IBM PC is released.

6. In 1985 Microsoft Windows 1.0 hits the market.

1990s: Affirmation of Nursing Informatics as Specialty

Field

Computer technology became an integral part of

the healthcare settings, nursing practice and

nursing profession

Development of smaller, faster computers and

internet

made it possible for the information andknowledge databases to be integrated in

bedside systems.

Post 2000: Rapid Growth and Development of NI

Clinical information systems became

individualized in the EPR

Mobile computing devices were also started to

be utilized in providing healthcare.

The Health Insurance Portability andAccountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)

Standardized transaction and code sets

1. protect security

2. ensure privacy

3. confidentiality

The Health Insurance Portability and

Accountability Act (HIPAA) was passed in 1996

and is intended to improve the public and private

healthcare programs by establishing standards

to facilitate the efficient transmission of

electronic health information.

SIGNIFICANT LANDMARK DATES

1961: Healthcare Information and Management

Systems Society (HIMSS) is founded

1965: Development of one of the first HospitalInformation System (HIS) at El Camino Hospital

in Mountain View California

1973: First Invitation conference on

Management Information Systems (MIS) for

public/ community health agencies, held in

Fairfax Virginia

1977: First research: state-of-the-art conference

on Nursing Information Systems (NIS) held in

Chicago

1979: First military conference on computers in

nursing in Washington DC 1980: First workshop on computer usage in

healthcare sponsored by the University of Akron

Ohio

1981

o First national conference on computer

technology and nursing held in

Bethesda, MD

o Nursing Information Systems Journal

first published

1982
http://e/Internet%20Downloads/Health%20Insurance%20Portability%20and%20Accountability%20Act%20of%201996.pptxhttp://e/Internet%20Downloads/Health%20Insurance%20Portability%20and%20Accountability%20Act%20of%201996.pptxhttp://e/Internet%20Downloads/Health%20Insurance%20Portability%20and%20Accountability%20Act%20of%201996.pptxhttp://e/Internet%20Downloads/Health%20Insurance%20Portability%20and%20Accountability%20Act%20of%201996.pptxhttp://e/Internet%20Downloads/Health%20Insurance%20Portability%20and%20Accountability%20Act%20of%201996.pptx


3/9

o First National Nursing Computer

Technology Conference, becoming an

annual event, held in Newark, New

Jersey

o First international meeting: Working

Conference on Nursing Uses and

Computers in Nursing held in London

o First workshop on computers in nursing

held in Boston 1984

o First nursing computer journal is

published: Computers in Nursing

o Counsel in Computer Applications in

Nursing (CCAN) formed in Kansan City

o First Nursing Minimum Data Set

(NMDS) meeting

1985

o Council on Nursing Informatics formed

in New York

o

First invitational NMDS conference heldo Essentials of Computer Electives

initiated in graduate and undergraduate

programs at Georgetown University

School of nursing

o American Nurses Association

recognizes NANDA as the first

taxonomy in nursing

1989: Graduate program in Nursing Informatics

introduced at Maryland University in Baltimore

and University of Utah

1990: ANA Congress of Nursing Practicerecognizes Nursing Informatics as a specialty

area

1991

o International Classification of Nursing

Practice (ICNP) was initiated

o First Doctoral Specialty in Nursing

Informatics sponsored by Maryland

University

1992

o American Nursing Informatics

Association is initiated at California, hassince become international

o ANA recognizes taxonomies: HHCC,

OMAHA, NANDA, NIC

o ANA recognizes Nursing Informatics as

a specialty by delineating the scope of

practice

1993: Electronic Library goes online

1995

o First International Nursing Informatics,

Teleconference held in Melbourne,

Australia, Auckland and New Zealand

o Credentialing in Nursing Informatics

initiated by American Nurses

Credentialing Center (ANCC)

1996

o First Harriet Werley Award for bestnursing informatics paper

o Online Journal of Nursing Informatics

(OJNI) first published

1997: Nursing Information and Data Set

Evaluation Center (NIDSEC) standards and

scoring guidelines published to address

documentation of nursing care

1999: Nursing Vocabulary Summit Conference

Held

2001: Canadian Informatics Nurses Association

received emerging group status from theCanadian Nurses Association

2002

o JCAHO identified clinical information

systems as a way to improve safety and

recommended that hospitals adopt

technologies

o Online MSN in Nursing Informatics

offered by Duke University

THE IMPLICATION OF NURSING INFORMATICS TO

THE 4 AREAS OF NURSING

Nursing practice has evolved and changed

radically.


4/9

Computer systems with nursing, and patient

care data, nursing care plans are no longer separate

subsystems of the computerized HISs, but rather

integrated into one interdisciplinary patient health record

in the EHR.

all require patient care data to track the care

process. Further nursing practice data emerged with the

introduction of several nursing terminologies that were

recognized by the ANA as coded terminologies usablefor the EHR.

They are used to assess problems, document

care, track the care process, and measure outcomes.

Thus, the electronic version of nursing practice the

computer has revolutionized and transformed nursing

practice.

NU Nursing administration in hospitals has also

changed with the introduction of the computer that linksnursing departments together.

Most hospital policies and procedure manuals

are accessed and retrieved by computers.

The internet is being used by nurses to access

digital libraries, online resources, and research protocols

at the bedside.

The computer has radically changed nursing

education. Most universities and schools of nursing offe

computer-enhanced courses, online courses (open

university), and/or distance education. Campus wide

computer systems are available for students to

communicate via e-mail, transfer data files, access

digital libraries, and retrieve online resources of millions

of Internet sites. An email accounts is considered agateway to these possibilities.

New educational strategies require different

methods of teaching. The advent of computers in

educational technology has greatly revolutionized

teaching methodologies and strategies. Today, most

faculty members use the Internet to teach courses via

the Web and communicate with other students via email.

The students on the other hand have to be more active

and assume more responsibility for their education that

can be enhanced through the use of the Web. The

WWW facilitates student-centered instructional settingscreating a motivating and active learning environment.

Finally, time, distance and cost are no longer barriers to

educational programs.

Impetus impelling force/ an impulse

Software programs are available for processing

both quantitative and qualitative research data. With the

advancement of computer technology databases

supporting nursing research emerged, principally for

online searching and retrieving information from the

electronic bibliographic information systems or other

databases that contain relevant healthcare content, such

as drug data. The internet also provides online access

to millions of Web resources around the world which

have increased the capabilities and expanded the field of

nursing research

NURSING PRACTICE STANDARDS


5/9

There are two professional organizations that

pioneered the setting of standards in the nursing

practice:

ANA

JCAHO

PNA

The American Nurses Association (ANA) is

considered as the official nursing organization that

contributes in the development and recommendation of

standards of nursing practice worldwide. In 1998, the

ANA published the Standards of Clinical Nursing

Practice which focused not only on the organizing

principles of clinical nursing practice but also the

standards of professional performance. They also

recommend that the nursing process serve as the

conceptual framework for the documentation of nursing

practice.

which focuses on the need for adequate records

on patients in hospitals and practice of standards for the

documentation of care by nurses. They also

recommended acuity systems to determine resource use

as well as required care plans for documenting nursing

care. JCAHO described the required contents of an EHR

(e.g. collection and organization of electronic data)

though the publication of their recent manual.

In the Philippines, standardization of the nursing

profession was instigated by the Philippine Nurses

Association (PNA), as a member of the International

Council of Nurses, founded way back September 2,

1922 and the Board of Nursing which was empowered

by the Republic Act 9173.

NURSING DATA STANDARDS

Nursing data standards has emerged as a new

requirement for the EHR. There are 13 nursing

terminologies that have been recognized by ANA such

as the Critical Care Classification (CCC), Nursing

Outcomes Classification (NOC) and Nursing Information

Classification (NIC).

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

The ASTM facilitates student-centered

instructional settings creating a motivating and

active learning environment.

International Health Terminology Standards and

Development Organization (IHTSDO)

is a not-for-profit association that develops and

promotes use of SNOMED CT to support safe

and effective health information exchange.

High Level Seven (HL7)

Health Level Seven is one of several AmericanNational Standards Institute (ANSI)

-Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs)

National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics

(NCVHS)

The NCVHS is a statutory public advisory body

to the Secretary of Health and Human Services
http://www.ansi.org/http://www.ansi.org/http://www.ansi.org/http://www.ansi.org/


6/9

The members are leaders and experts in their

fields

LESSON # 2:

COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND HARDWARES

Descriptive Terms for the Computer

Automatic

Electronic

Speed

Reliability

Storage

Architecture

Automatic self instructed, automatically processes data

using programs called software

Electronic uses microelectrical components etched on

silicon chips for circuitry. Its basic building blocks areMICROMINIATURIZED

Speed split second processing of data

Reliability silicon circuitry

Storage- of large amounts of dATA that can be retrieved

quickly

Architecture platform; 2 main types IBM and APPLE

COMPUTER

Electronic components

Instructions

Perform calculations

Repetitive and complex procedures

Process text

Manipulate data and signals.

COMPUTER HARDWARE

All of the physical components of the machine

itself.

DEVICES (input and output)

Typically includes devices that are peripheral tothe main computer box (CPU) such as input and

output peripheral devices

Minimum Requirements of a Computer System

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Input peripheral

Output peripheral

Power source

Must meet these minimum requirements in order

to function correctly and efficiently

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

Brains of the computer

one arithmetic and logic unit

a control unit

memory

ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT (ALU)

Controls the mathematical functions and

functions that test logic (boolean) conditions.

CONTROL UNIT

Carries out the machine language functions

called:

Fetch

Decode

Execute

Store

MEMORY

Read Only Memory (ROM)

Random Access Memory (RAM)

READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)

Is a form of permanent storage.

Generally contains the program called firmware.

Used by the control unit to oversee computer

functions.

Data and programs in ROMs can only be read

by the computer and cannot be altered or

erased even when the computer is turned off.

firmware is a term often used to denote thefixed, usually rather small, programs and/or data

structures that internally control variouselectronic devices

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

Working memory used for primary storage

It is volatile, and used as temporary storage

RAM can be accessed, used, changed, and

written on repeatedly.

Contains data that are stored and currently

processed by the computer and programs

applications that are currently running.

Ram data are lost whenever the power is turned

off.

MOTHERBOARD

Is a thin, flat sheet made of a firm, dielectric or

nonconducting material, on which the internal

components of the computer are mounted.

The electric conductions are etched or soldered

onto the perforations through which the

components can be affixed.

INPUT DEVICES


7/9

Allows the computer to receive information or

any factor from the external environment that is

taken into the system.

Initiates system functioning.

OUTPUT DEVICES

Allows the computer to report its results of

system process to the external environment.

STORAGE MEDIA

Hard Drive

Diskettes

Zip Drive

Jaz Drive

CD-ROM

DVD ROM

Memory cards

USB Flash Drive

Blu-Ray Disc

BITS AND BYTES Bit (Binary Digit)

Unit of data in the binary numberingsystem

On equals to the value of 1

Off equals to the value of 0

Bits are grouped into collections of eight, whichthen function as a unit that describes a single

character or representation of data in the

computer.

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

Bit (Binary Digit)

Unit of data in the binary numberingsystem

On equals to the value of 1

Off equals to the value of 0

Bits are grouped into collections of eight, whichthen function as a unit that describes a single

character or representation of data in the

computer.

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

Frequency Unit Conversion1 Bit 1 Character 1 Byte 8 Bits

1000 Byte 1 Kb1000 Kilobyte 1 Mb1000 Megabyte 1 Gb

Number of Bytes Term1024 1 kilobyte (Kb)10242 1 megabyte (Mb)

10243 1 gigabyte (Gb)10244 1 terabyte (Tb)10245 1 pentabyte (Pb)10246 1 exabyte (Eb)10247 1 zettabyte (Zb)10248 1 yottabyte (Yb)

COMPUTER SPEED

Measured in cycle per second

Hertz (Hz) or Clock Speed CPU Cycle

Fetch, Decode, Execute and Store

Cycles

CISC

RISC

It takes time to the computer to perform these

functions.

The CPU speed is measured in cycles per

second.

For example, the original IBM PC introduced in

1981 had a clock speed of 4.77 MHz (4.77million cycles per second).

Nowadays, PC speeds are timed in billion cycles

per second or gigahertz (GHz).

CISC complex instruction set computers

general purpose

RISC reduced instruction set computers

more specialized

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Software can be thought of as the variable part of a

computer. Software requires hardware, which is the

physical substrate on which software exists and runs,

and hardware is useless without software.

Computer programs and related data that

provide the instructions telling a computer what

to do.

2 TYPES

SYSTEM

APPLICATION

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

manages and supports computer resourceswhile it executes various tasks

BRIDGE

operations of a computer system while it

executes various tasks such as

processing data and information,

controlling hardware components,

and allowing users to use application software.

That is, systems software functions as a bridge

between computer system hardware and the

application software.


8/9

BIOS

Basic Input and Output System

LOADING

but its most important role is to load the

operating system. When you turn on your

computer and the microprocessor tries to

execute its first instruction, it has to get that

instruction from somewhere. It cannot get it fromthe operating system because the operating

system is located on a hard disk, and the

microprocessor cannot get to it without some

instructions that tell it how. The BIOS provides

those instructions.

OS

Operating Software

management and coordination

The operating system acts as a host forapplications that run on the machine.

As a host, one of the purposes of an operating

system is to handle the details of the operation

of the hardware.

This relieves application programs from having

to manage these details and makes it easier to

write applications.

DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (DOS)

Medium For Communication

(user and external devices)

DOS is the medium through which the user and

external devices attached to the systemcommunicate with the system.

DOS translate the command issued by the user

in the format that is understandable by the

computer and instruct computer to work

accordingly.

It also translates the result and any error

message in the format for the user to

understand.

UTILITY PROGRAMS

Management Of Computer Functions

Resources

Files

Password Protection

Memory Management

Virus Protection

File Compression

A program that performs a specific task related

to the management of computer functions,

Common examples are Disk Defragmenters,

Application Launchers and Web Browsers.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Programs that specify the information

processing activities required for the completion

of specific tasks of computer users.

Examples are electronic spreadsheet and word

processing programs or inventory or payroll

programs

DATA BASE SOFTWARE

A list of information that are similar in

format/nature.

information can be retrieved in several ways,

using reports and queries

An example is a phone book that lists a name,

address, and phone number for each entry.

Once stored in a database, information can be

retrieved in several ways, using reports and

queries. For example, all the names listed for a

given area code could be printed out and used

for a commercial mailing to that area.

DESKTOP PUBLISHING SOFTWARE

WORD PROCESSING SOFTWARE

entering revising supplementing

This software permits the user to prepare

documents by using both word-processing

devices and graphics. Desktop publishing

software uses word-processing software, with al

its ease of entering and revising data, andsupplements it with sophisticated visual features

that stem from graphics software. For example,

one can enhance a printed message with

virtually any kind of illustration, such as

drawings, paintings, and photographs.

PRESENTATION SOFTWARE

Text Graphics Movie Clips and Sound Clips

A speaker may use presentation software to

organize a slide show for an audience. Text,

graphics, sound, and movies can easily be

included in the presentation. An added feature is

that the slide show may be enhanced by

inclusion of handouts with two to six slides

printed on a page. The page may be organized

to provide space for notes to be written in by the

audience as the presentation ensues. An

example of this is Power Point. Preparation of

the software is simplified by the use of 'wizards'

that walk the user through the creation of the

presentation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware


9/9

OPEN SOURCE DEFINITION

Free access to the programmers instruction to

the computer in the programming language in

which they are written.

Development method for software that

harnesses the power of distributed peer review

and transparency of the process.

Must satisfy the 10 criteria by Open Source

Initiative (OSI).

4 FREEDOMS

Freedom 0: Freedom to RUN the program for

any purpose.

Freedom 1: Freedom to STUDY how the

program works and adopt it to your needs.

Freedom 2: Freedom to REDISTRIBUTE copies

so you can help your neighbors.

Freedom 3: Freedom to IMPROVE the program

and release your improvements to the public so

that the whole community benefits.

PROPRIETARY

Exclusive copyright

Source code

Copy

Modify

Study

Make money from its license and use

FREEWARE Free Software

SHAREWARE Trial, try before you buy basis

TYPES OF COMPUTERS

Supercomputer machines with the capacities

beyond large computer systems with the speed

of 100 million instructions per second.

Mainframes the largest, fastest and most

expensive type of computer for processing,

storing and retrieving data and can access

billions of characters of data.

Microcomputers/ Personal Computers is a

digital computer system under the control of a

stored program that uses a microprocessor, aprogrammable ROM and RAM.

Handheld Computers/ PDAs - is a handy

computer which can be brought from one place

to another.

nursing tics prelim 2003 version

Documents