neil intro day1

Low Impact Development Center 2007

Low Impact Low Impact Development and Development and Green Strategies Green Strategies

for Regulatory for Regulatory Compliance and Compliance and

Resource Resource ProtectionProtection


CHAPTER 26 CFR - WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL

SUBCHAPTER I - RESEARCH AND RELATED PROGRAMS •§ 1251. Congressional declaration of goals and policy. (a) Restoration and maintenance of chemical, physical and biological integrity of Nation's waters; national goals for achievement of objective.

• Ecosystems Based • Technology-forcing• Comprehensive Research • Total Maximum Daily Load

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Regulations and Resource Protection


Environmental Interests

Development Interests

Environmental Interests

Development Interests

$

$$

New Rules!


Low Impact DevelopmentLow Impact Development

Major Components Major Components 1.1. Conservation (Watershed and Site Level ) Conservation (Watershed and Site Level ) 2. Minimization (Site Level) 2. Minimization (Site Level) 3. Strategic Timing (Watershed and Site Level) 3. Strategic Timing (Watershed and Site Level) 4. Integrated Management Practices (Site Level)4. Integrated Management Practices (Site Level)

Retain / Detain / Filter / Recharge / UseRetain / Detain / Filter / Recharge / Use5. Pollution Prevention5. Pollution Prevention

Traditional Approaches Traditional Approaches


Key LID PrinciplesKey LID Principles “Volume” “Volume” and Water Balance and Water Balance to Achieve Objectivesto Achieve Objectives

Unique Watershed DesignUnique Watershed Design Match Initial Abstraction VolumeMatch Initial Abstraction Volume Mimic Water Balance Mimic Water Balance

Uniform Distribution of Small-scale ControlsUniform Distribution of Small-scale Controls Cumulative Impacts of Multiple Systems Cumulative Impacts of Multiple Systems

filter / detain / retain / use / recharge / evaporate filter / detain / retain / use / recharge / evaporate Decentralized / DisconnectionDecentralized / Disconnection Multifunctional Multipurpose Landscape & Architecture Multifunctional Multipurpose Landscape & Architecture Pollution PreventionPollution Prevention


1. Conservation Plans / Regulations1. Conservation Plans / Regulations Local Watershed and Conservation PlansLocal Watershed and Conservation Plans

Forest (Contiguous and Interior Habitat)Forest (Contiguous and Interior Habitat) Streams (Corridors)Streams (Corridors) WetlandsWetlands Habitats Habitats Step Slopes Step Slopes BuffersBuffers Critical AreasCritical Areas ParksParks Scenic AreasScenic Areas Trails Trails ShorelinesShorelines Difficult SoilsDifficult Soils Ag LandsAg Lands MineralsMinerals

Large and Small ScaleLarge and Small Scale


22. Minimize Impacts. Minimize Impacts

Minimize clearing Minimize clearing Minimize gradingMinimize grading Save A and B soils Save A and B soils Limit lot disturbance Limit lot disturbance * Soil Amendments * Soil Amendments Alternative SurfacesAlternative Surfaces Reforestation Reforestation Disconnect Disconnect Reduce pipes, curb and guttersReduce pipes, curb and gutters Reduce impervious surfacesReduce impervious surfaces

Low Impact DesignLow Impact Design

DecentralizedDecentralizedControlsControlsRoofsRoofsParking LotsParking LotsOpen DrainageOpen DrainageRain BarrelsRain BarrelsOpen SpaceOpen SpaceTurfTurfEducationalEducationalcomponentscomponents

Multifunctional UseMultifunctional Useof Landscape andof Landscape andInfrastructureInfrastructure


3. Maintain Time of Concentration 3. Maintain Time of Concentration and Watershed Patternsand Watershed Patterns

Open DrainageOpen Drainage Use green spaceUse green space Flatten slopes Flatten slopes Disperse drainage Disperse drainage Lengthen flow paths Lengthen flow paths Save headwater areasSave headwater areas Vegetative swales Vegetative swales Maintain natural flow paths Maintain natural flow paths Increase distance from streams Increase distance from streams Maximize sheet flowMaximize sheet flow


4. Storage, Detention & Filtration4. Storage, Detention & Filtration “LID IMP’s” “LID IMP’s”

Uniform Distribution at the SourceUniform Distribution at the Source Open drainage swalesOpen drainage swales Rain Gardens / BioretentionRain Gardens / Bioretention Smaller pipes and culvertsSmaller pipes and culverts Small inlets Small inlets Depression storageDepression storage Infiltration Infiltration Rooftop storageRooftop storage Pipe storagePipe storage Street storageStreet storage Rain Water UseRain Water Use Soil Management** Soil Management**

Emeryville and UCD


5. Pollution Prevention5. Pollution Prevention

MaintenanceMaintenance Proper use, handling and disposalProper use, handling and disposal

IndividualsIndividuals Lawn / car / hazardous wastes / reporting / recyclingLawn / car / hazardous wastes / reporting / recycling

IndustryIndustry Good house keeping / proper disposal / reuse / spillsGood house keeping / proper disposal / reuse / spills

BusinessBusiness Alternative products / Product liabilityAlternative products / Product liability

30 - 40% Reduction in N&P30 - 40% Reduction in N&P

Kettering Demonstration ProjectKettering Demonstration Project


LID is NotLID is Not A land use or zoning controlA land use or zoning control An either this or that approachAn either this or that approach Independent of watershed planningIndependent of watershed planning ““The” AnswerThe” Answer

LID is A Water Balance Approach to Hydrology A science and unit process based approach Decentralized and Integrated Technology Driven “The” Answer


Stormwater

Wastewater

Drinking WaterLID is a Holistic

Integrated Approach


Where did it all start?Where did it all start?N2

SANDY SOIL MEDIUMMULCH

RAINFALL

RUNOFFRUNOFF

NO3

AIR NH3

PARTICULATES

DRAININFILTRATION

NH4

METALS,NUTRIENTS

BIOLOGICAL FIXATION

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

DEN

ITRI FI C

ATIO

N

AD

SOR

PTI ON

VOLITILIZATIONPLANT MATERIALS

NO2

AMMONIFICATION

NITROGEN CYCLE FOR BIORETENTIONNITROGEN CYCLE FOR BIORETENTION

RECHARGE

DENITRIFICATION

NITROGEN FIXATION

LID Manual

Stormwater Standards Manual

Hydrology Manual

Landscaping Water Conservation

Manual

DPW Land Development

Manual

San Diego LID Manual

Village Homes


High Rate

Bio-filtration


N2

SANDY SOIL MEDIUM

MULCH

RAINFALL

RUNOFFRUNOFF

NO3

AIR NH3

PARTICULATES

DRAIN

INFILTRATION

NH4

METALS,NUTRIENTS

BIOLOGICAL FIXATION

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

DEN

ITRI FI C

ATIO

N

AD

SOR

PTION

VOLITILIZATIONPLANT MATERIALS

NO2

AMMONIFICATION

NITROGEN CYCLE FOR BIORETENTIONNITROGEN CYCLE FOR BIORETENTION

RECHARGE

DENITRIFICATION

NITROGEN FIXATION


Bioretention California


“ “Traditional” Stormwater IssuesTraditional” Stormwater Issues

Volume

Non-Point Runoff

Trash & Debris


Capacity Capacity

Amenity

Traditional Urban Drainage

Sustainable Urban Drainage

Stahre, 2006

Water Quality

The Good Old Days!


Conventional - 70’sConventional - 70’s

70’s Flood Control 70’s Flood Control Approach Single EventApproach Single Event

Risk based storms (2-Risk based storms (2-year, 10-year, 100-year)year, 10-year, 100-year)

Site Design and Site Design and Watershed use same Watershed use same approach (HEC, approach (HEC, NRCS) for Common NRCS) for Common PlatformPlatform


Predictable “Simple” ProcessesPredictable “Simple” Processes

3/2ARn

K β=


80’s/90’s80’s/90’s 70’s Flood Control Approach 70’s Flood Control Approach

Single eventSingle event Risk based storms (2-year, Risk based storms (2-year,

10-year, 100-year)10-year, 100-year) Site Design and Watershed Site Design and Watershed

use same approach (HEC, use same approach (HEC, NRCS) for Common NRCS) for Common PlatformPlatform

Bring in Efficiency and Bring in Efficiency and Loadings with %.Loadings with %.

72.212

×××××

= × ACRPP

L vj

L = Load, P=Precipitation


TodayToday Moving towards Tributary Moving towards Tributary

StrategiesStrategies Loadings and Limits (303d)Loadings and Limits (303d) Site Design Models don’t link Site Design Models don’t link

to Watershed Modelsto Watershed Models Rapid Assessments that may Rapid Assessments that may

have significant data or have significant data or science gapsscience gaps

Costs and Predictability Costs and Predictability unknownunknown


THE DifferenceTHE DifferenceQ = CIA

∫∫=

dttQdttQtCC

)()()(

Is this state-of-the-art?


Courtesy Geoanalysis

Low Impact Development Center 2007Courtesy Wong, 2001


Effective Work Index (W)

Range of Geomorphically Significant flows

Characteristics of Bed and Bank

Materials

τc τbi

Stream Flow

( ) tWn

icbi ∆⋅−= ∑

=

5.1

1

τττc

Normal Dry Weather Flow Level

Geosyntec


Smart Growth/LID HydrologySmart Growth/LID Hydrology Are the Metrics and Protocols Right?Are the Metrics and Protocols Right? Control Runoff at Microwatershed LevelControl Runoff at Microwatershed Level Consider Hydrologic Process in Microwatershed Consider Hydrologic Process in Microwatershed

LayoutLayout Maintain First Order Receiving StreamsMaintain First Order Receiving Streams Maintain Vegetated Buffer ZonesMaintain Vegetated Buffer Zones Control Spatial Pattern of Hydrologic StorageControl Spatial Pattern of Hydrologic Storage Control Upland Flow VelocitiesControl Upland Flow Velocities Control Temporal Characteristics of RunoffControl Temporal Characteristics of Runoff

McQuen, 2004


Incorporated into Master PlanIncorporated into Master Plan


Metro West Illustrative

Plan

Low Impact Development Center 2007Emeryville


Land Use Change is a better indicator!


IssuesIssues Where is a watershed with less than 10% Where is a watershed with less than 10%

imperviousness?imperviousness? MethodsMethods Scale and location in watershed (avoid Scale and location in watershed (avoid

headwaters)headwaters) Cumulative effectsCumulative effects

Moglen, 2007


Compacted Dysfunctional Soils


Lawn Soil Compaction

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00

Compaction (Mpa)

Dept

h (c

m)

Uninhibited Root

Growth

Impaired Root

Growth

No Root

Growth


Reston Watershed Management Planning


Buttermilk off North Shore Buttermilk off Ring Road


Stormwater Ponds: Stormwater Ponds: Valuable Wildlife Habitat? Valuable Wildlife Habitat?


TMDL Goose


05

1015202530354045

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Watershed Urbanization (%TIA)

B-IB

I Sco

re

B-IBI w/BMPs B-IBI w/o BMPs

Figure 2: Showing the lack of mitigating influence of structural BMPs on biologic conditions in Puget Sound lowland streams (Horner and May, 2000). Note, “w/BMPs” refers to structural facilities only. [Honer / May 2001]


Figure 1. Comparison of Habitat Condition and Biological Condition for Sites With and Without SWM

Habitat Condition vs Biological Condition

Test Sites (With Stormwater Controls)

y=20.896*exp( 0.011*x)+eps

Habitat Condition (as per cent of Best Possible Score)

Bio

logi

cal C

ondi

tion

(As

% o

f Bes

t Pos

sibl

e S

core

)

T01

T02

T03

T04T05

T06

T07

T08

T09

T10

T11

T12

T13T14

T15

T16 T17T18

T19 T20

DS1DS2DS3

RE1

RE2

RE4

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Habitat Condition vs Biological Condition

Control Sites (Without Stormwater Controls)

y=17.126*exp( 0.016*x)+eps

Habitat Condition(as per cent of Best Possible Score)

Bio

logi

cal C

ondi

tion

(As

% o

f Bes

t Pos

sibl

e S

core

) C01

C02C03

C04

C05

C06

C07

C08

C09C11

C12

C13C14C15

C16 C17C18

C19C20

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

habibicombined.stg

Montgomery County, MDBoth of the datasets plot mainly below the line (Figure 1). Almost all test sites do, and while 6-7 of the control sites plot along the line, the remainder plot below the line.Stream embeddingRiffle areasFlow regime

WMI


Where are the watershed functions?

Low Impact Development Center 2007The Future of the Urban America


Maintenance and InspectionMaintenance and Inspection

• Safety

• Inspection

• Access

• Special Equipment

• Costs


Pond Liabilities Pond Liabilities

LimitationsLimitations• Safety / HealthSafety / Health

• Inspection / MaintenanceInspection / Maintenance

• Inefficient Pollutant RemovalInefficient Pollutant Removal

• Temp / Sediment / Frequency / Temp / Sediment / Frequency / Volume Volume

MaintenanceMaintenance

SafetySafety


Cost/EffectivenessCost/EffectivenessA bioretention pond costs $2,000 to construct for a ½ site. So it costs $4,000 per acre.

RJIJIJ QmcMC +=*

2


BMP Removal Efficiency?


Ecological Integrity Ecological Integrity ProtectionProtection

• Hydrology / HydraulicsHydrology / Hydraulics• Habitat StructureHabitat Structure• Water QualityWater Quality• Energy SourcesEnergy Sources• Biotic InteractionsBiotic Interactions

Small Stream and Living Resource Protection

New Objectives New Objectives

Ecological FactorsEcological Factors

Species – Fauna / Flora Species – Fauna / Flora

Structure – Spatial / Temp / Distribution Structure – Spatial / Temp / Distribution

Processes – Cycling (Energy / Materials / Processes – Cycling (Energy / Materials / Nutrients)Nutrients)


General Assumptions!General Assumptions! For the foreseeable future, urbanization will continue For the foreseeable future, urbanization will continue

mostly in the same patterns as today. mostly in the same patterns as today.

We don’t know exactly how much stress aquatic We don’t know exactly how much stress aquatic ecosystems can sustain before they crash.ecosystems can sustain before they crash.

Where aquatic ecosystems are stressed terrestrial Where aquatic ecosystems are stressed terrestrial ecosystems are dysfunctional.ecosystems are dysfunctional.

Impact reduction strategies will most likely ensure Impact reduction strategies will most likely ensure ongoing degradation of the ecological health due to ongoing degradation of the ecological health due to cumulative impacts.cumulative impacts.

There are no thresholds for acceptable levels of There are no thresholds for acceptable levels of stressors. Impacts to the ecological integrity occur stressors. Impacts to the ecological integrity occur whenever ecological functions are altered or stressors whenever ecological functions are altered or stressors are added.are added.


Our environmental technological challenge is Our environmental technological challenge is to integrate development into the ecosystem to integrate development into the ecosystem as best we can in a manner that developed as best we can in a manner that developed areas remain a vital part of the ecosystem areas remain a vital part of the ecosystem instead of apart from it. instead of apart from it.

If growth and development continue If growth and development continue unabated, at best, technology can only delay unabated, at best, technology can only delay the onset of negative consequences. the onset of negative consequences.

General Assumptions!General Assumptions!


Paradigm ShiftsParadigm Shifts

Watersheds to Watersheds to EcosystemsEcosystems Flow Centric to Flow Centric to Volume CentricVolume Centric Centralized Control to Centralized Control to Decentralized Control Decentralized Control Uni-functional to Uni-functional to MultifunctionalMultifunctional Impact Reduction to Impact Reduction to Functional RestorationFunctional Restoration Good Drainage to Good Drainage to Functional DrainageFunctional Drainage One Size Fits All to One Size Fits All to Unique DesignUnique Design Unsustainable to Unsustainable to SustainableSustainable


Important ConceptsImportant Concepts Terrestrial / aquatic ecosystem linkagesTerrestrial / aquatic ecosystem linkages Ecosystem functions Ecosystem functions Using nature to mitigate its own forcesUsing nature to mitigate its own forces Mimic the water balance Mimic the water balance Hydrology as an organizing principleHydrology as an organizing principle Multiple systems Multiple systems Volume / Frequency / TimingVolume / Frequency / Timing Ecological functions of the built environment Ecological functions of the built environment


Conventional Conventional DevelopmentDevelopment

Centralized Centralized Pipe and Pond Pipe and Pond ControlControl


LID DevelopmentLID Development

Conservation Conservation Minimization Minimization Soil Amendments Soil Amendments Open Drainage Open Drainage Rain Gardens Rain Gardens Rain Barrels Rain Barrels Pollution PreventionPollution Prevention

Disconnected Disconnected Decentralized Decentralized Distributed Distributed Multi-functional Multi-functional Water Use Water Use

Multiple SystemsMultiple Systems


Summerset Subdivision


Discharge Comparision

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

13:55 14:24 14:52 15:21 15:50 16:19

Time, April 6, 2001

Disch

arge,

cfs/ac

re

LID Q

Conv. Q

Monitoring Results


Quantifiable Costs and Benefits

1.5

-4.6

-8.9

1.5 1.5

-0.1 -0.4 -0.2

-$10

-$8

-$6

-$4

-$2

$0

$2

$4

Do Nothing Option 2 & 3 Traditional

(in

$ m

illio

ns)

Project Cost

O&M

Savings from Loan

Increase Home Value


Green HighwaysGreen Highways Watershed Driven StormwaterWatershed Driven Stormwater Recyclables and ReuseRecyclables and Reuse Ecosystems and ConservationEcosystems and Conservation

Low Impact Development Center 2007Context Sensitive Solution?


Green Highway Network Green Highway Network DevelopmentDevelopment


EMS/Performance Based ApproachEMS/Performance Based Approach

Protect Environmental LegacyProtect Environmental Legacy Save Costs/Reduce ConsumptionSave Costs/Reduce Consumption Ease Regulatory BurdenEase Regulatory Burden Improve Review CyclesImprove Review Cycles


GHP/Stormwater EMS RoadmapGHP/Stormwater EMS Roadmap

APPROVAL –Management provides feedback to finalize issues, opportunities, and expected results.

1. Identify environmental issue(s) and/or opportunity(ies) to be addressed by EMS.

2. Identify desired environmental and business results and benefits.

3. Establish objectives, quantifiable measures and targets, and associated milestones.

5. Identify existing initiatives, programs, procedures, processes, and tools relevant to the EMS.

6. Identify improvements to achieve EMS objectives

4. Obtain management commitment to EMS, characterize EMS resource needs, and identify EMS leaders.

7. Assign responsibility for developing enhanced or new procedures, processes, and tools.

8. Identify personnel (by title) affected by EMS, define responsibilities, and communicate responsibilities.

9. Identify EMS-related training needs, responsibilities and schedule. Conduct the training.

10A. PROJECT REVIEWAssess EMS project performance.

10B. PERIODIC REVIEWBrief management on status in meeting objectives and targets.

11. Managers/senior management. Review progress, identify adjustments, and confirm commitments.

LEGEND: PLAN DO CHECK ACT


Green Infrastructure Green Infrastructure opportunities are opportunities are

everywhereeverywhere LID tools facilitate the development of LID tools facilitate the development of

green infrastructure green infrastructure Transportation corridors provide linking Transportation corridors provide linking

elements in a green infrastructure networkelements in a green infrastructure network

Rooftops to Rive

rs


It is a system of hubs and links It is a system of hubs and links that provides measurable that provides measurable

benefitsbenefits ..The term green infrastructure ..The term green infrastructure

emphasizes interconnected systems of emphasizes interconnected systems of natural areas and other open spaces that natural areas and other open spaces that are protected and managed for the are protected and managed for the ecological benefits that they provide to the ecological benefits that they provide to the people and the environment.” people and the environment.”


Links and HubsLinks and Hubs An organizing form idea for planning green An organizing form idea for planning green

infrastructureinfrastructure Creates an interdependent network of Creates an interdependent network of

green green Fits a watershed model of planningFits a watershed model of planning Can be implemented and maintained in Can be implemented and maintained in

sectionssections Is an opportunity for public-private Is an opportunity for public-private

partnershipspartnerships


Historic Construct ofHistoric Construct ofStormwater RegulationsStormwater Regulations

The majority regulate the peak flow rate of stormwater The majority regulate the peak flow rate of stormwater discharges.discharges.

Do not sufficiently address hydrologic modifications Do not sufficiently address hydrologic modifications and the impacts on receiving water quality – do not and the impacts on receiving water quality – do not address increased volume of stormwater generated by address increased volume of stormwater generated by development.development.

Perpetuate the use of conventional end-of-pipe BMPs – Perpetuate the use of conventional end-of-pipe BMPs – the use of which have not demonstrated significant the use of which have not demonstrated significant water quality improvements. water quality improvements.

Fail to consider watershed criteria.Fail to consider watershed criteria.


Examples of robust LID ProgramsExamples of robust LID ProgramsPortland, OregonPortland, Oregon

Photos courtesy of the Portland Bureau of Environmental Services.


Portland, Oregon (cont.)Portland, Oregon (cont.)

Photos courtesy of the Portland Bureau of Environmental Services.


Seattle, WashingtonSeattle, Washington

Photos courtesy of Seattle Public Utilities.


Vancouver, British Columbia

Photos courtesy of City of Vancouver Greenways Program.


Vancouver, British Columbia (cont.)

Photos courtesy of City of Vancouver Greenways Program.


What Motivated the Use of What Motivated the Use of New Approaches?New Approaches?

Portland’s innovative approaches to stormwater Portland’s innovative approaches to stormwater management are necessitated by the need to satisfy a management are necessitated by the need to satisfy a CSO consent decree, SDWA requirements, impending CSO consent decree, SDWA requirements, impending TMDL limitations, and Superfund cleanup measures.TMDL limitations, and Superfund cleanup measures.

Stormwater runoff from Seattle and Vancouver Stormwater runoff from Seattle and Vancouver discharges to receiving waters with salmon populations.discharges to receiving waters with salmon populations.


ConclusionsConclusions Regulatory and environmental drivers create an Regulatory and environmental drivers create an

incentive for using new stormwater management incentive for using new stormwater management approaches.approaches.

When faced with certain and defined performance When faced with certain and defined performance criteria, source control and biological treatment of criteria, source control and biological treatment of stormwater emerges as a preferred treatment option.stormwater emerges as a preferred treatment option.

How are jurisdictions developing regulations that spur How are jurisdictions developing regulations that spur more wide-spread use of innovative stormwater more wide-spread use of innovative stormwater management?management?


How are jurisdictions How are jurisdictions developing regulations that developing regulations that spur more wide-spread use spur more wide-spread use

of innovative stormwater of innovative stormwater management?management?


Anne Arundel County, MDAnne Arundel County, MD Counties are permitted to establish more stringent Counties are permitted to establish more stringent

requirements than those required by the Maryland requirements than those required by the Maryland Stormwater Manual.Stormwater Manual.

AA County stipulates “The use of nonstructural AA County stipulates “The use of nonstructural stormwater management practices shall be implemented stormwater management practices shall be implemented to the maximum extent practicable for satisfying the to the maximum extent practicable for satisfying the recharge volume requirement prior to the use of recharge volume requirement prior to the use of structural stormwater management practices to more structural stormwater management practices to more closely mimic the predevelopment hydrology and to closely mimic the predevelopment hydrology and to discourage the reliance on structural BMPs.”discourage the reliance on structural BMPs.”


Effects of AA County StandardEffects of AA County Standard


Maryland Stormwater Management Maryland Stormwater Management Act of 2007Act of 2007

Passed by the General Assembly in April and Passed by the General Assembly in April and signed into law by the Governor.signed into law by the Governor.

Requires the implementation of environmental Requires the implementation of environmental site design to the maximum extent practicable site design to the maximum extent practicable and review and modification of ordinances to and review and modification of ordinances to remove impediments to ESD.remove impediments to ESD.

Developers must demonstrate that ESD has Developers must demonstrate that ESD has been optimized on new development sites been optimized on new development sites before using conventional BMPs.before using conventional BMPs.


New Jersey Stormwater RegulationsNew Jersey Stormwater Regulations

Groundwater recharge requirement:Groundwater recharge requirement: Require that 100% of pre-development average annual Require that 100% of pre-development average annual

groundwater recharge volume for the site is maintained post-groundwater recharge volume for the site is maintained post-development, ORdevelopment, OR

That the post-development increase in stormwater runoff for That the post-development increase in stormwater runoff for the 2-year storm is infiltrated.the 2-year storm is infiltrated.

Water quality requirement:Water quality requirement: 80% removal of TSS and reduction of nutrients to the 80% removal of TSS and reduction of nutrients to the

maximum extent feasible, with an emphasis on non-structural maximum extent feasible, with an emphasis on non-structural practices.practices.


New Jersey StormwaterNew Jersey StormwaterRegulations (cont.)Regulations (cont.)

Runoff quantity requirement:Runoff quantity requirement: Require that post-development runoff hydrographs for Require that post-development runoff hydrographs for

the 2, 10, and 100-year storm do not exceed, at any point the 2, 10, and 100-year storm do not exceed, at any point in time, the predevelopment hydrographs, ORin time, the predevelopment hydrographs, OR

Demonstrate that there is no increase in peak runoff Demonstrate that there is no increase in peak runoff rates for the 2, 10, and 100-year storm events and that rates for the 2, 10, and 100-year storm events and that the increased volume and change of timing does not the increased volume and change of timing does not have downstream impacts, ORhave downstream impacts, OR

Demonstrate that post-development peak runoff rates Demonstrate that post-development peak runoff rates for the 2, 10, and 100-year storm events are 50, 75, and for the 2, 10, and 100-year storm events are 50, 75, and 80%, respectively, of pre-development runoff rates.80%, respectively, of pre-development runoff rates.


Portland Stormwater RegulationsPortland Stormwater Regulations

City code requires on-site stormwater management for City code requires on-site stormwater management for new development and redevelopment (i.e., retention new development and redevelopment (i.e., retention and infiltration).and infiltration).

For other properties, stormwater must be retained or For other properties, stormwater must be retained or infiltrated to the maximum extent practicable before infiltrated to the maximum extent practicable before off-site discharge is allowed.off-site discharge is allowed.

Required 70% removal of TSS and treatment for Required 70% removal of TSS and treatment for pollutants with TMDL limitations in receiving stream.pollutants with TMDL limitations in receiving stream.


Washington, DCWashington, DCAnacostia River RedevelopmentAnacostia River Redevelopment

The AWC is responsible for The AWC is responsible for revitalization of lands along revitalization of lands along the river and coordinating the river and coordinating environmental and environmental and programming initiatives that programming initiatives that promote river clean up. promote river clean up.

One-inch, on-site retention One-inch, on-site retention standard and water quality standard and water quality treatment for up to the 2-year treatment for up to the 2-year storm for new development storm for new development and re-development.and re-development.

Stated preference for Stated preference for vegetated controls.vegetated controls.

Adopted by AWC board June Adopted by AWC board June 11stst..


Seattle Green FactorSeattle Green Factor

Requires 30% of a parcel in the Neighborhood Commercial Requires 30% of a parcel in the Neighborhood Commercial Zone to be vegetated or the functional equivalent as Zone to be vegetated or the functional equivalent as determined by the Green Factor.determined by the Green Factor.

For example, the Green Factor for green roofs is 0.7, For example, the Green Factor for green roofs is 0.7, permeable paving is 0.6, and lawn is 0.2. Bonuses provided permeable paving is 0.6, and lawn is 0.2. Bonuses provided for rainwater harvesting or planting low water-use for rainwater harvesting or planting low water-use vegetation.vegetation.

Encourages the planting of layers of vegetation on the Encourages the planting of layers of vegetation on the property and in public right-of-ways adjacent to the property and in public right-of-ways adjacent to the property.property.

In effect as of January 2007.In effect as of January 2007.


Recommendations for RegulationsRecommendations for Regulations

Incorporate volume and hydrologic performance Incorporate volume and hydrologic performance requirements into regulations.requirements into regulations.

Create regulatory certainty.Create regulatory certainty. Provide incentives for developers that use LID (e.g., Provide incentives for developers that use LID (e.g.,

streamline review process or move stormwater plans to streamline review process or move stormwater plans to the top of the stack).the top of the stack).

Maryland offers six different stormwater credits for Maryland offers six different stormwater credits for green practices.green practices.


Incentives for LID Outside of Incentives for LID Outside of Regulatory StructureRegulatory Structure

Chicago and Portland offer density and building square Chicago and Portland offer density and building square footage bonuses, respectively, for buildings with green footage bonuses, respectively, for buildings with green roofs.roofs.

Offer discounts for stormwater or other utility fees for Offer discounts for stormwater or other utility fees for on-site or LID management practices – full-cost pricing on-site or LID management practices – full-cost pricing is critical.is critical.

Subsidized downspout disconnection programs.Subsidized downspout disconnection programs. In January 2006, Chicago provided 20 $5,000 grants for In January 2006, Chicago provided 20 $5,000 grants for

residential and small-scale commercial green roofs and residential and small-scale commercial green roofs and received 123 applications.received 123 applications.


Courtesy E. Takata Coyote Creek Watershed


Coyote Creek Green Coyote Creek Green Infrastructure PrinciplesInfrastructure Principles

Start upstreamStart upstream Connect the DotsConnect the Dots Use Nature as a GuideUse Nature as a Guide All Fronts/No backsAll Fronts/No backs Manage for the Long TermManage for the Long Term Multiple ObjectivesMultiple Objectives

neil intro day1

Technology

water balance approach

conservation watershed

use recharge

independent of watershed

land use

stormwater drinking

filter recharge use

answer lid