NUCLEOTIDES, NUCLEIC ACID, AND HEREDITY

Nucleotides are the building blocks (monomer) of nucleic acids.

Nucleic acid is a polymer composed of nucleotides

Heredity is the transfer of characteristics, anatomical as well as biochemical, from generation to generation.

SEJARAH PENEMUAN ASAM NUKLEAT

1879, Albrecht Kossel menemukan asam nukleat yang tersusun oleh suatu gugus gula, gugus fosfat, dan gugus basa

Structure of Cell

Nucleoprotein

Nucleic acid Protein

Nucleotide

NucleosidePhosphate

Base Ribose

Nuclease

Nucleotidase

Nucleosidase

Degradation of nucleic acid

Nucleus (Inti sel)

• Setiap sel makhluk hidup mempunyai nucleus (inti sel) dimana didalamnya terdapat nucleoplasma

• Nucleus berperan dalam:1. Menyimpan informasi genetik2. Duplikasi DNA3. Transkripsi dalam sintesis protein

Nucleic Acids (Asam nukleat)

• Dalam tubuh setiap makhluk hidup mengandung asam nukleat.

• Merupakan makromolekul.• Bentuknya bisa berupa DNA (deoxyribonucleic

acid) dan RNA (ribonucleic acid).• Beberapa organisme bersel tunggal seperti virus

tubuhnya hanya terdiri dari DNA atau RNA saja.

Structure of nucleotidesBelow is the general structure of a nucleotide. The pentose sugar, the base, and the phosphate moieties all show variations among nucleotides.

Know this!

Pyrimidine and purine

Know these!

Nucleotide bases in nucleic acids are pyrimidines or purines.

Major bases in nucleic acids

• Among the pyrimidines, C occurs in both RNA and DNA, but

• T occurs in DNA, and• U occurs in RNA

Know these!

• The bases are abbreviated by their first letters (A, G, C, T, U).

• The purines (A, G) occur in both RNA and DNA

• Gula pada asam nukleat adalah ribosa.

• Ribosa (b-D-furanosa) adalah gula pentosa (jumlah karbon 5).

• Perhatikan penomoran.

• Dalam penulisan diberi tanda prime(') untuk membedakan penomoran pada basa nitrogen

5

1

23

4

GULA RIBOSA

PERHATIKAN

• Ikatan gula ribosa dengan basa nitrogen (pada atom karbon nomor 1).

• Ikatan gula ribosa dengan gugus fosfat (pada atom karbon nomor 5).

• Gugus hidroksil pada atom karbon nomor 2

Structure of nucleotides

A phosphate group

Nucleotides have three characteristic components:

A nitrogenous base(pyrimidines or purine)

A pentose sugar

Structure of nucleosides

Remove the phosphate group, and you have a nucleoside.

H

Nucleotide nomenclature

Phosphodiester linkages in the covalent backbone of DNA and RNA

Some adenosine monophosphates

The major deoxyribonucleotides

The major ribonucleotides

Schematic representation of the nucleotide sequences of nucleic acids

sugar base

sugar base

phosphate

sugar base

phosphate

sugar base

phosphate

sugar base

phosphate

nucleoside nucleotides

nucleic acids

Nucleoside, nucleotides and nucleic acids

The chemical linkage between monomer units in nucleic acidsis a phosphodiester

Ribonucleosides/RibonucleotidesTerminology(where sugar = ribose)

Base Nucleoside Nucleotide

Adenine (A) Adenosine (A)=Adenylate

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Guanine (G) Guanosine (G)=Guanylate

Guanosine monophosphate (GMP)Guanosine diphosphate (GDP)Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)

Cytosine (C) Cytidine (C)= Cytidylate

Cytidine monophosphate (CMP)Cytidine diphosphate (CDP)Cytidine triphosphate (CTP)

Uracil (U) Uridine (U)=Uridylate

Uridine monophosphate (UMP)Uridine diphosphate (UDP)Uridine triphosphate (UTP)

Thymine (T) Thymidine (T)=Thymidylate

Thymidine monophosphate (TMP)Thymidine diphosphate (TDP)Thymidine triphosphate (TTP)

DeoxyNucleosides/DeoxyNucleotidesTerminologywhere sugar = deoxyribose

Base Nucleoside Nucleotide

Adenine (A) Deoxyadenosine (A)=Deoxyadenylate

Deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP)Deoxyadenosine diphosphate (dADP)Deoxyadenosine triphophate (dATP)

Guanine (G) Deoxyguanosine (G)=Deoxyguanylate

Deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP)Deoxyguanosine diphosphate (dGDP)Deoxyguanosine triphophate (dGTP)

Cytosine (C) Deoxycytidine (C)=Deoxycytydylate

Deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP)Deoxycytidine diphosphate (dCDP)Deoxycytidine triphophate (dCTP)

Uracil (U) Deoxyuridine (U)=Deoxyurydylate

Deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP)Deoxyuridine diphosphate (dUDP)Deoxyuridine triphophate (dUTP)

Thymine (T) Deoxythymidine (T)=Deoxythymidylate

Deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP)Deoxythymidine diphosphate (dTDP)Deoxythymidine triphophate (dTTP)