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ZERO-EMISSION ENERGY PLANTS
Dr. Robert ‘Bob’ WrightSenior Program Manager
Office of Sequestration, Hydrogen and Clean Coal FuelsOffice of Fossil Energy
U. S. Department of EnergyWashington, DC
The Energy Advancement Leadership ConferenceGlobal Energy Management Institute
University of HoustonHouston, Texas
18 November 2004
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004 2
America Depends on Fossil Energy
AEO 2004: Table A1
2025136 Quads
+39% (1.5% pa)
Oil39.0%
Coal22.7%
Gas23.9%
Nuclear8.3%
Renewable6%
Fossil fuels provide 85.6% of energy
200298 Quads Fossil fuels provide 87.2% of energy
Oil40.3%
Coal23.3%
Gas23.6%
Nuclear6.3%
Renewable6%
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004 3
0
1
2
3
4
1970 1980 1990 2000
Coal Use
Contaminant Emissions DownIn
dex:
197
0 =
1
ElectricityGeneration
Nitrogen Oxides
Sulfur DioxideParticulateMatter
Natural Gas Use
EPA, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1999 (March 2001)DOE, EIA Annual Energy ReviewYear
U.S. Power Plants
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004 4
CO2 Concentration On The Rise
From ~280 ppm to 370 ppm over the last 100 years
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004 5
Coal-Fired Power Plants Produce 1/3
of CO2
CO2 from Combustion in U. S.
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
ResidentialCommercial
IndustrialTransportation
Electric
Tg C
O2 E
q.
Natural GasPetroleumCoal
Relative Contributionby Fuel Type
U.S. Territories
Table 2-3, EPA 430-R-03-004, April 2003 Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2001
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004 6
The Case for HydrogenEnergy SecurityEnergy Security
ResponseResponseDIVERSE DOMESTIC DIVERSE DOMESTIC
RESOURCESRESOURCES
EnvironmentEnvironment
ResponseResponseZERO/NEAR ZERO GHGZERO/NEAR ZERO GHGand other EMISSIONSand other EMISSIONS
Biomass
HydroWindSolar
Coal
Nuclear
Natural
Gas
Oil
Se
qu
es
tra
tio
n
Biomass
HydroWindSolar
Biomass
HydroWindSolar
Coal
Nuclear
Natural
Gas
Oil
PowerGeneration
Transportation
Industry
HH22
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004 7
Why Hydrogen From Coal?
U.S. reserves are huge– 250 year supply
H2 can be produced cleanly
H2 from coal is economical Carbon capture and storage
addresses climate change Diversifies the source of H2
Provides the bridge to production of H2 from renewable sources and nuclear 1 -- Proved oil and gas reserves, and recoverable coal reserves
Quads
02000400060008000
100001200014000
US ROW
Coal Nat Gas Oil
Fossil Energy Reserves1
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004 8
FutureGen
Nearly $1 billion (U.S.) , 10-year demonstration project to create the world’s first coal-based, zero-emission electricity and hydrogen plant– Test new technologies– Nominal 275-MWe
– 1 million tonnes CO2 per year
– Sequester the CO2
– Produce H2
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004 9
FutureGen
Gasification with Cleanup and Separation
SystemIntegration
CarbonSequestration
Platform for Emerging Technologies
Optimized Turbines
Fuel Cells
H2 Production
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004 10
“Traditional” IGCC
CoalCentral Power
Gas Turbine Combined
CycleO2
SyngasH2 / COCoal
Gasifier
O2Plant
Sulfur
GasCleanup
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004 11
IGCC in FutureGen
Central PowerH2 Turbine Combined
Cycle
TransportationFuel CellsIC EngineGeologic
SequestrationDistributed
PowerFuel Cells
H2
CO2
Sulfur
Gas Cleanup
andSeparation
Coal
O2
CoalGasifier
O2
Plant
H2 / CO
ShiftH2 / CO2
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004 12
CO2 Storage
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004 13
Geo-Sequestration Advantages
May be only option that removes enough carbon tostabilize CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere
Only approach that doesn’t require countries to overhaul their energy infrastructures—continue to use fossil fuels
May prove to be the lowestcost carbon managementoption
Carbon Management Paths Switch to low- & no-carbon fuels
Increase energy efficiency
Sequester carbon
Renewables, Nuclear, Natural Gas
TerrestrialGeologic
Demand Side & Supply Side
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004 14
0
400
800
1,200
Storage Options: IEA Technical Review (TR4), March 23, 2004 / Carbon Capture & Sequestration Program @MITWorld Emissions: / DOE-EIA, International Energy Outlook 2003, Table A10
200,000
DeepOcean
DeepSaline
Formations
DepletedOil & Gas
Reservoirs
CoalSeams
Terrestrial AnnualWorld
Emissions
6.5 Gtc
Range of Potential Capacity
Worldwide Storage CapacityC
apac
ity (G
tc)
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004 15
Adapting to Climate Change
Target
1990 2015 2040 2100
Emiss
ion s
Reduction incarbon intensity
(environmental incentives)
Creation of materially new energy sectors
(economic growth incentives)
Reference Case
Chris Mottershead, British Petroleum
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004 16
Stabilization
Stabilization of atmospheric concentrations of CO2 in 2050 requires a new zero emissions energy sector almost equal in size to the current primary
141210
86420Fo
ssil
Fuel
Em
issi
ons
(Gtc
/yr)
Continued Fossil Fuel Emissions
Stabilization Wedges1 Wedge = 1 Gtc
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
S. Pacala, R. Socolow, Presentation, May 4, 2004
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004 17
What is Scale of 1 Gtc Wedge?BUSINESS SECTOR 1 Gtc per YEAR WEDGE WEDGES
Fuel switching 1400 GW fueled by gas instead of coal 1
Coal-fired plants w/ CCS 1400 500-MW(e) power plants 1-3
Geological sequestration 3500 Sleipners (1 MtCO2/yr) 1-3
Hydrogen fuel 1 billion H2 cars displace 30 mpg cars 1
Efficiency improvements Carbon intensity [$GNP] drops 0.2% faster than in past
1-3
Improve ICE efficiency 2 billion cars go from 25 mpg to 50 mpg 1
Solar PV displaces coal 1000 X current capacity, i.e., 5 Mha 1
Wind displaces coal 70 X current capacity 1
Nuclear displaces coal 700 1-GW(e) plants, i.e., 1.5 X current capacity
1-3
Biofuel displaces petroleum
200 Mha growing at 7.5 tc/ha per year (= US agro land)
1
Re-forestation 700 Mha growing at 2 tc/ha per year 1
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004 18
Thank You
R. Patrich of SaskPower– “We are moving into a carbon-managed world, not a carbon
constrained world.”
Web sites– www.fe.doe.gov
– www.netl.doe.gov– www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/sequestration
Email addresses– [email protected]