non-electric applications of nuclear energy...non-electric applications & nuclear energy:...
TRANSCRIPT
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Non-Electric Applications of Nuclear Energy
I. Khamis
Nuclear Power Technology Development Section
Department of Nuclear Energy
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Contents
• Introduction
• An overview of current experience on non-electric applications & some recent projects
• The value of cogeneration
• The future of non-electric applications with innovative nuclear systems
• Challenges ahead
• Conclusion
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Hyd
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ower
pla
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Tidal p
ower p
lant
Larg
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T pow
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Mel
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carb
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CFC
)
Pulve
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coa
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with
ultr
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Sol
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FC)
Coa
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CC
Atmos
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ic C
ircul
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Bed C
ombu
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FBC
)
Press
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luid
ised
Bed
Com
bust
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FBC
)
Larg
e gas
turb
ine
(MW
rang
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Steam
turb
ine
coal
-fire
d po
wer
pla
nt
Steam
turb
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fuel
-oil
pow
er p
lant
Win
d tu
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Nuc
lear
pow
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Biom
ass
and
biog
as
Was
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ower
pla
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Die
sel e
ngin
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CH
P unit
(ele
ctric
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)
Smal
l and
mic
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p to
100
kW
)
Pho
tovo
ltaic
cel
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Geo
ther
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pow
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Solar
pow
er to
wer
Efficiency (%)
Why non-electric applications?
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The wide “spectrum” of current reactors can cover all applications
Non-electric Applications & Nuclear Energy
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Contents
• Introduction
• An overview of current experience on non-electric applications
• The value of cogeneration
• The future of non-electric applications with innovative nuclear systems
• Challenges ahead
• Conclusion
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Facts on non-electric applications with nuclear power
� Proven technology:
� 1956: Calder Hall plant in UK provided electricity and heat to nearby fuel processing plant
� 1963: Agesta NPP in Sweden provided hot water for district heating to a suburb of Stockholm
� 1972: Aktau in Kazakhstan provided heat and electricity for seawater desalination to supply 120 000 m3/day fresh water for the city of Aktau
� 1979: Bruce in Canada heat to heavy-water production and industrial & agricultural users
� Not widely applied: Less than 1% of heat generated in nuclear reactors worldwide is at present used for non-electric applications.
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Non-Electric Applications & Nuclear Energy: Experience
• 14-15% of world electricity is from nuclear powerplants
• 432 nuclear power reactors worldwide,
• 70 are being used for co-generation of hot waterand/ or steam for:
» District heating,
» Seawater desalination
» Industrial processes.
• Over 700 reactor-years of combined experience existsfor these non-electrical applications.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
IN JP PK BG CH CZ HU RO RU SK UA CH IN RU SK
Desalination District Heating Process Heating
No. of Reactors
PWR
PHWR
LWGR
FBR
1
LWGR, 15
PHWR, 9
PWR, 50
By typee
Des, 12
DH, 30
PH + DH, 27
PH, 6
By applications
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35 By country
Proven technology: with 79 operative reactors and 750 reactor-years experience
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Some recent activities on non-electric appl.
• India: proposed two integrated systems for seawater desalination
using with AHWR.
• Pakistan: Feasibility study for nuclear desalination plant in Karachi
costal Power projects is being considered.
• Russia: signed agreements considering nuclear desalination plant with
Egypt, Jordan, and Kazakhstan
• Saudi Arabia: considering SMART (Korea) for desalination
• China: signed MoU for HGTR with Saudi Arabia, UAE, South Africa.
China: Nuclear cogeneration for offshore oil operations
• Indonesia: considering HTGR 200 MWth for cogeneration (H2
production & liquefaction/gasification of coal)
• Japan: HTR for cogeneration (desalination)
• USA: consider integrating desalinated water from twin PWRs of
Diablo Canyon NPP into public water systems in California
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NUCLEAR PROCESS HEAT REACTOR DESIGNS
Reactor Applications
ACR-700, Canada oil sand application
AVR-II & HTR-Modul & PNP, Germany nuclear assisted steam–coal gasification and steam–methane reforming
IHTR-H & Compact high temperature reactor (CHTR), India
Large scale hydrogen production
HTTR & GTHTR300C, Japan, Hydrogen & Cogeneration
H2-MHR & GT-MHR & PBMR , USA cogeneration of electricity and process heat & hydrogen
MHR-100 SMR, Russia Cogeneration of electricity and of hydrogen
NGNP, USA cogeneration of electricity and process heat
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Contents
• Introduction
• An overview of current experience on non-electric applications
• The value of cogeneration
• The future of non-electric applications with innovative nuclear systems
• Challenges ahead
• Conclusion
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The Value of Cogeneration: Better NPP Projects
Better EfficiencyOver 80% energy efficiencyOpen new sectors for nuclear power
Better Use of energyOptimize energy efficiencyMatch industrial application needs at the right temperature
Better FlexibilityIn future energy planningIn operating nuclear power plants/and electrical GridIn diversifying energy outputs
Better Environmental impactsReduce waste heat dumped to the environmentAdditional heat sink
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The Value of Cogeneration: Cleaner Environment
Save EnergyRecover waste heatOpen new utilization of nuclear power
Save EnvironmentReduce CO2 emissionsReduce nuclear waste
Save MoneyGet cheaper energyReduce the need for fossil fuels
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Implementing nuclear cogeneration !!
FeasibleOn all reactor typesExisting nuclear reactors can be retrofitted
SafeMinimal impact on reactor safetyProduct outputs is free of radioactive contamination
Value addedFor pubic use: Drinking Water, District heating/cooling
For industrial use : Steam, Synthetic Fuels, Hydrogen
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Contents
• Introduction
• An overview of current experience on non-electric applications
• The value of cogeneration
• The future of non-electric applications with innovative nuclear systems
• Challenges ahead
• Conclusion
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Potential non-electric applications of nuclear reactors
Nuclear Reactors
Heat
Electricity
Ionizing radiations
Material treatment
Irradiation
Neutrons
Radioisotopes
Unique products
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Nuclear Vs Coal/gas
Power plants Type Nominal powerMW(e)
Estimated cost of construction
Capital Cost/Watt
Nuclear Sanmen I & II
WestinghouseAP 1000x2
2x 1100 $5.9 B ~ $ 3/Watt
Nuclear Taishan I & II
ArevaFrench EPR
2x 1660 $7.5 B ~ $ 2.5/Watt
Nuclear SMRRef. Nucleonic WeekCopyright © 2015 McGraw Hill FinancialMarch 26, 2015
FOK NuScale 600 $ 3 B ~ $ 5/Watt
12th NuScale 600 $ 2.5 B
Coal & Gas $200 M- 1.5 B $ 0.6-1.5/Watt
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Optimizing the use of nuclear reactors
0
Reactor((((600MWt))))
Gas turbine
He Circulator
O2
H2
H2O
Isolation
Valves
IHX
Precooler
Recuperator
ThermochemicalIS Process
850~950℃7~5 MPa
Internal Hot Coolant Flow
Cold Flow on Primary Pressure Boundary
900℃, 5.2 MPa
Distant Hydrogen Production Plant
To Grid
Cooling Water
Reactor Power Plant
Industrial heat applicationsHydrogen cogeneration
High efficiency power
generation
50 000 m3/day
Seawater desalination
Reactor outletcoolant850-950oC
0
SteelmakingGas to liquid
Ammonia fertilizer
Oil refining
Tar sands oil extractionPulp & paper production
District heating
600300 900
o
C
Material processing
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Market Opportunities for HTR in North America
Co-generation
75 GWt
Petrochemical,
Refinery,
Fertilizer/Ammonia
plants and others
Petrochemical,
Refinery,
Fertilizer/Ammonia
plants and others
Oil Sands/
Oil Shale
Steam, electricity,
hydrogen & water
treatment
Steam, electricity,
hydrogen & water
treatment
60 GWt
Hydrogen Market
36 GWt
Synthetic Fuels
& Feedstock
Steam,
electricity, high
temperature
fluids, hydrogen
Steam,
electricity, high
temperature
fluids, hydrogen
Electricity
110 GWt
10% of the nuclear
electrical supply
increase required to
achieve pending
Government objectives
for emissions
reductions by 2050
10% of the nuclear
electrical supply
increase required to
achieve pending
Government objectives
for emissions
reductions by 2050
125 Reactor Modules* 30 Reactor Modules 60 Reactor modules 415 Reactor Modules 180 Reactor Modules
*All module #s assume only 25% of market
249 GWt
Source: Lewis Lommers, AREVA US
Total:
810 Reactors
For petroleum industry, synthetic fuel, ammonia and hydrogen production
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VHTR for desalination
Source: X. Yan, JAEA
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Waste heat from PBMR for desalination
PBMR rejects heat from the pre-cooler and intercooler = 220 MWth
at 70 °C
+ MED desalination technology
Cover the needs of 55 000 – 600 000 people
Desalinated water 15 000 – 30 000 m3/day
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VHTR for hydrogen production
VHTR 600 MWth Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
H2 production
rate t/d
233 66 118
H2 production
efficiency %
48.6 48.4 37.2
H2 production
cost US$/NM3
2.89 2.30 2.98
Source: X. Yan, JAEA
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GEN-IV reactors for hydrogen production
JAPAN CHINA GERMANY CANADA
Nuclear power plant GTHTR300 HTR-PM HTR-SR SCWR
H2 hydrogen
production process
S-I S-I SR S-I HyS CuCl(3 steps)
CuCl(5 Steps)
Thermal efficiency
(%)
46.98 - 20.34 46.98 - 20.34 32.2
Hydrogen
production
(kg/MWthh)
12.28 10.90 102.8 4.16 6.9 7.3 7.5
Hydrogen cost
($/kg)
2.46 3.78 3.61 4.1 4.74 5.39 5.34
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SCWR for hydrogen production
� SCWR– 1200 Mwe, thermal efficiency – 46.3%�Outlet temperature – 625⁰C;
Heat source for H2 Plant –downstream of 1st stage turbine - 422⁰C
G4-ECONS
HEEP H2A
H2 Unit cost, $/kg
3.61 3.56 3.58
Cost Breakdown
H2 Plant Capital Component
0.27 0.28 0.27
H2 Plant Non-energy Component
0.39 0.39 0.36
H2 Plant Energy Component
2.95 2.89 2.95
Source: R.Sadhankar, AECL, Canada
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Challenges ahead
• Optimization of NPPs design and operation for cogeneration/trigeneration
• Cogeneration/Multi-generation
• Re-use of waste heat from NPPs
• Applications of non-electric applications in small grids/remote areas
• Low temperature nuclear desalination
• Upscale of hydrogen production plants
• Efficient water management
• Support of hybrid systems
• EtcI
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Conclusion
�Nuclear reactors are very unique and should be exploited for high value products.
� The demand for non-electric applications in the heat and transportation market can be met by nuclear energy without GHG.
�Cogeneration could improve the overall economics of NPPs
�Non-electric applications will be introduced rather slowly
�Innovation is needed to design NPPs for non-electric applications
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… Thank you for your attention.