C HAP T IV

NON - SIMPLE SFNTFNCl!S

171

NON-SIMPLE SFNTENCES

4.1. A. COORDINATION,

A coordinate sentenoe is a construotion

oonsisting of two or more members whiob are

equivalent in grammatioal funotion, and bound

together at the same level of struotural heirarchy

by a conjunotive. aoh basic sentenoe in M as well

as in T may be oonsidered as consisting of a

nounphrase (NP) followed by a verb phrase (vp).

NP-coordination and VP coordination are possible in

both the languages. Conju ctive free forms like

'and' is absent in M and T. However, a oonjunctive

free from mari~ is attested for rare usage in

written Telugu. In M and T the conjunctives are

bound forms suffixed successively to all the units

that are to be coordinated. Coordination is of two

typesa(1) correlati¥e or conjoining (ii) non-

correlative or disjoining. The forms arel-

Coordination M T

_... .1 • Oorrelative -urn optional

lengthening 'and'of the word-final vowel.

2. Non-correlative -00 -00 'or'

M-

(1) liila-y-umLeela-oonj

raadha-y-um pooyiRadha -conj went

T- liila(a) raadha(a) vellaaruLeela(conj) Radba(conj ···went

(Leela and Radha. went)

5(1) is a coordination of 8s(2) and (3).

(2) M- li1la pooyiLeela went

T- liila vellindi••

Leela went

(Leela went)

(3 ) M- raadha pooyiRadha went

T_ raadha vellindi••

Radha went

(Radha went)

One of the devices of conjoining the predicate verbals

in two sent nee in M with identical subjects, is the

deletion of th subject in (one of the ntence8( the

second ntence and the addition of -uka + -um with

acb of the verbal bases. A 'do-verb' cey also occurs

obligatorily after th coordinated verbal predicate.

173

M- rema paattu keelk ·.-uka-yum• • •

Rema sons bear conj

aahaaram kaliykkukay-um ceytufood finish conj did

(Bema hard the music as well as ate her food/Hearing the music Rema had her food)

In T the proce 8 is different. The coordinated

VP (similar to the ~ coordinated VP in M) is not

available in T. oorresponding to the sentences of the

type (4) M. Telugu language employs participial

constructions.

Eg.(4)/

T- rama paata vintuu.. ..Rema song hear-conte

bhoojanam ceesindifood did

(Rema ate her food, hearing the music)

s(4) is a coordination of sentenees(S) aDd (6).

(, ) M- rema paattu keettu•• • •

Rema ODS heard

T- rema paata vindi•

nema BonB heard

(Rema heard the song)

171·1(6) M- rema aahaaram kaliccu-

Rema food finished

-T- rema bhoojanam ceesindiRema food did

(Rema ate ber food)

The correspondences can be represented aSI-

I ICoordination M T I

NP -urn ( vowel I ' and'l.ength)

VP vb1+uka+um const. 'and'+vb2+uka+um not-----+cey- available

.

G nerally subject conjunction is effected when

two sentences have identical VP. But there are instances

where the verb is repeated with the coordinative in order

to emphasize th point. Consider the following sentences.

-M- ayaalurn c yyilla, naa~um ceyyilla•

he -and do -not I -and do-not

T_ atanuu ceeyadu neenuu ceeyanu•

he-and do-not I-and do-not

(Neithe~ he will do it, nor will. I)

Sentence (7) is emphatic and th vowel length is

not optional in T.i.e.

ooordinative(+emphatic)

M

-um+repetitionof the iden­tical unit.

17:)

T

vowel length+ repetition ofthe identical un! t.

'Aleo' type of coordination behave differently.

Consider th sentencesl

(8) M- goopiyum goopaa1a~um vannu

Gopi-and Gopalan-and came

T- goopi goopaa1 vaccaaruGopi Gopal came

(Gopi and Gopal, came).

S(8) is a conjunction of 5s(8a) and (8b)

'(8a) M- goopi vannuGopi cam

T- goopi v~ccaadu

Gopi •cam

(8b) M- goopaal~ vannuGopal came

T- goopaal vaccaadu•

Gopal came

(9 ) M- goop! vannu, goopa1anum (kuuti)- .Gopi came Gopal,-and/a1so/join

T- goopi vacoaadu, goopaal kuuda• •

Gopi came Gopal also

(Gopi came Gopal also)

17u8s(8) and (9) are se antically similar. They differ

formally. In (9) M the coordinative ~ is added only

to ~e second noun and kuuti 'also' is optional ••

8s(8) and (9) differ in word-order too. This is important.

Changing tbe order of the constituents results in

unacceptability of the Entence in M. i.e.

(10) M-~oopi goopaala~um vannu

Gopi Gopal-and came

(Gopi came, Gopal also)

In the 8(9) T kuuda 'al 0' is not optional. It•

should be not d that the v rb agr es (png) with single

subject and not with tb plural coordinated subject

(a in the ca of (8)~. kuuda•

follows the item it

qualifies.Notel

(11) M- ayaale naanum kantu. - ..he~acc I-also saW

-T- atanni neenu kuudaa eusaanuhe-ace I also saw

(I too saw bi )

(12) M- naan ayaaleyum kantu- . ..I be-ace also saw

• T- neenu. atannlkuu~aa cuusaanuI he-ace also saw

(I saw him, too)

An alternate realisation of the coordinate construotion

NP l -um + NPZ -um + Vb.{e.g(8) can be show asl-

Also type conjunotionl

M

NPl +Vb + NPZ -um(kuu~i)

Eg.S(9)

T

NP1+Vb +NPZ + kuu~a

Eg.S(9)

In ntenc of the typ (11) and (lZ) addition of

kuuti/kuuda can give t hi meaning - ev n- i.e.,• •

M- ayaale naanum kuuti kantu. - . ..he-ace, I- nd also saw

-T- atanni neenu kuuda cuusaanuhe-ace I also saw

(Even I saw him)

M

-um + kuuti•

T

kuuda•

-also/event

Coordinate sentences like {8} are conjunction of

two simple sentences having a Noun and a Verb. In the

coordination of sentences consisting of more than two

constituents and where only one constituent is identical

178addition of kuuti 'also' alters the meanins, consider

•the sentences.

(14 )M- goopi ve11avum revi caayayum kuticcu

• • •Gopi water-and R vi tea-and drank

T- goopi manciniillu ravi tii taagaaru• • •

Gop! good-water Ravi tea drank

(Gop! drank wat rand Revi drank tea)

8(14) i a coordination of 88(14a) and (14b)

(14a) M- oopi vellam kuticQU• • •

Gopi vat r drank

T- goop! manciniillu taagaadu• • •

Gopi good-wat r drank

(Gopi drank water)

(14b) M- rev! caaya kuticcu•

Ravi tea drank

T- ravi tii taagaadu• •

Ravi tea drank

(Ravi drank tea)

(15) M- goopi vellaJll kuticcu, rev! caayaYUm•• •

Gopi water drank Revi tea and

T- goop! m~~ciniillu taagaadu ravi tii• • • •

Gopi good wat r drank Rav! tea

(Gopi drank water and Ravi d:raJlk tea)

17!)

In sentence .'15) addition of kuuti in M and kuuda_--."- .

in T 'aleo' gives a different meaning.· i.e.

(16) M- goop! vellam kuticcu, revi caayayum kuuti• • • •

Gopi water drank Ravi tea-and also

T- goopi manciniillu taagaadu, rev! tii kuuda". . " ..

Gopi good water drank Ravi tea also

(Gopi drank w~t r and Revi drank both water and tea)

8(16) is a coordination of (16"a) and (16,b)

(16a) M- goopi vellarn kuticcu... .Gopi water drank

T- Boopi manciniillu taagaadu• • 41

Gopi good water drank

(Gopi drank water)

(16b) M- revi vellavum caayayum kuticcu.. .. .Ravi water-and tea-and drank

T- ravi manciniillu, tii taagaadu••• •

Ravi good water, tea drank

(Ravi drank water and tea)

'Respectively - constructions' are available in.

M as w 11 a T, though they are not common in colloquial

peach.

I '

M- raamanum krishnanum yadhaakramam onnum rantum- •• ~ t ••

Rama-and Krishna-and respectively one-and two-and

staananAal neeti-, . .places secured

T- raamuduu krsnuduu ~amangaa okatii renduu• • •• • •••

Rama krishna-conj.respecti-first secondvely

stanaalu gelucukunnaaruplaces seoured

(Rama and Krishna secured the first and secondplaces respectively)

4.1.3. (ii) Coordination - non correlative - (disjUnctive)

The markers in M and 'l' are formally the same (-00).

Their function can be noted from the following SSe

(18 ) M- liilay-oo raadhay-oo varumLee la-or Radba-or will come

T- liil-oo raadh-oo vastund1Lee la-or Rac'lha-or will come

(L e la or Radha w11,.1 0 orne)

S(18} is a paraphrase of 8(19)

1S1(19) M- li1la alla-enkil raadba varum

Leala not-if Radha will come. ,

T- lii1a kaaka-pootLeela not-if

raadha vastund!Radha will come

(Le la if not Radba will comelither Leela or Radha wi'll coma).

The ind finite conjunctive :22 coordinate VP a180

Eg.(20) M- aval !utukay-oo varaykkukkay-oo ceyyunnu•

She writing-or drawing -or doing

T- aame raayadam-oo giiyadam-oo oeestun~• •

Sb writing or drawing or doing

(She is writing or drawing)

An interrogative pronoun can be introduced in

S8 ( 18) an d ( 2Q ) •

Eg. (18-a)

M- liilayoo raadbayoo aarenkilum var~m

Leela.or Radha-or who-if-conj. will come

T- liiloo raadhoo evaroo vQstaaruLela-or ladha-or who-or will come

(Eitb r Le 1a Oil' Radha will coms)

(20a) M- aval e!utukayoo varykkuka-y-oo antoo ceyyunnu•

she writinl-or drawing-or what-or doing

T- aame raayadam-oo giiyadam-oo edoo csestund!• •

she writing-or drawing-or what-or doinS

(She is doing s~thing-writins or drawing)

132Xn S (18a) the interrogative pronoun do_ not take

the oonnector ~ in Malayalam. This phenomenon is

found when the verb is in the future tense, the structural

differenoe iSI

•+ NP2-oo+ Znter.Pn - enkilum + VP(+bum)

T- NP1-oo+NP2-oo+Inter.Pn-oo+ VP

. . (+hum)

Xn som oases the disjuDctive is realised

discontinuously.

Eg.(21)M- onnukil ayaal ceyyum allenkil naaD. -one-if be will do Dot-if I

( ither h w.ill do it or I will)

ceyyum

will do

In (21) M, the discontinuous disjunctive is

onnukil •••••• allenkil. Correspondingly Telugu can have

an equivalent.

(21) T- okati atanu ceestaadu 1 edantee neenu ceestaanu• • ••

one he do-will no-say-if I do-will

(Either he will do(it) or (if not) I will dO)

In addition to the coordinators so far discussed. there

are other 'relators' which ooordinate two sentences.

Consider the following SSI

(22) M- avaR maark ttil pooyithey market=Ioc went {

'ennaalpakseebut·

iS3

miin vaanniyilla

fish bought-not

T- vaallu maarkettuku ve1laaru• • • • • •

they market - to went

kaan1 ce pa1u kona1eedugaani fish(p1)bought-not

(they went to the market but did not buy fiah)

(23) M- -naan-../

kaa~eeji1 POOYi~ati~aal]fi1autukontu

10 •

kotuttu.

X college-in went therefore fees gave

T- n enu kaaleejiki ve11aanu kaabatti fiiau 1ccaanu•• • •

gaaba~~i

1: co1le& -to went therefore fees gave

(1 went to th college and therefore 1 remited the fee a) •

(24) M- ~yaa~ aahaaram ka!iccu atinusee~am uRanna~ pooyi

he -P C)od e-..i e that after sleep-pur~ went

T- atanu bboonceesi (aa) tarvaatahe food did that after

n1drapooyaa usleep wen

(He went to bed after h v1ng his food)

-M- ayaal vannu appool naa~ pooyi• •

he came the n I went

T- atanu vacoaadu appudu neenu vellaanu•• ••

he came then I went

(He came. then I went)

The following structures are available in M and Ta

M T

81 +paksee

+ 52 51+ ~gaaDi ] + 5•annaa!

kaani 2

nnittu• •

but but

,- ....

51+atinaal

)+52 51+ {8aaba~~i}+52atukontu• • kaabatti

••

"- ther for therefore

"i

'" "

51+ ati!!us sam +82 51+ (aa) taruvaata +52afterwards afterwardsappool appudu

• •

then then "

Correlative

The process of c njunction can be summarised as

follows:'

NP-oord

81

___"'1' NPl + VPl

---~:r NP2 + VP 2

VPl = VP 2 )vp

51 + 82 ; NPl

- conj + 2- conj + VP

VP.Cord

(2) 51 7>NP

l+ VP

l

NFl = NP2 NP

.::. NP +(vP1

- Vbal) + vp--~7 part 2

3. .Also type

51 ) NPl + VPl

T- NP1 - f6 + NP2 - ~ + VP

or M- NFl + VP + NP2 - urn (kUU~i)

T- NPl

+ VP + NP2 .... kuu~a

4. Non-correl tive or disjune tive"

NP: In 'Either---or' 'type of construction M and T

bave similar tructura.

M) rWl

- 00 + NP2 - 00 +VPT)

51 -t NP1.... IG> 1

82 7 2 + VP2

VPl :: vP2 - 7 VP

M)8

1 + 82~ (NP1-oo + NP2-00) +VPT)

1~7

NP =, ---¥1 NP

---i>~ NP + (vp, -00+VP2 - 00) + 'do' vb •

• • •

1~8

B. SUBORDINATIONs

A sUbordinating conjunction joins a clause to another

on which it depends for its full meaning. In subordinate

constructions, the immediate constituents do not have

equal structural rank. Subordinate constructions in M

and T area

(i) eportive or Quotative

(ii) Participial constructions.

4.2.1. (i) Reportive constructions are used to report texts

of speech, events, perceptions etc. It refers to

situational implications and also connects 'processes'

(actions, states, causations etc) of one clause with

those of the other. The reportive or quotative morpheme

in M and T are ~ and ~ respectively. This morpheme

is the participial forms of the verb meaning tto say'.

EI(l) M- naale varum annu ayaal paRannutomorrow come-will that he said

T- reepu vastaad-ani atanu oeppaadU" .

tomorrow came that he said

(He said that he will corne tomorxow)

~ is the participial form of the verb ennuka 'to say'

the use of which, has become obsolete. ~ in T is the participial

••••

•t

•

•-l tt

• l"

() -• •

...

190corresponding to Ss(3)a and (3) b in M the sociative

marker -ootu occurs with the verb eaRayU 'to say' •..........:.... in

Accusative or dative case suffix'cannot be usedLits

place.

_...g.(3) M- ayaal enn-ootu orupaatu kaaryannal paRannu

tt --. • •

h I -soc many matters said

(He told me many things)

Eg.(4) M- ayaal aaru(aanu) ennu addeebam coodiocu• •

he who be that he(pol) asked

T- atatlu evaru ani aayana adigaaru•

he who that h (pol) asked

(He asked who he is)

If the SUbordinate clause 1s of indefinite sense,

M retains the quotative morpheme while T drops it.

M- addeeham aaru(aanu) enIlU e!!iykku aRiyilla•

he who is that I-dat know-not

T- aayana evaroo naaku teliiduhe who-quas that know-not

(I do not know who he is)

(6) M- addeeharo pookumoo annu aRinnu varuuhe «o-will-ques that know come(imp)

T. aayana v Itaad-eem-oo kanukoo• •

he go-will-what ques find out

(Find out whetber he would go)

191( ) l ... ..I.~'!Lvlll,1D

( )

.1

,I'. .

.(7).,

1 j• ••-

1

-j- t •

)

( ) ••t

( • •

192

In addition to its quotative function the morpheme -ani-shows certain oth r relations also. It expresses causal

relationship of the precedins clause to the following

clause.

Eg.(9) M- sampalam pooraa e~nu paRannu•

salary enough-not tbat said

adhyaapakaR samaram ceytuteachers strike d d

T- jiitaalu caalaa leedu anisalary dnough ot t at

adhyaapakulu sronme eaaaruteachers strike did

(The teachers li nt on strike saying thattheir salaries are not enough)

(10) M- pariiksayil jeyiykkum annu vicaariccu•

examination pas -will that thought

aval jooliykku apee1 SiCO~1• •

she job-to applied

T- pariiksn paas avutundi ani aame•

exa ination pass become that she

udyoogaaniki dorakhaastu pettindi••

job -for application put

(she applied for the job thinking that she willpass the examination)

193In 5e(9) and (10), corresponding to the quotative

form ~ in T, M ha got the usage ennu paRannu

'having said that' and ennu vicaariccu 'having

thought that'. This sbow~ that the quotative morpheme

~ in M has lost its original meaning 'to say'.

The quotative morpheme quotes onomatopoeic words

also.

Eg(11) M- 'thakku' annu viinu•

T- 'thakk'•

•that fell

ani padindithat fell

(It fell with a noise '~hakk')

The quotative morpheme have the relative participle

form~ 'called' in M. In T anee occurs correspondingly.-Eg(12) M- raama~ enna raajaavu

Rarna oalled-R.P king

T- raama an e raajugaaruRarna called king

(the King called Rarna)

The complementiser enna and anee puts the two- -constituents of the sentenoe in apposition. Both the

oonstituents of each sentence hawe the same structural

heirarcby.

194

On comparing the quot~tiv sentences in both the

languag•• , the followin

M

correspondences are Doted.

T

, ,

ennuthat

--en u aBannu anithat said

nnu vicaariccuthat thought

ill) Partioi ial constructionsl

In participial ubordination tb clause ending

in a non-finite v rb(subordinate clause) is followed

by a main clause nding in a finite verbo

Verbal partioiple$;

past - f6 (ittu)-••

pres nt -kontu­continuou ••

M T

-1

-tuu/tuu -•

Neg. -aat [- -ak-undaa -•

19J

Eg. (13) M- ayaal keettittu pooyi• ••• •

b beard-aux went

T- atanu vini vellaadu• • •

be beard v nt

(He vent after hearing)

M- ayaal samsaariccukontu vann• ••

he talk - aux(cont) came

T- atanu maatlaadutuu vaccaadu• • •

he talking came

(H cam talking)

(15 ) M- ayaal iriykkaate sameaariccu•

h sit not talked

~

T- atanu kuurcookundaa maatlaa, daadu. . "--. .he sit-not talked

(He talked without sitting~

In M continuous seDse is expressed by kontu and••

perfect tense by ittu• •-

Oonditional VP.

The folloWing types of conditional sUbordinat

clauses are available.

196

t•

I' -,.(palRal-IlDILal a-,au Alii'" .-)

-•

• - COlno~l••

197

Adjectival subordination ~ere a.relative clause is

subordinated to the main Vb.

Eg(18) M- innale vanna kuttikal ente neehitaR aanu.. . -- .Yesterday came children my friends be

T- ninna vaccina ammaayilu maa eneehituluy sterday came-p,p. girls our fr·iends

(th girls who carn yesterday are my friends)

(19) M- naan ceyyaatt~ jooli avaR ceytu-I do - not work. they did

-T- neenu ceeyani pani vaaru ceesaaruI do not work they d :k1

(they did the work which I did not do)

Adverbial olauses are also subordinatedl

(20) M- kamala vannappool naan viitt11 illaayirunnu. - ..Kamala came then I house-in not-aux

T- kamala vaccinappu~u neenu intloo leenu••

Kamala came - then I house-in Dot

(21) M- ninnal varunna{tu) yare naan•

you coming till I

T-

ivite tanne untaakum. --- .here only be - fut

miiru vacceedaakaa }neenu

vaccinadaakaayou come-till I

ikkadee untaanu• • •

here only be-will

(I will be here(only)till you return)

198(22) M- nannal viittil pooyaseesam aahaaram kaliocU

• • • •we house-in went after food ate

T- meemu intiki vellina tarvaata bhoonoeesaaru• • • •

we house-to went after ate

(We ate our food after going home)

(23) M- saaRu vannatukontu kutti paatham pathiccu• • • • • •

teacher came-beoause child lesson studied

T- maastargaaru vaccaarani abhaayi paatham 0 divaadu• ••

teacher came that they lessons learned

(tb' boy learned his lessons beoause theteacher came)

SUbordination M - T

1. The prooess of subomdination is. similar in M and T

in the case of reportiv or quotative SSe

51 +[

ennu/ M'1 +ani IT ) S2

81 = Sub. 852 = Main S

2. The followin . truotural diff renees ar noticed in

quotative S •

)of - 81 + nnu + NP_hearer[ -soe ) + paRay--ootu (to say)

•

T - 81 + ani + NP hearer -soo +[anu - 1ceppu ./

'to say'

199M - NPl + NP2 - aoc.+Vb (paRay -) 'to say'

T - NPl + NP2-acc + Vb (anu - ) 'to say'

T NPl + NP2-dat + Vb (c ppu-)'to t 11'

'\

garding , ituationa1 subordination the proces

i similar in MandT in participial constructions.

Partioipia1 construction have tb fol1owin structures.

VP(tense)

+ Vb-pa t + ain Vb.

Condi tio 1

+ Vb+cond+ ain Vb.

T - anu - 'x port ori nted'eppu - 'h ar r ori nt d'

In M s ch i tuation is not avai1ab1 •

Th quotative morph me ~ (T) gets a correspondence

-aa~, th purposiv infinitiv-• g • M.. paataan paRannu. -

in -purp aid

T - paadani c ppaar•

sing-that aid

in 1-1 •

(He) aske (m) to sing

, . .