169

Notes

Introduction: Dramatic Geographies of the Self

1. Thomas Heywood (1633; 1973) The English Traveller (London: Robert Raworth; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), sig. A4r–A4v.

2. D.K. Smith (2008) ‘Introduction’ to The Cartographic Imagination in Early Modern England: Re- writing the World in Marlowe, Spenser, Raleigh, and Marvell (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 1–39.

3. Pliny the Elder (1601) The historie of the world, translated by Philemon Holland (London: Adam Islip), p. 56. STC 20029.

4. Constance C. Relihan (2004) Cosmographical Glasses: Geographic Discourse, Gender, and Elizabethan Fiction (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press), pp. 1, 2.

5. Richard Helgerson (1992) Forms of Nationhood: The Elizabethan Writing of England (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press), p. 147.

6. Frank Lestringant (1994) Mapping the Renaissance World: The Geographical Imagination in the Age of Discovery, translated by David Fausett, Foreword by Stephen Greenblatt (Cambridge: Polity Press), p. 3.

7. John Gillies (1994) Shakespeare and the Geography of Difference (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 70–98.

8. Tom Conley (1996) The Self- Made Map: Cartographic Writing in Early Modern France (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), pp. 223, 311n2, 334n11.

9. Andrew Hadfield (1998) Literature, Travel, and Colonial Writing in the English Renaissance 1545–1625 (Oxford: Clarendon Press), pp. 1–16, 17–68, 200–64.

10. Rhonda Lemke Sanford (2002) Maps and Memory in Early Modern England: A Sense of Place (New York: Palgrave), p. 3.

11. Relihan, p. xiii.12. I am also indebted to the following studies: Michael G. Brennan (2004)

‘English Contact with Europe’, in Andrew Hadfield and Paul Hammond, eds. Shakespeare and Renaissance Europe (London: Arden Shakespeare), pp. 53–97, documents evidence of English travellers to the Continent and foreign visi-tors in England; François Laroque, ‘Shakespeare’s Imaginary Geography’, in Hadfield and Hammond, pp. 193–219, argues that most of Shakespeare’s plays deal with double space; Walter Cohen (2001) ‘The Undiscovered Country: Shakespeare and Mercantile Geography’, in Jean E. Howard and Scott Cutler Shershow, eds. Marxist Shakespeares (London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 128–58, relates the shifting geographies of Shakespeare’s plays to Elizabethan commercial expansion.

13. A.J. Hoenselaars (1992) Images of Englishmen and Foreigners in the Drama of Shakespeare and His Contemporaries (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses), pp. 13, 16.

14. Lesley B. Cormack (1997) Charting an Empire: Geography at the English Universities, 1580–1620 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p. 11.

170 Notes

15. Hadfield, p. 266.16. Philip Edwards, ed. (1988) ‘Introduction’ to Last Voyages: Cavendish, Hudson,

Ralegh (Oxford: Clarendon Press), pp. 1–17, esp. p. 5.17. Anon (1586) Cyuile and Vncyuile Life (London: Richard Iones), in W.C.

Hazlitt, ed. (1868) Inedited Tracts: Illustrating the Manners, Opinions, and Occupations of Englishmen during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (New York: Burt Franklin), p. 24.

18. Thomas Dekker (1962) Old Fortunatus, in Fredson Bowers, ed. The Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker vol. 1, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 135–6.

19. Jean E. Howard (2007) ‘Shakespeare, Geography, and the Work of Genre on the Early Modern Stage’, in Stephen Cohen, ed. Shakespeare and Historical Formalism (Abington: Ashgate Publishing Group), pp. 49–67, 53.

1 Geography as the Eye of History

1. Abraham Ortelius (1606) Parergon, sive Veteris Geographiae Aliquot Tabulae, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, translated by William Bedwell (London: Iohn Norton), STC 18855.

2. In the particular case of the Parergon, the past includes the Old and New Testament geographical and moral coordinates.

3. There has been a considerable body of work in recent years exploring this realm. Among the most recent are Andrew McRae (1996) God Speed the Plough: The Representation of Agrarian England, 1500–1660 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); Tom Conley (1996) The Self- Made Map: Cartographic Writing in Early Modern France (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press); Lesley B. Cormack (1997) Charting an Empire: Geography at the English Universities, 1580–1620 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press); Garrett A. Sullivan Jr (1998) The Drama of Landscape: Land, Property, and Social Relations on the Early Modern Stage (Stanford: Stanford University Press); Bernard Klein (2001) Maps and the Writing of Space in Early Modern England and Ireland (New York: Palgrave); Andrew Gordon and Bernard Klein, eds (2001), Literature, Mapping, and the Politics of Space in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); Jess Edwards (2005) Writing Geometry and Space in Seventeenth- Century England and America: Circles in the Sand (London: Routledge).

4. D.K. Smith (2008) The Cartographic Imagination in Early Modern England: Re- writing the World in Marlowe, Spenser, Raleigh, and Marvell (Aldershot: Ashgate), p. 1.

5. Henry Lefebvre (1991) The Production of Space, translated by Donald Nicholson- Smith (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 31, 26.

6. Andrew Hadfield (1998) Literature, Travel, and Colonial Writing in the English Renaissance 1545–1625 (Oxford: Clarendon Press) provides the information that Humphrey Gilbert made voyages to Newfoundland, where he attempted to establish colonies (1582–83), but never mentions travels to the East (p. 97).

7. Humphrey Gilbert (1576; 1968) A Discourse of a Discouerie for a new Passage to Cataia (London: Henry Middleton for Richard Jones; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), pp. 49–58, 52, 56, STC 11881.

Notes 171

8. Thomas Blundeville (1589; 1972) A briefe description of universal mappes and cardes (London: Roger Ward for Thomas Cadman; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), sig. A2v, STC 3145.

9. John Thorie, or Thorius (born 1568) was a writer and translator of Flemish origin, born in London and matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford.

10. John Thorie (1599) The Theatre of the Earth (London: Adam Islip), sig. Aiijv, STC 23931.

11. Pliny’s Historia naturalis was translated first by John Alday from Pierre de Changy’s French abstract, and the book went through three editions: 1566 (STC 20031), 1585 (STC 20032), and 1592 (STC 20033). The first transla-tion from Latin was by Philemon Holland (1601), STC 20029, which went through three other editions: in 1611 (STC 20029.5), 1634 (STC 20030), and 1635 (STC 20030a).

12. John Alday (1566) ‘The Translator to the Reader’, in Pliny the Elder, A sum-marie of the antiquities, and wonders of the worlde (London: Henry Denham, for Thomas Hacket), sig. Aijv, STC 20031.

13. Philemon Holland (1601) ‘To the Right Honorable Sir Robert Cecil, Knight’, in Pliny the Elder, The historie of the vvorld (London: Adam Islip), not pagi-nated, STC 20029.

14. Caius Julius Solinus (1587) The excellent and pleasant worke of Iulius Solinus Polyhistor (London: I. Charlewoode for Thomas Hacket), sig. Aiir; Biv; STC 22895a.5. The translation of Solinus’s work went through two other editions in 1587 (STC 22896 and 22896.5).

15. The first extant translation of books 1 and 2 of Herodotus’s History by B.R. is in 1584: The famous hystory of Herodotus (London: T. Marshe), STC 13224. There is another edition in Greek and Latin of the first book in 1591 Herodoti historiarum liber primus (Oxoniae: J. Barnesij), STC 13225. It seems that Herodotus was only used for scholarly study of Greek and Latin, not so much as a historical and geographical text, probably because so many compilations and quotations from his books had already entered the general pool of knowledge and his texts were quoted by many other writers.

16. Claudius Ptolemy (1530) Here begynneth the compost of Ptholomeus (London: Robert Wyer), STC 20480. The translation of the Compost was published in five other editions throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: 1540 (STC 20480a), 1550 (STC 20481), 1552 (STC 20481.3), 1562 (STC 20481.7), and 1638 (STC 20482).

17. Arthur Golding, ‘Epistle Dedicatorie to Sir William Cecil, Lord Burgley’, in Pomponius Mela (1585) The vvorke of Pomponius Mela (London: John Charlewood for Thomas Hacket), not paginated, STC 17785. Golding says in the introduction that he also translated Iulius Solinus and the travels of Andrew Thewet. An enlarged edition of Mela’s work was republished in 1590, under the same cover with Julius Solinus Polyhistor (STC 17786), which proves that the two works by Latin geographers were considered to be of similar interest, but also because both were translated by Arthur Golding.

18. Thomas Twyne, ‘To the friendly Reader’, in Dionysius Periegetes (1572) The surueye of the vvorld (London: Henrie Bynneman), not paginated, STC 6901. The translation is dedicated to William Lovelace, Esq. and dated London, 15 May 1572.

172 Notes

19. Dacia was the Roman province that included the early modern principalities of Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia; these are on the territory of modern Romania.

20. George Abbot (1605) A briefe description of the whole worlde (London: W. White for Iohn Browne), STC 26. After the first edition in 1599 (STC 24), Abbot’s work was republished in the same year (STC 24.5), in 1600 (STC 25), 1605 (STC 26), 1608 (STC 27), 1617 (STC 28), 1620 (STC 29), 1624 (STC 30), and then after his death in 1634 (STC 31), 1635 (STC 31.5), and 1636 (STC 32 and 32.5).

21. Richard Helgerson (2000) ‘Writing Empire and Nation’, in Arthur F. Kinney (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to English Literature 1500–1600 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 310–29. Helgerson traces the efforts of the emerging English empire to assert a new sovereign political order in language, history, drama, poetry, and in topographically oriented antiquar-ian study; Helgerson mentions Hakluyt’s navigational chronicling among the essential English self- writing which betrayed English imperial ambition (pp. 316–17). Andrew Hadfield (1994) Literature, Politics, and National Identity: Reformation to Renaissance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) also mentions Hakluyt’s texts among the writings of authors who re- imagined and renegotiated the idea of nation (p. 59). Pamela Neville Singleton (1997), in ‘“A very good trumpet”: Richard Hakluyt and the Politics of Overseas Expansion’, in Cedric C. Brown and Arthur F. Marotti (eds), Texts and Cultural Exchange in Early Modern England (London: Macmillan), pp. 66–79, argues that Hakluyt was a propagandist for long- distance trade and colonization for England and thus contributed to the fashioning of English identity through travel writing.

22. William Cuningham (1559; 1968) The Cosmographical Glasse (London: John Day; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), sig. Aiir; Aiiir, STC 6119.

23. Cuningham, Fol. 1–4.24. Cuningham, sig. Bij, Fol. 6.25. Cuningham, Fol. 7.26. Richard Verstegan (1576) The post of the vvorld (London: Thomas Cast), sig.

Aiir, STC 21360.27. Robert Stafford (1607) A geographicall and anthologicall description of all the

Empires and Kingdomes (London: Thomas Cotes for Simon VVaterson), STC 23135. Robert Stafford was a fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, where he was in the company of several geographical scholars. His small pamphlet A geographicall and anthologicall description of all the Empires and Kingdomes ran into three editions; 1618 (STC 23136; STC 23136a) and 1634 (STC 23137). Stafford explains in his preface that he borrowed the method from his tutor, who we later find out is Jo Prideux, Rector of Exon College and Bishop of Worcester.

28. Stafford, p. 1.29. Peter Heylyn (1621; 1975) ‘The Preface’, in Microcosmus or a Little Description

of the Great World (Oxford: Iohn Lichfield and Iames Short; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), sig. qr, STC 13276. Heylyn has the benefit of other authors before him, who wrote about the same subjects he was dealing with, so he draws copiously on classical, medieval, and early modern texts, with marginal notes mentioning his sources. Dedicated to Prince Charles,

Notes 173

his was one of the most popular manuals of geography issued during the seventeenth century, as evidenced by its frequent revision and re- issues: in 1625 (STC 13277), 1627 (STC 13278), 1629 (STC 13279), 1631 (STC 13279.5; 13280), 1633 (13281), 1636 (13282), and 1639 (13283; 13284).

30. Heylyn, sig. qv.31. Edward Heylyn (1621) ‘To My Brother, the Author’, in Peter Heylyn (1621),

not paginated.32. Fynes Moryson (1617; 1971) An Itinerary (London: John Beale; Amsterdam:

Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), p. 11, STC 18205.33. Moryson, p. 6.34. George Sandys (1615) A relation of a journey (London: W. Barrett, 1615), STC

21726. The book went through four subsequent editions throughout the first half of the seventeenth century: in 1621 (STC 21727), 1627 (STC 21728), 1632 (STC 21729), and 1637 (STC 21730).

35. The second edition of Biddulph’s book is entitled The travels of foure Englishmen and a preacher into Africa, Asia and to the Black Sea (London: F. Kyngston for W. Aspley, 1612), STC 3052.

36. Theophilus Lavender, ‘Preface to the Reader’, in William Biddulph (1609; 1968) The travels of certaine Englishmen into Africa, Asia and to the Black Sea (London: Th. Haveland for W. Aspley; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), p. 3r, STC 3051.

37. Lavender, p. 3v. The letters were sent to Bezaliel Biddulph by his brothers, William Biddulph, preacher to the company of English merchants resident in Aleppo, and Peter Biddulph, a diamond cutter in the Middle East. The two brothers’ travel notes were published without their consent: one of the brothers was still away while the other, though in England, refrained from publishing his travel notes because he feared he would not be believed (sig. Ar). Lavender explains that Biddulph is very ‘modest’ and that is why he refrains from publishing his travel notes.

38. Lavender, sig. A2r–A2v.39. Thomas Blundeville (1589), sig. Dv–D3v.40. Leonard Digges (1591) A geometrical practical treatize named Pantometria

(London: Abell Ieffes), STC 6859.41. For a full discussion of surveying in early modern England see Allie Wilson

Richeson (1966) English Land Measuring to 1800: Instruments and Practices (Cambridge, MA: Society for the History of Technology and MIT Press); Edwards (2005); and F.M.L. Thomson (1968) Chartered Surveyors: The Growth of a Profession (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul).

42. William Bourne (1578) A booke called the treasure for traueilers (London: Thomas Dawson for Thomas Woodcocke), STC 3432.

43. See Cormack (1997), p. 1. Cormack comments on the implications of appro-priating the world through geographic and surveying data for England’s imperialistic ambitions. See also Lesley B. Cormack (1991) ‘“Good Fences Make Good Neighbors”: Geography as Self- Definition in Early Modern England’, ISIS 82 (4): 639–61.

44. Thomas Blundeville (1594; 1971) M. Blundeville his Exercises, containing sixe Treatises (London, John Windet; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), sig. A4v, STC 3146. The first exercise on arithmetic in this book was written for Elizabeth Bacon, the philosopher’s sister. The book went through seven

174 Notes

editions: in 1597 (STC 3147), 1606 (STC 3148), 1613 (STC 3149), 1622 (STC 3150), 1636 (STC 3151), and 1638 (STC 3151a; STC 3151a.5).

45. Plancius was the founder of the Dutch East India Company, for which he drew more than 100 maps. In 1592, he published his best known world map, entitled Nova et exacta Terrarum Tabula geographica et hydrographica.

46. Blundeville (1594), p. 245r.47. Bernardino Escalante pursued a military career in the time of Philip II of Spain

and then, as a priest and emissary of the Inquisition went to Lisbon, where he met sailors who travelled to China. His book Discurso de la navegación que los portugueses hacen a los reinos y provincias de Oriente, y de las noticias que se tienen de las grandezas del reino de la China (Sevilla, 1577) describes the travels of Vasco da Gama to China and the manners and life of the Chinese.

48. John Frampton (1579) ‘Dedicatory Epistle to Edward Dier, the Court Esquire’, in Bernardino Escalante (1579) A discourse of the nauigation which the Portugales doe make to the Realmes and Prouinces of the East partes of the worlde (London: Thomas Dawson), sig. 3v, STC 10529.

49. The English translation of Martín Cortés’s work appeared in many editions: in 1561 (STC 5798), 1572 (STC 5799), 1576 (STC 5799.6), 1579 (STC 5800), 1584 (STC 5801), 1589 (STC 5802), 1596 (STC 5803), 1608 (STC 5804), 1615 (STC 5805), and 1630 (STC 5805.5).

50. Martín Cortés (1589) The arte of nauigation (London: Abell Jeffes for Richard Watkins), pp. 16v–17r, STC 5802.

51. Pedro de Medina (1581) The arte of nauigation (London: Thomas Dawson), STC 17771. The second edition was published in 1595 (STC 17772).

52. John Frampton (1581) ‘Dedication to Edward Dier, Esq.’, in Pedro de Medina (1581), sig. q2r.

53. Antonio Galvaõ was a Portuguese gentleman, governor of the Islands of Maluco for seven years. The writer, who might be styled the founder of historical geography, spent the early part of his life in the East Indies and he includes his own experiences in the latter part of his work. The narrative is practical and plain, with a first part which includes quotations from classical and medieval scholars (St Augustine, Pomponius Mela, Pliny, Diodorus Siculus, Plato, Eratosthenes, Strabo, Aristotle, and Herodotus) about the travels and discoveries in antiquity and in medieval times, up to the great Spanish and Portuguese discoveries of the fifteenth century and up to the year of the author’s death in 1555.

54. Richard Hakluyt (1601) ‘To the Right Honorable Sir Robert Cecil’, in Antonio Galvaõ (1601) The Discoveries of the World, unto the yeere 1555 (London: William Bishop), sig. A3v, STC 11543. In the same dedication, Hakluyt notes that he sent to Lisbon, where the original book was printed in Portuguese, but he was not able to obtain the original copy. This episode tells us a lot about the problematic circulation of books from Spain and Portugal into Elizabethan England.

55. Hakluyt, sig A4r.56. Duarte López was a Portuguese merchant who visited the Congo on a trading

voyage in 1578.57. Abraham Hartwell (1597) ‘Dedication to John, Lord Archbishop of

Canterbury’, in Duarte López (1597) A report of the kingdome of Congo (London: Iohn Wolfe), p. 2, STC 16805.

Notes 175

58. Hartwell, p. 1r.59. Richard Eden (1572) ‘To the Reader’, in Sebastian Münster (1572) A briefe

collection and compendious extract (London: Thomas Marshe), sig. A3r, STC 18242. The book was sufficiently popular to require two subsequent editions: in 1574 (STC 18243) and 1576 (STC 18243.5). Another geographic translation by Richard Eden of Münster’s work is A treatyse of the newe India (1553) (London: S. Mierdman for E. Sutton), STC 18244.

60. The book by the learned humanist from Franconia, Johannes Boemus, was first printed in Augsburg, 1520 by Sigismund Grimm and Marcus Wirsung and was highly esteemed and widely read all over Western Europe. It covers the domains of anthropology and ethnography. An earlier English transla-tion of this book by William Waterman was The Fardle of Facions (London: John Kyngston and Henrie Sutton, 1555), STC 3197. Boemus’s work forms a compendium on ethnographic and cultural variety and provides a fun-damental source for reflections on the origin, evolution, and diversity of people in early modern Europe. The book impresses by systematic order, detailed matter- of-factness, and the absence of any fabulous embellishment and attempts to condense well- known classical and Renaissance knowledge about the manners, laws, and customs of the people of the world and to transfer this knowledge to an early modern intellectual audience.

61. E. Aston (1611) ‘To the Friendly Reader’, in Johannes Boemus (1611) The manners, lauues, and customes of all nations (London: G. Eld for Francis Burton), sig. q3r, STC 3198.5.

62. Garrett A. Sullivan, Jr (2004) ‘Shakespeare’s Comic Geographies’, in Richard Dutton and Jean E. Howard (eds) A Companion to Shakespeare’s Works: The Comedies, 182–99, vol. 3 (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 182–99, 183.

63. One English edition of Ortelius’s atlas was the translation by W.B. (William Bedwell), in 1606, of Ortelius’s Latin edition of Theatrum orbis Terrarum, published in Antwerp, 1572 (STC 18855); the maps to this edition, entitled Theatrum orbis terrarum: The theatre of the whole world (London: J. Norton, 1606), were printed in Antwerp by the officina Plantiniana. Abraham Ortelius his epitome of the Theater of the worlde (London: J. Shawe, 1603) is a translation of Coignet’s French abridgement, Antwerp, 1602 (STC 18856). An epitome of Ortelius his Theatre of the world (London: J. Norton, 1601) is a translation from the Latin abridgement, Antwerp, 1595 (STC 18857).

64. Denis Cosgrove (2003) ‘Globalism and Tolerance in Early Modern Geography’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 93(4), 852–70, p. 866.

65. John Stradling (1592) ‘To the Vertous and Noble Edward, the yoong Earle of Bedford’, in Justus Lipsius (1592) A direction for trauailers (London: R.B. for Cuthbert Burbie), sig. Br, STC 15696.

66. Stradling, sig. B3v–B4r.67. John Wolfe (1598) ‘Dedication to Julius Caesar’, in Jan Huyghen van

Linschoten (1598) Iohn Huighen van Linschoten his discours of voyages into ye Easte & West Indies (London: John Windet for Iohn Wolfe), sig. A2r, STC 15691.

68. William Philip (1598) ‘To the Reader’, in Jan Huyghen van Linschoten (1598), sig. A2v.

69. Giovanni Botero was an Italian thinker, priest, poet, and diplomat, best known for his 1598 work Della ragione di stato (The Reason of State), in which

176 Notes

he argued against the amoral political philosophy associated with Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince. As a secretary to Bishop Carlo Borromeo of Milan, Botero took part in a diplomatic mission to France. Botero argued for a more sophisticated relationship between princes and their subjects, one that would give the people more power in the political and economic matters of the state. His Le relazioni universali was released in four volumes between 1591 and 1598 and was translated into English in 1601 by Robert Johnson under the title The trauellers breviat.

70. Giovanni Botero (1601) The trauellers breuiat (London: Edm. Bollifant for Iohn Iaggard), p. 1, STC 3398.

71. Botero, p. 2.72. Stephen Greenblatt (1991), in Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New

World (Oxford: Clarendon Press), pp. 29–31, discusses the sense of wonder in Mandeville’s Travels and Hakluyt’s The Principal Navigations as a means of empowerment and taking possession but observes that ‘marvels were becoming more embarrassing than authenticating’ in the early modern rendition of the medieval travel text (p. 30) because here the extravagant fantasies were intermingled with reasonably persuasive geographical and ethnographical descriptions.

73. Thevet described the country, its aboriginal inhabitants and the historical episodes involved in the France Antarctique, a French settlement in Rio de Janeiro.

74. André Thevet (1568) The new found vvorlde, or Antarctike (London: Henrie Bynneman for Thomas Hacket), STC 23950.

75. Thomas Hacket (1568) ‘To the right honourable Sir Henrie Sidney’, in André Thevet (1568) The new found vvorlde, or Antarctike, p. 3.

76. Hacket, p. 4. See Mary Baine Campbell (1999) Wonder & Science: Imagining Worlds in Early Modern Europe (New York: Cornell University Press). Campbell discusses the emotion of wonder in relation to early modern scientific and fictional geographic discourse and examines ‘the increasingly readerly and phantasmatic cosmography and the increasingly scientized ethnography of sixteenth- century France and England’ in the work of André Thevet (p. 16).

77. Florio translated the text about New France after the Italian translation by Giovanni Baptista Ramusio of the accounts of the French explorer Jacques Cartier’s first two voyages to Canada, published in his Delle navigationi e viaggi (Venice, 1556). Cartier’s authorship of the original texts is doubtful, however.

78. John Florio (1580) ‘To all Gentlemen, Merchants, and Pilots’, in Jacques Cartier (1580) A shorte and briefe narration of the two nauigations and dis-coueries to the northweast partes called Newe Fraunce (London: H. Bynneman), sig. Bjv, STC 4699.

79. Florio, sig. Bijv.80. This is a translation by Edward Hoby of Instruction aux princes pour garder la

foy promise (Paris, 1584) by the French moralist Matthieu Coignet, a work on political ethics, extolling the virtue of truth and the punishment of lying, which consists of miscellanea of examples drawing on Plato, Pliny, Democritus, Euripides, Aesop, Xenophon, Cicero, Plutarch, Titus Livius, St Augustine, and the Bible. The English translator compares the work with a posy of fragrant flowers, historical, poetical, political, moral, humane, and

Notes 177

divine. The author was Matthieu Coignet, but his name in the English translation is given as Sir Martyn Coignet. Matthieu Coignet is not the same person as the Belgian mathematician, engineer and cartographer Michel Coignet, who engraved the maps for the 1603 English edition of Ortelius’s Atlas. Matthieu Coignet was a diplomat, ambassador to Switzerland in the time of Francis I.

81. Matthieu Coignet (1586) Politique discourses upon trueth and lying (London: John Windet for Ralfe Newberie), p. 152.

82. Thomas Hoby (1586) ‘To the right honorable Sir William Cecill’, in Matthieu Coignet (1586), sig. q3v.

83. Social historian Jens Bartelson (2009) in Visions of World Community (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), focuses on early modern and modern conceptions of world communities and observes that ‘such visions of world community were actually twisted into defences of early modern imperial projects’ (pp. 17–18).

84. John Stell (1585) ‘To the Right Honorable Sir Henry Sidney’, in Nicolas de Nicolay (1585) The nauigations, peregrinations and voyages, made into Turkie (London: John Stell by Thomas Dawson), sig. q2r–q2v.

85. Pierre d’Avity, sieur de Montmartin (1573–1635) was a French writer who received his early education in the Jesuit college of his native town of Tournon, on the river Rhône, where he acquired a good knowledge of Latin and Greek. He studied law in Toulouse and Paris. A considerable part of his life was passed in military service and he spent some of the intervals between military service in travelling. He visited Italy and Germany and accumu-lated materials for his Estats et Empires du monde, a work part of which was published during his lifetime. A further part was in the press at the time of his death.

86. Edward Grimestone, ‘The Epistle Dedicatorie’, in Pierre Avity (1615) The estates, empires, & principallities of the world (London: Adam Islip for Matthewe Lownes and John Bill), not paginated, STC 988.

87. Edward Grimestone, ‘The Translator to the Reader’, in Pierre Avity (1615), not paginated.

88. Pierre Avity (1615), sig. Ar.

2 Romanticized France in the English Imagination

1. Andrew Hadfield (1998) Literature, Travel, and Colonial Writing in the English Renaissance 1545–1625 (Oxford: Clarendon Press), pp. 67–8. For other works reflecting on the contradictions of English travel writing in the period see Clare Howard (1914) English Travellers of the Renaissance (London: John Lane); Sarah Mills (1991) Discourses of Difference: An Analysis of Women’s Travel Writing and Colonialism (London: Routledge); Mary Louise Pratt (1992) Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge); George Robertson et al., eds (1994) Travellers’ Tales: Narratives of Home and Displacement (London: Routledge).

2. Homi K. Bhabha (1994) The Location of Culture (London: Routledge), p. 2. 3. See A.W. Pollard and G.R. Redgrave, eds (1986) A Short- Title Catalogue of Books

Printed in England, Scotland, & Ireland, Vol. 1, 2nd edn (London: Bibliographical

178 Notes

Society), pp. 497–99; there are 63 entries relating to anonymous tracts and newsbooks about France and tracts about the Reformed churches in France, apart from articles, declarations, and the edicts of individual French kings.

4. John Eliot (1592) The suruay or topographical description of France (London: Iohn Wolfe), STC 7575. The map in this geographic description is drawn by Petrus Plancius, engraved by Baptista Duetecum, and dated 1592. This geographic and ethnographic work about France is a compilation from Petrus Plancius, Belleforest, and other authors.

5. Sir Robert Dallington (1604) The View of Fraunce (London: S. Stafford), STC 6202. Dallington is not named on the title page of this edition and he con-demns this as an unauthorized publication in the preface of an edition pub-lished in the next year (1605), entitled A method for travel. Shewed by taking the view of France. As it stoode in 1598 (London: T. Creede), STC 6203. Dallington was tutor to the Earl of Rutland in the late 1590s and accompanied him on his tour of France and Italy. In The View of Fraunce, Dallington comments at great length on the French king Henry IV, on the Salic law, and the French religion, concluding that England is a golden mean between France and Italy (sig. X2v). The book demonstrates wide reading in contemporary authorities on political history, such as Jean Bodin, Machiavelli, and Guicciardini.

6. A.J. Hoenselaars (1994) ‘Mapping Shakespeare’s Europe’, in A.J. Hoenselaars (ed.) Reclamations of Shakespeare (Amsterdam and Atlanta, GA: Rodopi), pp. 223–48, 227.

7. E.H. Sugden (1925) A Topographical Dictionary of the Works of Shakespeare and His Fellow Dramatists (Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp. 201–9, especially the entries related to France and the derivatives ‘Frenchman’, ‘Frenchwoman’, or ‘Frenchified’.

8. Hoenselaars, p. 226. 9. Shakespeare’s links with the French community in London are documented

in Samuel Schoenbaum (1987) William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 260–4. The London printer Richard Field, a contemporary of his from Stratford, and also the man who had printed his Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece, married a Frenchwoman, Jacqueline Vautrollier (she was the widow of the Huguenot printer Thomas Vautrollier). She may have introduced Shakespeare to the Mountjoys, a Huguenot family with whom Shakespeare lodged in Silver Street from 1598 for a period of six years.

10. Sidney Lee (1910) The French Renaissance in England (Oxford: Clarendon Press). See pp. 47–61, esp. 47. Concerning the French influence on Elizabethan drama, Lee also observes the influence of French comedy in handling the Latin- origin plots of Plautus and Terence on English dramatists (p. 360), the plot- sources, the ‘foreign spirit of romantic intrigue’ that coloured the foreign fictions in Elizabethan theatre (p. 361).

11. Alfred Horatio Upham (1965) ‘Introduction’ to The French Influence in English Literature: From the Accession to Elizabeth to the Restoration (New York: Octagon Books), pp. 1–24.

12. Karen E. Spierling and Michael J. Halvorson (2008) ‘Introduction: Definitions of Communities in Early Modern Europe’, in Michael J. Halvorson and Karen E. Spierling (eds) Defining Community in Early Modern Europe (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 1–23, 7.

Notes 179

13. Thomas Betteridge (2007) ‘Introduction: Borders, Travel and Writing’, in Thomas Betteridge (ed.) Borders and Travellers in Early Modern Europe (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 1–14, 1.

14. The project is coordinated by Jean- Cristophe Mayer and Charles Whitworth and includes early modernists such as Jean Paul Debax, Richard Hillman, Jean- Marie Maguin and others. The results are available online at http://www.representationsfrance.cnrs.fr.

15. Ton Hoenselaars (2008) ‘Preface’, in Jean- Christophe Mayer (ed.) Representing France and the French in Early Modern English Drama (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses), pp. 11–15, 14.

16. Jean- Christophe Mayer (2008), ‘Introduction’, in Mayer (ed.) Representing France, pp. 21–48, 24.

17. Mayer, ‘Introduction’, p. 28.18. Richard Wilson (2008) ‘“Worthies Away”: The Scene Begins to Cloud in

Shakespeare’s Navarre’, in Mayer (ed.) Representing France, pp. 93–109.19. Andrew Hadfield (2001) ‘General Introduction’, in Andrew Hadfield

(ed.) Amazons, Savages, and Machiavels: Travel and Colonial Writing in English, 1550–1630: An Anthology (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 1–10, 1.

20. Jean- Pierre Villquin (1995) ‘Topography in John Day’s Plays: Dialectic Topicality and Utopia’, in Jean- Marie Maguin and Michèle Willems (eds) French Essays on Shakespeare and His Contemporaries: ‘What would France with us?’ (Newark: University of Delaware Press; London: Associated University Presses), pp. 314–26, 316.

21. G.K. Hunter (1978) ‘Elizabethans and Foreigners’, in G.K. Hunter (ed.) Dramatic Identities and Cultural Tradition: Studies in Shakespeare and His Contemporaries (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press), pp. 3–30, 18.

22. Hunter, p. 20.23. Bartolomeus Anglicus (1582; 1976) Batman vppon Bartolome, facsimile

edition, with an introduction and index by Jürgen Schäfer (Hildesheim and New York: Georg Olms Verlag), pp. 212r–225r.

24. Anglicus, 225v.25. William Cuningham (1559; 1968) The cosmographical glasse (London: John

Day; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), pp. 178–9, STC 6119.26. Cuningham, sig. Aiiir.27. Eliot (1592) ‘The Preface to the Reader’, not paginated.28. Eliot, p. 21.29. Eliot, pp. 67–8.30. Eliot, p. 94.31. Justus Lipsius (1592), sig. C2v. Although there are other works by Justus

Lipsius in Latin published in England, such as his book De constantia (1586, STC 15694), republished in 1592 (STC 15694.3) and translated into English in 1594 and 1595 by John Stradling as Two bookes of constancie (STC 15694.7 and STC 15695), John Stradling’s adaptation of Lipsius’s Epistola de peregrinatione Italica is unique because it offers the adaptor’s interpretation of the text rather than the text itself.

32. Thomas Blundeville (1594; 1971) M. Blundeville his Exercises, containing sixe Treatises (London, John Windet; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), p. 251r, STC 3146.

180 Notes

33. Kent Cartwright (2004), in Theatre and Humanism: English Drama in the Sixteenth Century, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 109–12, traces the influence of Blundeville’s historical writings on the tragedy Gorboduc, observing that, ‘as with Blundeville, the order for revealing history shapes the meaning of history’ (p. 112).

34. Martin Fumée (1540–90) was a French writer and historian, a gentleman of the house of Anjou. Among his works are Histoire des troubles de Hongrie (1595), Du vray et parfait amour, escrit en grec par Athénagoras, philosophe athénien (1599), and the translation of Histoire des Indes occidentales by Francisco López de Gómara.

35. Martin Fumée (1600) The historie of the troubles of Hungarie (London: Felix Kyngston), sig. A3r–A3v, STC 11487.

36. The first edition of Botero’s geographic treatise, The travellers breviat, was published in 1601 (STC 3398); an enlarged edition appeared in 1601 under the title The worlde, or an historicall description (STC 3399) and others were published in 1603 (STC 3400), 1608 (STC 3401), 1611 (STC 3402), 1616 (STC 3403), and 1630 (3404). Each of the subsequent editions is revised and enlarged from the preceding edition and in some the contents are slightly rearranged. How much is taken from later Italian editions and how much independently added is not clear, but it is certain that the book was very popular in the period.

37. Botero (1601), p. 7.38. George Abbot (1605) A briefe description of the whole worlde (London:

W. White for Iohn Browne) sig A4r, STC 26.39. Abbot, sig. Br–Bv.40. Abraham Ortelius (1601) An epitome of Ortelius his Theatre of the world

(London: J. Norton), p. 14v, STC 18857.41. Robert Stafford (1607) A geographicall and anthologicall description of all the

Empires and Kingdomes (London: Thomas Cotes for Simon VVaterson), p. 8, STC 23135.

42. Stafford, p. 9.43. Pierre Avity (1615) The estates, empires, & principallities of the world (London:

Adam Islip for Matthewe Lownes and John Bill), p. 58, STC 988.44. Avity, pp. 68–70.45. Avity, pp. 68–70.46. Matthieu Coignet (1586) Politique discourses upon trueth and lying (London:

John Windet for Ralfe Newberie), p. 30, STC 5486.47. Coignet, p. 32.48. Coignet, p. 37.49. Coignet, pp. 40–1.50. From October 1608 to August 1609 Overbury travelled to the Netherlands and

France, staying in Paris and Antwerp, and he was privy to King James’s secrets of state through his friendship with Somerset. See Godfrey Davies (1959) The Early Stuarts, 2nd edn (Oxford: Clarendon Press), p. 20; Curtis Perry (2006) Literature and Favoritism in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 105–8.

51. Sir Thomas Overbury (1626; 1969) Sir T. Overbury his observations in his tra-vailes vpon the state of the XVII provinces as they stood anno Dom. 1609. The Treaty of Peace Being Then on Foot (London: B. Alsop for J. Parker; Amsterdam:

Notes 181

Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), STC 18903. This is the only edition of the 28-page book. The Truce of Antwerp was concluded between Spain, England, and France, and this put a stop to hostilities for twelve years.

52. Overbury, pp. 12–19.53. See Davies, pp. 38, 63.54. Overbury, pp. 22–7.55. Overbury, p. 28.56. Fynes Moryson (1617; 1971) An Itinerary (London: John Beale; Amsterdam:

Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), p. 44, STC 18205. Despite its impressive size – or probably because of it – the book did not see another edition.

57. Jean Bodin (1530–96), the French jurist and political philosopher, was an individual whose authority on French matters, his theory of sovereignty and the divine rights of kings, and his views on religion would be accepted read-ily by English readers. Here Moryson not only shows his erudition by quot-ing classical and early modern authors, but he presents the English reader with a credible view of French character, taken from a French philosopher of some repute. Moryson had polished his knowledge of the countries he described by studying in London for a period of three years before his travel (from 1589 to 1591), as he notes in the first part and the first book of his account, documenting the preliminary conditions of his journey (pp. 1–2).

58. Moryson, p. 44.59. Moryson, p. 133.60. Henry Peacham (1622; 1968) The Compleat Gentleman (London: Francis

Constable; Amsterdam: Teatrum Orbis Terrarum), sig. B2r, STC 19502.61. Peacham, pp. 55–65, 66–71, 200–11.62. Peacham, pp. 203–4.63. W.B. Worthen (2003) Shakespeare and the Force of Modern Performance

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 29.64. See Andrew M. Kirk (1996) The ‘Mirror of Confusion’: The Representation

of French History in English Renaissance Drama, Garland Studies in the Renaissance (New York: Garland).

65. David Read (1997) ‘Losing the Map: Topographical Understanding in the “Henriad”’, Modern Philology 94(4), 475–95.

66. Deanne Williams (2004) The French Fetish from Chaucer to Shakespeare, Cambridge Studies in Renaissance Literature and Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 3.

67. Williams, p. 13.68. Richard Hillman (2002) ‘Introduction’, Shakespeare, Marlowe, and the Politics

of France (Basingstoke: Palgrave), pp. 1–29, 1.69. Apart from the earlier studies mentioned above by Lee (1910) and Upham

(1965), see the essay by Henry Suhamy (1994) ‘Shakespeare and the French’, in Holger Klein and Jean- Marie Maguin (eds) Shakespeare and France, Shakespeare Yearbook 5, 5–23; the study by Rowland Cotterill (1995) ‘The Structural Role of France in Shakespeare’s First and Second Historical Tetralogies’, Renaissance Studies 9, 460–76; the collection of essays French Essays on Shakespeare and His Contemporaries, edited by Jean- Marie Maguin and Michèle Willems (Newark: University of Delaware Press; London: Associated University Presses, 1995); and Linda Gregerson (2003) ‘French Marriages and the Protestant Nation in Shakespeare’s History Plays’, in

182 Notes

Richard Dutton and Jean Howard (eds) A Companion to Shakespeare’s Works: The Histories, Vol. 2 (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 246–62. For accounts of France and England’s complex political relations and even of English comic stereo-types of the French, see Marie- Rose Logan and Peter L. Rudnytsky, eds (1991) Contending Kingdoms: Historical, Psychological, and Feminist Approaches to the Literature of Sixteenth- Century England and France (Detroit: Wayne State University Press). For an account of the impact of various non- dramatic English authors on five French ones see Anne Lake Prescott (1978) French Poets and the English Renaissance: Studies in Fame and Transformation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press). Pierre Villey (1973), in Montaigne et François Bacon, 2nd edn (Geneva: Slatkine), continues the venerable but significant tradition of connecting Montaigne with Shakespeare. An older study by Ian Maxwell (1946), French, France, and John Heywood (Melbourne and London: Melbourne University Press; Oxford University Press), explores the dimensions and limitations of non- Shakespearean drama and the French connections; see also Randall Martin (1999) ‘Ann Dowriche’s The French History, Christopher Marlowe, and Machiavellian Agency’, Studies in English Literature 1500–1900, 39, 69–87. Percy Allen (1933), in The Plays of Shakespeare and Chapman in Relation to French History, with an introduction by Marjorie Bowen (London: Archer), reads through texts to find topical parallels, such as, for example, between Lady Macbeth and Catherine de Medici.

70. My source for all citations from Shakespeare (unless otherwise noted) is The Norton Shakespeare (1997) gen. ed. Stephen Greenblatt (New York: Norton).

71. Herbert A. Ellis (1973), in Shakespeare’s Lusty Punning in Love’s Labour’s Lost: With Contemporary Analogues (The Hague: Mouton), p. 53, identifies the use of the term ‘goose’ as short for Winchester goose, a venereal disease, quoting Thomas Cooper, Thesaurus Lingue Latinae (1578).

72. See Stephen Greenblatt (1997), The Norton Shakespeare, p. 759, n.2. See also Love’s Labour’s Lost (1998), ed. H.R. Woudhuysen, The Arden Shakespeare, 3rd series ( Walton- on-Thames: Thomas Nelson), n.118–19.

73. For a study of representations of the French disease in early modern drama see Frédérique Fouassier (2008) ‘The “French Disease” in Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama’, in Jean- Christophe Mayer (ed.) Representing France and the French in Early Modern English Drama, with a preface by Ton Hoenselaars (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses), pp. 193–206.

74. John S. Pendergast (2002) Love’s Labour’s Lost: A Guide to the Play (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press), p. 53.

75. Julius Caesar (1565; 1968) The eyght bookes of Caius Iulius Caesar (London: Willyam Seres; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), Fol. 53r, 87r, STC 4335.

76. T.W. Baldwin (1997) ‘Brave New World’, in Robert S. Miola (ed.) The Comedy of Errors (New York and London: Garland Publishing), pp. 93–112, connects the international political situation with the possibilities of dating The Comedy of Errors, noting that ‘In Errors, Romish France is armed and reverted against her heir, the Protestant King of Navarre, now rightful King of France, whom the factions of Guise as champions of Rome [are] attempting to supplant’ (p. 93).

77. Arthur E. Baker (1938), in A Shakespeare Commentary, Part 1 (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing), observes that the name covers (in a semi- French

Notes 183

form) an allusion to a famous Italian cavalier and huntsman, Pietro Monte, instructor in horsemanship at the court of Louis VII (p. 216). John Phin (1902), in The Shakespeare Cyclopaedia and New Glossary (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.), notes that C.E. Brown suggested Pietro Monte, adding that he was mentioned by Castiglione as the instructor of Louis VII’s Master of Horse (p. 154).

78. See William Shakespeare (2006) Hamlet, in Ann Thomson and Neil Taylor (eds) The Arden Shakespeare, 3rd series (London: Thomson Learning), p. 400 n.90.

79. Stuart Sherman (1908) ‘Ford’s Contribution to the Decadence of the Drama’, Introduction to John Fordes Dramatische Werke, in W. Bang (ed.) Materialism zur Kunde des älteren Englischen Drama, Series I, Vol. 23 (Louvain: A. Uystpruyst), pp. xvi–xvii.

80. John Ford (1965), Love’s Sacrifice, in Alexander Dyce (ed.) The Works of John Ford, Vol. 2 (New York: Russell & Russell), pp. 8–11.

81. See Lisa Hopkins (1998), ‘Italy Revisited: John Ford’s Last Plays’, in Michele Marrapodi and A.J. Hoenselaars (eds) The Italian World of English Renaissance Drama: Cultural Exchanges and Intertextuality (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses), pp. 165–76; Hopkins observes that the likeliest source for Ford’s knowledge of the story in the main plot of Love’s Sacrifice appears to be Henry Peacham’s retelling of it in The Compleat Gentleman (p. 166). The same educational book by Peacham, who was the tutor of the Earl of Arundel, contains laudatory comments about France and the importance of travel in the completion of a gentleman and was mentioned earlier in this chapter.

82. Hopkins, p. 174.83. Sandra Clark (2007) Renaissance Drama (Cambridge: Polity Press), p. 158.84. Edward Sharpham (1912) The Fleire, in W. Bang (ed.) Materialism zur Kunde

des älteren Englischen Drama, Series I, Vols 35–8 (Louvain: A. Uystpruyst), Act I, 425, p. 16.

85. Thomas Middleton (1608), A Mad World, My Masters (London: H.B. for Walter Burre), in Isaac Reed and Octavius Gilchrist, eds (1825) A Select Collection of Old Plays, Vol. 5 (London: Septimus Prowett), p. 288.

86. Middleton, p. 289.87. Thomas Dekker and John Webster (1955) Westward Ho, in Fredson Bowers

(ed.) The Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker, Vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 343.

88. Helen Ostrovich (1997) ‘Introduction’ to Volpone, or the Fox, in Helen Ostrovich (ed.) Jonson’s Four Comedies (London: Longman); Ostrovich identifies autobiographical similarities in the Sir Politic subplot and even suggests contemporary models for this character in Sir Henry Wotton, an eccentric friend of John Donne’s and Jonson’s at the Inns of Court, or Sir Anthony Sherley, the world traveller (pp. 12–13). Richard Dutton (2008), in Ben Jonson, Volpone and the Gunpowder Plot (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), regards the ‘Would-Bes’ subplot as essential to the subtex-tual life of the play, in relationship to the Gunpowder Plot and Robert Cecil (pp. 109–32).

89. Ben Jonson (2003) Volpone, in Robert N. Watson (ed.), New Mermaids Series (London: Methuen Drama), p. 39.

184 Notes

3 Shifting Views of the German Principalities

1. Richard Courtney (1990) Drama and Intelligence: A Cognitive Theory (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press), p. 51.

2. Pomponius Mela (1585) The vvorke of Pomponius Mela, translated by Arthur Golding (London: John Charlewood for Thomas Hacket), p. 72, STC 17785.

3. Pliny the Elder (1601) The historie of the vvorld, translated by Philemon Holland (London: Adam Islip), ch. XIIII, p. 86, STC 20029.

4. Bartolomeus Anglicus (1582; 1976) Batman vppon Bartolome, facsimile edition, with an Introduction and Index by Jürgen Schäfer (Hildesheim and New York: Georg Olms Verlag), ch. 13, p. 215r.

5. Batman’s additions to Bartholomew’s geographic accounts include Muscovy, Turkey, Cathay, and the continents found in the recently published maps of Ortelius.

6. William Cuningham (1559; 1968) The cosmographical glasse (London: John Day; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), p. 169, STC 6119.

7. Cuningham was a physician and cartographer matriculated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. He travelled on the Continent, possibly in connection with Mary Tudor’s accession to the throne, and visited Antwerp, Cologne, and Strasbourg. He graduated MD from Heidelberg in 1559.

8. Cuningham, p. 180. 9. Thomas Blundeville (1594; 1971) M. Blundeville his Exercises, containing sixe

Treatises (London, John Windet; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), p. 249v, STC 3146.

10. Blundeville, p. 250r.11. William Phiston was a translator who described himself as a London student

and who matriculated from Magdalen College, Cambridge, in 1572. Phiston dedicated his 1595 translation from Italian and Latin of The estate of the Germaine Empire to Robert Ratcliffe, Earl of Sussex, who was about to travel overseas. The handbook is aimed at the diplomat, with tables of precedence and ways in which the states of Germany could be understood. The text is a translation from untraced Italian and Latin originals, as Phiston mentions in the dedication, where he admits to being the compiler of parts of the work received in Italian and Latin, ‘collected by men of great worth’ (sig. A2r).

12. William Phiston (1595) The estate of the Germaine Empire (London: E. Allde for Raphe Blower), STC 10922. This is the only edition of the book, which proves that it was not so popular as to require another issue.

13. Phiston, sig A3r.14. Phiston, sig. C.15. Phiston, sig. Er–F4v.16. Archbishop George Abbot presumably wrote the treatise for the use of his

students at Oxford. His Calvinistic zeal made Abbot unpopular in Oxford, where he was responsible for the public burning of religious pictures, accord-ing to Paul Welsby (1981), in Who’s Who in Shakespeare’s England, edited by Alan and Veronica Palmer (Brighton: Harvester), p. 1.

17. George Abbot (1605) A briefe description of the whole worlde (London: W. White for Iohn Browne), sig. C2r, STC 26.

18. Laurentius Surius was a hagiologist, born in the Hanseatic city of Lübeck in 1522, and died in Cologne 1578. He studied at the universities of

Notes 185

Frankfort- on- the- Oder and Cologne and wrote about the lives of the saints and against Sleidanus in his Commentarius brevis rerum in orbe gestarum ab a. 1500 ad a. 1564 (Cologne, 1566).

19. Abbot, sig. C1r.20. Samuel Lewkenor (1600) A discourse not altogether vnprofitable (London: Iohn

Windet for Humfrey Hooper), p. 2v, STC 15566. This is the only edition of the book, so it may not have been so popular in the Elizabethan period, though the accurate description of German cities – probably drawing on other contemporary geographic and historical texts – may rank it with the best- known informative accounts.

21. Lewkenor, pp. 5r–8r.22. Lewkenor, pp. 9r–11v.23. Lewkenor, p. 12r.24. Lewkenor, pp. 12v–16v.25. Salvianus, the fifth- century Latin writer of Gaul, was born in Roman

Germania, in Trier, but not all the pictures of manners in Salvianus’s De gubernatione dei must be taken literally because the Catholic bishop speaks as an advocate and, in doing so forces the tone, palliating what goes against his case and bringing out in the strongest relief all that favours it.

26. Abraham Ortelius (1601) An epitome of Ortelius his Theatre of the world (London: J. Norton), p. 32v, STC 18857.

27. Lodovico Guicciardini, the Italian writer and merchant, was the nephew of Francesco Guicciardini, author of the History of Italy. He lived mainly in Antwerp and wrote a description of Germany, Descrittione di Lodovico Guicciardini patritio fiorentino di tutti i Paesi Bassi altrimenti detti Germania inferiore (1567), published in English in 1593 as The Description of the Low Countreys (London: Peter Shord for Thomas Chard), translated by Thomas Danett (STC 12463).

28. Ortelius (1601), p. 32v.29. Ortelius, pp. 44v–54v.30. Giovanni Botero (1601) The trauellers breuiat (London: Edmund Bollifant for

Iohn Iaggard), p. 60, STC 3398.31. Botero, p. 60.32. Botero, p. 63.33. Robert Stafford (1607) A geographicall and anthologicall description of all

the Empires and Kingdomes (London: Thomas Cotes for Simon VVaterson), pp. 10–11, STC 23135.

34. Stafford, p. 12.35. My source for all citations from Shakespeare (unless otherwise noted) is The

Norton Shakespeare (1997) gen. ed. Stephen Greenblatt (New York: Norton). In Henry V, in Canterbury’s long exposition of the Salic law in the Holy Roman Empire (1.2.34–95), the first reference is to Charles the Great, or Charlemagne, and then the entire Carolingian dynasty is presented.

36. This monarch has been identified with Charles II the Bald (d. 877) or his brother Carloman, King of Bavaria and Carinthia (b. 828, r. 876–80), not Charlemagne.

37. In Henry VIII, Buckingham describes to Norfolk the visit of ‘Charles the Emperor’ to England, under the pretence of visiting Queen Catherine, his aunt. The reference is to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain,

186 Notes

head of the Habsburg Empire. In 1520, he inherited a sprawling domain that included the dukedom of Austria, its central European dependencies, the ‘Holy Roman Empire’ (Germany and Italy), Flanders, Spain, and Spain’s possessions in the Mediterranean and throughout the western hemisphere.

38. In 1 Henry VI, King Henry asks Gloucester if he has read the letters from the pope, the emperor, and the Earl of Armagnac (5.1.1–2). The reference is to Sigismund (1368–1437), Holy Roman Emperor (1411–37).

39. In Henry V, Pistol tells King Harry, in jest, that he is as good a gentleman as the emperor (4.1.43). The reference again is to Sigismund, the Holy Roman Emperor.

40. For a study on the influence of the Faust cycle on Elizabethan drama see Charles H. Herford (1886) Studies in the Literary Relations of England and Germany in the Sixteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 165–241.

41. See Oscar James Campbell and Edward G. Quinn, eds (1966) ‘English Players in Germany, 1590–1620’, in A Shakespeare Encyclopaedia (London: Methuen); Campbell and Quinn note that, during the latter part of the sixteenth century, English actors played at the courts of various princes in the German- speaking states, at Leyden, Cologne, Nuremberg, and Augsburg, and they enjoyed an ‘immediate success’ (pp. 255–6). Therefore, it is not the lack of knowledge about the Germans that prevented Shakespeare from using German- origin characters.

42. Walter Cohen (1997) ‘The Merry Wives of Windsor’, in The Norton Shakespeare, pp. 1225–33, esp. 1227.

43. Here the pun between ‘Hungarian’ and ‘hungry’ rather precludes the exist-ence of a reference to a Hungarian creature, but the ethnographic allusive possibility is still there.

44. The double insult includes contempt for the infidel Turks and the debasement of the Phrygians, who were considered as slaves because, in classical times, they had lived on the territory occupied by the Turks in the early modern period.

45. This entry with reference to Shakespeare’s use of the word appears in The Oxford English Dictionary (1961), 2nd edn (Oxford: Clarendon Press), vol. III, 236. This is a more plausible interpretation than the one given by J. Madison Davis and A. Daniel Frankforter, eds (1995), in The Shakespeare Name and Place Dictionary (London and Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers); here, ‘Ephesian’ refers to ‘of the old church’ and means the ‘unreformed degenerates’ with whom Falstaff preferred to associate (p. 153).

46. The Oxford English Dictionary (1961) explains that the word was taken from French and applied to the gypsies from their first appearance in the fifteenth century because they were thought to come from Bohemia or perhaps actually entered the West through that country (I, p. 968).

47. In reference to this passage in The Merry Wives of Windsor, Evangeline O’Connor (1887), Who’s Who and What’s What in Shakespeare (New York: Avenel Books), in quoting Charles Knight, notes: ‘the duke of Würtemberg travelled in England with a retinue in 1592, and went to Windsor, under the name of Count Mombeilard (Mumplegart) … Garmombole, almost an anagram of Mumplegart, appears in the copy of 1602. An order was found from the lord chamberlain that the count should have post- horses free’ (p. 137).

Notes 187

48. J. Crofts (1937), in Shakespeare and the Post Horses (Bristol: University of Bristol Publications Department), pp. 11–21, refutes Knight’s assumption that the post horses episode in The Merry Wives of Windsor may have been based on the 1592 visit of a German count Mumplegart on grounds that the visit occurred too early to be significant to the play’s first audiences, but proposes instead later incidents that created two notorious posting scandals.

49. In connection with the comic use of the ‘Duke of Jarmany’ and the horse- stealing episode, William Green (1962), in Shakespeare’s ‘Merry Wives of Windsor’ (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), pp. 121–50, elaborates on the Duke of Württemberg’s 1592 visit to England and argues that the horse- stealing subplot might have been especially meaningful to the later popular audiences seeing the play because of contemporary political events caused by a rupture in Anglo- Hanseatic trade relations (pp. 149).

50. Analysing and documenting dress in England in the second half of the sixteenth century, Maria Hayward (2009), in Rich Apparel: Clothing and the Law in Henry VIII’s England (Farnham: Ashgate), observes that ‘European styles of dress were familiar in England, as indicated by the reference to almain or German hose, Milan bonnets, Spanish cloaks or Turkey gowns, which feature in wills, inventories, letters, books of rates and household accounts of the period’ (p. 3).

51. For an analysis of this scene and the symbolism of the drum in the context of power and status in the play see Sheldon P. Zitner (1989) All’s Well That Ends Well, Twayne’s New Critical Introductions to Shakespeare (Boston: Twayne), pp. 69–78.

52. Craig Dionne develops the idea of political alliance and language dissimulation in All’s Well That Ends Well. See Craig Dionne (2007) ‘Playing it Accordingly: Parolles and Shakespeare’s Knee- Crooking Knaves’, in Gary Waller (ed.) All’s Well That Ends Well: New Critical Essays (New York and London: Routledge), pp. 221–33. Dionne notes that, in many plays written during this time, ‘Shakespeare is preoccupied with the problem of language and power, particularly the way in which one’s identity is seemingly stitched together as fragments of the practiced modes of address’ (p. 223) explaining how ‘characters like Parolles are used in different ways to represent the problem of rhetorical display, particularly how they are linked by association to some of the institutional practices of sixteenth- century humanist training’ (p. 224). Dionne refers to the art of dialectic reasoning, but I would include geographic discourse among the humanistic endeavours that fashioned the period’s self- reflexivity.

53. See H.R. Woudhuysen, ed. (1998), Love’s Labour’s Lost, The Arden Shakespeare, 3rd series ( Walton- on-Thames: Thomas Nelson). Woudhuysen notes that German clocks were ‘Elaborately made, often containing moving figures or people and animals, they were more valuable as ornaments than as reliable timepieces’ and ‘Clocks, watches, and dials were also suggestive of male and female sexual organs’ (p. 172, n.185).

54. See Robert Nares (1822) A Glossary or Collection of Words, Phrases, Names, and Allusions to Customs, Proverbs, &c. (London: Robert Triphook); Nares comments on this passage from Love’s Labour’s Lost noting that ‘The Germans, as they were the first inventors of clocks, have always been famous

188 Notes

for the manufacturing of them. But the German clocks alluded to by our early dramatists were, probably, those cheap wooden clocks, which are still imported from the same parts; the movements of which are of necessity imperfect, yet are often loaded with fantastic ornaments, and moving figures’ (p. 195). Although this statement might be true for some real- life clocks in Elizabethan England, in the play’s world the immaterial German clock is a reversed metaphor emphasizing cuckoldry and shrewish women and an ambivalent attitude to sexual love.

55. Walter Cohen (1997) ‘Love’s Labour’s Lost,’ in The Norton Shakespeare, p. 737.56. For a study of the French, Spanish, and Russian foreigners in Love’s Labour’s

Lost see Felicia Hardison Londré (1997) ‘Elizabethan Views of the “Other”: French, Spanish, and Russians in Love’s Labour’s Lost’, in Felicia Hardison Londré (ed.) Love’s Labour’s Lost: Critical Essays (New York and London: Routledge), pp. 325–41.

57. Jeanne Addison Roberts (1979) Shakespeare’s English Comedy: ‘The Merry Wives of Windsor’ in Context (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press), p. 136.

58. Thomas Dekker (1812) The Gull’s Hornbook: Stultorum Plena Sunt (London: R. Baldwin and R. Triphook), p. 4.

59. A Dutchman was a generic name, in Dekker’s day, for anyone belonging to the area influenced by German. In Peter Heylyn’s description of Germany in his Microcosmus (1621), readers learn that ‘their language is the Dutch’ (p. 144).

60. Martin Butler (2005) ‘Introduction’, in Martin Butler (ed.) Cymbeline, The New Cambridge Shakespeare (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 28.

61. Ben Jonson (1981) Every Man Out of His Humour, in G.A. Wilkes (ed.) The Complete Plays of Ben Jonson, Vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon Press), Prologue (pp. 111–14), p. 288.

62. Fines Moryson (1617; 1971) An Itinerary (London: John Beale; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), p. 45, STC 18205.

63. Douglas Bruster and Robert Weimann (2004) Prologues to Shakespeare’s Theatre: Performance and Liminality in Early Modern Drama (Abington: Routledge), pp. 31–4.

64. John Fletcher (1812) The Fair Maid at the Inn, in Henry Weber (ed.) The Works of Beaumont and Fletcher, Vol. 9 (Edinburgh: James Ballantyne and Company), p. 397.

65. Moryson, p. 159.66. Ben Jonson (1995) The Alchemist, in Gordon Campbell (ed.) The Alchemist

and Other Plays (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 282.67. Fletcher, The Fair Maid at the Inn, IV.ii, p. 469. Edward Kelly (1555–97),

otherwise Edward Talbot, was an intimate friend of Dr John Dee and claimed that he possessed the secret of transmuting base metals into gold and he was the source of the folkloric image of alchemist- charlatan. Kelly and Dee lived for many years in Bohemia, where they sought the patronage of Emperor Rudolf II in Prague.

68. Moryson (1617), Part I, Book I, chapter 1, p. 8.69. Moryson (1617), Part III, Book I, chapter 1, ‘Of Germany for Diet,’ p. 84.70. Ben Jonson (1979) Epicoene, ed. R.V. Holdsworth (London: Ernest Benn

Limited), IV.ii.84–6, p. 100.

Notes 189

71. See Adam Zucker (2010) ‘London and Urban Space’, in Julie Sanders (ed.) Ben Jonson in Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 97–106. Zucker discusses the importance of the location of Epicoene in private households in the West End, pointing out the ‘failures and fault- lines in this cohesive, communal space’ (p. 97).

72. Thomas Dekker and John Webster (1955) Westward Ho, in Fredson Bowers (ed.) The Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker, Vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 318–403.

73. See Peter Stallybrass (1986) ‘Patriarchal Territories: The Body Enclosed’, in Margaret W. Ferguson, Maureen Quilligan, and Nancy J. Vickers (eds) Rewriting the Renaissance: The Discourse of Sexual Difference in Early Modern Europe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), pp. 123–42. Stallybrass has argued that, as the nation- state was forming in the early modern period, there was increased emphasis on boundaries and concepts of national purity. This coincides with the view expressed by Benedict Anderson (1983) in Imagined Communities (London: Verso), namely that the nation is usually imagined as a bounded space enclosing citizens who view themselves as sharing a common origin. I would argue that English drama is also perme-ated by a discourse of cosmopolitanism that promotes fusion, multicultural encounters, and accommodation of difference.

74. Jean E. Howard (2000) ‘Women, Foreigners, and the Regulation of Urban Space in Westward Ho’, in Lena Cowen Orlin (ed.) Material London, ca. 1600 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press), pp. 150–72, 154.

75. Peter Heylyn (1625) Mikrokosmos: A little description of the great world (London: Iohn Lichfield and William Turner), STC 13277. Writing about Lübeck and Hamburg, Heylyn mentions ‘Stoade, where the English men haue a house to sell abroad their cloathes and other commodities’ (p. 307).

76. Moryson (1617), Book 2, Part III, p. 80, notes that the English merchants, who were trading in Hamburg, were oppressed by the taxes in this city and, as a consequence, they ‘settled their Staple at Stoade’.

4 Geography and Trade: The Low Countries and Denmark

1. George Abbot (1605) A briefe description of the whole worlde (London: W. White for Iohn Browne), sig. B2v, STC 26.

2. William Cuningham (1559; 1968) The cosmographical glasse (London: John Day; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), Fol. 180, STC 6119.

3. Abbot, sig. B2v.4. Giovanni Botero (1608), Relations, of the most famous kingdoms and common-

weales (London: Ion Jaggard), sig. G2v, STC 3401.5. Botero, sig. M3r.6. Botero, sig. M4r.7. Richard Verstegan (c. 1550–1640) was an Anglo- Dutch antiquary who studied

at Oxford under the name of Richard Rowlands. He travelled through France and Italy and later moved to Antwerp.

8. Richard Verstegan (1576) The post of the vvorld (London: Thomas Cast), pp. 33–4, STC 21360.

190 Notes

9. Abraham Ortelius (1608) Parergon, sive Veteris Geographiae Aliquot Tabulae. In Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, translated by William Bedwell (London: Iohn Norton), p. 42, STC 18855.

10. Ortelius (1608), p. 38.11. Ortelius (1608), p. 47.12. Thomas Danett, ‘To the Right Honorable my especiall good Lord the

Lord Burghley’, in Lodovico Guicciardini (1593) The Description of the Low Countreys, translated by Thomas Danett (London: Peter Shord for Thomas Chard), p. 2v, STC 12463.

13. Thomas Cooper (1584) Thesaurus linguae Romanae & Britannicae (London: Henry Denham), not paginated, STC 5689.

14. Guicciardini, pp. 1r–1v.15. Guicciardini, p. 14r.16. In Italy, Guicciardini mentions the exchanges in Rome, Venice, Milan,

Florence, Genoa; in Germany: Augsburg, Nurenberg, Frankfurt; in Spain: Medina del Campo, Medina del Rio Seco, Burgos, Sevilla, Lisbon; in France: Lyons, Paris, Rouen; and in England: London.

17. Guicciardini, pp. 33–40.18. See Ian W. Archer (1991) The Pursuit of Stability: Social Relations in Elizabethan

London (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 232; Archer notes that foreign merchants were among the chief customers of London brothels.

19. Cornelis Antoniszoon was a Dutch painter, engraver, and mapmaker, known mostly for his city views of Amsterdam. From Cornelis’s hand there exist primarily a large number of prints (woodcuts) and only two paintings. Aside from maps, Antoniszoon made portraits of royalty and woodcuts with a moralistic – sometimes also humorous – message.

20. Robert Norman, ‘To the right Honorable, his singular good Lord, the Lord Charles Hovvard, Baron of Effingham’, in Cornelis Antoniszoon (1584) The Safegard of Sailers (London: Iohn Windet and Thomas Iudson for Richard Ballard), not paginated, STC 21545.

21. Abraham Ortelius (1601) An epitome of Ortelius his Theatre of the world (London: J. Norton), p. 42v, STC 18857.

22. Robert Stafford (1607) A geographicall and anthologicall description of all the Empires and Kingdomes (London: Thomas Cotes for Simon VVaterson), p. 13, STC 23135.

23. Pierre Avity (1615) The estates, empires, & principallities of the world (London: Adam Islip for Matthewe Lownes and John Bill), p. 306, STC 988.

24. Avity, p. 308.25. Avity, p. 308.26. Fynes Moryson (1617; 1971) An Itinerary (London: John Beale; Amsterdam:

Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), Part III, Book 1, 47, STC 18205.27. For mobility in early modern Europe see Leslie Page Moch (2003) Moving

Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650, 2nd edn (Bloomington: Indiana University Press); Laurence Fontaine (1996), ‘Gli studi sulla mobilità in Europa nell’età moderna: problemi e prospettive di ricerca’, Quaderni storici 31, 739–56; Jacques Dupâquier (1994), ‘Macromigrations en Europe (XVIe–XVIIe siècles)’, in Simonetta Covaciocchi (ed.) Le migrazioni in Europa sec. XIII- XVIII (Florence: Le Monnier), pp. 65–90; Thomas Betteridge, ed. (2007) Borders and Travellers in Early Modern Europe (Aldershot: Ashgate); for

Notes 191

travel in English Renaissance drama see William H. Sherman (2002) ‘Travel and Trade’, in Arthur F. Kinney (ed.) A Companion to Renaissance Drama (London: Blackwell Publishing), pp. 109–20.

28. Arthur F. Kinney (2002), ‘Introduction: The Dramatic World of the Renaissance’, in Kinney, p. 1.

29. Lesley B. Cormack (2006) ‘The Commerce of Utility: Teaching Mathematical Geography in Early Modern England’, Science and Education 15, 305–22, p. 305.

30. Aaron Kitch (2009), in Political Economy and the States of Literature in Early Modern England (Farnham: Ashgate), argues for the importance of economic discourse in the earlier decades of the sixteenth century, suggesting that the commercial London theatre was shaped by contemporary debates about political economy (p. 5). Pointing out the importance of the bourse as an agent for new relationships between politics, religion, and culture in early modern London, Kitch also describes the international exchanges taking place in this space: ‘Italian, Spanish, Dutch, English, and Flemish merchants conducted business in the open yard, each in a designated zone determined by nationality’ (p. 1). This proves my point that, just like the brothel, the inn, or the theatre, the space of the bourse provided the occasion for international encounters.

31. The title If You Know not Me, You Know Nobody deliberately echoes Samuel Rowley’s When You See Me You Know Me, a play about Henry VIII. Although Elizabeth only becomes queen in the last scene of the first part (or, The Troubles of Queen Elizabeth, 1605), she is presented as a divinely sanctioned personification of Protestantism and a representative of the English people.

32. The full title of this part, The Second Part of, If you know not me, you know no bodie. With the building of the Royall Exchange: And the Famous Victorie of Queene Elizabeth in the Yeare 1588, suggests the transition from the purely political issues to the prevalence of the economic ones.

33. Michael Dobson and Nicola J. Watson (2002) England’s Elizabeth: An Afterlife in Fame and Fantasy (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 57.

34. Richard Rowland (2010) Thomas Heywood’s Theatre, 1599–1639: Locations, Translations, and Conflict (Aldershot: Ashgate), documenting the London locations and the topicality of If You Know Not Me, Part 2, remarks the ‘ precisely realized urban space’ in this play and the mercantile issues related to the Exchange erected in the City of London (pp. 71–82, here 71).

35. Examining the London locations in If You Know not Me, You Know Nobody, Darryll Grantley (2008), in London in Early Modern English Drama: Representing the Built Environment (New York: Palgrave Macmillan), remarks the importance of the Royal Exchange: ‘the architectural authority of the building emblematizes the power of the City through wealth and this is, in turn, connected to the symbolically realized power of the state through the ceremonial presence of the queen, who progresses through significant parts of the City’ (p. 93).

36. Thomas Heywood (1874; reprint 1964), in J. Payne Collier (ed.) If You Know not Me, You Know Nobody, Part 2, The Dramatic Works of Thomas Heywood, Vol. 2 (New York: Russell & Russell), p. 296.

37. Heywood, pp. 298, 317.38. Heywood, p. 307.

192 Notes

39. The most blatant inadvertence is that the Duke of Alva had left the Netherlands nearly three years before, so he could not have been at the siege of Antwerp. In addition, many of the names of historical characters are corrupt: Sancto Danila is Sancho d’Avila, the captain of the Spaniards; the Marquis d’Hauvrye is the Marquis of Havré; Champaigne is Champagny, the governor of Antwerp; Alonzo Verdugo is Gascoigne’s Dom Alonso de Vergas; Julian Romero is Juliane de Romero.

40. Anon. (1913) A Larum for London, in W.W. Greg (ed.), The Malone Society Reprints (Oxford: Oxford University Press). According to the editor, the play is based on a 1576 pamphlet entitled The Spoil of Antwerp by George Gascoigne and it has been ascribed to Thomas Lodge, without any reason; the play has also been supposed to be the outcome of collaboration between Marlowe and Shakespeare (p. v).

41. In analysing the anti- Spanish discourse in English Renaissance drama, which is considered important to England’s emerging sense of nationhood, Eric J. Griffin (2009) English Renaissance Drama and the Specter of Spain: Ethnopoetics and Empire (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press), p. 208, notes significant similarities between A Larum for London and episodes from The Spanish Colonie by Bartholomew de las Casas, which describes the Spanish atrocities in the West Indies.

42. George Gascoigne (1907) The Glasse of Government in John W. Cunliffe (ed.) The Glasse of Government, The Princely Pleasures at Kennelworth Castle, The Steel Glas and Other Poems and Prose Works, Vol. 2 (New York: Grenwood Press), III, iv, p. 50.

43. Gascoigne, IV, v, p. 66.44. Julia Gasper (1990), in The Dragon and the Dove: The Plays of Thomas Dekker

(Oxford: Clarendon Press), demonstrates that Alphonso, King of Naples, tempted by the devil, has been designed as a vehicle to criticize James I (pp. 108–35).

45. The story of Friar Rush, a disguised devil who gains admission to a friary for the purpose of corrupting the brotherhood, is of medieval Danish origin. The tale passed into Germany in the course of the fifteenth century, where the Danish prose Märchen was expanded in poetic versions in both Low Saxon and High German, but Dekker’s inspiration from this story is limited. See Cyrus Hoy (1980) Introduction, Notes, and Commentaries to texts in ‘The Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker’ Edited by Fredson Bowers, Vol. 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 73, 76.

46. Thomas Dekker (1958; 1966) If This Be Not a Good Play, The Devil Is In It, in Fredson Bowers (ed.) The Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker, Vol. 3, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), I.i.115, p. 119.

47. Significantly, both François Ravaillac, who murdered Henry IV of France in 1610, motivated by Catholic extremism, and the would- be assassin Guy Fawkes, the leader of a Catholic conspiracy against both Parliament and king, are anti- Protestant regicides.

48. Zymen Danseker (with several spelling variants) was a Dutch privateer and corsair who, along with the English John Ward, were the two most prominent regenades operating in the Barbary coast during the early seventeenth century. The names are often associated and they are mentioned in several English texts of the period, such as the Roxburghe Ballads, Andrew Barker’s

Notes 193

A True and Certaine Report of the Beginning, Proceedings, Ouerthrowes, and now Present Estate of Captain Ward and Danseker (1609), and Newes from Sea, Of two notorious Pyrats Ward the Englishman and Danseker the Dutchman (1609). See Hoy, pp. 124–6.

49. In a study discussing the Dutch cultural understanding of piracy in the seventeenth century, Virginia West Lunsford (2005), in Piracy and Privateering in the Golden Age Netherlands (New York: Palgrave Macmillan), argues that Dutch pirates and privateers possessed complicated, ambiguous identities in Golden Age culture and they were sometimes identified as heroes (p. 5).

50. Thomas Dekker (1955; 1964) The Honest Whore, Part 2, in Fredson Bowers (ed.) The Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker, Vol. 2, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 211.

51. James Shirley (1833; 1966), The Witty Fair One in William Gifford and Alexander Dyce (eds) The Dramatic Works and Poems of James Shirley, 2nd edn, Vol. 1 (New York: Russell & Russell), II.i, pp. 293, 292–95.

52. Shirley, p. 294.53. William Shakespeare (1997) Twelfth Night, in Stephen Greenblatt et al. (eds)

The Norton Shakespeare (New York: Norton), p. 1797, n.4.54. Ben Jonson (1910) The Alchemist, in Charles W. Eliot (ed.) Elizabethan Drama,

Vol. 2 (New York: P.F. Collier & Son), iii.2, p. 569.55. William Haughton (1913) Englishmen for My Money, in W.W. Gregg (ed.)

Englishmen for My Money (1616), The Malone Society Reprints (Oxford: Oxford University Press), i.389.

56. Lena Cowen Orlin (2008) ‘Temporary Lives in London Lodgings’, Huntington Library Quarterly 71(1), 219–42, p. 219.

57. Alan Stewart (2006) ‘“Euery Soyle to Mee is Naturall”: Figuring Denization in William Haughton’s English- men for My Money’, Renaissance Drama: New Series 35, 55–81, p. 60.

58. According to Pauline Croft, James VI married Anne of Denmark in October 1589, in Copenhagen. The connections between the two countries were favourable: ‘Scotland and Denmark conducted a profitable trade and the country was acceptably reformed in religion, although Lutheran rather than Calvinist.’ See Pauline Croft (2003) King James (New York: Palgrave Macmillan), p. 24.

59. Ortelius (1601), p. 46v.60. Abbot, sig. D1v.61. Moryson, Part III, Book I, Chap. 4, p. 101.62. John Fletcher and Philip Massinger (1811) The Knight of Malta, in Peter

Walley and George Collman (eds) The Dramatic Works of Ben Jonson and Beaumont and Fletcher, Vol. 3 (London: John Stockdale), p. 589.

63. Kiernan Ryan (2000) ‘The Malcontent: Hunting the Letter’, in T.F. Wharton (ed.) The Drama of John Marston: Critical Re- visions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 145–61, 152.

64. John Marston (1911) The Malcontent, in William Allan Neilson (ed.) The Chief Elizabethan Dramatists Excluding Shakespeare (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company), p. 479.

65. John Fletcher and Philip Massinger (1840) The Custom of the Country, in George Darley (ed.) The Works of Beaumont and Fletcher, Vol. 1 (London: Edward Moxon), III, iii, pp. 117–18.

194 Notes

5 Spain from Court to Country

1. Lena Cowen Orlin, ed. (2009) The Renaissance: A Sourcebook (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 233, 235.

2. See José Manuel Gonzáles, ed. (2006) Spanish Studies in Shakespeare and his Contemporaries (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses), which contains relevant studies by contemporary Spanish Shakespeare scholars that show the maturity and richness of Shakespeare scholarship in Spain. See also Anne J. Cruz (ed.) (2008) Material and Symbolic Circulation between Spain and England, 1554–1604 (Aldershot: Ashgate), in which the contributors investigate the points of contact between the two nations in the early modern period, but mainly from the perspective of Spanish cultural history. The special issue of Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies (2009), 39(1), Intricate Alliances: Early Modern Spain and England, edited by Marina Brownlee, explores cultural constructions and parallel concerns common to the Spanish and English empires in the early modern period.

3. John Garrett Underhill (1899) Spanish Literature in the England of the Tudors (New York: Columbia University Press).

4. Martin Hume (1964) Spanish Influence on English Literature, 2nd edn (New York: Haskel House). This is a comparative study of Spanish literature in relation to its points of contact with English literature; in the chapter about the literature of travel and of war, the historian Hume mentions many travel books from Spanish sources current in London in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, among which he cites Escalante’s Discourse on the Portuguese Voyages (1579), Pedro de Medina’s Arte de Navegar, translated by Frampton (1581), Martin Cortes’s Arte de Navegar, translated by R. Eden (1581), as well as their influence on Raleigh and Hakluyt (pp. 184–213).

5. James Fitzmaurice- Kelly (1910) The Relations between Spanish and English Literature (Liverpool: University Press of Liverpool). Fitzmaurice- Kelly observes that, during the active period of Shakespeare’s life, few Spanish plays were available in print and there are not many correspondences between Shakespeare’s plots and those of Spanish playwrights, except when they drew on the same sources (p. 20).

6. See Rudolf Grossman (1920) Spanien und das Elisabethanische Drama (Hamburg: L. Friedrichsen & Co.) In one of the chapters, Grossman analyses the cultural and social influences of Spain in Elizabethan drama, surveying references to climate, the art of war, navigation, Spanish colonies in the New World, Spanish coins, rapiers, and wines, Spanish garb, dances, and the geographic names of prominent Spanish cities (pp. 61–110).

7. H. Thomas (1922) The Taylorian Lecture: Shakespeare and Spain (Oxford: Clarendon Press). Sir Henry Thomas ranks among those who think that ‘Spain’s influence on Shakespeare is small’ (p. 1).

8. Gustav Ungerer (1956) Anglo- Spanish Relations in Tudor Literature, Swiss Studies in English 38 (Bern: Francke Verlag). Ungerer deals mainly with the political and military relations between Spain and England and he defends Hume’s theory that Don Adriano de Armado of Love’s Labour’s Lost is a burlesque upon the Spanish courtier Antonio Pérez (pp. 102–52).

9. For an analysis of the conflation of Spain and the Islamic world in English plays such as Thomas Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy, see Barbara Fuchs (2008)

Notes 195

‘Sketches of Spain: Early Modern England’s “Orientalizing” of Iberia’, in Cruz, pp. 63–70. Barbara Fuchs also explores the role that Cardenio’s disappearance has played in how we read Anglo- Spanish relations in early modern drama, in Barbara Fuchs (2009) ‘Beyond the Mission Cardenio: Anglo- Spanish Relations in Early Modern Drama’, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 39:1, 143–59. See also Hugh Wilson (1998) ‘Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew and Traces of Spanish Influence: Or Exemplary Tales and Picaresque Fictions’, Sederi 9, 233–55; Wilson defends the view that Spanish literature probably influenced Shakespeare’s plays and exemplifies with an analysis focusing on how Spanish literature might illuminate The Taming of the Shrew. Pedro J. Duque (1991) in España en Shakespeare: Presencia de España y lo Español en Shakespeare y su obra (Bilbao: Universidad de Deusto; León: Universidad de León), studies the possible influence of Spanish culture and literature on Shakespeare’s plays and poems.

10. See the online database Early Modern Spain (2007) http://www.ems.kcl.ac.uk/ (31 October 2011). I found this online database, elaborated by number of scholars at King’s College London and developed by the Centre for Computing in the Humanities, extremely useful. The Translations Database provides a complete bibliography of Spanish- English translations from the early modern period, including geographic and navigational treatises.

11. Brownlee, pp. 1–5.12. Cruz, pp. xvii–xxvii, esp. xviii.13. Eric J. Griffin (2009) English Renaissance Drama and the Specter of Spain:

Ethnopoetics and Empire (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press), p. 1.14. Pomponius Mela (1585) The vvorke of Pomponius Mela, translated by Arthur

Golding (London: John Charlewood for Thomas Hacket), p. 56, STC 17785.15. Caius Iulius Solinus (1587) The excellent and pleasant worke of Iulius Solinus

Polyhistor (London: I. Charlewoode for Thomas Hacket), sig. Piiiir–Piiiiv, STC 22895a.5.

16. William Cuningham (1559; 1968) The cosmographical glasse (London: John Day; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), Fol. 169, STC 6119.

17. Cuningham, Fol. 177r.18. Petrus Plancius, in Thomas Blundeville (1594; 1971) M. Blundeville his Exercises,

containing sixe Treatises (London, John Windet; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), p. 251v, STC 3146.

19. Giovanni Botero (1601) The trauellers breuiat (London: Edmund Bollifant for Iohn Iaggard), pp. 21–3, STC 3398.

20. Botero, pp. 31–2.21. Abraham Ortelius (1601), An epitome of Ortelius his Theater of the vvorld, p. 9v.22. From the first 1570 Latin edition published in Antwerp until 1612, the

atlas continued to be published. During this period, over 7300 copies were printed in 31 editions and seven different languages.

23. George Abbot (1605) A briefe description of the whole worlde (London: W. White for Iohn Browne), sig. A2v, STC 26.

24. Abbot, sig. A4r.25. Underhill, p. 22.26. The Spanish Mandeuile of miracles, translated from Jardín de flores curiosas

(Salamanca, 1570) is a collection of fabulous tales from the domains of humanity, philosophy, divinity, and geography, which continues the medieval

196 Notes

tradition of the miscellanea texts and provides fictional – albeit presented as factual – information about events and people in various parts of the world. The name Mandeville has become a synonym or an apology for a well- travelled liar and the book deals in hearsay and hypotheses. Torquemada quotes from ancient and medieval writers (Solinus, Olaus Magnus, or Pliny), and with these aids he hopes to avoid provoking the scepticism of his readers. The volume contains six treatises and each contains much curious matter, while the information is conveyed through the mouths of three worthies, Ludovico, Anthonio, and Bernardo. The beginning features an alphabetical list of the authors and works quoted in the encyclopaedia; besides Aristotle, St Augustine, Boethius, Democritus, St Gregory, Homer, Hermes Trismegistus, Lactantius, Macrobius, and the like, Torquemada mentions the Chronicles of Spain. He records miraculous births of twins, triplets, and sextuplets, an epi-sode about a forced caesarean section on doña Urraca, who was stabbed by a Moor before the servants extracted the baby, who would be a future king of Spain, and even a cross- gender episode in which a woman lived for many years disguised as a man.

27. Antonio de Torquemada (1600) The Spanish Mandeuile of Miracles (London: Iames Roberts for Edmund Matts), p. 44, STC 24135.

28. Pedro de Medina (1581) The arte of nauigation (London: Thomas Dawson), sig. q2v, STC 17771.

29. Alison Sandman and Eric H. Ash (2004) ‘Trading Expertise: Sebastian Cabot between Spain and England’, Renaissance Quarterly 57 (3), 813–46, 813.

30. Antonio Galvaõ (1601) The Discoveries of the World, unto the yeere 1555 (London: William Bishop), pp. 4–9, STC 11543.

31. Thomas Hill (1599) The schoole of skil (London: T. Iudson, for W. Iaggard), p. 157, STC 13502.

32. Sebastian Münster (1572) A briefe collection and compendious extract, translated by Richard Eden (London: Thomas Marshe), Fol. 5r, STC 18242.

33. Münster, Fol. 5v.34. Edward Daunce (1590; 1968) ‘To the Noble and virtuous Reader’, in A briefe

discourse of the Spanish state (London: Richard Field; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), sig. Aiijr, STC 6291.

35. For a discussion of Edward Daunce’s Discourse of the Spanish State see P. Drew (1960) ‘Edward Daunce and The Unfortunate Traveller’, Review of English Studies 11 (44), 410–12.

36. Matthieu Coignet (1586) Politique discourses upon trueth and lying (London: John Windet for Ralfe Newberie, p. 2, STC 5486.

37. Coignet, p. 20.38. Pierre d’Avity (1615) The estates, empires, & principallities of the world (London:

Adam Islip for Matthewe Lownes and John Bill), p. 116, STC 988.39. Peter Heylyn (1621; 1975) Microcosmus or a Little Description of the Great

World (Oxford: Iohn Lichfield and Iames Short; Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), pp. 22–49, STC 13276. Heylyn quotes from Maginus and Strabo on Spain’s position, parts, and land, Boterus, Abbot, and Euphormio on the ethnographic composition, Breerwood’s Enquiries on the Spanish language, Blundeville on natural resources. Strabo is quoted as an author-ity on the ancient history of the country, Mercator and Ortelius on the regions, with interpolations from classical authors such as Maginus and

Notes 197

Martial, then again contemporary authors such as Boterus, Stafford, or Abbot on the Spanish geographic discoveries by Christopher Columbus. Besides enumerating the Christian kings of Castile, Navarre, or Oviedo y Leon, Heylyn lists the Moorish kings of Cordoba and Granada. Other authors quoted by Heylyn in his geographic, historic, and ethnographic description of Spain are Grimstone, Guicciardini, and Machiavelli.

40. Heylyn, p. 23.41. Robert Barret (1598) The theorike and practike of moderne vvarres (London:

R. Field for VVilliam Posonby), p. 119, STC 1500.42. Barret, p. 120.43. Robert Stafford (1607) A geographicall and anthologicall description of all the

Empires and Kingdomes (London: Thomas Cotes for Simon VVaterson), p. 7, STC 23135.

44. For the influence of Portuguese travel and discovery narratives on the plays of Shakespeare and his contemporaries see Rogério Miguel Puga (2002) ‘The “Lusiads” at Sea and the Spaniards at War in Elizabethan Drama’, in José Manuel Gonzáles and Holger Klein (eds) Shakespeare and Spain, Shakespeare Yearbook 13, 90–114. However, Puga does not mention the work by Duarte Lopes among the Portuguese discovery texts available to Elizabethans, focusing only on the narratives of the New World by Hakluyt and Purchas (pp. 91–2).

45. Duarte Lópes (1597) A report of the kingdome of Congo (London: Iohn Wolfe), STC 16805. This work presents an eyewitness account of the Congo by the Portuguese explorer Duarte Lópes during his early sixteenth- century journey to Africa. In fourteen chapters with illustrations and maps, he describes in detail the region’s topography, people, flora and fauna, as well as local cus-toms, trade practices, and slavery, and outlines the history of the military, trade, and religious presence of the Portuguese since their arrival a century earlier; the depictions include an interesting mixture of myth and reality.

46. Lópes, pp. 1r–3v, 1r.47. G.K. Hunter (2000) ‘Elizabethans and Foreigners’, in Catherine M.S.

Alexander and Stanley Wells (eds) Shakespeare and Race (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 37–63, 45.

48. Hunter, p. 58.49. A.J. Hoenselaars (1996) ‘Shakespeare, Foreigners and National Ideologies’, in

Vikram Chopra (ed.) Shakespeare: Varied Perspectives (Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation), pp. 11–33, 13.

50. Thomas Nashe (1958) Pierce Penilesse, His Svpplication to the Divell, in The Works of Thomas Nashe, Ronald B. McKerrow (ed.) 2nd edn, Vol. 1 (Oxford: Blackwell), p. 176.

51. G. Wilson Knight (1944) attempted to use Shakespeare as a patriotic inspirational source, in The Olive and the Sword: A Study of England’s Shakespeare (London: Oxford University Press), pp. 3–4; this stance is dismissed by Graham Holderness (1984) ‘Agincourt 1944: Readings in the Shakespeare Myth’, Literature and History 10, 30–43. Holderness considers this posi-tion as ‘more propaganda than scholarship’. Stephen Greenblatt (1988), in Shakespearean Negotiations: The Circulation of Social Energy in Renaissance England (Berkeley: University of California Press), uses the subversion- containment model to prove that Shakespeare records alien voices prior to

198 Notes

suppressing and containing them within the bounds of orthodox discourse, so the interaction between the four captains and their linguistic otherness is a gesture of regional difference passed into service of the English cause (p. 58).

52. See Claire McEachern (1996) The Poetics of English Nationhood (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); McEachern states that Shakespeare uses personification to give the nation an identifiable voice and the basis for a national community, which is imagined using the terminologies of fellowship (pp. 12, 86). See also Allison Thorne (2002) ‘“Awake remembrance of these valiant dead”: Henry V and the Politics of the English History Play’, Shakespeare Studies 30, 162–89; Thorne adopts a slightly different perspective on the play’s ambivalence towards collective national identity by showing that it also encourages criticism of the imaginary versions of the nation that it articulates (p. 172). Philip Schwyzer (2004), in Literature, Nationalism, and Memory in Early Modern England and Wales (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), investigates how national identity and consciousness in Tudor England was ‘largely “British” rather than narrowly “English” in its content and character’ (p. 3). I argue for the inclusion of a wider range of nation- identifying markers that speak for the addition of other European nations in this larger view of imagined community.

53. John Webster (1960) The White Devil, in John Russell Brown (ed.) The White Devil (London: Methuen), p. 103.

54. James Shirley (1966) The Maid’s Revenge, in Alexander Dyce (ed.) The Dramatic Works and Poems of James Shirley, 2nd edn, Vol. 1 (New York: Russell and Russell), p. 114.

55. The fact that Lazarillo de Tormes was a popular Spanish picaresque novella by Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, which circulated throughout Europe and was translated into English in 1586 (STC 15336) and produced in another edition in 1596 (STC 15337) by David Rouland of Anglesey, is significant because it also contributed to the generation of the opinion among Elizabethan Londoners that Spaniards were lecherous and proud.

56. Thomas Middleton (1885) Blurt, Master- Constable or The Spaniards Night- Walke, in A.H. Bullen (ed.) The Works of Thomas Middleton, Vol. 1 (London: John C. Nimmo), 1.2.143–54. Blurt, Master- Constable was printed anony-mously in 1602 and it was attributed to Thomas Middleton in his 1661 playlist; therefore, Dyce and Bullen included the play in their edition of Middleton. However, in 1926, Oliphant suggested Thomas Dekker as the possible author. For a full discussion of the play’s authorship attribution see Samuel Schoenbaum (1960) ‘Blurt Master Constable: A Possible Authorship Clue’, Renaissance News 13(1), 7–9.

57. Griffin, p. 197.58. The play’s source is the Spanish novel Gerardo, the Unfortunate Spaniard by

Gonzalo de Céspedes y Meneses, translated by Leonard Digges earlier in 1622.59. Thomas Middleton (1885) The Spanish Gipsie, in A.H. Bullen (ed.) The Works

of Thomas Middleton, Vol. 6 (London: John C. Nimmo), pp. 117–230.60. John Fletcher (1905) The Spanish Curate, in R.B. McKerrow (ed.) The Works of

Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, Variorum Edition, Vol. 2 (London: George Bell and Sons), pp. 121–228.

61. See Frances Yates (1936) A Study of Love’s Labour’s Lost (London: Cambridge University Press); Yates quotes Martin Hume, who identifies Don Armado

Notes 199

with Antonio Perez, an eccentric Spaniard who amused Essex and his friends considerably and whose letters were certainly much in Armado’s vein (p. 13). Regardless of the wish to identify one character with a real historical person-age, the cultural preconceptions of the English about the Spaniards take precedence over such historical realities in the construction of the character.

62. Robert Greene (1964) The Historie of Orlando Furioso, in Alexander B. Grosart (ed.) The Life and Complete Works in Prose and Verse of Robert Greene, Vol. 13 (New York: Russell & Russell), pp. 120–1.

63. See Ronald A. Tumelson II (2008) ‘Robert Greene, “Author of Playes”’, in Kirk Melinkoff and Edward Gieskes (eds) Writing Robert Greene: Essays on England’s First Notorious Professional Writer (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 95–114; Tumelson observes that the first edition of Greene’s Orlando Furioso (1594) states on its title page that its text is as it was played before Queen Elizabeth (p. 100). This might explain the reference to the English victory over the Spanish Armada, but the geographical allusions to Spanish territories are part of a more dynamic technique of visualizing vast spaces through the enumeration of many distant countries, which offers the occasion for a dialogical display of national difference.

64. In Ariosto, Marsilius, Rodamant, and Mandricart are respectively kings of Spain, of Sarza and Algiers, and of Tartary; in the play they figure as Emperor of Africa and kings of Cuba and Mexico. This change is operated by Greene and does not exist in Ariosto.

65. See David Riggs (1989) Ben Jonson: A Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), p. 171; Riggs notes that Ben Jonson situates the master’s abandoned house where the criminal syndicate are developing their scam on the exact site occupied by the Blackfriars Theatre, so that attentive spectators could see that their situation was not just analogous but identical to that of their onstage counterparts.

66. Ben Jonson (1989) The Alchemist, in Martin Butler (ed.) The Selected Plays of Ben Jonson, Vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 291–4.

67. The pavan or pavin, was a stately dance in duple time, possibly derived from the Latin (and Spanish) pavo, a peacock. The stately pose during the dance was assimilated to the Spanish pompous manner and gait.

68. See Rebecca Ann Bach (2010) ‘Foreign Travel and Exploration’, in Julie Sanders (ed.) Ben Jonson in Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 263–70; Bach observes that, in The New Inn, ‘Jonson imagines exotic otherness brought home and made English’ (p. 263).

69. Ben Jonson (1989) The New Inn, in Martin Butler (ed.) The Selected Plays of Ben Jonson, Vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 377–8.

70. Martin Butler, ed. (1989) ‘Introductory Note: The New Inn’, in Butler, pp. 299–302, 301.

71. Bach, p. 263. See also Karen Newman (1989) ‘City Talk: Women and Commodification in Jonson’s Epicoene’, English Literary History 56, 503–18; Barbara Fuchs (2002) ‘Jonson’s Commendatory Poetry and the Translation of Empire’, Modern Philology 99, 341–56; and Jonathan Gil Harris (2001) ‘“I Am Sailing to My Port, Uh! Uh! Uh! Uh!”: The Pathologies of Transmigration in Volpone’, Literature and Medicine 20, 109–32.

72. Ben Jonson (1995) Bartholomew Fair, in Gordon Campbell (ed.) The Alchemist and Other Plays (Oxford: Oxford University Press), Induction, pp. 15–18.

200 Notes

73. John Marston (1887) The Malcontent, in A.H. Bullen (ed.) The Works of John Marston, Vol. 1 (London: John C. Nimo), Induction, pp. 64–5, 202.

74. See Julia Gasper (1990) The Dragon and the Dove: The Plays of Thomas Dekker (Oxford: Clarendon Press), pp. 44–61; Gasper makes the point that the parallel between the Wyatt and Essex rebellions places this play in a longer- term historical context, playing on the dilemma between the demands of sovereign authority and the demands of religion, which were the dilemmas of the Reformation era.

75. Thomas Dekker (1962) Sir Thomas Wyatt, in Fredson Bowers (ed.) The Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker, 2nd edn, Vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 432.

76. Thomas Dekker (1962) Old Fortunatus, in Bowers, p. 115.

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213

Index

Abbot, George, 15, 19, 50, 81, 92, 106–7, 133, 143, 184n16, 196n39

Africa, 23, 25, 27, 30, 31, 34, 46, 47, 85, 142, 159

Agas, Radulph, 26Agathius, Saint, 53Agricola, Rodolphus, 82Alday, John, 17. See also Changy,

Pierre de; Pliny the ElderAlexander the Great, 21Almania, 78, 79. See also GermanyAmerica, 17, 23, 34, 85, 142Amsterdam, 114, 123, 131, 190n19Anabaptist, 84Andalucía, 167Anglicus, Bartolomeus, 44, 78. See also

Batman, StephenAnne, Queen of Great Britain, 24Antoniszoon, Cornelis, 113, 190n19Antwerp, 51, 55, 102, 106, 108–9, 112,

117–22, 131, 180n50, 184n7, 185n27, 189n7, 192n39. See also Brabant

Apollonius of Tyana, 25Appian of Alexandria, 147Arabia, 142Aragon, 91, 143, 157, 158, 166Arias Montanus, Benedictus, 142Aristotle, 16, 28, 146, 174n53, 195n26Armada, 27, 28, 64, 107, 147, 156,

159–60, 162, 199n63Asia, 23, 31, 34Aston, Edward, 31. See also Boemus,

Johannesastronomy, 8, 18, 20, 23, 27, 28, 47,

79, 145. See also cosmographyAugustine, 148, 174n53Austria, 41, 185n37Aventinus, Johannes, 50. See also

Abbot, GeorgeAvity, Pierre, 19, 37–8, 52–3, 68, 115,

126, 146, 148, 177n85. See also Grimestone, Edward; Howard, Sir Thomas

Barbary, 66, 118, 132, 192n48Barnardus, Scholasticus, 26Barret, Robert, 146, 149–50Basel, 99, 111Batman, Stephen, 44, 78, 184n5. See

also Anglicus, BartolomeusBavaria, 82, 84, 90, 99, 185n36Belgium, 23, 41, 85, 105, 112,

114, 142Belleforest, François de, 46, 178n4Biddulph, William, 25–6, 173n37Bierne, 46Blundeville, Thomas, 16, 19, 26–7, 48,

57, 80, 94, 141, 180n33, 196n39. See also Plancius, Petrus

Bodin, Jean, 56, 178n5, 181n57Boemus, Johannes, 31, 175n60.

See also Aston, Edward; Lerius,John

Bohemia, 41, 88, 186n46, 188n67Botero, Giovanni, 19, 34, 49–50, 85,

92, 93, 107–8, 112, 142, 175n69. See also Johnson, Robert

Bourne, William, 26bourse/exchange, 106, 112, 117–18,

119, 120, 122, 123, 129, 130Brabant, 106, 109, 119–21. See also

AntwerpBraun, Georg, 91. See also Hogenberg,

FranzBrazil, 5, 35British Isles, 51, 159

Cabot, Sebastian, 15, 144, 145Caesar, Julius, 33, 45, 50, 53, 57, 58,

65, 112, 115, 125. See also Golding, Arthur

Camden, William, 57Canada, 35, 36, 176n77Caroline, 67, 127, 154. See also

Charles ICartier, Jacques, 35, 176n77. See also

Florio, John

214 Index

cartography, 3, 5, 6–14, 16, 20, 24, 27, 32, 47, 48, 59, 65–6, 79, 84, 91, 100, 105, 107, 113, 128, 132, 139, 140, 151, 168

Castalia, 88Castile, 143, 167, 196n39. See also

CastilianCastilian, 88. See also CastileCathay, 15, 34, 88, 184n5. See also

ChinaCatholic, 36, 49, 50, 73, 108, 123,

138, 148–9, 162, 165, 185n25, 192n47

Cavendish, Thomas, 7, 170n16Cecil, Sir Robert, 17Cecil, Sir William, 18Changy, Pierre de, 17. See also Alday,

John; Pliny the ElderCharlemagne, 86, 185n35Charles I, 67, 162. See also CarolineCharles V, Emperor, 53, 81, 86China, 73, 85, 142, 174n47. See also

Cathaychorography, 5, 20, 22–3, 36, 71, 100,

108, 111. See also geographyChurche, Rooke, 49. See also Fumée,

MartinCicero, Marcus Tullius, 19, 121,

176n80Claudian, 24cliché, 10, 11, 65, 73, 76, 86–8, 91,

97, 140, 149, 153–4, 157, 161, 165–6. See also stereotype

Coignet, Matthieu, 36, 53–5, 146–8, 176n80. See also Hoby, Edward

Coignet, Michel, 176n80Colmar, 99Cologne, 91, 96, 184n7, 184n18,

186n41. See also KölnColumbus, Christopher, 8, 196n39Comenius, John Amos, 57, 58Congo, 30, 151, 174n56, 197n45Constantinople, 25, 85, 118 Corte- Real, João Vaz, 15Cortés, Martín, 28–9, 113. See also

Eden, Richardcosmography, 20–2, 26, 28–32, 35–6,

45, 48, 58, 82, 84, 91, 127, 141, 145–6, 168. See also astronomy

Cuningham, William, 19, 20–1, 23, 45, 79, 106, 141

Cusco, 17Cyclades, 17Cyclops, 17Cynocephali, 17Cyuile and Vncyuile Life, 7

Dacia, 19, 172n19Daedalus, 20Dalburgius, Johannes, 82Dallington, Sir Robert, 41, 178n5Dane, 15, 67, 86, 93, 95, 116, 119,

133–6, 153. See also Danish; Denmark

Danett, Thomas, 111. See also Guicciardini, Lodovico

Danish, 66, 106, 117, 134–7, 192n45. See also Dane; Denmark

Danseker, Zymen, 124, 192n48Dansk, 114Daunce, Edward, 147Dauphine, 46, 100Day, John, 43Dedekind, Friedrich, 96Dekker, Thomas: Blurt, Master

Constable, 155; The Gull’s Hornbook, 96; The Honest Whore, Part 2, 124–6; If This Be Not a Good Play, The Devil Is In It, 122–4; Old Fortunatus, 8, 166–8; Sir Thomas Wyatt, 164–5. Westward Ho, 72, 101–3. See also Middleton, Thomas; Webster, John

Denmark, 4, 11, 17, 41, 93, 105, 114, 117, 133–6, 193n58. See also Dane; Danish

Dier, Edward, 27, 29. See also Escalante, Bernardino; Frampton, John; Medina, Pedro

Digges, Leonard, 26, 198n58Diodorus Siculus, 52, 147, 174n53Dion of Prusa, 33Douay, 121, 122Drake, Sir Francis, 28, 144Du Bartas, Guillame de Salluste, 57Dudley, Sir Robert, 20, 48. See also

Cuningham, William; Blundeville, Thomas

Index 215

Dutch: language, 93, 103, 124, 130, 188n59; people, 6, 27, 33, 43, 47, 61, 67, 70, 79, 84, 85, 91, 92, 96, 97, 103, 106, 108–10, 112–19, 123–37, 141, 142, 143, 163, 168, 174n45, 189n7, 190n19, 191n30, 192n48. See also Holland; Low Countries; Netherlands

East Indies, 16, 27, 28, 33, 107, 108, 128, 174n53

Eden, Richard, 28, 31, 147. See also Cortés, Martín; Münster, Sebastian

Egypt, 46, 159Eliot, John, 41, 45–6Elizabeth I, 14, 15, 48, 49, 103, 111,

113, 118–19, 143, 147, 152, 164, 166. See also Elizabethan; Tudor

Elizabethan: audience, 10, 77; drama, 41, 43, 64, 67, 76, 104, 116, 117, 119, 124, 139, 159, 168; geography, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 14, 15, 21, 23, 28–30, 32, 35, 38, 45, 47, 50, 115, 146, 151, 156–8; London, 121–2, 152; politics, 11–12, 27, 42, 90, 107, 138–40, 144; readers, 44, 49, 78, 80, 83, 84, 111; translations, 17, 18, 28, 31, 36, 37, 44, 77, 145, 147; travel, 7, 113, 144. See also Elizabeth I; Tudor

Erfurt, 82Escalante, Bernardino, 27, 174n47ethnography, 2, 4–6, 9, 10, 12, 15–17,

21, 35, 37, 40–8, 51–7, 60–88, 90–8, 106–8, 111, 115–16, 120, 124–7, 131–7, 139–42, 149, 155–8, 168

Europe, 6, 7, 11, 13, 14–15, 17, 20, 27, 28, 30–8, 49, 54, 60, 64; Christian, 49, 55, 91; and drama, 65, 67; Eastern, 19, 87, 93; and fashion, 68, 96; and geography, 66, 69, 77–80, 91, 115; northern, 11, 113; and politics, 64, 107; and trade, 105, 112, 114, 117, 162; universities of, 81–4; and war, 85; Western, 2–3, 4, 6, 8–9, 10, 12, 22–3, 34, 37, 40–7, 50–8, 61, 64, 70–6, 87, 90–122, 126, 129, 132–68

Faustus, 10, 86, 89, 98, 99, 186n40Field, Nathan: The Knight of Malta,

134. See also Fletcher, John; Massinger, Philip

Flanders, 109, 111, 185n37. See also Flemish

Flemish, 32, 46, 87, 107, 110, 114, 115, 150, 171n9, 191n30. See also Flanders

Fletcher, John: The Custom of the Country, 135–6; The Fair Maid at the Inn, 98–100; The Knight of Malta, 134; The Spanish Curate, 155–6. See also Field, Nathan; Massinger Philip

Florence, 17, 36, 46, 54, 61, 69, 92, 95, 99, 112, 163, 164, 190n16. See also Florentine

Florentine, 36, 54, 61, 69, 92, 95, 99. See also Florence

Florio, John, 35–6, 176n77. See also Cartier, Jacques

Ford, John: Love’s Sacrifice, 67–8; The Lady’s Trial, 68

Frampton, John, 27, 29, 144. See also Escalante, Bernardino; Medina, Pedro

France, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 15, 16, 23, 35, 36, 40–75, 85, 93, 103, 107, 108, 109, 118, 128, 129, 133, 140, 148, 151, 152, 154, 155, 166, 175n69, 176n73, 176n76, 177n3, 178n5, 178n7, 180n50, 182n76, 189n7, 192n47. See also French; Frenchman; Frenchwoman

Frankfurt, 118, 190n16French: language, 60, 62, 66, 70,

118, 143, 146, 171n11, 175n63, 182n77, 186n46; people, 6, 9, 15, 17, 22, 33, 35, 36, 38, 41–75, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 97, 103, 115, 116, 119, 123, 127, 129, 130, 132, 141, 147–50, 152, 155, 156, 163, 166, 168, 176n80, 177n85, 178n5, 180n34, 181n57. See also France; Frenchman; Frenchwoman

Frenchman, 51, 53, 56, 61, 63–4, 65, 91–2, 126, 130–1, 135, 136, 178n5. See also France; French; Frenchwoman

216 Index

Frenchwoman, 131, 178n7, 178n9. See also France; French; Frenchman

Frobisher, Martin, 8, 28Froissart, Jean, 147Fumée, Martin, 49. See also Churche,

Rooke

Gallia, 20, 50, 65. See also GaulGalvaõ, Antonio, 29–30, 145, 174n53.

See also Hakluyt, RichardGascoigne, George: The Glasse of

Government, 119, 121–2Gaul: country, 112, 185n25; people,

45, 52, 65. See also Galliageography: and the body, 62,

65–6, 91, 100, 125, 127–8; and cartography, 1, 3, 6, 8, 13, 14, 24, 32, 48, 65, 91–2, 104, 113, 132; and chorography, 22, 23, 36; and the city, 69, 71, 101; classical, 15–18, 110, 141; and cosmography, 2, 18, 58; and Denmark, 134–6; early modern, 3–5, 7–14, 20–1, 29–37, 48, 76, 106, 116, 143–7, 156; and education, 16–17, 34–5, 38; and ethnography, 94, 155; and France, 9, 41–74; and genre, 11; and Germany, 76–102; and history, 13, 16, 23, 48, 73, 76; and language, 93; and the Low Countries, 104–30; and navigation, 45, 113–14, 132; and politics, 8, 11, 15, 22, 26, 33, 34, 80, 107; and space, 14, 91, 166; and Spain, 138–63; and theatre, 2, 5, 8, 12, 38–9, 41, 59, 72, 105, 140, 152, 164; and topography, 3; and trade, 104–5, 122, 132, 161; and travel, 3, 7, 12, 21, 24, 27–32, 36, 71, 139; utility of, 21

geometry, 3, 7–8, 26, 57, 83, 127, 168German: language, 22, 94, 188n59;

people, 3, 4, 10, 31, 53, 54, 61, 76–104, 133–4, 146, 156, 166, 168, 187n48, 187n50, 187n53, 187n54. See also Almania; Germania; Germany

Germania, 20, 78, 81, 83, 185n25. See also Almania; German; Germany

Germany, 16, 23, 24, 41, 46, 48, 58, 77–86, 92–3, 98, 99, 102, 109, 112, 152, 177n85, 184n11, 184n27,

185n20, 186n41, 188n59, 190n16, 192n45. See also Almania; German; Germania

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 15, 170n6Girard, Bernard de, 57Goes, Damião de, 31Golding, Arthur, 17, 18, 65, 141.

See also Caesar, Caius Julius; Mela, Pomponius; Solinus, Caius Julius

Granada, 143, 146, 196n39Greece, 46. See also GreekGreek: language, 19, 21, 118, 147,

171n15, 177n85; mythology, 17, 24, 88, 131, 149–50; people, 21, 25, 34. See also Greece

Greene, Robert: Alphonsus King of Arragon, 155; The Historie of Orlando Furioso, 159

Gresham, Sir Thomas, 22, 117–19Grimstone, Edward, 52, 148, 196n39.

See also Avity, Pierre; Howard, Sir Thomas

Guevara, Antonio de, 147Guicciardini, Francesco, 57, 83, 111,

126, 178n5, 196n39Guicciardini, Lodovico, 111–12,

185n27. See also Danett, ThomasGutenberg, Johannes, 82

Habsburg, 61, 88, 107, 109, 185n37Hacket, Thomas, 35. See also Thevet,

AndréHakluyt, Richard, 29–30, 145, 172n21,

194n4, 197n44. See also Galvaõ, Antonio

Hamburg, 102, 189n75, 189n76Hanse, 10, 81, 102, 103, 114, 131,

184n18, 187n49Hartwell, Abraham, 30, 151. See also

López, Duarte; Pigafetta, FilippoHaughton, William: Englishmen for My

Money, 129–33Heidelberg, 79, 82, 184n7Herodotus, 18, 171n15, 174n53Heylyn, Peter, 19, 23–4, 57, 67, 96,

99, 102, 126, 149, 172n29Heywood, Thomas: The English

Traveller, 1, 169, 182n; If you Know not Me, You Know Nobody, 118, 191n

Index 217

Hill, Thomas, 146Hoby, Edward, 36, 53, 147, 176n80.

See also Coignet, MatthieuHolland, 93, 95, 105, 107, 108, 109,

110–15, 123–4, 128–9. See also Dutch; Low Countries; Netherlands

Holland, Philemon, 4, 17, 78, 171n11. See also Pliny the Elder

Holinshed, Raphael, 57Holy Roman Empire, 77, 79, 80, 81,

86, 88, 90, 158, 185n35, 185n37, 185n37, 186n38, 186n39

Hogenberg, Franz, 91. See also Braun, Georg

Homer, 21, 195n26Howard, Charles, 113. See also

Antoniszoon, Cornelis; Norman, Robert

Howard, Sir Thomas, 37. See also Avity, Pierre; Grimestone, Edward

Howard, William, 57. See also Peacham, Henry

Hudson, Henry, 7, 170n16Huguenot, 44, 178n9Hungarian, 87, 186n43. See also

HungaryHungary, 49, 85. See also HungarianHull, 17

Iceland, 85India, 17, 142Indians, 35, 104, 148Ingolstadt, 82Italian: language, 22, 24, 30, 49, 93,

97, 111, 116, 118, 130, 147, 154, 176n77, 180n36, 184n11, 191n30; people, 6, 43, 47, 48, 52, 54, 56, 67, 68–72, 88, 92, 100–3, 107, 112, 119, 122, 127, 129–32, 141, 142, 150, 153, 156, 158, 175n69, 182n77. See also Italy

Italy, 4, 23, 33, 36, 40, 41, 46, 48, 50, 57, 58, 61, 67, 68, 70, 72, 79, 85, 93, 111, 129, 132, 141, 152, 154, 158, 177n85, 178n5, 185n37, 189n7, 190n16. See also Italian

Jacobean: audience, 10, 76; court, 135; drama, 11, 41, 67, 69, 76,

96, 104, 118, 127, 140, 155, 159, 160, 161, 164, 168; geography, 4, 6, 9, 14, 15, 23, 29, 31, 32, 38, 50, 84, 115, 151; London, 100, 116, 152; politics, 42, 138–9, 144; translations, 37; travel, 7, 74. See also James I and VI

James I and VI, 67, 103, 108, 123, 133, 155, 180n50, 192n44, 193n58. See also Jacobean

Jerome, Saint, 25Jerusalem, 1, 25Johnson, Robert, 49, 85, 175n69. See

also Botero, GiovanniJonson, Ben, 20; The Alchemist, 99,

128–9, 160–1, 162; Bartholomew Fair, 162–3; Epicoene, 100; Every Man Out of His Humour, 96–8; The New Inn, 161–2; Volpone, 72–4

Josephus, Titus Flavius, 147

Kelly, Edward, 99, 188n67. See also Bohemia

Köln, 81

A Larum for London, 119–21Latin, 4, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27,

32, 44, 47, 65, 77, 78, 83, 85, 86, 96, 103, 114, 118, 130, 141, 143, 147, 157, 171n11, 171n15, 171n17, 175n63, 178n10, 179n31, 184n11, 185n25, 195n22, 199n67

Lavender, Theophilus, 25, 173n37. See also Biddulph, William

Leipzig, 82León, 143, 196n39Lerius, John, 31. See also Boemus,

JohannesLewkenor, Lewis, 144Lewkenor, Samuel, 81–3, 94Linschoten, Jan Huyghen van, 33. See

also Philip, WilliamLipsius, Justus, 19, 32, 46–7. See also

Stradling, JohnLivius, Titus, 53, 176n80. See

also LivyLivy, 33. See also Livius, TitusLópez, Duarte, 30, 174n56. See also

Hartwell, Abraham

218 Index

Low Countries, 3, 4, 11, 40, 41, 55, 105–33, 143. See also Dutch; Holland; Netherlands

Lübeck, 114, 184n18, 189n75Lucan, 110, 142Luther, Martin, 82, 84. See also LutheranLutheran, 86, 193n58. See also Luther,

Martin

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 68, 72, 73, 102, 107, 164, 175n69

Magellan, Ferdinand, 8, 47Mainz, 82Marlowe, Christopher, 6, 60, 192n40;

Massacre at Paris, 43, 44, 59Marston, John: The Malcontent, 135,

163–4Martial, 110, 142, 196n39Martyr, Peter, 148Massinger, Philip: The Custom of the

Country, 135–6; The Fair Maid at the Inn, 98–100; The Knight of Malta, 134. See also Field, Nathan; Fletcher, John

Mecca, 17Medina, Pedro de, 29, 113, 144–5Mela, Pomponius, 17, 18, 20, 45,

77–8, 141, 171n17, 174n53. See also Golding, Arthur

Melanchton, Philip, 82Mercator, Gerardus, 26, 196n39Merula, Georgius, 57Messina, 61Mexico, 17, 47, 159, 199n64Middleton, Thomas: Blurt, Master

Constable, 155. A Mad World, My Masters, 71; The Spanish Gipsy, 155–6. See also Dekker, Thomas

Milan, 54, 112, 124–6, 142, 148, 158, 175n69, 187n50, 190n16

Moldavia, 19, 172n19Montaigne, Michel de, 57Moor, 43, 104, 138, 156, 195n26,

196n39Moryson, Fynes, 19, 24, 56, 98–9,

102, 116, 133, 135, 181n57Münster, Sebastian, 31, 57, 81, 82, 84,

146–7. See also Eden, RichardMuscovy, 34, 43, 93, 184n5. See also

Russia; Russian

Naples, 112, 122, 142, 158, 192n44Nashe, Thomas, 153Navarre, 45, 143, 182n76, 196n39navigation, 1, 2, 3, 5, 12, 15, 18,

20, 27–34, 45, 50, 56, 107, 112, 113–14, 117, 123, 128, 132, 140–2, 144–6, 152, 159, 172n21, 194n6, 195n10

Netherlands, 37, 105, 107, 108, 117, 123, 124, 180n50, 192n39. See also Dutch; Holland; Low Countries

New France, 36, 176n77New World, 5, 34, 35, 48, 140, 145,

148, 159, 194n6, 197n44Nicolaus of Damascus, 31Nicolay, Nicolas de, 19, 37. See

also Stell, John; Washington the Younger

Normandy, 66Nouë, François de la, 58

Ortelius, Abraham, 13, 15, 19, 32, 51, 57, 83–4, 94, 109–11, 114, 119–20, 133, 143

Osorius, Joannes, 142Ottoman, 49, 80. See also Turkey; TurkOverbury, Sir Thomas, 55–6, 180n50Ovid, 19, 24, 28, 33

Paracelsus, 10, 99Paradin, Claude, 57Paris, 44, 45, 46, 50, 52, 177n85,

189n50, 190n16Peacham, Henry, 57–8, 67. See also

Howard, WilliamPeele, George: Battle of Alcazar, 155Periegetes, Dionysius, 19, 33. See also

Twyne, ThomasPersia, 142Persius, Aulus 25Peru, 47Philip, William, 33. See also

Linschoten, Jan Huyghen vanPhiston, William, 80, 92, 93, 184n11Pigafetta, Filippo, 30. See also

Hartwell, Abraham; López, DuartePizarro, Francisco, 130Plancius, Petrus, 27, 47–8, 79–80,

141–2, 174n45, 178n4. See also Blundeville, Thomas

Index 219

Plato, 24, 25, 121, 148, 174n53, 176n80Plinius Secundus, Caius, 20. See also

Pliny the ElderPliny the Elder, 4, 16–17, 28, 33, 45, 78,

171n11, 174n53, 176n80, 196n26. See also Alday, John; Changy, Pierre de; Holland, Philemon; Plinius Secundus, Caius

Polonia, 17Polybius, 33Portugal, 15, 35, 36, 118, 154,

174n54. See also PortuguesePortuguese, 12, 15, 26, 29, 30, 33, 34,

113, 114, 129, 131, 133, 140, 144, 145, 147, 151, 174n53, 174n54, 174n56, 197n44, 197n45. See also Portugal

Protestant, 33, 84, 105–6, 111, 122, 128, 165, 182n76, 191n31, 192n47

Ptolemy, Claudius, 16, 18, 21–2, 23, 28, 45, 146, 147

Puteanus, Erycius, 26Pythagoras, 25

Quintilian, 142

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 6, 7, 57, 169n2, 170n16, 194n4

Ramusio, Giovanni Battista, 36, 176n77Reformation, 84, 86, 200n74Rhenanus, Beatus, 53Rome, 1, 46, 53, 81, 112, 118,

182n76, 190n16Rostock, 82Rotterdam, 110, 123Rouen, 46, 190n16Rowlands, Richard, 22, 109, 189n7.

See also Verstegan, RichardRoyal Exchange, London, 22, 117,

118, 119, 130, 131, 191n32, 191n34, 191n35

Ruscelli, Geronimo, 147Russia, 85. See also Muscovy; RussianRussian: language, 93; people, 94,

104, 118, 188n56. See also Muscovy; Russia

Sacro Bosco, Johannes, 28Salvianus, 82, 83, 185n25Salzburg, 99

Sandys, George, 19, 24, 58, 96Satyr, 17Saxon, 10, 78, 79, 82, 84, 86, 134,

192n45. See also SaxonySaxony, 84, 90, 166. See also SaxonSaxton, Christopher, 32Scaliger, Joseph Justus, 31Scolvus, John, 15Seneca, 142Seville, 27, 28, 190n16Shakespeare, William, 20, 32, 39,

41–4, 58–65, 68, 72, 73–5, 86–95, 139, 152–8, 166–8; All’s Well That Ends Well, 61, 63, 87, 92–3; Cymbeline, 96; Hamlet, 66, 73, 86, 134; Henry IV, Part 2, 153; Henry V, 8, 59, 61, 86, 153–4, 166, 185n35, 186n39; Henry VI, Part 1, 59, 86, 186n38; Henry VIII, 86, 185n37; Love’s Labour’s Lost, 43, 61, 64, 87, 93–4, 156; Measure for Measure, 63, 125; The Merchant of Venice, 72, 87, 90, 129, 158, 166; The Merry Wives of Windsor, 61, 65, 87–9, 94, 101, 129; A Midsummer Night’s Dream, 62; Much Ado about Nothing, 61, 87, 91–2, 157; Othello, 68, 95, 155; Pericles, 63–4, 91, 158; The Taming of the Shrew, 157–8; The Tempest, 6, 31

Sharpham, Edward: The Fleire, 69–71Shirley, James: The Maid’s Revenge,

154–5; The Witty Fair One, 127Sidney, Sir Henry, 35, 37. See also

Hacket, Thomas; Nicolay, Nicolas de; Thevet, André; Stell, John

Solinus, Caius Julius, 16, 17, 20, 45, 141, 171n17, 195n26. See also Golding, Arthur

Spain, 3, 4, 11, 12, 15, 23, 29, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 46, 48, 54, 55, 58, 61, 64, 74, 79, 85, 97, 107–8, 111, 119, 128, 132, 138–65, 174n47, 174n54, 180n51, 185n37, 190n16, 194n2, 194n6, 194n8, 195n26, 196n39, 199n64. See also Spaniard; Spanish

Spaniard, 6, 28, 30, 47, 52, 56, 61, 64, 67, 91, 92, 107, 116, 119, 120, 126, 140, 142, 146, 147–67, 192n39, 197n44, 198n55. See also Spain; Spanish

220 Index

Spanish: language, 88, 93, 118, 157, 161, 167, 196n39; people, 11–12, 26–9, 34, 55, 64, 67–8, 70, 91–2, 94, 95–6, 100, 107, 113, 114, 119–20, 130, 132, 139–68, 174n53, 187n50, 188n56, 192n41, 194n2, 194n4, 194n6, 198n55, 199n67. See also Spain; Spaniard

Speed, John, 57Spenser, Edmund, 6Stafford, Robert, 19, 23, 51, 57, 85–6,

94, 114, 146, 150, 172n27, 196n39Stell, John, 37. See also Nicolay,

Nicolas de; Sidney, Sir Henry; Washington the Younger

stereotype, 4, 9, 10, 40–5, 49, 53, 58–9, 66–7, 74, 77, 85–9, 96, 98, 104, 106, 109–17, 124–5, 127, 129, 131, 135, 136, 152–7, 164. See also cliché

Stoade, 102, 131, 189n75, 189n76Strabo, 5, 16, 20, 45, 52, 82, 112, 141,

174n53, 196n39Stradling, John, 32, 46–7. See also

Lipsius, JustusStrasbourg, 111, 184n7Surius, Laurentius, 81, 184n18Sweden, 41, 114

Tacitus, Publius Cornelius, 33, 53, 80Thevet, André, 5, 35, 176n73,

176n76. See also Hacket, ThomasThorie, John, 15, 16, 171n9Thuringia, 78, 82topographyTorquemada, Antonio, 144, 195n26Transylvania, 19, 64, 85, 91, 172n19travel: accounts, 1, 3, 9, 14, 48, 99,

105, 145; of discovery, 27, 29–30, 35, 197n44; and imperialism, 34, 38, 151, 162; inconvenience of, 21, 43; and knowledge, 1–3, 15, 18–19, 24, 26, 32–4, 37–40, 98, 127; and navigation, 2, 12, 113, 144; publication of, 24–5, 40, 172n21, 173n37, 178n5; and theatre, 2, 8, 9, 12, 58, 60, 69–77, 96–104, 118, 122–6, 138–40, 153–68; and trade,

21; and translation, 30–1, 35–7, 113–14, 184n11, 194n4, 195n26; writers, 5–8, 19–20, 22, 27, 80, 177n1. See also geography; travellers

travellers, 8, 16, 18, 21, 25, 29, 33–5, 38, 42, 49, 55, 108–9, 113, 154, 169n12, 170n6, 171n17, 174n47, 174n53, 177n85, 180n50, 181n57, 183n88, 184n7, 187n47, 189n7; utility of, 21, 24, 25–7, 37, 48, 57, 67–8, 116; Trier, 82–3, 185n25. See also geography; travel

Tudor, 2, 42, 103, 184n7, 198n52. See also Elizabeth I; Elizabethan

Turkey, 85, 112, 132, 184n5, 187n50. See also Ottoman; Turk

Turk, 34, 43, 49, 80, 85, 87, 142, 166, 186n44. See also Ottoman; Turkey

Twyne, Thomas, 19. See also Periegetes, Dionysius

Ulysses, 21

Venice, 11, 72, 122, 118, 155, 167, 176n77, 190n16

Verstegan, Richard, 22, 108, 109, 189n7. See also Rowlands, Richard

Vespucci, Amerigo, 8Vienna, 11Virdungus, Johannes, 82Virgil, 28, 33Vives, Ioannes Lodovicus, 142

Wales, 32, 65, 70Wallachia, 19, 172n19Washington the Younger, T., 37. See

also Nicolay, Nicolas de; Stell, JohnWebster, John: Westward Ho, 72,

101–3. Sir Thomas Wyatt, 164; The White Devil, 154. See also Dekker, Thomas

West Indies, 16, 27, 147–8, 192n41Wittenberg, 82, 86, 99Worsop, Edward, 26Würtzburg, 82

Zealand, 109Zurich, 111