review on organic molecules nucleotides, the monomers of nucleic acids (dna, rna) are made of 3...
DESCRIPTION
POLYNUCLEOTIDES (DNA) COVALENT BONDS: CONNECT THE PHOSPHATE GROUPS OF ONE NUCLEOTIDE TO THE SUGAR GROUPS OF NEXT NUCELOTIDE HYDROGEN BONDS: CONNECT THE NITROGENOUS BASE PAIRS TOGETHER PURINES (A,G): LARGER, WITH 6- MEMBERED RING FUSED TO 5- MEMBERED RING PYRIMIDINES (C,T,U): A 6-MEMBERED RING OF CARBON AND NITROGEN ATOMSTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES
• NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS:– A NITROGENOUS BASE (PURINE OR
PYRIMIDINE)– A PENTOSE SUGAR (EITHER DEOXYRIBOSE
OR RIBOSE)– A PHOSPHATE GROUP
![Page 3: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
POLYNUCLEOTIDES (DNA)• COVALENT BONDS: CONNECT THE
PHOSPHATE GROUPS OF ONE NUCLEOTIDE TO THE SUGAR GROUPS OF NEXT NUCELOTIDE
• HYDROGEN BONDS: CONNECT THE NITROGENOUS BASE PAIRS TOGETHER
• PURINES (A,G): LARGER, WITH 6-MEMBERED RING FUSED TO 5-MEMBERED RING
• PYRIMIDINES (C,T,U): A 6-MEMBERED RING OF CARBON AND NITROGEN ATOMS
![Page 4: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
STRUCTURE OF NUCLEOTIDES
![Page 5: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
WATSON AND CRICK• 1953, DISCOVERED THE DOUBLE HELIX BY
BUILDING MODELS TO CONFROM TO X-RAY DATA
• THEY FINALLY PROPOSED THE DNA SOLUTION (AFTER MANY UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS):– DNA HAS A 2 nm WIDTH– A PURINE ON ONE STRAND MUST PAIR WITH A
PYRIMIDINE ON THE OTHER– BASE STRUCTURE DICTATES WHICH PAIR OF BASES
CAN HYDROGEN BOND: A-T, G-C
![Page 6: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
DNA STRUCTURE
![Page 7: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
QuickTime™ and a Cinepak decompressor are needed to see this picture.
VIDEO: DNA/RNA STRUCTURE
![Page 8: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
BASE-PAIRING RULEA-T, G-C
• IT EXPLAINS CHARGAFF’S RULES. SINCE A MUST PAIR WITH T, THEIR AMTS. IN A DNA MOLECULE WILL BE THE SAME
• IF BASES FORM SPECIFIC PAIRS, THE INFO ON ONE STRAND COMPLEMENTS THAT ALONG THE OTHER
• IT DICTATES THE COMBO OF COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRS, BUT PLACES NO RESTRICTION ON LINEAR SEQUENCE OF NUCLEOTIDES
• THOUGH HYDROGEN BONDS ARE WEAK, THEY COLLECTIVELY STABILIZE THE DNA MOLECULE.
![Page 9: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
THE DOUBLE HELIX
![Page 10: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
BASE PAIRING
![Page 11: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
QuickTime™ and a Cinepak decompressor are needed to see this picture.
VIDEO: DNA REPLICATION OVERVIEW
![Page 12: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
DNA REPLICATION• ORIGINS OF REPLICATION: WHERE DNA
REPLICATION BEGINS, THERE IS A SPECIFIC SEQUENCE OF NUCELOTIDES
• 1) SPECIFIC PROTEINS REQUIRED TO INITIATE REPLICATION BIND TO EACH ORIGIN
• 2) THE DOUBLE HELIX OPENS AT THE ORIGIN AND REPLICATION FORKS SPREAD IN BOTH DIRECTIONS AWAY FROM CENTRAL INITIATION POINT CREATING REPLICATION BUBBLE
• REPLICATION FORKS - THE Y-SHAPED REGIONS OF REPLICATING DNA MOLEUCLES WHERE NEW STRANDS ARE GRWONING
![Page 13: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
BASIC DNA REPLICATION
![Page 14: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
DNA REPLICATION
![Page 15: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ELONGATING A NEW DNA STRAND
• DNA POLYMERASES - ENZYMES THAT CATALYZE SYNTHESIS OF NEW DNA
• ACCORDING TO BASE-PAIR RULES, NEW NUCLEOTIDES ALIGN THEMSELVES ALONG THE TEMPLATES OF THE OLD DNA STRAND
• DNA POLMERASE LINKS THE NUCLEOTIDES TO THE GROWING STRAND, IN THE 5’ TO 3’ DIRECTION.
• NEW NUCLEOTIDES ARE ONLY ADDED TO THE 3’ END OF THE GROWING STRAND
![Page 16: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATE• NUCLEOTIDES WITH A TRIPHOSPAHTE
COVALENTLY LINKED TO THE 5’ CARBON OF THE PENTOSE; THESE ARE THE BUIDLING BLOCKS FOR DNA AND THEY LOSE TWO PHOSPHATES WHEN THEY FORM COVALENT LINKAGES TO THE GROWING DNA CHAIN
• EXERGONIC HYDROLYSIS OF THIS PHOSPHATE BOND DRIVES THE ENDERGONIC SYNTHESIS OF DNA; IT PROVIDES THE ENERGY NEEDED TO FORM THE NEW LINKAGES BETWEEN NUCLEOTIDES
![Page 17: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
BUILDING A DNA STRAND
![Page 18: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ANTIPARALLEL DNA STRANDS• BOTH NEW DNA STRANDS CANNOT BE MADE
AT THE SAME TIME BECAUSE:• 1) THE SUGAR PHOSPHATE BACKBONES OF THE
TWO COMPLEMENTARY DNA STRANDS RUN IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS, THAT IS ANTIPARALLEL
• 2) RECALL, EACH DNA STRAND HAS A DISTINCT POLARITY. THE 3’ END HAS A HYDROXYL GROUP ATTACHED TO THE 3’ CARBON; THE 5’ END HAS A PHOSPHATE GROUP ATTACHED TO THE 5’ CARBON
• 3) DNA POLYMERASE CAN ONLY ELONGATE IN THE 5’ TO 3’ DIRECTION
![Page 19: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
ANTIPARALLEL DNA STRANDS
![Page 20: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
SYNTHESIS OF LEADING STRAND• THE PROBLEM OF ANTIPARALLEL DNA
STRANDS IS SOLVED BY THE CONTINUOUS SYNTHESIS OF ONE STRAND (LEADING) AND THE DISCONTINUOUS SYNTHESIS OF THE COMPLEMENTARY STRAND (LAGGING)
• LEADING STRAND - MADE IN THE 5’ TO 3’ DIRECTION TOWARDS REPLICATION FORK
• LAGGING STRAND - DISCONTINUOUSLY MADE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION
![Page 21: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
LAGGING STRAND• THE LAGGING STRAND IS MADE AS A
SERIES OF SHORT SEGMENTS CALLED OKASAKI FRAGMENTS IN THE 5’ TO 3’
• THE MANY FRAGMENTS ARE LIGATED BY DNA LIGASE, A LINKING ENZYME THAT CATALYZES A COVALENT BOND BETWEEN THE 3’ END OF EACH NEW FRAGMENT TO THE 5’ END OF THE GROWING CHAIN
• OKASAKI FRAGMENTS ARE 100 TO 200 NUCLEOTIDES LONG IN EUKARYOTES
![Page 22: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
LEADING AND LAGGING STRANDS
![Page 23: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
SUMMARY OF DNA REPLICATION
![Page 24: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
QuickTime™ and a Cinepak decompressor are needed to see this picture.
VIDEO: DNA REPLICATION
![Page 25: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
PRIMING DNA SYNTHESIS• BEFORE NEW DNA STRANDS CAN FORM,
THERE MUST BE SMALL PREEXISTING PRIMERS TO START THE ADDITION OF NEW NUCLEOTIDES
• PRIMER = SHORT RNA SEGMENT THAT IS COMPLEMENTARY TO A DNA SEGMENT AND THAT IS NEEDED TO BEGIN REPLICATION
![Page 26: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
PRIMERS• SHORT SEGMENTS OF RNA POLYMERIZED BY AN
ENZYME CALLED PRIMASE• A PORTION OF PARENTAL DNA SERVES AS A
TEMPLATE FOR MAKING THE PRIMER WITH A COMPLEMENTARY BASE SEQUENCE OF ABOUT TEN NUCLEOTIDES
• PRIMER FORMATION MUST PRECEDE DNA REPLICATION, BECAUSE DNA POLYMERASE CAN ONLY ADD NUCLEOTIDES TO A STRAND THAT IS CORRECTLY BASE-PAIRED WITH A COMPLEMENTARY STRAND
![Page 27: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
PRIMING DNA SYNTHESIS
![Page 28: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
PRIMERS FOR LAGGING STRAND
• MANY PRIMERS ARE NEEDED TO REPLICATE LAGGING STRAND BECAUSE A DIFFERENT RNA PRIMER MUST INITIATE EACH OKAZAKI FRAGMENT
![Page 29: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
OTHER PROTEINS INVOLVED• HELICASES - ENZYMES WHICH
CATALYZE UNWINDING OF THE PARENTAL DOUBLE HELIX
• SINGLE-STRAND BINDING PROTEINS - KEEP THE SEPARATED STRANDS APART AND STABILIZED UNWOUND DNA
![Page 30: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
THE PROTEINS OF DNA REPLICATION
![Page 31: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
PROOFREADING DNA REPLICATION
• MISMATCH REPAIR - CORRECTS MISTAKES IN INCORRECTLY PAIRED NUCLEOTIDES;
DNA POYMERASE PROOFREADS NEW STRANDS AND CORRECTS PROBLEMS
.EXCISION REPAIR - THERE ARE MORE THAN 50 DIFFERENT TYPE OF DNA REPAIR ENZYMES THAT CAN EXISE PROBLEM AND FILL IN REMAINING GAP BY BASE-PAIRING NUCLEOTIDES WITH THE UNDAMAGED STRAND
![Page 32: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
EXCISION REPAIR OF DNA DAMAGE
![Page 33: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
THE END-REPLICATION PROBLEM
• THE FACT THAT A DNA POLYMERASE CAN ONLY ADD NUCLEOTIDES TO THE 3’ END OF A PREEXISITING STRAND CREATES A PROBLEM
• THE USUAL REPLICATION MACHINERY PROVIDES NO WAY TO COMPLETE THE 5’ ENDS OF THE DAUGHTER DNA STRANDS, RESULTING IN SHORTER AND SHORTER DNA MOLECULES
![Page 34: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
THE END REPLICATION PROBLEM
![Page 35: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
THE SOLUTION: TELOMERASES• TELOMERASES - REPEATS OF SHORT
NONCODING NUCLEOTIDES SEQUENCES• THESE ENZYMES HAVE A SHORT
MOLECULE OF RNA WITH A SEQUENCE THAT SERVES AS A TEMPLATE FOR EXTENDING THE 3’ END OF THE TELOMERE
![Page 36: REVIEW ON ORGANIC MOLECULES NUCLEOTIDES, THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA, RNA) ARE MADE OF 3 SMALLER MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS: –A NITROGENOUS BASE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b4c7f8b9ab0599a5cfc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
TELOMERASE