newton chymistry

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Page 1: Newton Chymistry

Joel  A.  Klein  

Page 2: Newton Chymistry

Joel  A.  Klein  

§  Indiana  U.  History  and  Philosophy  of  Science  ú  Ph.D  (ABD)  

§  Chemical  Heritage  Foundation  ú  Dissertation  Fellow  

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Today’s  Topics  

What  was  alchemy?  

Origins  and  Development  

Alchemical  Imagery  

Newton’s  Alchemy  

Alchemy  and  Chemistry  

George  Ripley’s  Scroll,  Yale  University  Edition,    c.  16th  c.  (Public  Domain)  

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                                 What  was  Alchemy?  

-­‐  The  chemistry  of  the  Middle  Ages  and  16th  c.  …  Now  applied  distinctively  to  the  pursuit  of  the  transmutation  of  baser  metals  into  gold…            ~  Oxford  English  Dictionary    -­‐  Philosopher’s  Stone  -­‐  Alkahest  

Rosarium  Philosophorum,  c.  16th  c.    (Public  Domain)  

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•  Transmutation:  changing  base  metals  into  gold  or  silver  

•  Chrysopoeia:  ‘gold  making.’  •  Argyropoeia:  ‘silver  making’  

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Other  Alchemical  Processes  

Dye  production  

Distillation  

Cementation  

Sublimation  

Cupellation  

Metallurgy  

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(Sometimes)  Associated  Philosophies  

§  Neo-­‐platonism  §  Zoroastrianism  §  Gnosticism  §  Hermeticism  

Image  of  Hermes  Trismegistus,c.  1480,    Siena  Cathedral  (Public  Domain)  

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-­‐   Alchemy  dates  to  the  Hellenistic  Period  in  Egypt  -­‐   Leiden  and  Stockholm  Papyri  (c.  300  CE)  

-­‐  Chemical  workshop  recipes  

-­‐   Zosimos  of  Panoplis  (c.  late  3rd  –  4th  c.)  -­‐  Combination  of  theory  and  practice.  

-­‐  Decknamen  –  Cover  names  -­‐  Mercury:  “the  silvery  water,  the  hermaphrodite,  

that  which  flees  without  ceasing…”  

The  alchemical  symbol    for  “Mercury”  

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-­‐  Legal  Pressures:  Rulers  outlawed  transmutation    -­‐  Destabilization  of  currency  

-­‐  Protect  trade  secrets  -­‐  Alchemy  was  higher  knowledge  and  came  out  of  

period  steeped  in  mystical  philosophy  (e.g.  Gnosticism)    

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Medieval  Arabic  Alchemy  

§  Translation  of  Greek  and  Latin  Natural  Philosophy  ú  House  of  Wisdom  in  

Baghdad     Founded  by  Al-­‐Ma’mun     Headed  by  Hunayn  Ibn  Ishaq  

(808-­‐873)  

§  Arabic:  ú  :‎الكيمياء    ‘al-­‐kimia’  

§  Greek:    ú  Χημία:  ‘chemia’  

§  1000  AD  –  almost  all  of  Greek  medicine,  nat.  phil.,  and  math  translated  into  Arabic  

Ibn  Butlan’s  Risalat  da  ‘wat-­‐al-­‐atibba    (L.A.  Meyer  Museum  for  Islamic  Art)  

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Jabir  Ibn  Hayyan  (8th  or  9th  c.)    

§  Latinized  as  “Geber”  §  One  individual?  Many?  §  Mercury  -­‐  Sulfur  Theory  

15th  c.  imagining  of  “Geber”  (Wikimedia  Commons)    

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Pseudepigraphical  Texts  

*  Falsely  attributed  texts;  often  attributed  to  a  renowned  figure  from  the  past.    *  Especially  Important  Example:  Tabula  Smaragdina,  or  The  Emerald  Tablet,  attributed  to  Hermes  Trismegistus  (prob.  8th  c.  Arabic  origin)        *  Hermetic  Corpus  –  texts  dating  back  to  antiquity;  mystical,  religious.          

Artist’s  rendition  of  Hermes  Trismegistus,  from  Viridarium  chymicum,  1624  (Wikimedia  Commons)  

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The  Emerald  Tablet    1.  Tis  true  without  lying,  certain  most  true.  2.  That  which  is  below  is  like  that  which  is  above;  that  which  is  above  is  like  that  which  is  below  to  do  the  miracles  of  one  only  thing.    3.  And  as  all  things  have  been  arose  from  one  by  the  mediation  of  one:  so  all  things  have  their  birth  from  this  one  thing  by  adaptation.  4.  The  Sun  is  its  father,  the  moon  its  mother…   Chrysogonos  Polydorus,  De  Alchimia,    

Nuremberg  1541  (Wikimedia  Commons)  

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Translation:  Arabic  to  Latin  

§  English  Monk,  Robert  of  Chester  in  Spain  

§  De  compositione  alchemiae,  1144  –  translated  by  

“I  have  translated  this  Book  because,  what  alchemy  is,  and  what  its  composition  is,  almost  no  one  in  our  Latin  world  knows,  finished  February  the  11th  anno  1144.”  

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1542  ed.  of  Geber’s  Complete  Works  printed  in  Venice  (Public  Domain;  Archive.org  –  orig.  in  Getty  Inst.,  L.A)  

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Western  Confrontation  with  Alchemy  §  Literary  Ridicule  

ú  Geoffrey  Chaucer’s  Canterbury  Tales,  ‘The  Canon  Yeoman’s  Tale’  

Portrait  of  Chaucer  by  Thomas  Hoccleve,  1412  (Wikimedia  Commons)  

§  Papal  Decrees  ú  Pope  John  XXII  –  outlaws  

transmutation  of  metals  

Pope  John  XXII  (Public  Domain)  

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More  Secrecy  

§  Pseudo-­‐Arnald  of  Villanova    

From  Nuremberg  Chronicle,  1493  (Public  Domain)  

“Christ  was  the  example  of  all  things,  and  our  elixir  can  be  understood  according  to  the  conception,  generation,  nativity,  and  passion  of  Christ…”    

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Aurora  Consurgens  (Rising  Dawn)  •  15th  c.  manuscript  

(Wikimedia  Commons)  

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Rosarium  Philosophorum  (~Rose  Garden  of  the  Philosophers)  §  15th-­‐16th  c.  §  The  “Green  Lion”  

devours  the  Sun.  

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Rosarium  Philosophorum,  Public  Domain  

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Michael  Maier’s  Atalanta  Fugiens  (1617/18)  

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Illustration  of  Basil  Valentine’s  12  Keys  of  Alchemy.  Musaeum  hermeticum  reformatum  et  amplificatum  (Frankfurt,  1678).  Courtesy  Roy  G.  Neville  Historical  Chemical  Library,  CHF.  

 

 

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11  Two  women  cloathed  riding  on  two  lyons  each  with  a  heart  in  her  hand  of  this  form  .  The  right  hand  lyon  farts  on  a  company  of  young  lyons  behind  it  &  bites  the  snout  of  the  left  hand  Lyon  &  tears  him  with  her  paw.  This  Lyon  by  her    farting  (which  signifies  her  aerial  form)  

&  young  ones,  &  being  on  the  side  of  the  hearts  next  the  moon  &  he  biting  &  tearing  the  other  lyon  signifies  the  female…  

Chymistry  of  Isaac  Newton  Project  

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Sir  Isaac  Newton,  Alchemist  

•  1642-­‐1727  

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µ  

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These  rules  in  generall  should  bee  observed.  1st  that  the  fire  bee  quick.  2dly  that  the  crucible  bee  through  heated  before  any  thing  bee  put  in:  3dly  that  metalls  bee  put  in  successivly  according  to  their  degree  of  fusibility  ♂.  ♀.  ♁.  ♃.  .  4tly  That  they  stand  some  time  after  fusion  before  they  bee  poured  of  accordingly  to  the  quantity  of  regulus  they  yield,  ♂,  ♀.<  or  >♃.<  or  >.  5tly  That  at  the  first  time  noe  salt  bee  thrown  on,  unlesse  upon  ♂  to  keep  it  from  hardening  on  the  top  &  then  let  it  bee  poured  of  when  the  fury  of  the  salt  is  over  before  it  have  quite  done  working.  6  That  if  you  would  have  the  saltpetre  flow  without  two  great  a  heat,  you  may  quicken  it  by  throwing  in  a  little  more  saltpeter  mixed  with  1/8  or  1/16  of  charcoal  finely  poudered….  

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Thus  with  a  good  quick  &  smart  fire  4  of  ♂  to  9  of  ♁  gave  a  most  black  &  filthy  scoria  &  the  Regulus  after  a  purgation  or  two  starred  very  well.    

Portsmouth  Collection  Add.  MS.  3975,    Cambridge  University  Library,  Cambridge  University42v  

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Eirenaeus  Philalethes  (AKA  George  Starkey)  “This  chaos  is  called  our  Arsenic,  our  air,  our  Luna,  our  Magnes,  our  Chalybs,  but  in  diverse  respect,  because  our  matter  undergoes  various  states  before  our  Regal  Diadem  is  extracted  from  the  menstrual  blood  of  our  whore.  So  learn  who  the  comrades  of  Cadmus  are,  and  who  the  Serpent  who  ate  them,  [and]  what  the  hollow  oak,  on  which  Cadmus  transfixed  the  Serpent.  Learn  what  the  Doves  of  Diana  are,  which  conquer  the  Lion  by  beating  him,  the  green  Lion,  I  saw,  which  is  really  the  Babylonian  Dragon,  killing  all  by  means  of  his  venom.”    

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http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/newton/  

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