next two early english colonies failed, but jamestown survived—partly through individual effort...
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Two early English colonies failed, but Jamestown survived—partly through individual effort and hard work.
Section 1
Early Colonies Have Mixed Success
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The English Plan Colonies
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• After defeat of Spanish Armada, England focuses on colonizing Americas
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• English geographer Richard Hakluyt urges England to start a colony - colonies would provide market for English
exports - colonies would serve as source of raw
materials - colonies would establish Protestant faith in
Americas
Early Colonies Have Mixed Success
Continued . . .
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• English colonists go to Americas to:- seek economic opportunity - escape religious persecution
continued The English Plan Colonies
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• Sir Walter Raleigh begins colony on Roanoke Island, Virginia (1585)
• Sagadahoc colony begins (1607); face hardships, return to England
• 2nd Roanoke colony begins (1587); colonists disappear; reason unknown
• Native Americans stop colonists’ food supply; survivors return to England
Two Early Colonies Fail
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• Sir Walter Raleigh is only person who finances colony at Roanoke
• Company is backed by investors
• To raise money for colonies, turn to the joint-stock company
• When colony fails, he loses his investment
• Investors split profits, divide losses
• Each investor receives pieces of company ownership
Financing a Colony
Continued . . .
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continued Financing a Colony
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• Organize Virginia Company of London, Virginia Company of Plymouth
• Given charter—government contract; holder has right to establish colony
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Jamestown Is Founded in 1607
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• Virginia Company of London finances expedition to Chesapeake Bay
• Settlers incorrectly told they would find gold, waste time searching
• Settlers face disease, harsh weather • Expedition starts Jamestown settlement
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Jamestown Grows
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• By January 1608, only 38 colonists remain alive
• More settlers arrive (1610); governor Lord De La Warr imposes discipline
• 800 more settlers arrive (1609), face hardships, only 60 survive
• John Smith establishes colonial discipline, trade with Powhatan tribe
• Colonists become employees of Virginia Company, want share of profits
• Colonists learn to grow tobacco; product becomes popular in England
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• Virginia Company lets settlers own land
• Colonists annoyed with strict rule of governor, want more local control
• Indentured servants arrive:- they sell their labor to person who pays their
passage - after a few years, they are free to farm or take up a trade
• Population of Virginia jumps from about 600 (1619) to over 2,000 (1621)
• Set up House of Burgesses—first representative assembly in American colonies
continued Jamestown Grows
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Conflicts with the Powhatan
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• As more settlers take land, relations with Powhatan tribe grow worse
• Expanding plantations cause Powhatan to kill many settlers (1622)
• Uneasy peace; colonists learn to grow corn, catch fish from Powhatan
• To improve relations, John Rolfe marries chief’s daughter, Pocahontas
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Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676
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• By 1670s, one-fourth of white men in English colonies are indentured servants
• Demands Berkeley to approve war against Native Americans to seize land
• Nathaniel Bacon accuses Governor William Berkeley of favoring wealthy
• They resent wealthy landowners
• Berkeley’s refusal sparks Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
Continued . . .NEXT
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• Bacon, followers take control of House of Burgesses; burn Jamestown
• House of Burgesses pass laws: - prevent governor from taking so much power
• Bacon dies; Berkeley hangs Bacon’s followers
continued Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676
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Religion influenced the settlement and government of the New England colonies.
Section 2
New England Colonies
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The Voyage of the Mayflower
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• Pilgrims—Separatist religious group; separate from Church of England
• To establish order they sign the Mayflower Compact: - vow to obey laws agreed upon for the good
of the colony - establishes idea of self-government, majority
rule
• Pilgrims land at Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620)
• To escape persecution, they sail to Americas
New England Colonies
Pilgrims land in 1620 at Plymouth, Massachusetts
Pilgrims sign the Mayflower Compact in 1620. Painting, E. Moran.
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The Pilgrims Found Plymouth
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• Pilgrims endure hardships; half of group dies by spring
• Squanto shows Pilgrims how to plant, hunt, fish
• Squanto sets up peace treaty between Pilgrims and Native Americans
• Make friends with Squanto, a Pawtuxet
• Pilgrims, Native Americans celebrate harvest—first Thanksgiving
• Pilgrims trade with Native Americans, send lumber to England for profit
Native Americans and Pilgrims eat together at first Thanksgiving in 1621.
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The Puritans Come to Massachusetts Bay
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• Puritans—religious group, wants to reform Church of England
• 1,000 Puritans arrive at Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630)
• This movement of Puritans is known as the Great Migration
• To escape persecution, many Puritans sail to Americas (1630—1640)
• They are well prepared; do not starve • First governor John Winthrop sets up a
commonwealth
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The New England Way
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• Basic unit of the commonwealth is congregation:- group of people who belong to same church- each congregation sets up own town - each town has a form of self-government
• Puritans follow the “New England Way”:- emphasizes duty, godliness, hard work,
honesty- work ethic helps growth of New England colonies - requires that all children learn to read
Continued . . .NEXT
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• Puritan congregations set up new colonies
continued The New England Way
• Thomas Hooker adopts Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639): - extends voting rights to non-church
members - limits power of governor - expands idea of representative government
• Portsmouth is first European settlement in New Hampshire
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Challenges to Puritan Leaders
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• Massachusetts minister Roger Williams opposes “New England Way”
• Anne Hutchinson believes person can worship without church, Bible
• This colony guarantees religious freedom, separation of church/state
• Forced to leave colony, he founds colony of Rhode Island (1636)
• Quakers believe person can know God through “inner light”
• Also believe in treating Native Americans fairly, persecuted for this
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King Philip’s War
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• Growing tensions over land between colonists, Native Americans
• Europeans and Native Americans define land ownership differently: - to Europeans, land can be owned by
individuals - to Native Americans, land belongs to
everyone
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• King Philip’s War (1675—1676)—war between Puritans, Native Americans
• Native Americans lose war, are forced to become laborers
continued King Philip’s War
• English settlers expand farther into Native American lands
Chart
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• By late 1600s, societal changes lead to fear, suspicion in New England
• Pretending to be bewitched, girls falsely accuse others of witchcraft
• Witch-hunts begin (1692); more than 100 people are arrested, tried
The Salem Witchcraft Trials
• 20 found guilty and put to death • Panic short-lived; experience shows how
society can make scapegoats
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The founding of the Middle and Southern colonies provided settlers with many economic opportunities.
Section 3
Founding the Middle and Southern Colonies
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The Middle Colonies
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• Middle colonies—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
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• Are located between New England and Chesapeake region
Founding the Middle and Southern Colonies
• Religious freedom attracts many groups • Conditions favorable for shipping, commerce,
farming, livestock
Meeker farmhouse in New Jersey colony in 1676.
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New Netherland Becomes New York
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• Dutch settlers found New Netherland (1624)
• Many different settlers arrive - 23 Jews (1654)- Africans come as slaves and indentured
servants - Puritans
• Each patroon brings 50 settlers; receives land grant, special privileges
• Includes Hudson River valley, Long Island, land along Delaware River
Continued . . .NEXT
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continued New Netherland Becomes New York
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• New Netherland’s governor Peter Stuyvesant attacks New Sweden
• New Netherland surrenders to English (1664)
• Wants to add land to New Netherland; New Sweden surrenders (1655)
• Becomes proprietary colony—Duke of York is proprietor, or owner
• England’s king wants Duke of York to drive Dutch out of New Netherland - Dutch colonies threaten England’s trade- Dutch colonies geographically divide the English colonies
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New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware
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• Duke of York gives part of claim, province of New Jersey, to friends
• To repay debts, English king gives large piece of land to Penn (1681)
• American landowner William Penn joins religious group—Quakers
• Promise settlers religious freedom, land grants, representative assembly
Continued . . .NEXT
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continued New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware
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• William Penn uses land to create colony of Pennsylvania for Quakers: - welcomes different religious, ethnic groups- treats Native Americans fairly - becomes wealthy colony
• Southern counties of Pennsylvania form own colony of Delaware
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The Southern Colonies
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• Southern colonies—Maryland, the Carolinas, Georgia
• Conditions good for warm-weather crops: tobacco, rice, indigo
• West border is Appalachian Mountains; east border is Atlantic Ocean
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Maryland and the Carolinas
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• Lord Baltimore establishes Maryland for Roman Catholics (1632)
• Colony of Carolina (1663) grows rice, indigo; use enslaved African labor
• Maryland’s economy is based on tobacco
• Maryland passes Toleration Act—promises freedom of religion
• Sell Native Americans into slavery; conflicts between colonists, tribes
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• Colonists overthrow Carolina’s proprietary rule
• Colony divides into North Carolina and South Carolina
• Carolina becomes royal colony—rule by king-appointed governor
continued Maryland and the Carolinas
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Georgia
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• James Oglethorpe founds Georgia as refuge for debtors (1732)
• Oglethorpe’s strict rules upset colonists
• English, Germans, Swiss, Scottish settle Georgia; all religions welcome
• During English-Spanish war, Spain tries to oust English colonists, but fails
• In response, king makes Georgia a royal colony in 1752