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Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life

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Page 1: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

Nucleic Acids:

The Molecules of Life

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:DNA_orbit_animated_small.gif
Page 2: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

DNA and RNA

Both are polymers.

They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

Page 3: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

phosphate sugar base

CH2

OC

C C

C

O

O

O

OP

-

-

N1’

2’3’

4’

5’

OH OH

Page 4: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

• Nucleotides have three parts to them: • a phosphate group • a pentose sugar• a nitrogenous base.

Page 5: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA: ribonucleic acid

Page 6: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

Phosphodiester bonding…

• Joins nucleotides together• Condensation reaction• Eliminates H2O molecule

Page 7: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

The Bases

• Pyramidines: thyminecytosine

• Purines: adenineguanine

RNA has URACIL instead of thymine

Page 8: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

Base pairing…

• Complementary base pairing

Page 9: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=qy8dk5iS1f0

http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=qy8dk5iS1f0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:DNA_orbit_animated_small.gif
Page 10: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

Watson and Crick Model (and Franklin…)

DNA

X-ray crystallograph

y

Page 11: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

DNA REPLICATIONWhen cells divide, you need to have 2 copies of the DNA in the cell

Page 12: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

DNA Replication

• Most important feature of DNA is its ability to replicate itself, (almost) exactly

• The double helix is ‘unzipped’ during replication

• New nucleotides are aligned along the DNA strands (built by DNA polymerase)

• The new helix contains one original strand and one new strand

Page 13: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

1

2

3

4

Page 14: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

Semi - conservative replication – Meselson & Stahl

Page 15: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

READING THE CODEDNA carries the information to allow protein synthesis

Page 16: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

How is DNA organised?

• You have roughly 1m of DNA in a cell!• It is stored in sections: chromosomes• Each chromosome is coiled up around proteins

(histones) so it fits in a cell• A section of a chromosome that codes for a

protein is called a gene• Different versions of genes (allelles) arise from

mutations of the DNA code

Page 17: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

DNA – genetic code

• Strings of base pairs make up a code (GENE)

• The 4 base pairs are arranged in triplets called CODONS

• Codons each encode a unique AMINO ACID

• Codons are copied (transcribed) from the DNA molecule into a molecule of mRNA

• The mRNA containing the codons is ‘translated’ into amino acids at the ribosomes (outside the nucleus)

Page 18: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

Triplet code – genetic

translation table

Triplet codes are

degenerate

Page 19: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

Protein synthesis

• The central dogma:

DNA is transcribed to mRNA which is translated into proteins

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41_Ne5mS2ls

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41_Ne5mS2ls
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41_Ne5mS2ls
Page 20: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

RNA

Uses uracil instead of thymidine

It travels out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it is translated into amino acids by the ribosomes

Page 21: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides
Page 22: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

Mutation….

Page 23: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

Genetic mutations

• Single codons or base pairs can be mis-read or mismatched during replication/transcription

• These changes are known as MUTATIONS

• These may have no effect OR can alter the structure/function of proteins

• Mutations can be passed to offspring and can result in genetic diseases

• Chances of mutation happening in DNA replication is 2-30x10-7

Page 24: Nucleic Acids: The Molecules of Life. DNA and RNA Both are polymers. They are made up of monomers called nucleotides

Effect of mutation on whole organisms

• A source of variation

• Occasionally results in new protein/function

• Could give reproductive advantage

• Basis of evolution by natural selection

• Most likely to occur during replication

• Mutagen increase rate of mutagenesis


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