NEGARIT GAZETA Gazette Extrao~din

19th Year No. 1

MARITIME CODE O F THE EMPIRE OF ETHIOPIA

PROCLAMATION No. 164 OF 1960

Addis Ababa, 5th May 1960

C O R R I G E N D A

Before Art. 58, insert:

Section 2. Execution

Art 86 ( l ) , read:

(a) whera tlie occurrence has only given rise to property cI.im3, an %ge".o*c

amount qf Eth, $160 for each ton of the ship's tonnage; tLf wlicrc tllc occurrencsc lios only givcn risc to personal claims, an ngyregato

amount of Eth. S. 526 for each ton af tllc ship's tonnage; (c) wliere the occurrence has givcn risc both to personal claims a d property

claims, an aggrrgatc amount of Eth. $516 for each ton of the ship's tonnage, of which a first portion amounting to Eth. $356 ..... etc.

Art. 97 (2) , line 3, rcad: Art. 15 (5) Art. 118, line 2, read: in the ship's log - book Art. 187(2), line 1, rend: retained Ey the carrier Art. 198 ( l ) , line l, read: of the carrier Art. 240, line 2, read: remuneration Art. 250, line 3, read: as a private owner Art. 271 (B) , line 13, read : machinery; other repairs .... etc. Art. 287 ( l ) , line 2, read: she was due to amve Art. 313 ( l ) , line 2, read: the things insured.... etc. Art. 316 ( l ) , line 5 , read: in proportion to .... etc.,

Art. 360, heading, read: or Preventing. .. etc.

Art. 371 (2) (h), read: stecring (3), read: Articles 86, 198 and 223.

THE MARITIME CODE PROCLAr4ATION OF 1960

CONQUERING LION OF TI3E TRIBE OF JUDAH IlAlLE SEI-ASSIE I

ELECT OF GOD, EAIPEROR OF ETIlIOPZA

VIIEREAS, thc dcvclopmcnt of the ports of Our Empire and thc expansion of Our merchant navy rcquire that a comprehensive Maritime Code bo cnactcd; and

WEEREAS, a Maritime Code has been prepare2 ~ d e r Our supervision and has rcccivcd the approval of O u r Senate and Chamber of Deputies;

NOV, TI.IEI<EFOIiE, in accordancc with Articles 31 and 88 of Onr Revised Constitution, W e approve the resolutions of Our Senate and Chambet of Deputies and We hereby proclaim a3 follows:

1. This Proclamation max be cited as the "blaritime Code Proclama- tion, 1960".

2. The I\Iaritime Coclc oE 1960, as publisl~ed in a separate volume appearing as Extraordinary Iastte n o . 1 of 1960 of the Negarit Cazeta, shall come into force on the 5th day of blap 1960.

3. Nothing contained in the blaritime Code shall affect the nation- ality of ships registered prior to the coming into force of eaid Code.

4. The Maritime Proclamation No. 137 of 1953, as amended by the Maritime (Amendment) Proclamation of 1956, is hereby repealed except f a t Articles 2 to 5 inclusive, ~ a r a g a p h s (e) to (g) inclusive of Article 6, Articles 28 to 31 inclusive, and Articles 36 to 47 induive .

Done at Addis Ababa this 5th day of May, 1960. TSAIIAFE TAEZU AKLILU HABTE WOLD

Deputy Prime Minister and Blinister of Pen

TITLE I. SHIPS

Chapter 1. Genera1 Provisiom

AJA. I. Definition of Ships. Far dle parpwo d& Code, a &.%p 3,s any margoing veasrcl, whateves its

designation m d tmiaage, &ch us~deztyka or L ktmded to mdextake maritime narvigaGos, &&err ox not such nu~iaatiocn is fox purpow of g*&

Ant. 2. Acccssories. Al l a c c d a xecpirad fulr &c use lclf ihe &p &all be deemed to be

part af the &p.

.bt. 3. Ship Movable Property. A dldp 3s morvdbcle po ipcm~ d o r Civil Lmv d j a c t to &c pmvisiosa of G d e .

Chopt,: 2. Nationality of ships Art. 4. Qualification for otcming Etlziopian Ships.

A dfip dmll mt he deemed ito be m EWap.iain &p unlm owned wholly by peusos~s ob zhe rfdh d ~ ~ t n i o ~ . zmmdy:

( a ) E thiopiiam isub j cc- ;

(b) B&m Cospocrshc &&Wed unrder, m d d j e a t tci, &e Laws of Ethiopia m d hmirrg rt;llcir pibcirp,nl place ob bunin- is Etlxiupfa;

(c) Fo~dpem dodailad in Ethiopia ancl ha* th& principal place of busriaesls in Emorpia.

ht. 5. Ships trcatcd as Ethiopian Sltips. The fdowing eliaill be Et,b.i~)pi;m ship:

(a) Ships 8&a~droaLcd at w a md ~dvaged bp &ps b leg the Eihiopias 61%; (b) Ships e0dbctttt;d under the p~olMoazs ub tdis Code.

Art. 6. Ethiopian Ships.

(1) OnIy Etliiopdm ships &all sail undm h e Ethiopi!m flag.

(2) Coa~~ul hlLing, co~aatd &ado batwocn ;Etl~bpiam ports a d towagc in EAiopiau pamta shall c d y be racdmnkcol by Etbpi;m ships.

Chapter 3, Ownership Art. 7. Owncrship of Ship.

(1) btrumenb &.&g np, a~OQ3i~$i!ng m tcmin;;~ting rigllt3 of olwncrshfD h ln &p o r odiler aigI1~3 in re,m di& be ~drr;mvs up iin a ~ e c o ~ d s c d l e a d form, othcrwisc they shall be of no effect.

(2); mh'arc sudi bstmmmnb W O made abrmd, shcy .hpJ1 Le drjn~, np bdare an Ethiopian cmsd, lorr ~vhcxe & e m ciu m COIDB~~, befaxe h e cmpe2emt 8~~phoarict.y.

Art. 8. Thud Party R;&&. The iwtmrnunts covered by Art. 7 may d y be sert up agaillslt d k l

p d e a when €hey brwe bcm 'p-ad m ~~d by law.

Chapter 4. Ships owned in common h 9. Rights of Part Owners.

In my mat* loom- &e comma irztznet af part o,wxerj, ehe opirrios of the majority owners shaU prevail.

h. 10. Liability of Part Owners.

(1) Eadi pm wmw &aU v d y be liable in respect of tllc dtip in prqcxtion to hri &arc.

(2) b y part p m m who disqpmvca of m act of mmage;mest, may frcc h h l d f fEOm k&dit'p' a d - mdl act bp X O I ~ D U I W : ~ ! ~ d ' i b @&WC. SUC!~ share &d be d i s , ~ ~ ~ d amaag the d ~ a . part o~vxcrs in p p o ; r t M s to th& respeutive d~arw.

Art. 11. Powers of Operator. l An opmi~tocc applOiStad by the part m a n anay mdmt;ik;t: aU act^

d xn!ureaguxat. %its p01wen.s may o d p b e d t e d by a rdusiron ;in adopted by &a majoority own-.

(2) Thidd p& aihd am,t be dTeulted by rwtxktiozzb h dre powwa of Qc

q a a u t w unless noace &~craob hms be- $:ern h &c alSppbg rcPis,tcr.

Art. 12. Assipmcnt and fllortgcrgo of a Sharc.

Every pmt owncr may 4 ~ s i 1 2 ; n h i s ishime in dx s &p. A part OTVZLCX may mortgage his .hare with the agreement of the majority owners.

hrt, 13. Pre-empties Rights of the orlzcr Part Owners.

(1) Wmre ,a plant ow~zar & bu share in a ship held in commoln, the

p d ~ s e r s h d s d y a u d fact to ithe aahar O I ~ O T S within f iitcon d a p , ra&amvk dla sale &d be null a d &d.

(2) W&dlh Qtoan dqcs mm suoh na.titficdiatn, &e p& O m m s may excr&c %h& pc-emptive xig1:llt over tllc sllarc sold, provided &at within the same period of time they ~cttle thc cost and expense3 in caah.

(3) Tllc part anvnara, ;w bctwqm .nl~cmscZvas, s11d.J l l u t e ullc p x e a p t e c l allare l i t o protparbiw t o their mm slirnros, ~vllmc i d csarciso their prc- emptivc right, or otl~cnvise in proportion to the ubares of those who have exarcieed sucl~ night.

Ant. 14. Sale of a Ship under Common Ownership. (1) Unless olthmiw, agrcad ;in ~ d t i h g , &a d e of a abirp under c o s u n ~ n

o d t i p a h d d y be effautcd w5th the cowant of the majority SWPIrn.

(2) Such s d c dzvll be camduc'tecl ia the a m e an- arr a ade by o c r k d die court.

Chapter 5. Maritime liens and mortgage of a ship Section 1. Maritime Lien

Art. 15. Designation and Priority of Maritime Liens. Thc fallonkg cldima s l id aloac give rise to maritime z v i t l ~ priority

il.3 follo7%-n:

(1) Legal casts and o&cr C C ~ O D L ~ C ~ incurred in die cosls~orn interest oif t h o

crcrli tors, h mdcr b prcscrve the ship and to pracme hez e& and the d i ~ s u t i o n r of t h e psotceecb of sale; tonnage, d m , &ght air harbour ducs and othcr public taxes and charges of the aame nature; ~ i lo tage dues and the cost of w a d - h g ,and pram-ation Eram time of mtry of the efhip &to her last p m ;

(2) c l k ar&g out alf die ~lticla CA zgrecsncnjt orf die mater, die crew and o k p:- oxgaged is the s d a e of dre dtip;

(3) 1rcmu13wdm due fox a d s t z u c e m d ydvagc w d &c coatribution of the ship in general average;

(4) indmitias inr p !qc rc t cf cdlkiom and a&ec acckhnb of navigatios,

ia W& a &or damage caused to ~vouks b d g pimt c& h b o m , docks and navigable waterwaye, and the coat of removal of objects obstructing navigation, due to the acts of the ship, indemnities for bodily injury to passengers and crcw and indemnities for loss of or damage to cargo and baggage;

( 5 ) cl&a airking cut of mn%nzcb atered b%o OX acts dame by &C k n a s t a outGde die h w e pottt ~v-itihiin the ecolpa uf bjis ~au&mity where S&'

coaztmatcts aa acts air4 Premmry f o ~ the p ~ ~ i ~ z i o m of the &p or h coz~tinaatio.n of vqacge, wIi&ea. us sroct &he mmtec 5 at the same time mmer af the &p m d ~vh&ea cur mit t h e daki is 113 or &:at cif d ~ i p c h ~ d l c m , repairure, 1mdan as otberr co~ftnactud creditom;

( G ) r c s d t i a g dlrznltagcs due .to d~ctrrt~ryxis;

( 7 ) tllc z,mon,nta of pr& lorr k m m c o $&m orut on &c hull of die ship a d tJlc fittings arnrd cpiprncnrt crf d1e ship dae for the Iwt voyage i x m ~ c d in the C;NC d a voyage ar fcs the last period inuurd in thc cvsc of rr &c policy, but mt acceding orne year's preznium bn Loth evcmrts;

Art. 16. Classijication by voyage of claims sccumd by Iicn. CIar..rsiGcc~'ticn af claim swurcd by &cm d ~ d Ic by voyn8,nc. C l k gccud

by licn in t!lc l a s t voyage of ~v,vliatc-icr priority s'I~all Ic prcfcrrcJ agaizst t l~osc of p~m- i a t s VO~)- '~I~CU. C l a h ~ ~ ~ S i n i g ~ r l ~ t a$ CEC suad du: e ~ t z c c=ow'o az~iclcs

&d bo dsamed c l a h i i u ~ ~ &c Qat ~-oyy.ar,nc, mm ~r1:ca they &e out CS a a cm-licrr yoyagc.

Art. 17. Clcrssij?cc~Zan of Claims arising out of the sanzc tioyagc.

(1) a:<nu anhh,~ c x t of d:c a n s C y o p g e EIL?~ I P ~ h &C order sot out

in h. 15. (2) Chbns out of the e m c ~*oy?,\o"e and \t(?I~kh are of die earso

priority sliall share wacurrently and rateably in the event of the funds ,mrtiZable being C!i~Eaicszz ,m rpay dxe claims iz fid.

(3) A l l x m w c ~ G o n $ox ,z~$ist~~s,cc end cl* wk~a: g ant of &PS' stares

m d m q & 3 s i h d be giVcllr p n i ~ s t y h the k v a w omdw of die dates cm 7\'hic1i &ey came b t o being.

Art. 18. Date of claims arising out of ~ J Z O same maritime incident. U& tilir&g anut of b e same m-e irmcjdeat && be deemed to

hare come into being a t t he a m c b e .

Art. 19. Proof. Tdrm got S o d in the pie& ddlers come &;to cbeizl'g U ~ 1 9 4 as

LJic drui:in 0set up ; they &d moct bs d j a c t $0 ~ s r y f o m d i t y mr t o my spncid cuiaditiom as to p r o d , d w ~ he me+a fomplLi~cs cosc&tiosQ.

Art. 20. Priority of Creditors secured by Mortgage. Crcditors secured by mortgage on the ship rank for priarity in order of

ragknratiam j?mnodiataIy d r m the ara&bom mcmcd by Idan refeared t o &r Airt IS (1) ( 5 ) ( k d d v e ) .

A.x?t. 21. Property to zvhich Liem attaclt. (1) Licns shall attach t o tho dlip, to the freiglit for tha voyage during

wliiclt tlte lion carno &to 33-chg ~;md to eltips' ~rucmwc~cics amd freight zcquirsd d ? c r the oocnmcnccazmt wE &c voyage.

(2) The licn sct up by Art. 15 (2) shaU a t t ach to the whole of the freight ,due in rc.;?c.ct of polpagcs mrudo <d&g omc u ~ d dle e m o aztidm gf agclumcnt.

Aat. 22. DeJinition of Sltip's Accessories and Freisht.

mu1 t o CKC~~& d i b

(1)- mmp-hrn due to awmms f a r anstarid damage m & c d by tle slip amd uut m p d ~ ~ e d , art. SW Joa elf &eight;

(2) corutrilutio3ls due t o crtvnm3 in ge~:*c~rd $amerage, in caspoct of mm-.:crial dullage austJd4cd Ly the &p yud ~ o t aapapyircd, or h respect ol l o s s of freight;

(3) euamaratiom due t o w a r s $m as&~~.ar?lce rm. aaImgc s m k m zcr,icrcd dt m y time before dzc a d o£ t h e voycge, &far L c L u c C ~ 96 m y a;;zrs

d o ~ t t e d to dze mutm rand o&cr pewam in d ~ e em- ice of tLe Lip, arc dccrucd to be sllip's accessories and .frcig!it.

Art. 23. Amounts deemed freight or excluded from Ship's accessories and freigft t.

(l) Pawage mxm~ey a d , where apprapn'a~e, lcmp e m due mdez a &p- m e x $ GmJtad li-a1,&p shall be coms~dsned rto be freight.

(2) B;lpn.mta d-cre to &c omcr m d m b u r m c e po.lioies, or bowxtiee, aub- &discs o r a.cl-,ar State gnamts r11d DOR be deemad ;~rccwolries of the r:Jp W fndgllt, mid1 xcupwt bo &e exercise a£ s Lien.

24. Duration of Lien on freight a d Slrip'J Accessories.

A Bern on imig1l;t drd gab&&rt f u r so long .IU the freight A= nat b c a paid cr far slo l m g as &e aux-t dimeof L held by the master o r by b owaer's agent. The eamo shall apply to a lien on a ehip's accessories.

Art. 25. Claims secured by Lien follow the ship.

Claims secured by lien shall f o l l o ~ v the ship into wLatever hands she may p=*

(1) hll Emu eet foddi &I U. 15 ~ h d l be barred duer one year 1vi.~11 tile cscaptiom of .tlle lion wccrilng dah~ i~ttac!lcd t o dibp's stonea which e,!ldl be lsmod dta r e k rnotnlh*

(2) ;In ullc cmc cnE liarvs securing claimls &L rclspect of rcmunarirtion for assiataace amd e~jlvage, ~ I C pmiod of blmit~ticn s?1;111 from the d 3 y

whm d ~ c emviccls ticsrn,tntatc; &n tha cxsc of liens e m r i n g c1;lrinrs in ~cspcc t OS colllI,~'coaz. mrl ,OIL!ICZ acciclcntj and in rcspect of bodily injurrrs, fmm the day tshan the dmn,ge wau O ~ T L S C ~ ; in t31c cme of lions for the 10- of oe damage t o cargo or baggage, from the day of the d e l i v ~ y crf the cargo or baggage OR from the day when they sko8uld have bem

clc1;vc:rctl; for rcl)ai~-3 ant1 supplies uncl otllcr cascs mentioned in -1:~ 1.5 ( 2 ) , f rcm t!lc clay w l w n tile claim originatcd.

( 3 ) In all otllcr caxu, t11c periotl sl~all run from tiic date when thrl. P!&

bccaxite anforceable. (3) The claims as set out in Art. 15 (2) of pcrsons engaged on board A2

only Le enforceable at 1l;c end of tlre voyage, notwit th~tandin~ the rills

of such pcrsons o request advances o r paynlenta on account durinz rh voyage.

( 5 ) The periods so detcrnlined above shall not run for as long si it L* not bccn possible to arrcst the sllil) in dre territorial waie:3 of tit Empire wllcn the creditor lias his domicile or principal place of busk- in the territory of the Empire, provided that the period of Ii~~.;lit;lt:os

shall not in sucll cvent exceerl tlzrce years from the time whcn the c!-:=

0rigin.a tcd. Art. 27. Otlzer illodes of E.rttrzg:cis,5nzc-nt of Licns.

( 1 ) Apart f ronl p n e r a l provisions for the cxtin,aui~!~ment of obligatioll;.

liens shall be extinguished : by judicial sale under the procedure sat forcl this Code;

by a voluntary sale of the ship, under the follo~ving conditions: (a) The conveyancc shall hc made in accordance wit11 the p r o v i s i ~ s

of this Code;

(b) The conveyance e.hsll be made public by an entry in the Oficijl Commercial Gazette and in a daily newspaper available a t the ship's port of registry, as well as by a notice affixed at the esw

of the register officc, the entry and notice b.eing required to

contain an indication as to the domicile of the purchascr; (c) No objection has been notified by the creditor to the purchaser

d~uing the month following publication.

( 2 ) After tics period has expired, the creditor's lien shall ubsist on th purcl~ase money for as long as such purcllasc money has not been paid, provided &at before payment the crcditor has lodged an objection

(3) ?'he lodging of an objection a@ provided in paragaph (2) shall be notificd to the crcditor.

Art. 28. Rcgistrntiort of n Licn. CrcJitors secilrctl by lien may rrgistct thcir lien. It sIlall be made on the

ship's cntry ,in the Register. Such registration sllall not affcct priority af liens. Art 29. Case where a ship is not mclnagcd by the owner.

The prcccding articles slaall a p ~ ~ l y to ships under tile management of 3 pcrson who operates t11en1 without owning then1 or to thc principal cllartercr, cxccpt in caccu whcrc t t ~ c owner haa becn di~posscsrctl by an illegal act, o r whcrc the claimnnt is not in good faith.

Section Mortgage h 30. Scope of Mortgage.

Ships of two tons gross tonnage and above may be mortgaged, but only under an agreement Letwcen the parties.

(1) A axmrtgage OJ a drip m a y ody be cou~zct;ed by the &mar OS by hk agmt mthg undor o apecid pwar .

Where there are several owners, a ship may be mortgaged by the mulllm,misr= Q H ~ fw t he parrpases of fitting out m navligztion, with the q p v d of &a majority owners, whme such m'xjmity also repremnta three qu- sb lahe bxtarcs;ta ob the gmcrul body of owners. Where a three qaarters majority is not obtained, the part owners may request

conutt to make suoh mdcr W i.9 in lcho gmmd btarest od the part owners. ,Where one part owner wishes to mortgage his share. he may d y do W wu*& the approrvd ob &a maj&.

-Ant. 32. Property on which mortgage is secured.

(1) U d w o d l d ar,mod, a mortgage granted on a &p OT on a shwe in a h i p & a l l 4tt;zch to the hdl 04 the &p, and the shtip'e gem, apparatus, machinery amd &er auxemcriee.

( 2 ) A mortgage lzat attach to the rEroight, nor to G r v a m m bounties a d sub<&&c~r.

(3) A moxtgage slr3-U afttimh to ~dcmnity foe damage, d e s SUCI; indemnity b used !to wrp& t;he diip o r far her preavlatiom.

(4) A mortgage shall not attach to insurance compensation. The mortgage deed may by expm ~dO-mt attach such ampensati.0~1 tor the benefit of lihc ~ C C X R : ~ ~dlirm. Such assi,rr~l;memt may d y be WC up against the underwriters ;where they have given their approval in writing or where the awigammt has beem n~Ei6ed to them.

Art. 33. Mortgage of a ship under construction.

( l ) A onmiitimc mortgage may be made on a d i p under cowtnxctbn.

(2) A declmYti04 d ~ d be made bcfwe martgage to &c port manager within wlioee area the &ip h andat mssmon5ocn.

(3) Such dccIarat&oin d i d indicate the Inn& the d 8 keel a d lux admr app,rorio~attc Jib09u as well J. tllc t s t & n i ~ ~ d toamage. I t s l ~ d nbo indicate t h e site where the dhip is under c ~ ~ ~ t r u c t i o n .

A ~ L 34. Formalities.

(1) A mocrtgage imtrumcmt & h 9 be in H.nibing. It r ag be by simple antra&

(2) Tho instrnmcnt crcating tho mortgage may be trmeferable. Negotiation by ermdouwjxnmt bilralU t t n d o r %he mortgage claim.

h. 35. Limitation of interest rates. T h e mate of rirntc~mt provided ander a mocnbgruge loan pm U &p s h d nct

c x d U%.

Art, 36. Formalities of Registration. ( 1 ) Rcgikitzat5oa be & C C ~ Q ~ by m mky in dlo Reo* at the port

aficc ~vhare die drirp &I xcl,&tJared. Whene the morrrbgmgo charges a &p mdar warsrtsuotiaoz, r r a g ~ ~ 5 o n dzrull be &tarad in die Begi tc r of the

m g k t c r oficc unrdar whase juniijl&&om tale dLipyard csancs.

(2) Bdme ~cgis,t~artios, a certified truc copy of the molrtgap hrummt

&d be Ihmdcd to &e registar oEcc. The instrum- && have annexed to it t w o adredulets &gned by the d&;un\ coat-g 5he foUowkxg detail3 : (a) Surname and o&ur d d d 2 ~d pmfaocp of She m,qigae

m d moctga,nOcr;

(b) date m d fosm 01 &he iak&mm&;

( C ) arnoumt 08 the d&t au givetn im ltiLe imkibmm-; (d) c o m ~ d i h n a of b~tarasrt aold repslrymmt:

(e) name and d~s~criptritotn of the &p sndea: oaortgqe, aegktr&~ c&fic& au. ddrm&oa rdd thg ho her cosstam&m;

(f) the address for service of the mortgagor within the place of registra- rtioln under the juirisld;i&oaz. ad the rreo&ec o&c

(3) The re,m?stea oEfice &d &err h the R~giater a stakmemt oll &e det& com~&ed in the Q~YY) sdhe!dulles. m e e&d 06ce W return to the claimant one of the two schedules bearing a note as to registration. The oEce &all make a axae of the ae$Mar&ca af the moatgage in the uhip's cra,&-m eretay.

h 37. Effect of Readtration. ( I ) ,Re,Watiim d ~ d l preserve the morrrtga'ge h r ia p o d of five ycm from

the date dlmclaf; i t &ill ccw to have effect w11me not renewed before the expicry oS Gvc ye.^.

(2) Regiatiratimm of n mortgage &all gucrzzuke at the h e of sale t w o yearn'

b t c r ~ w i d ~ t11c eamc prio.nity ;us the cqritid, in a/dditiom to interest far tJ~c crwrrmt p a r .

Art. 38. Arrcst nnd s a b o f a mortgaged ship.

(1) Claima secured by rrcg'usltarcd molntgage of a &p ar k &arc thereof may Edoaw the d i p iab whatever bands she may pas h o r d a to be clased mad paid in the oirdar d ~o,&tranJlacn;

(2) Vficre a montgagc chargm a &me in a h i p ody , the cmditor may d y a m a t anid d ale &me to IVXC!I t h e moo;tgage ~;llt%il,&cs. Where more &ran, R haLf &me iia &e ship ciis anmtgagcd, *he muditor may, dtcr met, sell t&a vdrdc &ip, tit bb&g hie rt-:&q t~ eummiocn

t h e pmt mmcxs to <the ede.

(3) W h ~ e the ~ l ~ i . ~ ie wdd t o o pant m a r o r f& to him after divhiorn, mm wl~me mcl~ o m a r b a parsam other &m a part owner having

aI~,;;lre, such m o ~ tgnge 6il11d.l ddlsrt OUP a& 3lte.r divisiucn or sde.

( 4 ) ;In tlrc cvcnt of ealc by order of the court fox the benefit of a pcraon sralt bcGn),n nm. o~mcrr, in &a d a m s Satarrrmhod by law, the rights of srcciitocrs sccurrcrtf by mor tgage a£ a &m in dlc d ~ i p 5hdl be limjitctl to dlu,t pmt of &c puxc$umo mamcy dait img to &o inr%errcst moztgaged.

( 5 ) The eame dtaU apply W c l ~ u g c s an cmh &me of lanvnd'p, s ~ ~ d l charges being ctrnn-sfmad ~au iob a5&t t o &a!t rpmt af &e purchase momy m p s ~ ~ &c vailue a£ s d &arrw.

ht. 39. Discharge of mortgage. ( 1 ) The p d m e r of a $jp or a &me in a diip who ~visllew to B C C * ~ ~

hina_xJf a g b t the paa~cee&~g w d m ht. 38 sh& trmsmit a copy of &e cmdfioate 04 ni(g1kts h cram O Q ~ &e &p to d madiltotm entered thmm, ait the ad&- docr ~~ SJ,& ~ d t % d shd e h plzco before pnacmdinga arnd W&& fiftam clap, ss m m a the purdlzc Izm k m mgistmod.

(2) The p d m m sJud d d n n e &at he b prerpmad &to pay f d w i i t l h &c

mortgage debts, whether or not they are due, up fc the amount of the price p d d by him.

Art. 40. Overbid by one tenth. (l)' & a-efi;lsbeced me&troa mq hiha && by c m d o m of a &p or ob

*a &are &mmf clllarrgad by martgage by n f f d g tio &xmde t he p = c h ~ ~ p~ilcc by one t d .md by &&g mcnajby for &e paymeat of the price and eA.rpentstm.

( 2 ) T h e request signed by the cra&tox &aCI be ~ ~ i r t ~ d to the pm&aslerr

whh~b ban day8 of the apo lb i~od~m. I t &d cotnltah a ~nmrmons to appear bdore .nI~e court 3u&g jumis&cfli.m at %he plam whare &c &ip h, with a view to obtaining an order for sale by pablic auction.

Ant. 41. Deposit of purchase money where there is no overbid. ,JTlime mo creditor ~ccured by anartgago request, .a a& by audion, the

purel~usor may discharge the mortgages on the ship by paying the D m d U I l l o l hia parcl~me nwrray b ~ o court. He mug Qem require &tit

the resistration be cancelled,

Art. 42. SaIe by auction. Sale by a& M take place at the sequcat uithex of t h e creditor OR

of the pun&-, h amacdmce w(iltli the procedure h i d down by law

Ant. 43. Szrmnzary Sclzcdute of Mortgage Registration. S i p ' s prapcrs &all dndude a eumruary dladule OJ mmtgngc segistra.tiosa,

a n t 4 up to ahc dmc 01 dcrp~r;ture, diowitnlpn the date od m,+t~atiOm, the n m l a of cra&torrs m d d1e d u o of &e mocrtgngds.

Art. U. Prohibition of sntc abroad of a ship mortgaged in t6c Entpirc.

( 1 ) No &p mou-tgaged in rtlic En~pirc d i d b d d oluGde &e Empiisc ~vMloiut &c pcrmisrsJocn af d l e nmtrtgagoa: i~aving first beem obtained. Aruy d s d e & a l l noit bc d a r o d in die Ra,$stm.

(2) ,b olvncar pvbo k~etc&oa;lilly sclh a moatgaged &p &mad without &o

pcrrnission of the mortgagor &all Le guilty of an offence and ehall be ~rdble am c o i n a o c n to the parmaltics s~ecified in Art. 641 of the

Penal Code.

Chapter 6. Registration of Ships and of Rights in Rem

relating to the Ship

LW. 4.5. Registers.

(1) Ja mal &ont d d p a w d By rl;e Governmat of Ethiopia b e .h& be kept r e g i s s f o r the purpose 04 recoding the rew*rtWn of Ethhyirur ship6 a d a.f irigli~s ~ I X r a n xdnting t o each dips.

(2) Every entry in euch m g i s t m sllrrll be given a acrid a d c r asd izxitinllad by the Re@~t;r:arr. The Reaid mmbm of the &a33 be the aama the &p$ x+tt?rdtiio(n n d s .

(3 ) Eveq &lip dzd be cegbtetred at mbe pamt &em her awner L dmidled or has ;;his .;addmm fur earvirce.

4 The manner of keeping registers shall be prescribed

Art, 46. Slrip's 21Iarkings.

( 1 ) Emry Ethiopian ship sl~nll carry the ~rcscribed clcar distinguisl~in~ nl~nk.ia.,ns and t I ~ c name ad &c ~1'1ip and (the polrt od rc,&try in Anilt~ric and Le tin ~ l l a r a ~ c t m .

(2) Thc m a r a t 1 m u t a r of m Etldgim h i p e I h d bc rospw'bb ior maixstbiag in ~ m p m condi~iorll &c prcsunaad c l b t h g ~ i ~ g ma~khgs m d shall be .guilty of an offcmcc if tllcy m e obliterated, comcenled or cavercd, or if falsc marks are carried.

Art. 47. Registration of Etlriopian Slrips. Every Etltiorptm &lip &all be registerad at the time and in the manner

p rmzribed.

Act. 43. Cancclfation of Registration. Wllare n ehip ri$s sdd to a fa~1:cri~par, W hi= beein last to the memy or

by f~;-e air in a ~ ~ y otther mm3mar, fihe owaa h whorc4e mame ahe is registered sliaJ1 ~ ~ b t l l o x ~ t tdds;ly rat- the dip'5 cdtLf iaab lob ncptiom&q to the post cugistcr aGca for ;tilze m~try alf ,dlc sc,niemed daip im t h e Regbter to be

aacce!lcd.

Art. 49. .4rrcst of unrcgistercd Ship.

(l! Any Edlioplian s11i-p m-l~idl i3 subjcct #to awgktr3rb allrd has not bem segbtmed a h d he arsastad in %he first Ed~iapi~n p a t where &e touches ;

wIlare the dulp t mat at sea ~~r i thk Etihiapim territorial wata3, ehc allall Ic L,mugl~t 20 the ner~nasrt Eth~iolpi;un part &d be arrested by t h e Pcrrt &lamagar ~ v l i o s ihd drrav up a awpoct. The report shall be ccmmnnicatad cto die count havinlg jusid3cti.m and a copy of the report S& to dte &lbbtez.

( 2 ) ~ r a r c the wmm & ib tmtr iomdy o ; d d h g qagbtmkiicm h e &all be y i l ~ of m offace tmld U d e oa c o M o c n rtlo mhe p ~ h m e n t s p d d e d in Art. 428 otf die Pead Code.

(3) Wicre tIze mm~e;r actad rmergJripdy he &d Be lia;bh oca to die punumm pmdddd in h. 758 wf the P a d Code.

Art. 50. Efoct of Registration.

( 1 ) hy agememt &tar vivols, mad all v d ~ a t r y acts, whether gratuitous or subjcct to consideration, all judgments which have become final and, in g m d , d acts d r h g as ihehlr object t o set ap, . t rader , declare, modify o r e ~ 3 ~ h a right in em in a regktarcd ehip, shall take cffcct fnam the date of entry in +the Regbterr.

( 2 ) The dght to rcg2m~hiom ob h mm h ships &m a t of the agreements, acts, judgments or facts set forth in sub-art. (1). Failing v011rnt2u-y p d m r u n c e by a party, [r*ah \im the R e e t e r may be crdcrcd ty Ithe coumt, ~ h t l ~ a ~ u t pscjudie .tb t h e dgh2 of the parity agpieved to coanpocaation for darmagets.

-4rt. 51 . ConcLtrsit~e proof of Ecgistration. Whosoevcr acq~Eiirc~ ,in go,ocl faith a right in a mgistered d i p om the

l ~ s i 3 ad the cnltrics in the Eagiator s h d h31~0 o va&d title.

,4t-t. 52 . Canccllc~tion clnd filodificcction of Entries. ( l ) A p m n crppicved by romm of m antry. alttsrntiwn or cmcella'tim made

witllout golold cause may obtain dle cmccll~ti.ocn m nltoratioaz thoroob, uiullar by ogreemant batwarn dle parties ar by mder of the court.

(2) Cmoal lahn ox dteratiocn may adort be sert up against a third party is golad bait& whose rights w a e zaC)$ttxad prriotr 20 dtan;lrtian pr c;clzgdation.

Cxopter 7. Arrest of a Ship

Section Detention

At$. 53. Conditions.

(1) Dctcntisa of a diip mnty Ic ordclrod by tile colur t m gnom& of d&b die by the &p.

(2) D ~ t i ~ a may be mdeired w%withtmdriag ithat h mader has received p d o s 50 sail or ij in a pmt of c d ~ ( r tmn~it.

Art. 54. Security and Relcasc.

(1) ,me Coru;rt may require tlie c l b a t to give eecmCty cm sufficient bail in .mder &o meat die p l o d l e coats or daanagas lanisizlrg out of the detention.

(2) The ddmdant may ladge a claim whh the court foa release from the

dectemtiocn. Rdaase & a l l be ozdered where p a p e r d d f i u i e m ~ eecurity is givezb,

Axt, 55. Service of Warrant of Arrest.

( 1 ) A copy of the warrant shall be served forthwith on the master or in his absence on his substitute.

(2) The peason semiag the ivlm;wut s h d at the same time erne a copy thereof on the port manager together with an order to bold the ship md'm qe,st.

(3) Jn die case 04 m E~luiopiarn d*, lthe Regititm S31d em* the airreat .h lthe Re,dteir.

Axt. 56. Summons to appear.

(1) The w m m t of rursajlt d i d eorntain la summm rto the master to appear ibebme &c court bm.ri~g juridic- The shall be fixed upon a day mrt amliar ili~ml die fifteeath day frocm the meat nor lata than th0 W a t h day dtar the ~~

( 2 ) Thesc p&a& ob h e a h m I I ~a be extended or par3cd.

kt. 57. Judp-cnt confirming arrest.

( 1 ) Tlhe jnd,.memt c- tihs ;urreat s h a l l indude the oeda fox sale, iho upsert price, the cm&trio~w rrf erale and &c date whm the auction and sale

d ~ d &&c place ledacre the count. T h e jdmmczxt is M I ~ d j t r c t to o l jection.

( 2 ) An *pad may be lodged whateves the ~ o ~ t af lthe cl& withk.~ fifteen days f d o w i ~ ~ ~ fd&vory 04 jud,nmcnt; execution &all be stayed fox fiftcar days and until tlle ;up!pad L docidad.

Art. 58. illinimum Period before Proceeding to Execution.

A party may only proceed to crecution after twenty-four hours following die d c a v a d for paymmt.

Art. 59. No cxecution in certain cascs. Un,lws cxoc~~t ia~n rdatcw 2o d&tu calrztraatod iin rc~pcc t ob dre voyage to bo

~ndcrtalicn, exccu tion may uort be Levied orn a ship which h(u had pemuidon t o

sail o r after tlie mrustar h in a p o d of C&. ..h. 60. Denzand for Payment.

(1) Demands for payment shall be served on tlze owner in person o r a t hi3 address for service.

( 2 ) Where the o w m t noit present, m& ~dermmd m q b e semad on thc anaster whae itihe dab rdateu tm die &p or the marri- adventure.

b. 61. illaximum Pcriod for proceeding to Execution. Where the claimant allows more than ten days to elspse after demand,

h e shall renew such demand before ~roceeding to execution. Art. 62. Information in the report on execution.

T h e pmsorn drawing up the ~erpa+fi $h.& state ~thcrBin:

(a) h e nacn, pnafession and dotrmicile ob the cldm- for 1vl10n.1 he % acting;

(h) the basis land zmcmurt oif die claim ; (c) &at the cldmmt I L ~ m adJlr0~13 for wmke 7dthiP1 h e ju;risdictiios of tlze

court before ~vbi~cli pcccue&g far sale are orpanred, and at the place where the ship nnrderr mesit i.3 aozcltcmd;

(d) the amnos 04 the owam and die master;

(e) the mmm, type, tonsa.ge and naairolmdity of &a v d ;

(f) the pixz-ticdms a n d dajc.ri.ption 08 &C ~ a d m , be,&, t d e , cqxipncnt, supplics and stores, and slinll appoint a carctakcr.

Art. 63. Notification and scrtving of proccss.

(1) T h c person secking arrcst shall, within three days, ecnd to the owner a

copy of the report on esccution and summon him to appcar before th t court wliich may order the sale of the things arrested.

(2) Wllcre the ownor is r~ort docaiailad widritn h e court'@ junisdictiiom, s e ~ c c

md w.mmollts d t d bc d e o t o d aa the p m a n of die master d ithe ship

atmastad, ox am the p e r m mprmm"ug d ~ e owncz o r mater, wi.t.hin flltcen

duys. (3) Whme &C owncu: j, a Sucipar m d riu .ncritiho.r do(mi:cilcd a3;0x rajlidc~ in

d ie Emp k, a d jP3 sot raprmmted itharc, sarvicc and snunnom &a11 !re

made 3s provided in the Judicial Code.

h. a. Entry of the Report in the Register.

(1) T r b papant d i d 'le aterad in rthe Reonitor of dle dlip's post of rc,ni3try, or !at &c place w71~mc 831.41 ;t9 undw ccxmtz"uc.tiaa.

(3) From d ~ e day od sudz antry, file clabtorr ~v l~oae prapezty is mwted xnay

not m martgage the alli!p.

bt. 65. Notification to Registered Creditors.

( 1 ) Within three day8 from the entry in the Register, the Registrar shall cielivcr to tlie registered creditors a scliedule of entries, and within eight days thereafter the person seeking arrcst shall transmit t o euch creditors, at the registered address for service, the eummons referred to in Art. 63. The c r c d i t w mlay enter appearance within fifteen days d such B C ~ ~ C C .

(2) mere the ship is a foreign &p, notice &all be gives, within eight day3 from transmission of the schedule of mortgage by the consulate, to the registered creditors shown in such schedule, as provided in the Judicial Code. Such creditors may enter appearance ~vi tk in fifteen days, whi& pcriod may Le extcnded.

Art. 66. Sale by Auction.

(1) The Conrt at tha place of arrest shall fix the date and the upset price, and tho conditions of gde at the request of the sedahg arrest.

(2) Whcro no offer made at ihe sde , the court &d &X a fresh upset price, lowcrr than )&c firat, and another date for the d e .

Art. 67. Applications to zohithdrazv cxcczrtion or alZe8ing defects.

( l ) App1idation.s to ~ v i h d r o w erccutioa or dcging &fecU &d be lodged before adc.

(2) Where sudi application is lodged ,after &ale, su& application shall bc treated as an objection ngainst the roloasc of the sums arising out of the s a l e

(3) Such npplicatians &.d not Ic cntertxincd u d s s they have been entered in the Rcgistcr.

Art. G8. Proccdurc on applicctiorts zrnrler Art. 67.

( I ) Tllo claimant or party o1)jccting 611a.U file Lis reasons for objection within b r c e days. The dclcndant dlall f.!~ his reply ~vidi in three days,

(2) Tha c ~ o &d lo hclvd on eummolu. Execution ahaU not b e stayed

unr1t.z~ ghc Court so orders.

Art. 69. Sale of Slzip under arrest. Fifteen days after the nm*;ng of the b& referred to in Art. 70 rind tho

publication of a notice i n two local newspapers and such other pablicstions m tlic court may ordcr, tho a d c s h d take placo in court.

k t . '70. Particulars in Notices and Bills. Notices and bills shall contain tho follo~ving particulars:

(a) tbc name, profession and domicile of the party brinsing the suit; (L) tlie Lwis of tho cl&: (C) tlie ~ U C of the amount duc; (d) that the claimant has an nddrcss for scrvicc i n tlic placc where the court

prcsides and xvfierc the arrested ship is anchored; (e) the name, profession and domicile of the owner of the arrested ehip; :f) tlie particulars of the ship entered in the Zegister; (g) the namc of &e master; (h) the place whcre the ehip is; (i) the upset pricc and conditions of sale; ( j ) tIlc date, timc and placc af aalc.

Art. ?I. Proltihition against overbids. Ovcrbids arc not permitted on d o by die Court,

Art. 72. Payrncn~ of Purcl~ase Pricc. T h e purchaser shall pay the purchase price, withont any deduction for

cost4 t o a government designated bank within twenty-fonr hours after rale, subjcct to rcsnlc by auction.

Art. 73. Rcsnlc by nuction.

Wl.xerc rlic puraIlnso prico is lwt paid, the &p &all again be p a up foz silo by c~txction, three days after fseuh ~ C C S a d ldih b v o boen pob3ishad as provided in Art. 69.The original purchaser &an be liable for the paymcnt of any deficit, dnmngcs and costs.

Art, 71. Rccortrsc.

No applioation under Art. 67 (2) may be mada in rcspect of a judgment under Art. 73: Providcd tliat an appeal by way of summons may be mado to the Court of A p p d within five daps from &c sale soIolp on the g o a n d d13t thcro is proccdurd ir~c~darrity on the facc of &e judmeat. T h e date of hcaring shall bc mcntioncd in the summons to be thrce days after the issue of t l ~ c summons.

Art. 75. Registration of Sale by the Court in the Register. Salo by .he court & n l l bc cntcrad in the Registcr a t kho requcst of n u

Court Registrar, as eoon u s it has bccamc final .

Art. 76. Effcct of Sale. The sale frees the ship from all liens, mortgages or actians for rcscizsion

hdd by persons having roceivcd tlie notification roferrod to in Art. 63. En2io roguding m& liens, nzortgrrgcs and actions d d bc etruck olf upon the lodging of the judnpcnt by tJlc purchnscr .c\it.h &o register office, togc&cr with a certificate issued by &er registry of the court having pasaed judpent, ccrtifyhg &at the judpmnt is fifirua~l.

Art. 77. Distribution of the Residue. Any residue arising out of the eaIc slid1 bc distributed in accordance 6th

the proyiaions of &a Code of Civil Proccclure.

SHIPOWNERS, MANAGERS AND THE MASTER

Chapter 1. Liability of Shipowners cnd MGEC~SZS

Art. 78. Definition of Manager. A manager is a person who operates the ship. The shipowner ahd bc

deemed to be manager unless o t h k e evidenced.

Art. 79. Acts resultirzg in the liability of the Shipowner. A shipowner e h d be Liable for the defadt of the master, the members

of the crew, the pilot or any other person i n the service of the ship, in the dis- charge of their dutiea. The shipowner shall also be liable in respect of obli- gations undeztcrken by the mnster jn matters relating to the ship and the maritime adventure.

Art. 80. Limitation of liability. (1) The owner of a seagoing &p may limit his liability in accordance wi~11

Art. 86 i n respect of claims arieing from any of the following occurrcnces: (a) Loss of life of, or personal injury to, any person bcing carricd in the

hip , and loss of, or damage to, any propcrty on board t h e eliip; (b) Luss of life of, or pereonnl injury to, any othcr person whzthcr on

land or on water, loss of or dnmngc to any othcr property or in- fringcment of any rights caused by the act, neglcct or default of any person on board the ship for whose act, ncglcct or dcinult the owner ia respomible or any person not on board the aIlip for wIiose act, neglect or default the owner ia responsible: Provided, horvcver,

that in rcgard to the act, ncglcct or default of this clase of person, the owncr shall only be entitlcd to l imit his liability when the act, ncglcct or default is one which occurs in the navigation on the Nanagement of the ship or in the loading, carriage or discharge of Its cargo or in the embarkation, carriage or disembarkation of its

p wsengers ;

(c) Any obligation or liability imposed by a n y Isw relating to the xcrnoval of wreck and arising from or in connectioa with t h e

raising, removal or destruction of m y ship which is sunk, stranded or abandoned (including anything which may be on board such ahip) and any obligation or liability arising out of damage caued t o harbour works, basirrs ancl nnuigablo watcrrvays.

In this Chapter the esprcssion "personal claim" means a claini resulting from loss of life and personal injury; the canpression "proper~y claim'? means al l other claims set out in sub-art. (1) of this Article.

Art. 81. Liability by reason of ownersl'ip, possession, custody or control of the ship.

Ap owner s h d be entitled t o Emit his Liability in the cases set out in Ark 80. even where his liability arises, without proof of negligence on the part of the owner o r of persons for whose conduct he is ircspomible, by reclson of his o\vnersUp, possession, custody or control of the ship.

Art. 82. Cases where liabitity is not limited. Nothing in Articles 80 and 81 shall apply:

(a) to claims for salvage or to claims for contribution in gcncral avcragc;

(b) ltlo d k by the mstar, by members rof the mew, !by any emanta cf dhe o ~ l r ~ ~ e r oar. bormd rt3m &:p o r Iby of the o m w,hose d,utieis are connected with the ship, including the claims of their heirs, personal reprcsentatives o r dependents;

(c) i f the claimant proves that the occurrence giving rise to the claim result- ed from the actual fault o r privity cf the owner.

h. 83. BaIatrcc. If the o,rvner of a ship is cntitlcd to make a claim agailist a claimant aris-

ing out of the same occurrence, their respective claims shall be set off against cach other s a d the provisions of this Title shall only apply t o the balance. if my.

Art. 8-4. Ken-admission of Liability. The ~ m c t QZ ~iwa&,g Xmitrttion ob U3bililtp didl nat cosstitutc esl a d d -

&n oif Ztddity.

h. 85. Linritation Fund.

The limit of l ial~il i ty prcscribcd by Art. 86 shall apply t:, tl:e aggregate of personal claims acd propcrty claims which arise on any distinct occasion without rcgzrd t o any claims wI:ich have arisen or m37 arise

04 miy c.illcr &tinct CCCZS~:CC.

\IVllcn ille ~ag,rrtc.gatc of the clailma .rv?~.ildl nm%c on my distinct occzsiozi lexccctl~~ t1lc lirnitn af liabil-ity provitfcd Ly Art. 86, &c total eum rcpre- scnting suck limits of liability may be constitctcd as one distinct lirui- ta:im fund.

TIic fund dlus ccaztitctcd 1911311 Le av;Li1zhIc only fo r the payln tn t of claims .in xce,pxt af wll.icl1 limi.t~t.iorn ab liability c'm be b ~ i i l i c d .

Aftcr tllc fund has l c c n canstituted, no claimant against the fund s1laIl 8.s entitlsd to cxcrche my r i g l ~ t against any other mo2s cf t l l c e E i p GI~?LCT in aa3pec.t of h i claim a$,rrdrzlt %he if t h e LimitclCcn fund acrudIp z~*zi~ldlc far d ~ e banofit oif L?C Cldmmt.

86. dmounts of Limited Liability. TTrc z a o m t a to xvl~idl tlic cnracr 33 a s1Gp may Emit hiu lia%iEtp ccLler ArLiclcs CO mrl 81 did be:

(b) w1ierc the occnrrcncc has only givcn rise to personal claims, an agzrczate amouct of Et!l. $ 516 for each tan of the ship's tonnage;

( b whcre the occurrence has only given rise to personal claims, an aggregate amount of Eth. $ 516 for each ton of the ship's toncage; property claims, an aggregate amount of EtIi. $ 516 for each ton of t he ship's tonnage, of which a first portion amounting to Etb. $ 336 for cach tun of the ship's tonnage shall be exclusively appropriated #to die payment ob p-m31 dGms amd of which ,a s d portion ~nmounting to E t l ~ . $ I G O f o r cacIr ton cf the ship's tonnage shall be .nppcopriated to the payment \>f pr;q,erty claims: Provided, however, that in cascs where the fircd portion is insufficient to pay &c p m n d cMms in fa, h nnpnitl bdancc of such claim dlall rank rra,tcd,ly ~ \ -~ t l l tllc prol;M?7 cIs<rns for paymcolt a.g3imt the

m c s d portio,n ad the fund.

h leach portion af 2310 Iimhaltion fund dle dE7trihuGm atmong the

claimants shall be made i n proportion to the amounts of their establivhed druims.

Jf I-cfovc r l -e Innid is +.1=t~ iS ,17 t (d t l ~ c o~rn~rrr 1131s pa5J i.n WIIOTC or &t

pa r t anp of the claims set out in Art. 80, he 811311 pro tznto Lc plzccd i n tllc same position in rclation to tkc faad as tlrc clninlant whosc claim hc

has paiJ, Lct oi:ly to tllc cxtcnt that the claimant wllosc claim hc has pniJ ~\*u,xlil lrzrc ::ad ,a M : ~ ~ I , ' I L ~ C),£ ( I I C I C O X ~ ~ ~ ag~irat I u b .

( i) " & ' . l ~ ~ c &c ' J ~ . I p o ~ t m c r c~s t f ; t J~L~~oJ tlit't 31c may alt a Iatm drto bc corr.. pfiUc:l to in Y;?I.c~ OX k part Z ~ C ~ h ' f ~ 3 6cct out L? h t . 80, tlrc ~ O ~ i r t

may orJcr that a sulficicnt suci sllall Ic provisionally ~ c t asiJc to enablc t?:c ~ J ~ i : p c ~ w ~ x c r rit SIIC!~ lz-:cs il:,'te t o cdccce hi.3 dGm3 apicizt &c f ur,J

l t?lc ,~ZIIIZ,CI: ~ l ~ l t cut ~ Z C ~ I Z C C C & ~ ~ px=!,Rrqil.

Art. 87. Proccdtrrc.

I n thc C ~ S C of st~amsllip or atkcr mccllanically propelled dlips t h r c dldl Ic t&cn dlc ;=at 1 f j ~ ~ 2 ~ g e v.4121 t!ie aG&G31=l C§ t f ~ e c.moRsz,t l d ~ d c ~ t ~ d from the grass tonnage on nccount cf cnginc room spzcc far the purpose cf asccr- ~ ~ I L I : J I 3 tll C R ~ C t ~~OUI,EI:,~C.

I n the czsc of aU athcr ships t!lcrc s!lall Ec t2Irca t!~c ~xlzt tonnage.

hit . 89. Arrest of the slzip, bail or otker security.

Whcncvcr a sbipo~vncr is cntitlcd to limit his liability undc: tliin Chap- *er, and die &lip ar modics dGp c5 ctlicr prcipcTty in &c o~vnm-

d ~ i p ha3 b e c n mrmtcd lcr bail cr crti+ar c c e t y Lzs b e m givcn t o avoid arrcut, die ccilzrt may crdm t1:c r d a x c aC d:r, c- crl:cr proparty ar cl die scmui.ty givm X dt B a&bmad ;t?lzr! t h e slxily ormcr hcs ~Lreudy givcn satisfactcry bail or sccnrity in a snm equal t o the full limit of his liability undcr this Cl~aptcr and tliat bail or ather eccurity s3 given is actnally available for t l ~ c bcacfit OS t5c clninant in accordancc wit!l his lciIgl~t3.

(2) The provisions of sub-art (1) shall apply likewise if the bail o r other secanity d r c d y i h a smn losp &m the full limit c.F lizbillty m~dm this Ch~~p~rn prcridad it!~zt uzllislz~etonp b d or cdrer rcc~uity b given Sc~r dlc Lzl=cc.

(3) JXl:.orc the ~Jiipowcr.r il.;lr ;%m b G l a i r ~ e l l c r ~ c c m i t y i n I 5 ~ m c p d to thc foll limit of Iiis lial~ility under this Chiiptcr sccl~ hail or otllcr accc-

dty 4idl be w3ilaLlc 13ir t l ~ ~ pqmomt 01 3U claim3 zrbi3.g 01x1 t d i ~ r t iact

ocezmitm and in rmpcct d rv!&ih itha alripo~vruc may h i t Li 1i.aLiJ.ity.

Axt. 90. Liability of the Ship.

In this CZlaptm liobaity ad die IslJpcl;\nes indluda t h e Zi&ili:y oJ the

ahip k c x d .

Art. 91. Application to otltcr pcrsons than ~ k c Si~ipo.w~ccr.

Subject to Art. 92, the provisions of this Chaptcr shall apply to the char- terer, manager or operator of tllc ship, and to tlic mzster, mcxzbers of the crcw and othm ec.svrmts of ; t l~c anmar, ~ l ~ ~ r . t e r e a , nrnn~.gc'r CC opcratcr rc&g in the

course of their employment, in the same way as tlicy apply to an owncr bim- self: Provided that the total limits of liability of the owncr and al l such other persons in respect of personal claims and property claims arising on

a d i s h u t occssios s h d not exceed t l ~ anomas dd&sd in scco.rdance with L*. 86.

Art. 92. Actions against the Master.

Wl~an actions ere brought agmirst dre mmtar ox a t g z h s t menil>crs of &c

crmv, such persons may limit their Liability eve11 i f the occurrace which gives r b e to the c l a . rmdted fmm the ,actual f a d t o r privirty of one cr more of sudi peawas. If, howcvar, the mastec o r m d a r of the crew b art the same

time the owner, c s o m u r , chartmar, manager o r openriltox af the &p, the provisiom of this Article &d oldy apply tvllexe die act, segkct or default in question is an act, neglcct or default committed by the person in qucstion in his capacity as master of or member of the crew of the ship.

The owner of a ship of less thsa 300 tons burdcn may limit his liability nithcx to m asnonnt not excsad;,mg t h e ;rszount pr&dod in Art. 86 or 30 cm smo.unt carresponding to the value CS the &I;+ art t h e time od tbe occurrence g i ~ g rSse to zE:e claim.

Chapter 2. The Master

Art . 94. Appcintment and Duties of Master.

(I) The master shall be appointcd by the manngcr o r by the charterer to whom the sltip is dcrai:od. Ife &id bo w?dy ~ a p d l e for the m&- time cudventme.

2) In the cl-mt of #Ilia dczth, c:L.scncc o r incapsciDy dxc to ilhxss oz m y 0t110r a -e tlie coummmrl. sf t l ~ c slii? shall p m to &c ncxt & officez after thc master. Thc person who appointed the mastcr ehall be given ati ice thcrcof fclth~vit l t ao thzt s ncnv rnwtcrr be appoilubd

;b. 35. Termination of Jla3tcr's Appointment.

Thc pcrson who appointed thc master may at any time terminate the ap- p ~ m c m ~ t lolf die mastor.

(1) Tllc niastcr is thc agent of thc manager, subject to the provisions of

Ant. 97.

( 2 ) IIe may rcprcscnt him in Icga;l proceedings.

Art. 97. Scope of tltc filcstcr's Agency.

(1) The nastcr may only reprcscnt tLc manager where the manager is not prsmt or k ns.t r e i p m t e d by ~ a t t m e y . Such reprcsccntrctiom &d ez. tend to aU acts ncccssary in respect of the ship and the adventlne.

(2) Cantnzr~, rn!~mzd into, m d d&g3 made by the m&= shall give rim to a lien on the ship and on thc freight on the conditions specified by h. S ( 5 ) . Sucli cop11~naob m d de&p, rif mxde wi th a view to prestrrr- ing the cargo, shall in addition give rise to a lien on the cargo, which' d z d x d ~aSitm I&= Ems ~ e a i f i e d by Grrtjdels 249 (2) B3Pd 283.

(3) h any $roe where t h e mmzgc;r i~ pca3m2t lorr h repmented 3y attox- we?, ZELs ma,~cr may odp carry out d q ItO day acts of snanagcrzzm? of &C ship, m ~ v e l l m a i a c x ucpaim. H e may dbmia bnezn%era gf tha mm.

(4) The prcscncc of the manager or his attorney may only be set up against dGrd p ~ d m who h m v of

Axt. 98. Liability of tlto Muster.

(1) T h e nzcetm &d he E&le f o r Lie defdr. E e &all h Iba Eelble in respect of gm& irn l& dlmge.

(2) The U W i t y of die mmtez &all be a ~ ~ s u C b . 6 d .

h. 99. Duties of tlze nlaster.

The mast= &all remain o n bloa~d his diip h m &o ~~~g 6f ibe voyage until anri~d h rpm and s b d pmfoslm W& &e= d a k aa ahall be p=cscr%cd.

Art. 100. Duty of tlzc ~ ~ I u s ~ w in case of Pilotage.

ht. 101. Liability in casc of Pilotage.

Iharixtp" die voyage tJrc xn%tcs dr i l l kccp cu board &p's papers rc- gxrlin~g drc alzip, drc lcsa~v, pmsangm3 csrd cmgo, ancl eudi otllc~ (papcm and doccmcnts ns may bc prcscriLcJ.

k t . 103. SI~ip's Log-2joolc and cnginc-roor;i Log-boolc.

Upon arrival ct &c port of Zcstinatian or at a port of c;lll the master &a33 have the ship's I~gbook stamped within twenty-four hoars by die pant rn.amzgm, arr, if $rJjrzlaad, by &c E~b-bi.o@m cuzsd ar juL b ab:ent:o by &c com;'lotmt Yccal cutI:s&t-7,

Thc inaster shall m&c the prescribed maritinc declaratioa where pres- crihcd csccp tional circnnst;znces occur.

Axt. 106. Vcrificction of rhc illaritimc Dcclaraticn.

The p r d d a ~ d d t y am rrcc6tEng Uho m m t h c &cIzrztion &all c u - ry out ito rprcpzibcd dud&.

k 107. Borrowing and Salc o f goocts Ly tl:c Xastcr in Case of Urgency.

(1) In case of pxa3tng arced dm* the v q q e the mlmctcx may bonow npoa the ddp, m d W ,&c amount r&ied 33 j3m%ciczt, hp03 the carp. He a h d obtain fie ;sutlimisaticn oif the p s ~ ~ ~ . i d ~ ~ t t t of &c court of the plzce where spch loan h szxde, o r d ~ ~ o r z ~ e af tbe a-trdve auihou5ties and ~vhcrc abra;lld af &c ELhib+m ctmsd or 04chenYirsle of the corn- petcat locd it11tTlodty.

(2) 'EFELaro h2 is Inarable to bohow he bay , ~5th thc same zu&orisation, ~ c l l goods up d i e a m o u z t ~ccog5scd W laimg repircd.

(3) Tho mmager or &C master did aecoamt the oamcrr i3 xmpcct of golads add, cw .&c Jr& of be pmilcc fafidiccl f o r gmas of the same kind and @ty at the plzce af d a a d b g of the dtip at & timc of aarivd.

(4) Shippers or pcraons claiming under them may object to the pledging or

sale of thcir goods and require their unloading provided they pay the

whole frcight.

Art. 108. Sale of ship by zhc JIatcr irt tJtc cvent of Lrn3eawortlziness.

(1) Unlcsj a ship be piovod t o be uasc~~vo&y, t h e s a f w may not seU hex c3ccrpt uzdm o~ccial pmvars gvcm by the onmcr, subject to the &ale be-

ing dcclwad t-aid.

(2) Unsea~vortllincss sllnll 6c sho~va in a report drawn up bp sworn ex-

p- , a ~ p o i n ~ c d by tlrc pr&cImt CS tlte court 4~ by t h e allmbistranive

autliocnl~ie~ & ~ d , ~YI lme d~:ruaZ, by &C f i t f G o p i a c ~ m d cz by the con-

p eEGt I c l cd zn:Es;ritp.

(3) A salc conscqucnt on cnscawarthincss ehnll be by p~zblic auction.

M. 109. JInstcr sailing fir Joint Profit,

TTnea a mzstci S& for joliut profit on &e ladiag hc may not ntdertake

a y *trade a n h& own l~cill.df, mllvrs oriI.~avimc ngrczd. 3.n &c cvmt of .a

Lrczdi d f~lrip proxGion, 110 did loac il& d x n c h JLC common profit, ~vi*&- out prcjudica to r d t i n g damagc, ~ v l ~ a c appmpi)ni.dtc.

ht. 110. Discharge of a i7las:er tolzo is a part orvcer cf the Slrip.

Whore In master rvho is disdzarged is ir part ounu of ship, 'he may

givc up his ellarc and r c p i r c repayment of the capital amonnt thcre-

of, rv!rich s113U bc dctcrmined by cxpcrts appointed by agreement o r bp the

@OWL Such siglrt cf rm.un~izition n z y mt bc c~mcisod aftcs a period of thirty &a33 h m dic date of dic i&qcf;Iztioa. madc By the othm p n t owners.

W h e e tlrc right af r c ~ w c i a ~ ~ o m lla bocn excrabell ~viillin tq& period af time, &c p m awmcrs did r v a y die raatcr'a dimc rvl& thirty Jays follocving

tha cxpa-t dctmin.atiorn, od die m<oluot.

TITLE III REGULATION OF fifARITIivlE EMPLOYPJENT

.Ed. 111. Definition of a Scnnicn.

"Scanan" includcs every person (except mastcrs, pilots, and apprcnticcs

duly bZcmturcd m d rc,+tcrad), employed m ccrgagcd i3 any capacit~ on

loalf any ship.

Art. 112, Scam nrr's Articles of Agreement.

. m e t e a s end r;tapddbilosn ad ma$i.nzc ~.&clcs ob ragreccmcat &all be etcrcrl b tlic l& cf mew. The semarrr, &tor sud~ tcrms m d sitipd:. tions bar-c bccn rend out to him, shaU acccpt such tcrms and stipulations

by a!f~&g hb ~ i g z a t c a ax his mark. T h e prasoriiLod authanity idn.!J entisfy thclnsclves LcEorc t l ~ c dcpnrturc of the ehip that all scnmcn havizg d w k c d ,arc catploycd uacicr x t5c lcu cf agrccrnezit by exad&g t%e

cln.tnia in &c Lt 0s crew.

h. 113. Particulars in rlrticlcs of rfpccmcr,t.

The fmtidcs of a.,nrocnac.'t &,all contain the foXo~ring p.&cnlm: (a) whci+&es $hey m ca~dudcd fm a d c h h cr i n 5 c f . A ~ ~ m h d or fa=

a vo*yage;

15) t l ~ e eap'ac2t-y h w3.Jc.h &C e m m iJ 20 Le eznphycd; ( C ) the date apozi which the eqdq-m!edt 5s to hegiu; id) nhe rn1etIiod af retmmaaltiilom qpacrd b m e m Ithe patim; (e) the atnount of wages or the basis of determination of profits:

(f ) the place catt which w d , h e ,&te o n which the apeemeat W= ccocm=luded.

h. 134. Remuneration out of profits or freight.

(1) The \ a r r t ; idc~ of ~opcmzepn uddes w-&ih the scimm's z a m m ~ m ~ i a corn-

&ts h tdzde ar in lpmt of a drure in dze pmofits OIT ~dhe freight ehid specify the costs and charges to be deducted from the gross profits to

make up the net profits.

(2) Coanp~at3m-n paid to &ae &p h crcisyp'cut lob &e brdabg, rcducin= &e d&at?arn, oz d e pofficangtrluioc~ a4 &e mylugc, h of pmfib c: of freight, will be dccmcd to form part of the F o e s profits.

(3) This provision allall not apply to insurance compensation cxccpt whcrc t ? ~ c sczawm Itau, cc~nrtnibl.~tcld CO &,C p r p n a ~ ~ t 106 p r l e m b fxim ithe b e Iginmincg OS .&he voyage.

(4) Unlcss otllcnvisc ngrccd, bounties and o~11cr Govcrnmcnt aubsidics sIlal1 n o t 1)c ir:cluc!crl i~n n:ni.o~unb to L,c l&knih1;ad.

( 5 ) I'C'Ilcrc seamen arc ramuncratcd out of profits at freight no conpcnsz- th drdl bc paid W %hem in rajpact of ~lrc p~tplontcxrmt, pm;lorn~athn m roduc.t.i~)m in dwatiocn ob $he vopge by ~omcm ob forcc majeure.

h. 115. Remuneration by voyage.

W ~ C W a c m m m e paid by voyiqe, h S*O~US~'~~IRY xsducthn in &e d;uu. t j o a olE &c voyage s h d nort rmdt h m y raductioa in wagas, ~vhatevcr the came may be.

Ant. 116. Duties of Seaman.

A txm~m d r d d i m k c% &c b o appcaidted by the ; ~ l w ~ e s . Be shall o&cy e l l odm> of I& ~~~.pcr.iaxd O(D Imd m d m h ~ ~ i ~ r d uus I IZ~E bc prescribed.

A@. ll?. Proltilirion against c u n ~ i n g cargo on their own account.

(l) SG c q o sllall hc carricd on board a ship hp the master or a seaman fin Lb oo7vn acoorurcrt, ecrcoplt wdt5 ;tilie p m ' d c n ob &e sihipco,m. h &a e m t lab a Lrcach of pmvhbm, zIic pas5or h c a T e s M p q fi+t a* &c Gighest gate dprulmateid IS pd- ZUA niPze of la&g, wrirtlxocurt pejudice rtlo mch damage nuay be due.

(2) The master may order the jettison of goods loaded without permision where the goods are of such a slatnre as t o imperil the safety af the ddp or r i i n c u r r * k etnld apeame;s.

A&. 118. Advance on wages.

A q riud~mce m a se!mau'9 w3ga &.a31 be eatmad in &e lia of am if made b d w e a TO-yage and &I h e ih ip 's b d iif made dmrimg a voyage. Thr, s e a m && sign ~ r f :a& hjlS m& t!o ~ m h i l s d p axke&L N o advmnca shd be maae except under lthe faaqpiiq db. Tih~c tioti-4 m of advanus may a d t e*cwd me-fifth orf the w~~ne]~ aamed at &e h e the advance 16 nc- quastf'd

h. 119. IIorne Remittances.

Home g-Sttmcee mzy Le made o d y to &e wife, derpac?,a~t Mdrrcn d pmnta of IP ~~~. b. 120. Repayment of Adczncos.

Art. 121. A~rachment of wages

Soanm'a rqw .md p f i t a mag uat be atached or &ped mccpt for tlic rc-o rad witkin the $m ba2onv:

(1) up to olnc cpzrtcr in I.?IC c s c of:

(a) a debt to dre Ststc or to a prohcfm b m d ;

(h) a d&t for eupply of pro~vi&ons, appmel ocr l u . d ~ ~ g ;

(c ) a tdoLt &C to U d ~ i p a m c r axisbg h a m a p a ~ m t avm and &bow dlc bdmcc CJ d u e in re~pcct of a prexioius wyagc, un d- vascc or p a p m t on m acco*lurt not due, ox ia respect of drunzges;

( 2 ) np to a fudlcr ~mourut of cnc-qumtcr, far ,a Zdot dzre mdcs a jud,pezut of a cwnpetmt c m o n wEcIr cxcrcutim p c r r o c c t = ~ ~ have heal 5tizntcd.

M. 122. nicdical Excrnination prior to Employment.

(I) S o scm12a dld1 bc cn~ployod d i m h e Iras beta p~3scd mcLZic~I1y fit for servicc Ly a mcdicsl practitioner nppointcd by the port authority. N o sasman shall bc crr?p!oycd who ia 3uficring from an infectious Giuczsc.

(3) An ectry that sub-article (1) has been complied with shall bc mzdc by tlre mstcr in d ~ e list a£ crew.

(3) A maisttx ~ % o fa& tro cocmply W;& drio paoi.iiom of C% ArGcle did be gudty of m o f f w e and &d bee 'Uahle m convic~&rn t o the peaaltics spcciOod in Art. 819 lob &e P d Ccdc.

Art. 122. Sic1::tcrs cr Injury tclli!c in tlzc Ship's Scrvicc.

&le&od t rcabmt a?u!adl bc affcrdod t o ~ C ~ L M injured in &c scrvicc af the Jhip o r ~ q h o became d m b g the ~0y2:,gre zt &C ~ o m r ' d expeme :

Pro.vided #rhgt .r~*l.ltcue tlle injury m G i ' c b a k dxe to, or &stx oct

of, indisciplinc, ~ ~ S C ~ C C I U C ~ , drunkenness or in the case of consc- nitd &axc sucli ols i m ~ ~ t y ca: clpilay ~ y , ctr in fhe casc of &me cd rmerreid &gin, rsiclacrss expeacs adv;?r,eacl by die 6.hipmvxucr shell bc chargeable to the account o.f the iojurcd or sick man.

The clolst of aoztme(rlt ab~d zro lsx~a;: Ic duo dtar iscch Gzze m illc iiajury ur sickncss hz3 13wome kcunlriblc.

(I) A s t x a a n 1$*11o ha bcccmc &Ic or iu bjurcd k the elhip9t3 service e l l d be andrlod t o wzgcs Tccr LEO long a lie r c m a k o n board.

( 2 ) Mtcr boing Iatlcd, (hc ohaill be cmtitled W cm ~do4vunco ecpivalentt to wagcs duris~g a p c ~ i c d mat excccdiing four mrn~lrs. Whcrc laz~rling takca yl2cc al,rosll, cm a.nanu.nlt cqt~ivalart to paymcrit of ~vagcs fcn the f o ~ n

nront l~s pcriod shall Lc ilcpositcd with the Ethiopitn Consul or his rc-

(4) A scvnzrrn whose injury o r aicIi.aa.9 is due W h d h a i p h e or drunks- nasj olr is c s r i s t i ~ & m d cc af vanmad omi,$n, &id be mtitlad to faold and care for 319 long ;119 h e ram,+ cm bamd, but not 710 payment nrf wagca or an allowancc.

( 5 ) X'lic~e a scrzu~n &a3 1x3 dic lrojdt cb aidc.nasu wrr injury b the s.enico of dlc dlip, ~vllalcvar itlie c z w oS eudi eihw ur injury, &c costs of burial 61ltd.I LC LC(IX~C by die dGp.

(1) The sllipowncr sliall repntristc scamcn landed for any reason. In tLc m-c~t c~f itcsnhnuti.a~lz of t ! ~c srticlca elf .mgrccmcat by imutud commt, the

costs of repatriation shall be bornc bp the party designated.

(3 ) In additioa to transporrtz~icm co:s.t3, &C right of rep~l(tr~2ioa %h& in- clude accomnodation and food.

CONTRACTS RELATING TO THE USE OF THE SEW Chapter 1. Charter by Demise

Art. I2G. Definition.

(1) A dizrtex by dmke tis a ccntrrxt .cdiere;>y w e party mdeztakes to pracme to die ather pwty d ~ e p o s ~ ~ af a ship far a definite period, d j e c t to pajmant af ia memt.

(2) Tlic c c n ~ a a t ~11~aJ1 be in ~vnitiag. (31 Tlre caxx~~~at &dl be ~ubjtxt, $0 rhe C i d Code m d trhC upecid pm-

vbiom of d& Code.

b. 127. ProIiibifion against sub-cfrcrier.

Thc charterer may not sd-charter the h i p or assign his right xnder t h e o:grcclllmt c d c j s m iau&oiriscd by &c on=.

Tlic owner ellall dclivcr thc ship, togctlicr with its acccssorics, in a sea- wo,r::iy camdiLi'oa and t l l ~ z l l fur.mi& the Idc~urncata ~ C C W Q ~ ~ for mdtg;z~lopl. EIe ~11311 c x e c ~ ~ ~ t e TQ~LUB r c e c d ice, a ~ a s d t of some anajme ocr ~ ~ m a . l wear nnd t c s ~ xadtlhlg Lfrci~n d ~ e agrcad m c of die dGp.

Art. 129. Liability of illc 0tcnc.r.

Tllc ol\b-ncr d l d l Lsc lixI:l,lc far rlanagas nc3ultintg f r o m unscuworthhcss, unless lic can ello\v that eucli unscaworthincss was caused by a latent defect ~v1lic.I; a prudent oxvnm could met have & o a v d

Art 130, Duties of the Charterer.

charterer shall use the chip in accordmco ~ v i i L the ~pecification~ given in the certificate of seaworthiness and in ~ccordmcc with the terms and conditioais contained in the &arter party.

1Lrt. 131, Duration of the Chartm.

(1) Where the clrartezer retains possession of the ship after the expiry of

the *nu ageed upon, the charter shall not automatiady be renewed hnless expressly so agreed by the amer.

(2 ) 3C13. case of dc1ay caused by &C cIl~rtcrcr.in returning the ship to &c

owner, the owner may claim an amount of rent double that agreed upan in r q e c t of the period of time exceeding the agreed

Art. 132. Limitation of Rights arising out of tJzo Cltartcr.

( l ) n o ri&b arising out of a charter by dcmise shall bc barrod act L &er oco

year from the expiry of tho charter, or in the case mentioned in the fort- going astide, from the ,date of the return of the $hip to the owner.

(2) Ia fie event of a presumptive loss of the ship, the period of t h e &U nm from the date on which the &p IV~IS struck off the Shipping Reg- ister.

Chapter 2. Con!ract of Affreightment Section 1. General Provisions

ASL 133. Definitions.

(l) A aocntr3rct of atfreightment is a contract whereby the shipowner d e r - takes, 8ubject to payment of freight, to proceed with a particular h i p on one or more voyages (voyage charter) or, during the period agreed npun, on the voyage required by the charter nurder &e terms of the contract or as determined by custom (time dharter).

(2) A aontract of carriage is a contract of carriage covered by it bill of lading or any similar docurnoat of title insolar as mch document relates to h e carriage of goods by sea and &all be subject to the special provisions laid down in Section 5 of this Chapter;

Art. 334. ParticuZurs in tlze Contract. A contract of affrcightment s h d ha in ~vr i t kg . The contract, termed a

charter party, rhall indicate: (a) the name, tonnago and nationdiq of the sihip;

(b) tha n m 0 of the master;

(C) tho nvneu and addresacs of th4 shipowner and charterer, and their etat*:

( d ) the nature and quantity of the cargo SO that it may be determined;

(a) the method of cdculntion of freight; ( f ) the duration of the contract or a statement of &o voyages to be

undertaken.

Art. ,135. Sub-chwtcr.

(1) The charterer may not grant a d-aharter, nor assign the righb arising out of the contract of affreightment in ~vhole or in part, without the

permission of tlle s!~ipo\vner.

(2) Jn the event of a e d d a r t e r or t o t d or partid a a i p m e n t of tihe rights arising out of the contract, the principal charterer be liable to the shiposs-aer for obligations undertaken by virtu0 of thc contract of affrei ghtmmt.

M. 136. Goods shipped by the Shipor~ner in the Chartered Ship.

The shipowner *may not,without the permission of the charterer, h i p goods in the chartered &ip, or in tha t part of the ship under charter.

Art. 137, Placing of tlre ship at the disposal of the Charterer,

The shipot~mes a h d pdvcc Ithe &p latt &e lob #the charrtcrnea 36 h time and place agreed on.

hit. 138, Duties of the Shipowner.

The &ipow9!ar s l l rd (be bomd, befaire m d the h-0" uf the voyage, t o e x d s e due duligorrce to : (a) make t h e d$p seawckrthy; (b) pa6perly mm, equip m d -ply &p; (c) make the holds, r a l i g ~ ~ g m d cod &;lPnbms, d d h e r parb of

&e &p Q which goods are c d d , fit m d S& far Ith& recerp2iom, d a g e m d p r ~ ~ o a z .

M. 139. Exemption of the Shipwner from Liability.

(1) The rhipoamer rhall incur no liability for losa or damage arising out of, ox dvrc to, tmseawortfiijness, d e w such lass or damage d b h m hia failure to carry out his duties under Art. 138 or resdts from a latent defect wbi~:h la p d m t ahi'pcmmec w d d not hrme dhmvaed.

(2) The burden of proof under this Artiole shall r w t with &c hi-wwner or with m y obhcr person pleading ohc exemption under this Article.

h. 140. Liability of the Chcrtcrcr.

The charterer &alX be liabIs for damago t o the ship or to tlie goo& d i p

pea, auc to his own f n d t or that of his servants o r rcprcsc~tativcs, or duc to a concealed defect in thc goods.

Art. 141. Port of Dcstirzntion.

(1) The ship s1rnI.l procccd to dlo ngccJ port. If tllc dlip is u a a u e to rcz& s~lcsll port, &c shall procccd to thc port ncucst to tl:c p'lzcc of destinatiox and tllc sllipoivncr ~1113U LCU &C C:~CILSCS of f o m v ~ r d i n ~ h e good3.

(2) These expenses shall bc bornc by the cllartcrer lvhcrc the hindrancc resdt3 from forcc majcurc.

(3) Where the charterer has rcsem-cd the riglit to dcsipztc tlrc port of arrival a t a d s e q u c z l t dztc, cad Ec dcsipatcs 3. port which &c &p cannot safely rczch, &c s!ln'Li be liable f o r all &c comequcnccs thcrcof.

Art. 142. Ship not plcccd at the disposal of the Chcrtcrcr cs agccd.

(1) Whcro tllc drip is not ptlaccd at thc dispcsd of the ckartcrcr at &c timc and place agreed upon, f i e charterer may t cminz ta thc cozrtract by giving notice i n writing to the other party.

(2) A ahipo~vner shall have the same right when &c charterer h33 not started loading within the agreed period.

(3 ) The period of time for loading & a l l be deemed to expire only after the lay daps have m.

Art. 143. Compensation due to CJ~crterer.

I n the case provided wzder Art. 142 (l), the charterer shdl be eatitled to compensation without lodging any formal claim, d c s s thc shipowner can show that the delay is not due to hi fa&.

Art. 144. Termination of the Contract of Affreightment.

(1) A contract of affreightment s h d terminato cs of right and without payment of compensation by either party, where before its perfornancc has commenced a& performance is prevcntod by force majeure.

( 2 ) Where forcc mnjeurc occurs prior to t ? c departure 01 the &ip but after perfomance has commenced, the contract &all terminate subject t o &c payment of compensation, \&ere appropriate.

( 3 ) Whcre force majeure tompornrily prcvcnts dlc dcparturo of t;lc drip, tllc contract ellall remain in force, without any incrcsse in the freight or tile p a p c n t of any compcnsation. TI;c contract shan terminate as of right where the delay results in the breaking off of the commercial transaction by virtue of which either party or both parties had entered into &c contract.

h. 145. Salc of the S l ~ i p .

(1) Thc t r a d e r of o~vner&ip i n the ship shdl not result in the termination of U contract of affreightmcnt entered into prior to m& t r a d e r bp thc seller, wllere t l ~ c purcllascr lrad notice of such contract.

(2) The puralia.scr shall bc decmcd to havo had notice of the said contract where &c scllcr Iiad dccIarct1 its existcnco at the timc of sale,

Art. 145. Limitation of Actions.

(1) 1'110 rights arising out of a coutract of dfreightmcnt shall be barred

uftcr n pcriod of one year from tllo dato of delivery of the goads, and i n tho cvc::: of total ioss f r o n thc day when t h e goods should have been dclivcre~!.

( 2 ) Save aa i.3 cthcr~visc provided in sub-::tide (l), thc pcriod of limitatioa a k d ruz:

(a) in tl:c caso of timc clrartcr, from the date of expiration of &c con- t rac t or dic end of tlic last voyage, ~vhcre the voyage t prolonged un2c: tlic terms of .k. 177;

(h irr L e case of a voyzgo charter, from the date of termination of the vo).3sc;

(C) wl~crc acre u-tro ~cvc ra l royagc9, f r o n thc datc of tcmination of C Z C ! ~ VOyPgC.

Where a voyage has not commenced or terminated, tlic pcriod shall run from the date on ~vhioh the occurrcnco took place which resulted i n impossibility of performance of t h e coatrrtct or continuation of the voyagc. In die cvcnt of presumptive loss of t h e ship, the period shall run from &c date tvl~en the ship was struck off the Skipping Register.

(4) In the cvent of rccovery of sums paid by mistake, thc pcriod &all r u n from the date of payment, and in respoct of actions by way of recourse, from the data of bringing the principal action.

Section 2. Freight

Art. 1.17. Freight Pro rota. Frcisht ehall not be due in respect of goods not delivered to the cozsignec

or not plnced at his disposal a t the port of dcstinstion, esccpt in the event of a stipulation for freight pro rata. hrt. 143. Cascs where freight is duc.

Freight sliaU be due: (1) wlierc failure to deliver is due to the fault of the d~artcrcr;

(2) wlicrc t l ~ c goods liavc perishcd tlirough idlcrcnt vico (vice praprc) ; (3) where dangerous, hnnuful or prohibited goods, the natura of which has

not bcen declared to the shipowner at the time of loading, havo been destroyed.

Art. 149, PcrishaLle Goods.

(1) Freight for ~ e r i s h a b l e goods a h d be due, even where tho goods perish during the voyage due to their nature.

( 2 ) Frciglit a!;all be due for t he carriage of animals which die in transit for any came not resulting from the fault of the carrier.

Art. 150. Repayment of Advances to 1'Master. Whcre freight is not due, the master shall repay a,dvances made to him

on such freight.

,b. 151. S h i p held u p during the voyage. Where the ship is temporarily held up during the voyage due to a cause not

the fault of the shipowner, the agreement &all remain i n force and neither damages nor an increase in the freight may be claimed.

Art. 152. Freight for goods dclit*ered bejore arrival at Destination. Where a charterer wishes to take delivery of goode before arrival at their

d ~ t i n a t i o n , he shall pay the whole freight.

Art. 153. Failure to load full and complete cargo. Where a charterer fa ih to load a f d and complete cargo, h e shall pay

the whole freight; h e shall pay mch expensex3 as result to the ship therefrom. Ile ahall be entitled to an allowance in respect of any enving to the ship in expenscs land in respect of three quarters of the freight of goods loaded by way of replacement.

Art. 154. Prohibition against discharge from payment of freight by abandon- ment of goods.

A charterer may not free himsell from payment of freight by abandoning the g o o b even where, during the voyage, such goods have diminished in valuo or quantity- or have been damaged.

Art. 155. S l~ i~owner ' s Lien.

(1) T h e shipowner &d have a lien on the goods making up the cargo for a period of fifteen days after delivery, where such goods have not passed to third parties.

(2) This lien shall rank after the liens epecified i n h i d e s 97 (21, 249 (2j and 283.

Art. 156. Sl~iporcncr's Rigltt to Jctain Cargo.

( l ) Wherc tile frcigrt is not paid, the Aipowncr may dctain tllc cargo a t tlie port of destination, unlcss he is given such security as i 3 dccrued sufficient by t l ~ c court having jurisdiction.

(2) The court may order the saIe of die goods, up to thc amount of the claim for freight, in accordmee with the provision, oI the Codo 01 Civil Procedure.

Art. 157. Goods mixed zcitlt otlzcr goods of tltc same naturc. Upholding of

rlre Lien.

The lien securing payment of the freight m d it3 accc~sories ah& bc maintainad, even wl~ere the goods far which freight is claimed are mked w i t h other goods of the same naturc.

Section and Demurrage

-4rt. 158. Lay Days.

(1) The d a p fixed for the loading and unloading of the cargo ahd b~ known as lay days.

( 2 ) The lay days shall bc determined by agccnrent o r by custom in the port.

Art. 159. Demurrage. Time mnning after the lay days h a l l be known ss d m m n g c ; such time

may not exceed the time allotted for lay days. During this time, liquidated damngm against t l ~ e chastcrer may be claimed us of right by the shipowner. The amount of liquidated damages shall be 6 t ed by agreement or by custom in port.

hrt 160. Dantngcs jor Detention. Damages for detention shall be due dtu the expiry of dcmw~age. During

such time, the liquidated damages under ArL 159 shall be increased by ono h&, in addition to any compensation tha t may be ,due to tho f n d t of the charterer. Art. 161. Caku~at ion of Lay Duys.

Lay (fa)% S I L ~ be calcr~latcd by day and from hour to hour. Aa. 162. Time jor tlte beginning of Lay Days.

(1) Lay days ehall run from the time when the master h a s given notice thet the ship is ready to load and unload.

(2) T'Loj+ shall be calculated from the time of the resumption 01 work following the time at which the master gave the aforcmcntioned notice.

Art 163. Riglzts of the Master at the Expiry of the Lay Days. After the expiry of the lay days, the master shall have the right to d o d

Clo cargo a t tIlc risk and cost of the chartcrcr. T h e mastcr shall take n l l

ncccssary stcps for thc prcscntation of the cargo.

Art. 164. A c c r a ~ i n g lay days. Lay days for loading and unloading m3y r o t bc s c i o n f i e one against

t!lc otllct unfcss otllcnvise agrccd.

Art. 165. Suspension of Running of Lay Days. (1) Lay days &all not run on holiday3 and other days of rest provided by

custom in port, un.less loading or unloading has actually tnkcn plzce on such days.

(3) Tllo runin; : of lay days dlaU bc suspcndod by forcc msjcure.

(3) TIlc running of time fo r dcruurrage and for rlarungcs for Jctcation s l~al l not bo suspcaJcd by forco mnjcurc, hut thc court map rcduce thc aGouat duc for dcxllurragc ~:.'Iicre tile IlinJrzncc is

Art. 165. Eon:rs /or Dispatc l~ .

(1) A dlartcrcr who rcleascs the ship before the lay days have run shall be cntidcll to a bonus for dispatch c z l d a t e d a t the same rate as for l2y days.

(2) In calcnlating such bonus, aIl the days, shall be t a h n into account

including days suj;cn2ing tlie running of lay days.

(3) The provisions ol sub-art. (1) and (2) may bc set aside by a;:cczlcnt

bct~veca tllc parties.

Art. 167. Set Off. Any set off as betrvcen demurrage and a bonus for dispatch in rospcct of

loading or unloading shd l be calculated in value and not i n time.

Art. 163. t icns and Limitation. T h e Gcns and thc period of limitation laid down in respect of frcight

&3ll apply t o demurrage and damages for detention,

Art. 169. Zien for Demurrage and Damages for Detention tulrich ltave not

bccn settled,

Therc is a lien for demurrage and damages for detention incurred on loading udcss expr~s ly excluded in the contract of carriage.

Section 4. Special Provisions Regarding Time Charters Art. 170. Time Charters.

A timc charter relates t o the whole or to a detennincd part of the @hip.

Art. 171. Dzetics of the Shipowner, (1) TIlc shipowner shall carry out the duties in connection with the

opcrztion of the ship.

( 2 ) I?c s !dl commission, maintain and provision the ship, and shall engage, board and pay the crew,

hrt, 172. Duiics of ~Jrc Clrarlcrcr.

(1) The charterer &all carry out tLc duties in cocllection with the con- mcrcial mznagcmcnt of the ship.

(2) BC shaU ~u,E,& fud, water for the boilers and lubricants. He ehall defray cost of crctv'a orertimc worked o a his orders, os well as harbonr ducs, pilotage, to~vagc and other cqcniscs in conncctim with the com- mercial operation of &c &p.

Art. 173. Debt for Freight. Freight is duc Ly tho charterer for the timo the ahip is at his disposa!.

In thc cvcnt of cmlargo, scizurc. condemnation or loss of the ehip, thc frcight is due up to tllc date tltcrcof.

Art. 173. Prcsztmptivo Loss.

In f i c cvcnt of prcs-mptiva lasd, frcrght is duo up to t h o date of fie last ncws of the ship, and for one half of the time which has elapsed since that date and &c date m which &o vopago should havc been accompllished.

Art. 175. Delay of tlzo Ship.

(I) Frcight is due I--hcre the ship is delayed for naviga t imd rcasons.

(2) Whcrc the ship is delayod for ;z consccutivo period of morc than forty- cight hours as a result of her nnsca~vor&iness or embargo or through the acts of the cxm7 n o freight &all be due for the dday.

Art. 176. Rigltts of an Unpaid Shipowner.

(l) A shipo~vner who has not bcen paid f o r freight which is due is entitled to take over &c &p one fd day after deIivery of a dcmad to pay which h a s s o t been complied with, in addition to any other damage3 which map: becomo due.

(2) In this evcnt hc &al l carry tho cargo to its destination and may detain the cargo on (arrivzl.

Art. 177. E.rtcnsion of tlcc Corztract by the Ckartcrcr.

(1) h chartcrcr who is unable to rcturn &c d i p at thc timo ascod, thc ship itcing on voyage, 8lld.l pay tho amount of the freight for the duration of tlla extension of aontract during &c fiftccn days following the e-qirtltion of the coatrsct, in addition to any other damages which may become due for any period of extension exceedimg the first fiftees days.

(2) Freight &aU not be reduced where t h e ship is returned before the expiry of the agreed period.

h. 178. Return of the Slaip. The ship ahnU Bc returned to the hipo owner, at the expiry of the charter, at tho agreed place.

Art. 179. Cftartcrcr tu!;ing oucr tlr c Commcrcial and Nautical 0peratio;t of tfta Ship. (l) A diip and crew may Lc llclndcd over Ly tkc ehipowncr to &c ciiartcrcr

lo t n ~pccificd period. Tbc cliartcrcr sbaU take over tllc commercial an11

nautical operation of tlie ship. (2)' The provisions of Articles 173, 171, 175, 176 (l), 177 and l7G ~1:311

~rcc:ncnt. apply to any suck a,

Section 5. Special Provisions Regarding Contract of Ccrriaqe

Supported by a Bill of Lading Art. 180. Scopc.

(1) Tllc provi.iions of this 5cct ion &all only nppIy to contractj ol carriags of goocl~ supported by a bill of ladins or any other document of a

similzr nature.

(2) They shall not apply to charter partic3, provided that rvhera there is aifrci&tment by charter party any bill of lading or similar document issued undcr or pursuant to a charter psrty shall be subject to these provisions from the moment at which such bi l l of lading or similar d o c n e n t re,datcs t hc rclatiop, bet~vccn P carrier 2nd a holder of thc eamc.

(3) They &all apply only during &c period from the time when the goods

are loadcd to the time when they are discharged from the hip. (4) They shaU not apply to the traxsport of live animals and goods as are

bcing carried on deck ander the contract of carriage.

( 5 ) Tlte term "carrier'? indudcs thc owner of thc ship or a pcrsan managing t h e ship, o r the charterer, rtho enters into r contract of carriage with D

&hipper.

Art. 181. Issue of Rill of Lading.

Tllc carrier or his rqwcsentativo shall, after receiving the goods, issue to rllc shipper a bill of Iading.

Art. 182. Particulars in the Bill of Lading.

The bill of lading shall be dated and s ipcd by t he carrier or his reprc- scntative. It shall contain thc fobwing particdars: ( a ) d ~ c nanzc nnJ address of the carrier;

(I) the namc and address of the shipper; (c) die name and nationality 01 the ship; (d) the place of destination and, where the bill of lading is isued to X

named pcrson, the name of the consignee;

(e) thc goodj delivcrcd to &c carricr; ( f ) d:c place and datc af loading; (g) thc amount of freight.

Art. 133. Shipping filarlzs.

(1) The bill of lading ~11aI.l &olv t5e sliipping m a r h , t he ntuxibcr of packages, and objects, or the quactity o r ~vciglrt of the goods, i;l accor- dance with tflc par:icdars givcn by the shipper in writing le lorc dip- mcnt, and the apparcnt orclcr and conclition of tllo goods.

(2) T h e m;lrks shall Lc such as to identify tho goods asd shall be affixed so as to b e ordinarily legible until delivery.

(3) The carrier or Jlis roprcscstativc n a y rduse to cntcr in t he bill of lading t h e particulsrs givcn Ly the shipper concerning the m a r k of goods, or their quantity, nature or weight, where h e has reasonable g r o u & for eqect ing thcir accuracy or where he has h a d no rcasonjble means of checking their accuracy,

Art. 135 Inaccurate Statement b y Shipper.

miLere a shipper has not accurntely described the marks, number, quantity, nat-are and weight of goods, he &;iU be E&le to t he carrier for all loss, damages, and eqeclscs resulting therefrom. h inaccurate etaternent has effect oaly against the shipper.

Art. 133. Volztntary false statements. Pirllc;.c a shippcr has intentionally made a f a h e s t a t m c n t regarding the

naturc, quantity or value of the goods, the carrier &all not Le liable for loss of, or dauzagc to, euah goods.

h t . 186. Receipt before Slziprncnt.

The rcccipt dclivcred to tllo h i p p e r boforc the goods are shipped sllall bo proof of the dclivcry of t31o gooils to d i e czrricr. M t c r ~ h i p m c n t of the goods on board, the receipt shall be exchanged against a bill of lading, which sllall bc proof of tllc sllipnlcnt of tko goods.

Art, 187. Original of Bill of Lading,

( I ) T h e bill of lading shaU be drawn up i n two originals, of wLidi one shall be dclivcred to the shipper and the other rctzinod by tllc csrrier.

(2) The original rctaincd Ly f i e carricg s!lall be signed by the sllippcr or his rcprcscntative and shall carry an exprcs notice that it is not tram- ferable.

( 3 ) The original bandcd to the ~1l ippcr shall be a i p c d by the carricr or borne other person on the carrier's b e h a and confers on a holder in due conrsc the right to procure delivery of the goods and to dispose thereof.

Art. 188, Bills of Lading drawn in Several Parts.

(1) The original of the bill of Inding delivered to the shipper may b e drawn in scveral identical parts, each with 3 serial n d c r in the tcxt of the instrument. EncIi part shall shorv thc lrumbcr of parts i n circulation.

(3). Each part shall confer tllc came rights. mherc title to one part zccraes,

the ot!lers shall Lo of no value.

Art. 189. Forms of Bill of Lading.

,4 LiU of lading shall be drawn to R namcd p e r ~ o n , to order or to bearer.

(1) A bill of lading to a namcd porson may be assigned, but is c o t negotiable. The carrier may o d y deliver the goods to tho pcrson namcd.

( 2 ) bill of lading to order is negotiable by eadorscment, The goo& may only be dclivcrod to t l ~ c beneficiary under the endorsement.

(3) A bill of lading to benrer or a bill of lading to order endorsed in blank is negotiable by 6imple delivery. The carrier ehall ddiver the goods

against surrender or the bill of lading,

Art. 191. Prohibition against Negotiation,

Prohibition against the negotiation of o bill of lading shall be clearly indicated on the bill of lading.

Art. 192. Conflict between hotders,

Vhere a dispute arises between holders of several negotiable parts of a single bill of lading to order, before any delivery of the goods by the carrier, preference shall be given to the holder of the part bearing the earliest endor- semen t.

Art. 193. Dcliumy of the goods to a hotdm in good faitlz,

Aftcr delivery of the goods to a holder in good faith of a negotiable part of a bill of lading, t he holder of anotlier part may be prefcrrcd against such holdcr i n good faith, even undcr an earlier cndorsement.

Art. 19-1. Conjlict tettccen tlte terms of a Bit2 of Lading a d those of a

Charter Party.

(1) T h o tcnns of a bill of lading may only be prcferrcd against tlic tcrm.3 of a cl~nrtcr party where it is shown tltat tkc parties 1.ravc so agrczd.

(2) T!ic tcrxns of a c l~ar tc r party may be set up against a third person holdcr of a bill of lading wllcre suoh third party holder know of the existcncc of &c charter party.

Art. 195. Delivery Warrants.

(1) Any person entitled to dispose of goodj by bill of lacling nay , whero 60 stipulated in t h e contract of carriage, require the carrier or consignee to hand over dclivcry warrants on the master or comipec, relating to separate batches of the goods rcprcscnted by tlic liLI of lading.

( 2 ) Wlicrc the carricr issucs such dclivcry warraats, he sl~all note the f ac t

on the negotiable original oE t!lc t i l l of lading, together with the parti- culars of good2 spccified on the warrants. Thc warrsnta shall Lc signed Ly thc carrier and tlic claiziznt. Where tllc cargo rq)rcscntcd by &c

bill of lacling is diviJcd bctmccn scvcral dclivcry marrznts, the carrier shall 'take up tlle negotiable original of tllc t i l l of lading.

( 3 ) Ddivery warrantj so issued shall confer the rights mentioned in Art 187 (3 ) . Thcy may be drawn to a named pcrson, to ordcr or t o bearer.

Art. 196. Duties of the Carrier.

(1) The carrier shall be bound by the dutiea set forth in Art. 138.

(2) He &all propcrlp and carcfdy load, handle, stow, carry, keep, carc for and disclarge the goods carried.

Art. 197. Liability of a Cmier.

(1) Neither the carrier nor the ship shall b e responsible for loss or damagc arising or resulting from :

Act, neglect, or default of the master, marker, pilot, or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the manageaent of the ship; Fire, ndoss caused by the actual f a d t or privity of the carrier; Perils, dangers, and accidents of the sea or other navigable waters; Act of God;

Act of war; Act of publ ic enemies;

Arrest or restraint of princes, rulers, o r people, o r seizure under legal process;

Quarantine restrictions; Act or omission of the shipper or o~vner oE the goods, h'u agent or

representative;

(j) Strikes or Io&-outs or stoppage or restraint of fahour from what- ever c3nsc, wkedcr partial or general;

(L) Riot3 and civil commotions;

(1) Saving or attempting to ~ a ~ e life or propcm at .er;

(m) \Vastngc in bulk or wcigllt or any otllcr loss o r damagc arising from inhcrcnt dcfcct, quality, o r vicc of the goods;

(n) Insufficiency of packing;

(0) Insufficiency or inadequacy 01 marks;

(p) Latent defects not discovcraWc by duc diligcncc;

(q) Any o h c r cause arising M-itllout tlic actud fault or pr ivi ty of thc carricr, o r wit1;out tLc fault or nczlcct of d ~ o ngcnts o r servants of tllc c ~ r r i c r , but the burden cf proof shall bc on the person claiming thc Lcncfit of this crccption t o s1lo.c~ that neither the actual fault o r privity of the carricr car t!lc fault or neglect of the agents o r servants of thc carricr contribctcd to the loss o r damage.

(2) The ghippcr shall not bo rcsponsiblc f o r loss or damage sustained by the c a n i e r o r &c ship arising o r r d t i n g from any cause wit-l~oxt the act, fault, o r ncglcct of tl:e shipper, his agents or his servants.

Art. 193. Glota? Statutory Limitation of Liability.

( 1 ) h respect of loss of or damage to goods, the liability on the carrier shall not cxcecd one thousand Ethiopian dollars,

(2) The statutory limitation &all be determined by package, d in respcct of goods load& in bulk, on the basis of the ~ m i t nonnaUy serving f o r tlic c a l d a t i o n of the freight.

(3) Thc statutory limitation may not be set up against the shipper where i11o nature and value of t h o goods have bcen declared by the shipper 1,cforo hipmcnt, and such dcclarntion has bcen inserted in the bill of lading.

Art. '199. CooJs not Jcclarcd or inisdcclarcd.

Pjhcrc thc ==:er finds on board ship goods which have not b c a clcclarcd a: which have bccn misdeclarcd, the master may, without prejudice i o 3 claim f o r further ilarnizges, unload the goods, at the placo of shipment or chatgc them for f r c i ~ h t at tha higlicst rate payable at die same place f o r goods of tllo sanio kind. Att. 200. Dcngcrorcs Goods.

(1) GooZs of on id lamn~aLlc , cxploeivc, o r Jangcroue saturo to thc ahip- mcnt wkcrcof t l~c carricr, master or ogcnt of thc carricr has not conscntcd. with ~ P O W I C J ~ O of their naturc ancl cl:nractcr, may a t any time bciorc dirc!large 1)e landed a t any plarc or clc.stroycll or rcnclercd innocuous by tho carrier, withont compemntion. The aliippcr shall be l in l lo for all damage3 and expenses directly or indirectly arising out of t h e udoadina of t l ~ e goods.

(2) If any suc11 =;ooJj sllippctl t v i l l l s t ~ c h knowlctlgc and consent shall Lccomc a danger to t.hc ~d l ip or cxrgo, they Inay in like mazncr Lc landed a t

any placc o r destroyed o r rcndcrcd innocuous by t h e carrier without liability on the par t of t!lc carrier csccpt to gc=lcraI averagc, if any.

Art. 201. Sotice to bc giucn to tJ~c carricr in the cvcnt of loss or Jantagc.

(1) In t h e cvcnt of 1 0 ~ 3 of, o r danlagc to, t!~c goods, notice in writing shall Ic given to the c2rricr or to hi3 agcnt in the port oE unloading pr ior to, or a t the tirnc of, the rcnloval of t h e good3 into t h e custody of t he person enti t led to JeJ ivcq tllcreof uncfer the contr;ict of carriage. T h e good3 shal l be d c m e d to llavc bccn delivered Ly tllo carrier c ~ s dcscribcd in t he bill of ladin,g ~vl lcn noticc in writing has no t tccn given,

( 2 ) In the cvent of loss o r damage which is no t apparent, noticc may bz given widiin th ree day3 after ddivcry, holidays being excluded.

(3) Tlle noticc in 1vrit;'ng sl1al.I not bc scquircrl zvherc thc state of the goods has been determined by joint sun-ey o r i ~ ~ ~ c c t i o ~ ,

Art. 202. Termination of Contract of Carriage.

The provisioxu of Articles 144 and 145 shall regulate thc termination of a contract of carriago of goods under b i l l of lading.

Art. 203. Limitation. (1) Tlie rights arising out of a contract of carriage skaU bc bnrrcd after one

year f rom the delivcry of the goods and, ~vherc t11c goods have not been delivered, f r om tlic day when they should have been delivered.

(2) In the casc of rccovcry of p a p c n t made by mistake, thc period 411al.l run f rom t h e d a t e of payment and, for proceedings by way of rccorlrse, from tlie date of the introduction of the main action.

Art. 204. Through Bill of Lading. (l) A pcrson who issues ,a throng11 bill of lading shall alonc cxcrcisc the

rights and incur t h e liabilities arising o u t of the varicus stages of transit until the compIetion of the carriage. He 8IidI be responsible for t h o acts of t he successive carriers w h o m 11e has appointed in his place.

(2) Each carrier so appointed shall only be l iable f o r damago during the time tha t he was r e ~ o n s i b l e f o r the goods.

Art. 205. Nullity of Clauses in a Bill of Lading reticving a Carrier from Liability.

(I) Any clause in a bill of lading o r any instrument of mari t ime carriagc o&ez than a charter pa r ty vhi& directly or indirectly relieves a carrier f rom the liability imposed o n such carrier by common law or t h e pro-

visions of this Scc~ion, or any clausc rcvcrsing the burdcn of proof as set forth unJcr tllc Iz~vs in forcc and thc provisions of this Scction, shaU be null and voi J.

(2) A bcncfit of imurance in favour of the carricr or similar clauso &a11 Lc dccrucJ to Lc a clausc rclicvin;: &c czrricr from liability.

Art. 206. Cnrricr ntay increase his liability.

(1) A carrier may surrender in ~vhola or in part 3U or my of his rights and immunitics, or incrcnso any of his rcsponsibilitics and liabilities under this Scctioa provided such surrcndcr or increzse s h d be c d a d i c d in the bill of lading issucd to the sllippcr.

(2) A cnrricr or a sl1ippcr may insert in a contract stipulations, canditions, reservations or imnlunitics conccrnizg the obligations an2 Ziability of the carrier for loss of or damage to gooh, or concerning t h e 2 castody, care and handling prior to shipment and after unloading of fie ship on which the goods are cmfzci.

Art. 207. Special Cases.

Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding Articles, in any cosc

where either the special nature of the goods or the exceptional circumstance; of the carriage warrant a ~ ~ e c i a l ageemcat, suoh agreement shall be batvn up by the parties, provided that no negotiable bifl of lading is issued.

Art. 208. Jurisdiction.

The consigncc or the dlippcr may bring procccdhgs against the carrict at the port of arrival of the goods where such port i s in Ethiopia.

Art, 209. Arbitration Clause.

An arbitration &use inserted in a bill of lading may in no event grant to the arbitrators the power to settle a diffcrenec by wry of composition.

Chapter 3. Carriage of Passengers

Art. 210. Definitions.

( 1 ) In &is Chaptcr, the term ''cmier" includcs any of thc following persons who entcrs in a contract of carriage, namely the shipa~vncr, thc chartcrcr or thc opcratot of the skip.

L1 (2) The t erm contract of carriage" mcnpr a contract to carry passenger3, and does not include a charter party.

(3) Thc term means o d y the pcrson carried in a ship under a

contract of carriage.

(4) A contract of cnrriago of passengers shall bo in t h o prescribed f o r n .

Art. 211. Proltitition against Assignment of Ticket.

Whcrc the contract tickct shows the name of the passenser, the passenger may only assign his right with the consent of the carrier.

Art. 212. Cost of Board.

Unlcss othcrwisc agrccd, the cost of board f o r a passenger is included in the price of the passage.

Art. 213. Passenger embarking witlzout a ticket.

( 1 ) Whcre a passenger embarh without a ticket, he shall fortwith notify the master or the purser.

(2) WIiere the passoragar fxils to comply with t.hb ddigztiad he &j1l pay twice the price af the passage up to the p a t t o which he is triavelling or

*in wIlicL, he ij disembarked.

-41% 214. Passage not undertaken, tlzc passenger not being at fault.

Where a pmsanger is unable to undertake the.passage for remocns beyond Izi9 control, the cantract shvU terminate land t h e carrier &d be cntided to m e quartor of !he pasage maney, exduding the cost af bomclitllg whem board is irrcludod in the price.

Art. 215. Passenger failing to Embark. W here a pwenger fa& to embark, he b liable far the full p w q e woauey.

-4rt. 216. Cancellation of the Contract.

(1) The contraot is amcallad wttiIiout ranp campane~i~c~~ baing due 6y &&CS

party whorc die ship b praventod fmm sailing rfou cevsloms outside the comtrol af tlic cmiar. Tlie carrier &all rapay t h e piwage mmey received to %!~e ps,cssazlgcr.

(2) Klicrc the ~11ip ~ U C S not sail cm the day K i d by t h e cads or h3s repre- ecntztive, the ~p3r?scmager m a y require the aancell~w). of the costrwt, without prejudice to damages.

Art. 21'7. Ternzinntion of tltc Contract due to Hostilities. Tlic pawon,rrar may r,cpi\rc the tarmintath af the cmtract whcre, dtar

tllc a~nt1trc.d~ od hcritilitiau, dlc diip .is liable to capture @md may no lo.ngerr bo cacnsidmad ms free.

Art. 218. Termination tlrrough cancellation of sailing.

(1) Tllc cantauct 911311 1)c ca~rrr~11od wlwre &c omior caruc02~ t l ~ c sailing m d tlie voyage cannot mbc uxztlxtdcwr tdhin n ~ c u j c ~ n t a l l e pcriocl on another ahip caf an cquivdtxlt clam of .die same cmhr or 01 ; u ~ ' o ~ I Q ~ carrim.

(2) Tlic C-cll;lrtion of the cornltmct may be re+od ~vhore &c c d e 3 : ohm- gm the zautc ia .a m w a r prcju&id to thc passagcr.

(3) I n both cvcnts sct fortli abovc, t l ~ c pxscngcr is entitled to damages. Vbcrc cmccllatis.11 of ~ d i l n g or (a clzam,-c cf routc rzliaa plzcc far good reason, compcmatim may nort a c c a d ,twice tllc iamoruct af t h c PT;SS~I~;C momy.

Art. 219. Breaking of tlrc Voyegc dr:c to Force Majeurc.

( 1 ) T ! ~ o r e a voyage is broken a3 a result of force maj,cllrc, die p.mage rccney allall a d y be due in rcz-cc: c1 that part of dlc journey tactudy ,accoa- p l:.& CA

( 2 ) TIlr: full amount s l i d Lc due w1ier.c &c cmicr, ~vitllin a rrcsaaahla p&.od, and rat hi3 own expamoe, enables thc p ~ u m g a r t o pnceed on hit voyssc by a d i p of an equivde& class, mnd pravidcs the p rwengcr d irrhg the h t e r ~ e n h g time IVMI batmclhg m d lqdgi:n,n, ~vlicrc hfdudod in thc price of ihe pasage.

Art. 220. Passczgcr obliged to brcalc thc coyage for rcasons 0r:tside h$ conrro!

(l] Whare a passenger b cbligsd t o bro& his royagc for r c m m outaidc llir contr0~1, the pusage mczey d id bc TIC in pnqortion t ~ ) &c journcp actl~ally accompl&ed.

(2) Whme &C myage &ip&endueb t h e paanccngciaawn *ccb, mcli pmicr- mer shzU bc liable f o r ale cc% 06 &c an=aairmder ci rhc jonrnley. h

-4rt. 221. Passenger suffering from c:n infcctious disease.

Where a p ~ m g c r i 3 sdf arhg frcm m iidoc~iou i i i iasc Ire lsli nl l Le I a nt le d at &e ixdmblirtqd place ~vheoe t he &lip tauchar.

Art. 222. Liability of the Cmier for delay or failzoc to c m y o~tr iho contract.

Tlrc camdcx d i a l l be PYble far tsnp damage cantaod t o ilzo pzucn.gcT Ly x o m n of dcluy a- f3iluu-c t o cmry oxt the contract, o.alea dlc enmifir can slto~v din d delay or hilurc w a due to circurm~mco outaide his control.

Art. 223. Liability in case of Jcatf i of or injury to Passenger.

(1) T l ~ c cvrricr sl!l3:1 Lc XAlc fin h dmagc yniSia1g out af the deartI1 of, or bodily injury t ~ , a psx4cngar, wl~nra e11cb darnagc accurrcd wllilst ihc p w g o r w u ca board, from 1d1c uime otf embarks~ion until di~cm1~arIcn- t:.r?n or Lt~.rin~,n mborkstim rli.samha~1c at.ion, un ~ P S J tJl e carricr cm

allow that sucli dcatl~ or injury was due to ciroupzstmc~ oulaide his can trol.

(2 ) The liability of tllc carrier for tllc death of or personal injury to, n p a r sengcr ellall in no onse cxeecd Eth. $40,000.

(3) Kllere dn~nnger may Le awarded in the form of periodical payments, tllc c q ~ ~ i v d c n t capital a11 all not a r r c d the s m c limit.

(4) Ncvcrtl~clcss, L y epcciol contract, tbc carrier and tllc passenger may agrcc to R highor linriit af liability.

( 5 ) The carrier a h d mt Be cntirlcd to the bendit 04 the ilaitntian ol l i J i - lity if it ia proved tlrnt the damage r d t e d h am act m oankinm of &a

carrier done with intent to cause damage or recklessly and with knowledge that damage ~ v o d d prab&Iy r d t .

Art. 223. Carriage of Baggage.

(1) The provi3ians regarding the c=iage of goods 6 L d q p t ~ to the carriage af baggage where the baggage t taken im custody against a receipt

(2) The carrier &all not be liable fo r loss <xf or damage to baggage in respect of whidi no receipt h*, been gven and whieh xz~~aim in the crrstody of the pmwn,ger, unless the paasllger can rhaw thirt m& loss or damage w a due to the fault ob t he carrier or tls representative.

Art. 225. Gratuitous Carriuge.

(1) The provisioum of Az-ticla 222, '123 a d 224 a h d apply Sa gratuim carriage.

(2) In &a c a e of roluat iq carriage, the carrier &A aplp he Xiable w h the penon csmied c m @how tbat the damage arm ahmugh the hand or ~ 0 9 s negligmke 06 the c a . r r k m Ea s e i p ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M v c .

Art. 226. Articbs 223 - 225 Always Applicable. The provisions of Articles 223 to 225 shall apply notwithstanding any

agreement to the contrary.

Art. 227. Carrier's Lien on Baggage.

Carrims &all hiwe 3 licni oa the baggage of pasesgers on board for mms due under die contract of d a g c .

Art. 228. Limitntion of Actions.

( 1 ) Actions arising out of the contract of carriage of persons and of baggap for which no receipt hse been given && be bmad aftez one year.

2 The period of limitation hall run fromi the dlpp w h a the act compldnad of took place, or from the date of conc1usion of the contract.

(3) The p r o ~ ~ n , d Art. 203 shdl apply to adi0.m ariring out of U comtrut 01 carriage for baggage taken into custody against rcceipt.

TITLE V MARITIME COLLISIONS, ASSISTANCE AND SALVhCE

Chwfer 1. Collisions Art. 229. Rulcs Applicable to Collisions,

mac a co lh ion c4ccurs betvem s!iips, t h e cmpasz t ion duc f o r dzxages c x ~ s c d to the ships, OT to i x n ~ propcrty o r gcrsom o n l a z d dicreof, 9 lr2 l l be sa t led rccordalcc ~ v i t l l the following provjsiom.

Art. 230. Accidental Collision.

U &c collision h z ~ Lees cccasioacd by $a f o ~ t u i t c u accsd- or if i t cm,nolt lac &m &zt ;tq of \the p;~,-tie3 is to blame, l&c damage Ididl x e ~ t ~vhexe it f&.

Art 23L Collisio:~ farilt of ono ship.

Whcn any damage to ships, goods or persons has been caused by a collision Lct~vccn ships, and onc party alocc is t o blame, hho shall bc liable for any 10s cr dams gc caused ,&cs&y.

Art. 233. Collision fault of two or more ships.

(1) W ~ e n two o r mmo ,&ips arc ko Mme, a d 1 rplmty &id t c liable for a p o d o n ab the dnnna~e in p r o p ~ o m to the f d b cocmmittcd on either &dc. Xf ~ I C &c=tmces taifotrd m10 b.& fox an .appoxt,iom~mt in my dei i~i tc propmtiion, tlie damage ds!l;zU. bc ahurcd cqually.

(2) Tlic d.magce cam~il, ri~illex t l ~ c &,PS or RO d1ci.r czrgolcs or to tho cffccb ar lotha pnopcnty of xhe mm, passangm or ethex persons oar

hoard, arc l b m e by the $hips in ffarult in thae &ove propuations, cticrd CVC';~, to third p d e 3 a d ~ p is not Gable f a r more than m c h pso(po;rItha of audl d;132'age3.

(3) h rclppcct of d,amages c a m d by dcd m ipmonal injmies, tlie ahips at fault arc jointly and severally liable to third parties, without pre- judice ta tIie right of the ship which has paid a larger part than that W-IiicIi, in saceocd~ce with the pnorvisiortzs sf eub-article (l), she shall Icar to obtain a contribution from the othcr ship or ships at fs-alt.

Art. 833. Co2l;siort caxlscd by the fazilt of a Pilot.

Articles 230 to 233 shntll tpply vrhere coU&iaa is cvlreed by the fault Olf a pilot, wem where p i l o t s ~ e is compuhlrp.

Art. 224. E s t c z t to zcf t ic l~ d a n t a ~ c s arc n z L c good.

Articlcs 230 -233 511311 apply to making good Jzuageu which a ship 112s causcd t o mothcr s?lip, cr to gooih pcrsom c n hwrd cillicx dlip, citllcr by the cxccutio::~ o r I P O ' I I - C S C C Z Z ~ ~ O ~ of .a mmo.m\-rc 0.r by ltllc no~-o;lscrvancc of tllc pax.scribcd r t s u l u Z i o ~ ~ colccc~szi,ng prcvartion af co.llkiicu at ~ e s , cvm wllcrc EO co&,iaa hna t&m P~OCC.

crs. Art. 235. Duties of thc fila-t

(1) A f t c r a coUision, itlic mrzwtcr of c x l ~ c~f dlc ships in c o l ~ o n shall, so fxr 3s hc can do so witllout serious danger to his ship, TICS crcw and pss- scn:gcr.q, cmdm esd,stmcc t o t h e c d ~ e r z3hip7 her ernv c r ~ d her p a a s q o r s .

(2) fIc sIld Ja aa p~s&lc mdic k;no,?vn t o tIlc ~ ; t l r r r thc namc of his stllip, C1c part to 1v11.ich dle bdc-73 27;:1 d2c port frrom :vl~ic!z d lc come3 and t o which she is bound.

Art. 236. Procedure.

(1) The night a0 sue for ;the sccorary of damagc3 zcsdoiS,g r'rcm a coIli6onr &al l nod $depend upon the dulf*eazt or£ my i fom&q .

(2) There ,me n o I c ~ d pr-ptim at£ f d t im n e p d it0 E&%ty far mllision.

.4rt. 237. Courts l~aving Jurisdict i~n

The folllonving Counts shd have j&dic?ion t o try an actinin f o r damzgh h g out ob a c o ~ o m :

( a ) the c m 08 the place cb c e U i s where h e co3lision hcls urc.z.rell ~vithin. Wts of a port ox in rtezritodd wartem; m

(b) &e COW wlrere .the de;Emtdra ha ihis i h d c i l e ; 02

(c ) the c o m t of lthe place ob r c a g i s ~ of the &p af the ~ h i p o ~ m c r z r g h t

pvhorrn @he d o n is introduced; 02.

(d) &c court of the place where &e &p h& bcan * m ~ ~ t c r l , evm dttx rdeuc has beear mdcrcd upon bail OT other a c d t y .

Art. 238. Limitation.

(1) Actions far damage to rpxalporty ox pmam ,mi.sling out olf one of the t ~ % saflmod to in h t i r c 2 ~ 230 rto 234 &d be hamad Ytter ~twa year3 from f i e date of the WCY:UTrace : Psovided ,&at n dahu uadar .ht. 232 (3) q11.a31 be b m a d dtcr one year f ~ U l l &6 dXltc d pilvat.

Chapter Assist cnce and salvage sea

Art. 239. Rules applicable to assistance and salvage.

haktance m d S&-age axe subject to the proviiiccns d irlis Chaptc . Art. 240. Remuneration,

Every act of assistancc or sdvagc ~vllicIi Ilu bcon succwslful &sU give a riglit to equitable rcnmorztios wlrich s l i d not excccd the value of the pro- paay sdvagdd.

Art. 2.11. No rcntrrncration for jorccd salcagc.

3'0 onc shall bc cntitlcd to any ealvagc rcward who forccs his ealvagc scr- vtcm upon thc dlip against the cxprws m d pmpcr rafusd of the person in corn- mzntl.

Art. 242. Assisrancc of SIrips by Slripotcners.

Sdvage ramuzeTaZion g h d be due irlrtliough the sd&g &p belcngs to the same oxvner as the salvaged ehip.

Art, 243. Exceptional Assistance in Towage and Piloting.

I£ anyone has undartaken by costraat to mist die ship by pilotlng, towing or the like, m d the ship came3 in distress, he shall n1o.t be ollrtirtlod to any 6 2 -

vage reward unless the assistancc thna rendered cannot be held to be covered

by the contnac:r.

Art. 244. Saving of Life.

(l) No semunleira tio.n S I L ~ be due from &c pcrso~s whose live3 are saved.

(2) Salveraof hum= Lifc who ho~e;trikm part in the scrvica randercd on the occasion of die erne &qm me mtitled to a f& ehzre oS n&e remunera- t i t i . o ~ awardd. to the sa1ve~~ of thc ship, lier c a r p *and ipcctxsories.

Art. 245. Determination of the amount of remuneration.

(1) ?;he ~~t of remmmvtiorn &all be fixed by agreemen~t bat%-ecn the parties, and, failing a g e m e a t , by the court.

(2) TIIC propartion in T V ~ I ~ C I I &C ramuamatlion b to be distributed among &c sdvors, or an1 oag tltc otimers, lihc mvstcr aad the crew of cad1 s d v k g h i p el1.d be dctcxmhrrod in tile anmc n ~ ~ .

(3) Where tllc sdvi;ng sliip is a foncign ellip, ille apportionment among tlie omrer, master and p-ons in d ~ e scrvice elf tlie ship shd bc determbed in mcordmcc widl the n a t i m d law of t&e ship.

Art. 246. Cancellation or Alteration of the Salvage Agreement by the Court.

(1) Any agreement as to mistawe or ~ d v a g c entered into at the r n ~ m o n t and under the in.fluaccc of Jmagcr may, at the roquest ob eithm pa~xy, be cancelled or varied by the cmrt for good rcrrson,

(3) Wlllcrc i t h sI lol tvs allat tthc ca~mmt of amc cf &c parties has bccn obtain- oll by Srasd ar coaccaluluzcst, ar IYIICLTC &C ro~rnun~r~tion i3 ~ ~ p r ~ p o a t i o - n z t c t o tllc scrvlcc;; rraadarcrJ, &c a,-rccmax,t may bc cl.;rucdcd os vzried L y t l ~ c count aft tLc crcpcjit cf t ' l~c p z t y jdfcctorl.

Art. 2.17. I.oru rcntuncration dctcrnzirrcd.

(a) tllc nlcsstlrc of sccccss rvLicli tkc salvzgc opcratiocs hrrvc had;

(5 ) ' C ~ ~ E Z P C ~ C Z C C (tmd s':iZ SILMIP by t h e edvegt: scrvicw, &c zimc zrszd ancl tlrc c?:c~tiora mmdc in ldzcn;

(c) the dsngcr t a ~vllicll thc s a l v z ~ c d ship, hcr ;)CSSCLI;C~~, CTCVT ur

!3!3,& Ill~5-c bt;m c c p ( f ~ ~ d ;

(d) tl~c I ~ Z T : ~ C T ;to wllich ~.?Ic E ~ V C T I J er ~ I C ~ T property I~IZVC bees cxp a sad ;

(e) ,&c risk run by lthc kxdvoxs ox my liability in clm;?;gm to third ,p~&cs LT of 1- C ~ I W laas;

(g) &e Jam of We, rprmsarmd injurry m h e damage t o pzopmty d- dered lby &c ~~dvara, the (expenses they hame bcumcd and ,&c lcwcs -dined, f d i a &e vduc rot ithe appliances u c d ia tho edvagc oipeiridtioms ;

(g) dxe fact that &c &,2p becl % the edd~r3 3123 been e,pccijUy z ions; fittcd f a r salvagc opcr t'

(2) The Court may raddcc ;ox admz to grant xcmun;enzztiaa, xvherc i t appcare that die sdvur3 have by &dr f a d t T C Z ~ C T ~ ~ ithe sdvagc cr assbtmcc necessary, ox have horn g d t y ~f ?llcft, rccci~izxg ~talea goads, QS other acts of frcud.

(3) TIlc considcrrttions sct otrt in szb-articlc (I) shall bc t&cn into ccnsidnstion ~vlxca tdctczm.ic.hg cn apporticamczt m d c r Art. 2-15 (2).

Art. 242. Assistancc conzpztfsory in rcspcct of persons found at sca in dangcr of Icing lost.

(I) Thc n s t c r ~11311, CO $CS 23 1 1 ~ c7n 20 so wri~!1a4ut SC;T~OZ=S drrngcr to h& sl~ip , her crew szd 1pas3cnlgegs, xcssrlcr cssbta~zcc to my pcroon found zt sca in Gtzzgcr cf hcing lost.

(2) N o duties o r Ii~Ailitics .me h p c z c d an, ox hcurrcJ by, iirc alvncr 01 t!:c ?!:ip under ; t h i s A~ticlc.

Art. 249. Claims jor paynzent of assistance or saltlaga remuneration.

(1) U& of tlio payment of d t m c c ox erdvago rmunera t ioa shall be barred a'lter two ycars froan tllc day on ntrhich assistance or salvage has &con, completed: Provided t h a t illis pe~~xod shall srot run where arrevt of tllc assisted or salvaged ship within the territorial watcrs of the State wI~cxc the c l a i m a n t B domiciled 03 h;cs 11ia principal place of busines, has not bees p o d l c .

(3) TItc c l ~ i m sliall give rise to a lien on tllc ship and f r c i ~ h t i n accordancc

1vitI1 Art. 15 (3). It f i lzd in addition give x i s to a lies on f i e ~alvagcd goods.

Art. 250. Application to Covmnment Ships of Rules Regarding Assistance.

TIlc mlw laid do,:v:1 in t!lis C h a , ~ ~ t e i shall apply to G o t - c r n m w t ships. In dre case of ~ i j t m a lmt cm rsdvage slack by Government ships, the hpmial Government shdl have &c same rights rcs a private maxaging owner.

TITLE V1 PARTICIPATION IN GENERAL AVERAGE

Art. 251. Gclzeral Avcrage Act.

Tllcre is a gencral average act when and only when, any extraordinary s~~crif ice ox e-xpcsrditme i~ i n t e n t t o a d y aa.d rl.eso.n&ly made o.r incurreu for the common safety for the purpose of prcscrving from peril the property involved iol fa common mmitime adventure.

Art. 252, Sacrifice mrd Expenses Row Borne.

Gencnnl averr>ge exrifices land expenses allall be b m e Ly the cliff ercat contributing intcrcsts on the basis hcreinnlter provided.

Art. 253. Only Losscs, etc. direct conscqucnca of Act alZozoed.

0 nly alcll loeuetr, d anl.ages or cxp cnn.ed W-hi011 are the direct coo3e rpence of tlie gmc,rd ,average act shall Le ~ d ~ v o d iu g~nera l average.

Art. 254. Loss or Damage not AZZozacd.

L043 or damage outaiu~ed bx ;the e i p os amgo through deel~, whcther on the voyzgo or ~ ~ s o ~ ~ e ~ t l p , moli demurrags and a y indirect lu&3

whntsocvcr, snch ns loss of market, shall not Le adrpittcd as genera1 aycragc.

Art. 255. Resrtlt of Fault of One Party. Rights t o contriLutions in general averago ohall not he nffccted, thouah

tLo event which gave rise to the sacrifice or expenditure may have been due

to t11c fn1~1t of onc o,f tllc partics to tllc xdvmture; but t l ~ i ~ sl~'a11 not prejudice any xcmcclics 1vlJc1i may bc open again2.t t123it party f a r ~ ' ~ ~ 1 1 fat-&.

Art, 256. Onus of Proof.

The onua of p r o d upon Ithe p x t y claiming in g c n c ~ d avexagc to 61110~~

tha<t 8d1c loss or c-xpcn~e c1;~imcld k properly dol~*r&lc as general avcragc.

Art. 257. E.t:trn Expcnscs.

~Lny cstra cxpcmc iincurrcd i n placo of mzot!lcr cxpcnsc 1s-IticIi ~vould IIZYC Lccn a U o w ~ I c as goncaal nvaragc s l r d Le cIccmcd to Le gcnord avcrago and PO ldlowcd ~vidlout rcgncl t o d1c saving, if any, to ot?lcr interests, but a d ? u p to tIlc cn~o,u.xt of [ t ! ~ c gmcral avtxzgc c.spcmc ,cvo.idcd.

Art. 253. Rdjr:stnzcnt of Loss cnJ Contr ibu~io:~ .

2) TIit -4rticlc d1al.I not alTcct t h e detennin;ltioln OS the place at qvhich tllc avcregc s tz tcncxt is to bc mzdc up.

Art. 259. Jcttison of Cargo.

X o jettison of cupno &nu be made g30d gmmd mcxage, d w such CZSKO i3 c ~ r i e ~ d k ~ C C C S ~ C C ?vit!i the rrcco:,&-cd custom cl the trade.

Art. 960. Daxcgc by Jcttison and Sacrifice for t l ~ o Common Safety.

Daaage donte t o 3 ship c x p , cs cirllcr 0.1 &xn, by or in consequence cf a 8 3 ~ i i f i ~ ~ nzr?Je fo r t!:c commc;l s d ~ t y , zxxI hy qvatcr which goes do- a ship's hatches opcnccl. cr atllcr opcnias madc f o r the purposc of making a j e t t k n for &c co.mxno;n safety, shall Ire nzdc goold as general la'c-erage. Art. 261. Extin,nuisltin,n Fire on SlripGoard.

Dmagc done to a d i ip amcl c=!r2;0, C I ~ cit l~cr of dxm, by wstcr or otller- ~risc, hclnding da;ma;e by IczcJli~,rr or scuttling a burning &hip, in extinguish- icg 3 fire on board It.11~ d ~ i p , s I L ~ I 1 c made good cs gmerral average; except t h z t no colmpc=nsation d~rrll be made f o r damzgc to (5ud1 p.ostioas of tile ship m d bulk czrgo, or .to $ U C ~ scpar3:c packagt;~ 01 cmco, a3 Iizve bcen on fire.

Art. 262. Cutting Atcay WrecJc.

h-S o r Jaruagc czuscd by cztt~ng ~;l~t-zy thc wcck o r a-mxains of e p m , or of odicr ,tIrings which have ~pre~iorusly hem cvrriod m a y by sea-pmil, s h d not bc mxdc gotold U gcam;il average.

Art. 263. Voluntary Strandins.

Whm ,a slLip is i n t m ~ t i o n d g slrn om diosc, 1xi.ar.l &c circumstances zl=o each that if that coursc were not adopted she ~vould inevitably drive on shorc o r o n ro~cks, s o loeu o r danzge cau3cd 20 the ship, cargo and freight o r my of them Ly such intentional m ~ L n g urn sl1o.r~ s h d bc made good as gcawd average, but loss or Jamngc incurrcd in rclloating such a ship shall bc allolvcd cs gcncrd nvenagc.

I n al l otlicr case3 TV~:CXC a :!,lip i d ti=tcnticntlly run cn sl~ore fo r $c corn- mon sdcty, tlic coxcqxcnt 1333 ox c!31212~,"c C ; L ; L ~ bc L L ~ ~ O I V C ~ a3 gmcraf ; ~ ~ ~ f l , , r r ~ .

Art. 264. Carrying Prczs of Sail - Danzage to or Loss of Sail:.

Damage to or lolas of znrl ~ p z 3 , CS eidlcr of ,dlcrn, c a ~ e d by forcing rz &ip off the ground ur by &i;-hg h c r IrigI~cr xp d i c ,rrl-~..cmd f c x l ~ 7 ; 1 ~ C C ~ O C .

oafety, &d Lc made gocd os gcacral at-crsgc; hut: urhcre 3 &p is ailoat, no loss ox damage caucd to &S diip, c x g o and frcight, ox my cf Clcm, by c=-

a press of szil, s h d IC mzde g c ~ ~ d ix ge=czal Gvcrzge.

Art. 265. D a n q c to nlachincry and Boilers.

Damage csucd to n:cLJncry bcilc~s c l 3 &p ~'ihicli is ashore ~d in a position c$ pail, rin endaavoushg %a nmiodt, ~;lrlaU be doxved in gmcrd average when & o ~ m !to have a~&esll horn an natmzl i n t e d o n to flolzt t h e &p for the common salet-y et the xi& of azc!~ dzxagc, but where {;L &p i3 do.a.'t

no loss o r damage caused by morki;l,n the machinery and boilers, including loss or damage due to compouding of cqines or s n c h 1=lc3sures, shnU in any c i r c m t w c e s be mriZc goad I= gczzxd avcrzgc

Art. 266. Lightening a Ship zchcn Aslrcrc, cnd Comcqucmt U c n q c .

W,Ilen a ship is d i c ~ c . m d c z r p 2-d ship's 5x.l and stores c r my of them are dischzged as a g m r s d avcrc~gc act t h e extra ccst OS l i g l ~ t m h g , lighter hire m d rc-shipping (if i~ncurred), a d dxz 1 1 ~ ~ 5 ~ CT ~ P S ~ S C 1~;3t&2d thcresy, &id be admitted zs gesc;ral avcrq,rrc.

'Art. 266. Sf~ip's lllatcriah czd Stores Burnt for Fuc!.

Ship's material3 a d S~CTW, BT nay of tl1~13 ~ c c e s ~ i l y bunt far fuel fo r i:xc coazx~ca szfcty at a the of pcril, ~11a.U be admitted ; ~ 3 general avcTnsc, rvlicn and only ~vhcn an a a p l c supply of fucl has hccn provided, but the esti- mztctl qazzttity OS fucl t!ct TVCII!~ 11a1-c Lccn ccm~xr.led, crLlcdatcd at &c pricv currcnt nt t11c sllip's l x t p o r t of clcpartuic c t thc Zztc of llcr Icwicg, s5-l1 5c crcditcd t o tllc gecclal zvcyage.

Art. 2G3. E.rpcnscs nt Port of Rcjugc, c ~ c .

(1) Whca a slzhp drd1 Irzvc entered a port or place of rcfugc, o r ~11d.l h3vc

rcturncd to hc r port o r p1ac0 of loading in consccrucncc of accident, ezarificc or otllcr cstrnlortIilnary circumatancas, w l ~ i d i render tIiat rteces- emy for the ctntlLruo~n sdcty, thc cxpccscs af cntcriclg sucll part or place d1d1 be ndntli'ttcd a,s &cncral avcragc; and when she ~311a11 have sded ltllcsco with 11'r original cargo, or part CS it, tlic corr~,4ponJing cxpensca of lcnving s n c l ~ port or place con~ccltiout upon each ontry o r rcturn shall lamviso Le admitted as gcnoral averase.

(2) \Ghcn a slliap is at any port o r place of refugc and is ncccvearily removed to another por t or place bccausc rcpsirs csnnot be c m i c d ou t in the first por t or place, the pro via ion^ of this ArticIe s h d be applied to the second port ox p l ~ c e as if i t wcrc a port or place of refuge. T k e provis iou oh -h. 269 s h d Le applied to tlie p r o l o ~ g a t i m of the voyage occasioned bp such remo,vd.

(3) The c w t oof hznd1i.q am b o x d o r disch2~gi.n:: c:rgo, fuel OX stores, 6vhcther at a p o ~ n ox of loadin:, call or refuge, &all be admitted as general average when the handl ins o r discharge was necessary fo r the colmmoa edety o r t o enable damage to the ship caused by slaaifice art

accident to be repaired, o r the repairs wcre necessary for the safe prose- cutios of the vvage.

(4) Wbnerer tLe cost of handling or cEscl~~agim,g cmgd, fuel or storm is ad- m k h b l e s~ general average, the cost of reloadling and s~&$ m h C-o, fuel or stores on board the ehip, together with all storage charges ( i nehd - ing f i re insurance, if incurred), on such cargo, fuel o r stores, ahaU Eke- wise be m admitted. But whcn die ehip is condmned or does no t proceed a her oir'gi\nd voyage, no stomage txpen~es inicumed aft= t h e date of the ship's coademnrutios ox orf t h e abandonmen? of the voyage &all be ad- ~ t r t a d as gena rd average. In d l e event of the condemnation of the &p or the abandonment of the voyage before completion of discharge of cimgo, storage expmes above s h d be admitted as gemeral average up t o date of colmpleticm od dmd~mge.

repair , l le~, SO W to m,&lc aler .to C- OP the d o l e cmgo, 3, in to e w e expma, e.idim she is tonvad &on to solme odim post or place of

repais o.r to llcr dmtimatio.n, or %11c c r u ~ o or 3 p o d o n of 4 is tramshipped by rnndller rjlhitP, .cxr otllcmiue ,folnvsrdod, &m t h e eXtb3 cost 06 6uch ?a-

wage, transllipmcnt nnc! forwarding, o r any of them up to the amount

of tlic extra espcnsc saved shall bc payable by t h e several parties to the

advmturc in pro,por:ifon t o tllc cxbraordi!nq expense saved.

Art. 2G9. T a p s an3 d1uintcnancc of Crcztu and other Expenses bearing up for

and in a Port ol Refuge, etc.

(2) Wage3 and maintca'3nce of master, afficcr3 a d crew s c s c n d l y incurzed a d fud tand storcj ccnscmcd during t l ~ e prolcc,nztion c£ the voyage W-

c&ancd by a sh ip cn tcrbg a pc.rt ax place cS rduge or setumin; t o Iim port or place of loading &all Le acbittcd rcs gmcrsl avc.ra.g~ vrhm &c

expenses of cctcring such port o r place arc allarvnblc ia g c n e r ~ l avezagc

in accordancc with Art. 268 (1).

Wl1w n d i p &dl l lavc cntc:cJ ox Lcm cictai~arl i n m y part cz pkcc in conscqucncc or" nccidmt, sacrilicc or ot!lcr cstraordinclry circuclsta~cca ~vhicil rcndcr that nccessary f o r tlic cDmmon safcty, o r to cnaLlc Jarnag!: to

t 'Jc sliip cxucd by szczcsificc air zccidcat to bc irc?=ircd, if &c sc?G~i,-3

Tvcrc nccc39ary for ,t!lc e,dc P ~ G G C C I L C ' O ~ of t l ~ c V O Y Z ~ C , d1e wag- azd m z i ~ - tcnmce of &c mmtcr, otfficw3 n=td crmv r e~onab ly h ~ m r x o d durinz die extra period of detmtios in s d r p a r t or p l ~ c c until the $lip &all o r

sllould have b e a t made ready t o pracccd upon hex voyage Isha Lc ad- mitted to gmcrd ~m-magc. Whm dle ship & cmclernncd or does n ~ t proceed on I~tx oxighd vq-zge, the cxtra poriod cf dctcntioz sT12ll bc deemed sot to cxtcnd boyolnd thc datc of t h e Elllip's corzdemnatica or tllc arbmdonrmmt of d ~ e voyage or, iE cIi3dlsge of c x g a i3 not .t:icn compl&- ed, beyond the datc of complctisn of diechzrgc.

Fuel storm cmsumcd d:uin,n tllc cxtrcl period of dctcation shall Le irdmittcd as ~ g m c r d avcrzgc, excopt sucll facl and stores im arc cot-

s u ~ l e d in effecting xap&s mt ~aUozvjble in ge;nc=r;rZ avcrmgc.

Port chargm incurred during itlie extra. period of dctcmtion ~ h a U 1iko.rvG.e be admitted as gmcnd a~cxzge cxcapt such chagcs arc in- currod soldy by xemon of rapair3 mot dcnv&lc iz gmoral average.

(3) For the purpose of this sad tlie o t l~cr articles wages J13U icclude all p a p monQ made to or for the bcndit of d ie mzstcr, officers and crmv, xvhcther such payments be imposed by law upon tIic siiipowncrs or b e made cndcr the terms ar articlcc of tmplogmcnt.

( 4 ) When overtime is paid to the ms~tcr , officers or crcw for maintcnancc of the @hip or rapairs, die cost of zvhid~ ia not auo~vnble in gmmd crvcragc, eudl overtime shall be d o w c d in gc.nerd avcrage oady pp to the saving in crpense which zvodd hwe h e m incurred and admitted as gencral ;rvcr3gc, had mch avertine n o t ;been incuzrcd.

Art. 270. Damage to Cargo in DiscJrarging, etc.

Dsmxge to or 10s of cargo, fuel or store3 caused in the act of 11m&g, ifix.hargin,n, etorimg, reloading and etowing ~ h d be made g0o.d as general

ovcragc, wLcn a d only when die corit of tkosc measure3 respectively L adciittcll 313 ~ C L ~ C I ~ merage.

Art. 271. Deductions from Cost of Repairs.

In adjusting claims for gcncral avcragc, rcpairs to Lc cllov;cd in gcucrzl average alrall I c subject ta deductions i n rcvpcct of "uc\v f o r u i J " according t a

tllc following rulcs, .rvllcrc olJ matcr id or parts arc rcplaccd Ly CCIY.

Tkc Jcductionu shall Le zcgulatcd Ly tllc a;c of tllc sllip Tro111 d ~ t c of orig- inal rcgistcr t:, t ! ~ Jatc of accidcut, csccpt for provisions ancl stores, iusulation, life ancl siniilar Lozts, gyro compass cquipmeut, 1virelcs3, clircctian findins, echo sounding r ~ c d sirililtrr appma.tua, m a d l i n q and Loilcrs for ~vllicll tlic deduc- tions s!i311 LC rc,rrul~:cCI hy d t e age of &C partici~liu p z r b to wllicll tllcy apply.

No dctluction s!1311 LC made in rcspcct of provisions, storcs and gcar which Ilavc s o t Lcca in u ~ .

Tkc dedxction; ~ix3.l ;Le u a 6 c fro= the cost 01 nmv matmid ar parts inc- luding lsLour and cst&lishncnt diargcs, but excluding cost of: opening up.

DqdocE and slip~rrry & z e ; 2nd costs of sllifting tllc rjliip d i d Le rillo~vcd in full.

30 cleaning and painting of bottom shall be allowcd, i f the bottom has not Leca pzintcd ~vit!~in sis c=oztlu ~ ~ C V ~ G X S to die dztc of Jie ;zccXent.

A - Up to 1 year old.

rcpzirs shall be allawcd in full, cxccpt scaling and cleaning and painting or coating of bottoa, from which one-third is to Lc deductcd;

3 - Betwccn 1 czd 3 ~ 4 2 x 3 wIJ. Dcduc~ion o:I aenlinl& clcaning end paindng bottom a3 d o r e w d e r Clausc A.

One-third shall Lc deductcd oE sails, rigging, ropcs, s l iect~ and harvscrs (other thm wire azd c lu in ) , a~vnlng;, corcrs, provirio-,~ls and storm and Iprtirztin:,.

Onc-sixth sliall bc dcductcd oE 1s-oodwork of hull, inclilding hold ceiling, ~voodcz mari., rpzn and I > O Z ~ , f ~ ~ r n i turc, upholstery, crockcry, metal and glass-lvarc, wire, rigging, wire rope3 and wire alaw(.~erz, gyro cc mpac3 cquipn;cn t, r\-lelcah direction finding, echo s m d i l g a 3 d similzr app z-

rstua, e l ~ d n cd)la d connections, winches and crmca end connections and ~Iect t ical machinery and connections otllcr than clcctr ic~l propclling

machinery other repairs to bc d lo~vcd in full.

JIetd sl~eutlring for 7 v d m ox composite &ips sl1a11 LC dealt11 wit11 i)y dlowicg in fu l l tlic co;rt of n weigllt of metal sheathing atrippccl off,

minus the proccctlj of the oId rnctal. Naib, felt and labour metalling asc

eubjcct to a Llctluction of onc-tlrird.

C -- Bctwccn 3 and G ~ C Z T S .

D c t I u c ~ i o r ~ ~ ng aljove untlcr Clause B, cxccpt that onc-third be dcductecl off svootlwork of l ~ r l l l including hold ccilin,n, wood,cn maets, spars md boats, furniturc, upl:olstery, and onc-sisth be dcductcd off iron-work of m m s and spars md ail machinery (hclusive of boilera and their m o m t b g s ) .

D - Between 6 and 10 ycars.

Dctfuctions ss above under Clause C, csccpt that one-t11ird b e dcJucted off all riggi:~;. ropes, allcct~, and hsivacrs, iron-rvork of masts and sparl, gyro cot11 p,l$s ctli~ipt~icnt, wirclces, direction finding, ccLo eoundiq and rji.cl.ilar nirparat~ti, i r :~r i lu t ion , aaxilisry mac!li.ncry, stceri.n; g e u , ruincfles, crmou alit i con:nc.ction~ and all o h e r machinery (inclusive of boilers md theiz mosntin.gs).

E - Betwcen 10 and 15 yeas.

One-third to be deducted off al l renewals, except iron-work of huU and

cementing and chain cables, from which one-sixth to be deducted, and aachom, which are allawed in fd.

F -- Over 15 years.

One-diird to be deducted off all ren.mv&, except chain cables, from wlzich onesixth to be d,educted, and anchosa, which aTe allo~ved in full.

Art. 272. Temporary Repairs.

(1) Where temporary repairs are effected to a sliip at a port of loadin:, eau or refuge, for the common gafcty, o r of damage caused by general aperape sacrifice, the cost of such repairs shall be admitted .a general average.

(2) Where temporary repairs of accidental damage are effected merely to

cnjble the adventure to be completed, the cost of such repairs shall be

admitred gcneral average without regard to the; saving, if any, to other interests, but only up to the saving i n expense which would have been incurred and allo.wcd in general average if such repairs had not bcen cffcctcd there.

(3) No deductions "naw for old" shall be made from the cost of temporvy repairs nlb~vable ae general averagc.

Art. 273. Loss of Frcight.

Loss of freight arising from damzge to or loao of cargo shall be made good u s general average, either when cauaed by a general average act, or when

the damagc to or 10s of cargo is so made good. Deduction shall be made from the amount of gross freight lost of the charges which the owner tl~crcof .rvocllJ have incurred to earn such freight, but haa, in concequence of the aacrificc, not incurred.

Art. 274. Amount to Lo nzndc good for ccrgo lost or damaged by sacrijicc.

(1) Tllc cln:ount to Lc nlsc!c good CS gcacral nvcrsgc for damagc to o r loss af goods sacrificctl s h a l l bc tllc Ioa 7vLich the o7vncr of thc goods has sustained thercly, Lascd on the xnarkct vslucs at the last day of discharge of t l ~ c vcsscl or a t tIic tcrminstion of the advcnturc ~ v h e r c this ends at a

plsce othcr than the original destination.

(3) Whcrc goods so drtmngcd are sold and thc amount of thc damage hcs not bcen othcnviac agreed, die loss to be made good in gcncral average shall be the diaercnce bcttvecn the nct procccds of sale and thc net sound value at the l z t day of clischarge of t h e vessel o r at the termination of the adventure where this en& at a place other than the original destination.

h. 275. Contributory Yalucs.

The contribution to a general a\-crage shall Lc n a d c upon thc u c t ~ a l net values oif the property at t he termination of the adventure, to which values shall be added the amount made good ss general average for property aacrificed, if not already included, deduction being made from the Qhipowner's freight and paosage money a t risk, of snch charges and crew's wages as would not have been incurred in earning the freight, had the ship and cargo been totally lost at the date of the general average act, and have not Been allowed as general average;dednction being also b a d e from the value of the property of all cha rgu incurred in respect thereof subsequently to the general average act, except aach charges as are allowed in average.

(2) Passengerij' luggage and personal ellects not sliipped under bill of lading shall not contrhute i n general average.

(3) T h e amount to bc allowod as gcncral avcragc for damage o r 106s to tho ship, hcr macliinery and/or gear when repaired or replaced &all bc the actual rca3onahle cost of repairing or replacing snch damage or loaa, subject to deduction in accordance with Art. 271. m i e n not repaired, ~casocable Jcprcci:ti~n shall be allowcd, not exceeding the cstirnsted cost of rcpairs.

Art. 276. Danrage to Slrip.

Where there ie an actual or constructive total 106s of the jliip the amount to be alIo~ved aa general average for damage o r l o s to the ship caused by a general average act shall Le the cstimatcd sound value of the ship aftcr deducting thercfrorn tlic cstimatcd cost of repairing damage which is no: general averagc and the procccdj of sale, if any.

Art. 277. Undeclared or Wrongfully Declared Cargo.

(1) Damage or losa c a n i c ~ to goodd loaded i r i~hou t the knorvlcdgc of the &iporvncr or hi3 agent o r to good3 ~vilfully mi~dcscri led at time of ship- ment shall not he allowed as general averagc, but such goodj shall remain liable to contribute, if saved.

( 2 ) Damage ox 10% caused to goods which have been wrongful!y declared on shipment a t a value which is lowcr than their real value shall Le coctri- [bated for at the declared value, but such goods shall contribute upon bheiz actxal value.

Art. 278. Prmisiorz of Funds.

(1) A commission of 2 per cent on general average disl~ursemcntr, other than the wa;a and maintenance of master, officers and crcw and fuel and stores not replaced during the voyage, shall be allowed in gcncral average, bu t when the funds are not provided lby any of the contributing interest-., the necessary cost of obtaining the funds required by meam of a bot- tomry bond or othenvise, o r the loss sustained by ownera of goodr sold for the purpose, shall be allowed in general average.

(2) T h e cost of inswing money advanced to pay fo r general ayerase disbur- sementa shall abo be allowed in general average.

Art. 279. Intcrest on Losses made good in General Average.

Interest h a l l b c allowed on espcnditurc, sacrifices and allowances charged to general average a t the rate of 5 per cest. per annam, until the date of the general average statement, due allowance being made for any interim reimbnr- sement from the contributory interests o r from the general averaGe deposit h n d .

Art. 280. Treatment of Cash Deposits.

(1) Whcrc cash deposits have been coll-ected in respect of cargo's liability for general average, salvage or special charges, e ~ ~ h deposita shall be paid without any delay into s special account in the joint names of a representative nominated on hehalf of the depositors in a bank to be approved by both.

(2) Tllc sun1 so dcpositcd, togctlcr with accrucd intcrcst, if any, shall bo 11cld as sccurity f o r payment to tlic partics entitlccl thereto of the gener- a1 average, salvage or special charges payable by cnrgo in rcspect to ~vhid i the deposits have Lecn collected. Payments on account or rdunda of deposits may b e made if certified to in writing by the average nd- ju tc r . Sucli deposib and payments or rcfunJa ahall be without prejudice to the ultimate liability of the partics.

Art. 281. Cencral Averago borne in Duc Corrrsc.

Gcncral avcragc loss shall Lc sllarcd ratcally by tlic ship, frcight, passage nloncy, cargo and a l l propcrty, as spccificd i n .kt. 275, directly at risk at thc ti.mc of the general average act.

Art. 235. Inadmissibility of a Ucmand for Contribution.

A demand for contribution i n general sverags shall be i nadmkib le ~vkiere the damage has not been the subject of a reservation h writing made by the master o r against h im within three daya from the delivery oi t he goodle, holi- days not included.

Art. 283. Licn in rcspcct of Claims in Gcncral Aucragc.

(1) Claims in gcncral avcragc shali be eccurcd by licn on the propcny; salvagcd up to thc amount of the contribution duc in rcspcct of euch itcm.

(2) Licns in respect of ships ehaU b c aubjcct to t'rlc rules eet fort11 i n this Code.

(3) The property to which the lien attache3 may be detained by the carrier a t the port of arrival, unlese the carrier i a given such sufficient and proper security as will ensure evcntunl payment of the contribution. The Court may ordcr the attachement of the property including the sde thereof, u p to t h e amount of the provisional contribution determined. in accordance with the procedtare laid down i n the Code of Civil Procedure.

(1) Whcrc tkcrc are sevcral claims in general average they shall rank in the in\*erse ordcr of the dates oa which (they came into being.

Art. 28.1. Ccncral A v c r a ~ c Statement.

The gcnerd average statcmcnt shall bc drawn up for each interest,

Loth i n respect of d i e estimation of losses admitted in general average and

;n cespcct oi &c contribution, on the basis of the valuation at tlie time tha vopagc cnJcd and, uulesa otherwise stipulated, at the pIace determined for the

conclusion of the voyage and with effcct from arrival in such placa

Art. 285. Average Adjusters.

(1) ,The general avcrago statcmcnt shall be dmwn up by one or scverd average adjusters. Failing agreement between the parties, the adjusters shall be appointed by dic Court having jurisdiction. The adjusters may nppoint experts to assist them.

(2) Pailing apcemcnt betrvecn all the parties, the general average atatement shall be submitted to thc Court for ratification by any party, the other parties being served.

Art. BSG. Costs and Ilonoraria.

Costs and honoraria incurrcll i n tlic nvcrqc statement shall bc borne by the contributory valuca, aa a prior charge.

Jzt. 287. Limitation of Proceedings for Claiming Contribution.

(1) Claims for contribution shall bc bxrrcd after two Tears from the arrival of the ship at he r destination o r fr'om the day when @he. was the to arrive.

(3) The pcriod of limitation shall be suspcnded 'by &c appointxent of one or sever31 average adjustera under Art. 285. A further period of two years ehall m from the date o a which the adjmters have declared that they are unablc to f&iP their ts&.

TITLE VIJ, I N S U R A N C E

~ u r a n c o Chapter. 1. Contract of h- Art. 288. Extent of Application of Rules.

Any policy of insurance having as i ts principal object to guarantee a

maritime ridq including collateral rislcs, shall b e subject t a the provisions of this Titlc.

A.#. 289. Form of tlte Policy.

(1) The policy of inaurwce shall be in writing.

(2) Additiocs to, and modifications of, the origiaal policp af insnrance shall ,abo be in writing.

Art. 290. Coccr-notcs.

Art. 291. Pcrticrrlars in tlzc Policy of Irzszrrancc.

(1) The policy af insurance shall specify: a) the place where the inwrance is entered into;

b) f i c date and time of concll~iion of the policy;

c ) the naxnea and domiciles of tlie partiw, showing where appropriate that tlic nasurcd is acting on bchalf of a third person;

d) tlic subject mzttcr inaurcd and tlic r b k insurcd a~a ins t ;

c) lthc voyage o r pcriod of time or both, as the case may be, covered &y thc insurance;

S ) t l ~ c eunl or ~ u n l s insurcd; g) thc nmouxit of prcmium;

h) tlic clamc to orJcr or to Lczrcr, whcrc agrced on.

(3j The policy of insurance shall be signed by the undenvritcr o r his rep- rcscntativc. T h c parties aha l l I c entitled, at their o ~ m expenae, t o a true copy of tllc policy.

Art. 232. SuLjcct nrc!tcr zc/zicf~ nzay Lc insurcd.

(1) Anything which can b c valued i n money's worth and rvhich is exposed to maritime risk for I n ~ v f d purpose may be inmred.

(2) No person may claim under ithe policy d e e a h e h a suffered damage as a result of the casualty.

An undcx.rvritcr may rciusurc the risks which he l a e agrced to cover.

Art. 294. Insurance of a Ship under Constructiori,

A ship undcr construction n a y be .the subject of marine insurance ae soon as t h e is laid d o ~ n .

(1) LWith rcgard to the ship, the ciiks of the voyage shall run from thc time when the shipment of cargo commences until the termination of unloading, Provided that the duration of risk may not exceed a pcriod of fifteen days after arrival ct the destination, cor go lbcyond tlre time when goods are shipped at tllc dcstinztion for further voyage.

(2) JVlicre the ship ia in Inllzat, tlic c i a l ~ of the voyage sliall run from the tiruc when she has czst off or shipped anchor, and shall terminate when elie anchors or moors a t the place of dcitinztion.

Art. 296. S?rip undcr Voyagc.

(l) In tlio case of insxrancc of a ship txlren out for a limited pcriod ~vlicre the ~llip iB under voyage a t the date fixed for the commencement or ter- . . rnl.:~:loIi of &c rld!ia, t l ~ c ris!ig s113iI1 run 83 from the cud of tllc voyage or s113U 50 cxtcn2ed until the cnd of the voyage.

(3) I n t11c first case tllc premium shaU Lc refunded in proportion t o the pcriod not having run. In the second c s c the premium shall be collected in ,propor:icn to t l ~ c additional duration cf the risks.

(1) WIlcrc tkc vzluc of zoo& is not fixed Ly the contract, i t shall be deter- mined cx tllc basir of the purchxe pricc or on the badis of the pricc currcxt tt thc dntc and pIacc of loading and on tllc basis of charges pnid and costs incurred up to thc t h e of loadixig, freight pro rata, the cost of t!:c inwrrcce and, rv1ler.c appropria:~, thc anticipated profits.

(L) Thc rs1.1~ s!~al: bc the v a l ~ e at the dcstin;tion on the date of arrival, or yvherc t !~c goods do not arrive, on the date whcn they shonId have arxiv- cd, .r:.!~cn sur!~ valuc i3 grccitcr than d13t ixdic~ted above,

Art. 233. Co:zr:c;:ccmcnt of Risk in rcspcct of Goods.

dn rcspccr of goodc, tllc risk shall irun from ihe date ~rhea thcy 3re deli- vered to t:le czrrier at the place of departure for the voyage insured. Thc risk shsl! tcrrniaatc a: tllc t i nc ivl~en thc goods nre delivered to the consignee zt the ladt pbcc cf arrlrtI: Prarided that delivery is eliccted within t h i r~y Zays cf cnTo ading.

Art. 299. Cancellation of tlic Contract.

( I I Thc undencritcr mey t e m ~ a a t c policic in force in the cvcnt of the lsdkruptcy af the asnrcd.

(2) Thc ucdenvriter h33 the same right, ~vherc n premium duo is not paid (3) and where hc has acncd notice on the nranrcd t o pay the said premium ( 4 ) within il pcrioil of twcnty-fonr hours,

Cancellation and the noticc to pay may Lc by rcgistcrcd letter or caLIc. C~nccllatiun shall rcaudt in the refund of the prcminm in proportion to the risks I+-hich bare not m, without prejudice t o other claims.

{ 5 ) Cancellation sliall be of no effect as regards third partied in good faith uoder a transfer prior to any casualty and t o notice of cancellation, pro- vided that such third parties have paid the premium where it has not hcen p3i J by the assured,

'6) Xo the erent of the badsruptcy of the underwriter, the msured h a the aama rights.

lrt. ,300. Non-disclosr~rc and Mikrepracntatiort.

l) Any concealment o r misrepresentation on the part of the asmred, by which the risk insurcd has bccn undercstimatcd, ehilll rcsult in the cancel- lation of tIlc policy, even in the abscnce of fraud.

3) Tkc policy shall Lc cmccllcd not~vithet~nding that thc concealment or

miurcprescntation clocs not relate to tIic claniage to or loss of the thing inaurcd.

(3) Tko ~ J c n v r i t c r sllall be cntitlcd to tlic whole of the prcmit~m in thc avent of fraud, and to half tkc prcmiuxu in the &3cnce thercof.

Art. 301, Incrensc of Rislt.

( 1 ) .bq incrcaao of the risk in course of insurance ellall rceult in the cancel- latios of the policy, whcrc sucIi increase was not notificd to the undcr. writex at the time it became kno~vn to tlie assured

(2) Where the nndenvritcr is notified of an increase of the risk, due to the acb of the assured, h e may either cancel the policy and claim for the pre- mium or require an increaae in t h e premium. U t he increzae is other- wise caused, the policy shall remain in force, subject to a a increase in the premium.

Art. 302. Ccr;rcellction by the Assured.

The asaured may cancel the insurance policy for so long as the risk h= not started to run. Where the asaured cannot show force msjeure, h e shall pay, to the underwriter, as compensation, one half of the premium fixed in tho policy.

Chapter 2. Rights and Obligations of the Assured

And the Underwriter Art. 303. Damuge and Loss az the Risk of the Underxriter.

Damage to, and loss of, the things insured resulting from storm, shipwreck, stranding, collision, j'ettison, fire, explosion and in general arising out of all perils of the I C ~ and forcc majeure, are at the risk of the undenvriter.

Art. 304. Things insured against General Average.

Tho underwriter &hall be responsible for the contribution of the things insurcd in general average, anlcss the gefiera2 averaae contribution arhes out of a risk excludcd from insurance.

Art. 305. Policy S I r d remain in Force in the cventJof Obligatory Deviation.

(1) The r*& insurcd &all be covered in the evcnt of an obligatory deviation, or change of voyage or of bhip, as well as in the event of the fault of

the master or the crew.

(2) Whcrc the hull of the ship is ins~lrccl, tLc undcrwritcr shall not be liable for the conneqnences of fault, of the master Iby w a y of frond or wilful

misrcprcscntation, .tvIlcrc tllc master was choscn by tllc s!iipowocr.

Art. 306. Cnscs Considcrcd CS Obl i~atory L)cuicttioz.

Deviations or c h a n g c ~ ~vhich arc clccidcd on by tlic master without con- sulting the shipo~vncr or tIic rssurcd and clcviatioos or changcs having as thcir object to 1endc.r msistancc a r salvagc scnriczs t3 a ship or vexcl in danger or to persons and tkiaga on board such ehip or vcszcl, shall bc comidered a3

obligatory dcvicltions, or changcs in yoyagc c r c1 ship.

Art. 307. Shortzrzirzg of Yoyz,rrc.

(1) Wlicre thc voyage is sllortcncd t1lc:c i a G:, cllangc in voyage, providci! that thc new port of dcpartcrc or a£ crrivrrl bc a port of czll rcfcrred t o in t l ~ c policy.

(2) Jn the event of a voluntclry change ia voyagc o r .a deviation, the under- writer shall be liable in respect of casnaltiea proved to hzvc oczarred in the course of the azreed route.

Art. 308. Otltm Deviation or Clzanges of SIzir).

Any other deviation o r change of voyagc o r ship shall discharge dic under- ~vriter, the prcmium ycsting as soon as the ri& begins t o run.

Art. 309. Undcr~uritcr not Liable f o r tkc rcsults cf Faults of tl&e Assrrrcd.

(1) Save as i a othenvisc provided in Art. 305 the underwi ter shalI not bc liable for t I ~ c acts o r faulta of thc assurcd, or of tlic scrvants nad agents of, a t pcrsom claiming through, the azeurcd.

(2) Any agrcemcnt t a the contrzry may cct ee t up a ,rrl~ata.ntcc against f r a d o r ~vilful misreprc~cntation.

Art.. 310. Inl~crcrzt Vice of the Tiring Ins:trccl.

(1) Damage and 1053 resulting from ths nar;irc o r idlerent vice of the thing inmrcd, including wasiagc and lass in transit shall cot be borne by the undcrwritcr, unlcsa such 10~3 or damage r c ~ u l t s from a latent defect in the dhip JV~I;C!I a prudent shipo~rxcr C O J ~ ~ not havc farcsccz.

(2) Whcrc tIlc 111111 of tl;c sliip ia inaurcd, tilt abacncc of ccrtificotcs of ias- pcctian s11a11 give risc t:, a prcsumptio;l of t h e cxistcncc cf a Iatrot defcct in tllc ship.

(3 ) Insufiiciezcy in t!le ccnditionicg O F tlic goo& shall bc considered to Le an inherent vicc.

Art. 311. Damngo to odwr goods causcd by tlrc Propcrty Insured.

Unlcss atl~crwisc agrccd, the undcnvritcr s1131I not hc liahlc for damazc to wood3 and to pc rans causcd by the properly insured. W

Art. 312. Exclusion of T a r Risks. (1) Riaks arising out af civil o r foreign war shall not he Ijorne Ly the

undciwritcr.

(2) If otlierwise agreed, the unZenvritcr shall be liable f o r a l l damage and l c s ~ caused t o the property insured by hostilities, repriaah, capture, arrcst, dctcnsion, c d a r g o asd molestatioca by any government or autho- rity ~vh~tsocvcr , by explosion of ensincs of war and, in gcncrnl, bp all fortunc of 7var ;LB ~vc l l 3s by piracy.

&. 313. Coztract Concluded for mt Anrount exceeding the value of tJte Things Insured,

(l) A contract a.! insurance cocclucled for an amount exceeding the value of the things may be cancelled on the demand of the underwriter where it is

proved that there has been fraud o r wilful m l r e p r ~ e n t a t i o n , and the premium ~hau not be refundea.

(2) TVhcrc there has been neither i raud nor wilful misrcprcsecntation the contract ie d i d up to the amount cf Clc value cf the tiling3 injured anJ the underwriter has a right t o half the premium f o r the arnouzt of the excca valuation.

Art. 311. Fzrll Value Not Insured.

VLcrc thc full valce is not insured, the azljured ahsll remain his own insurcr in respcct of tllc differcncc and shall bear loss and damage rateably.

Art. 315. Samc Risk Covered by Satcrat Underwriters.

Whcrc tIic same rkk ia covered by ~cvera l undcrwritcro, each each under- write; sMI anly bc liable in proportion to the amount for which he has ~ i v e n corer, without being jointly and severally liable with the other andcr- C

writers.

Art. 316. Excrcisc by tlrc Assured of His Rights ~gainst the Several Under- tcritcrs.

( 1 ) Where, in the absence of wilful misrcpre-ccntation on tIic part of tile assured, tllc s3mc risk is the s.lzl)Jcct cf ~cvera l insurar:cee, and provided that tllc total amount so i n s ~ ~ r c d doe3 not escccd tllc value of thc thing ineurcd, the assured may ese rc i~c I l i ~ rigbto cgainst the several under- ~rritcrs, in wbatevcr order 11c eclccts, in proportion the capital value insured by each md within the limits of the damage incurred.

(2) Thc assured e t n l l dcclarc to thc underwriter thc acvcral policiea wIiicIl have becn costractcd.

(3) Where there $ wilful zu iucprc~en t~ l ion on thc part of dlc assured, each contract may be cancelled at the demand oE thc undcnvritcr.

(4) Pn no case dliall 3x1 undcnvritcr 7vIi0 Ilas acted in good faith rcfuntl tlic

premium.

Art 317. Contract Conclrtdcd aft^ the Loss or Anival of tlre Thing Irtsurcd.

(1) A contract of insurance concluded after the lasa o r arrival of the t h i n g insured shall be of no effect if &c nc.Tvs of the loss or arrival was avail- able either at tke place where tho azaured was present Lcforc taking o u t

t h o insurance, o r at the place rrvhcrc the contract was e i p e d but before the undenvriter had affixed his signature.

(2) Where the alzbject matter ia insured "lost or n o t lost," the contract may not be cancelled unless it is proved that the assured wa3 personally aware of the lose, o r the underwriter of the arrival.

(3) A party &OTM to have acted i n bad faith shall pay to the other party twice the amount of the agrced prcmivm 33 compensation.

(4) T h e insurance shall b e of no effect where the assured, being aware of the loas after having raqueljted the insurance, hlla failed to .give the aecessary instructions within as short a time as passible for the cancellation of h i 3

request prior to signature.

hrt. 318. Casualtics occurring bcjore S i p t u r e of the Contract.

T h e undenvriter shall not be liable for casualties occuring bcforc signature of the contract unless the msurcd did not llavc presumptive or material know- ledge thcrcof.

Art, 319. Prcmium not to t c Rcfundtcd Aftcr Risks Begin to Run.

No refund shall be made by t11e underwriter after thc risIcs begin to run.

Art. 320. Notice to be giucn to Undcrtvritcr.

In the casa of occurrcncca likely {to givo risc to claim, against thc under- .writer, the nssured shall giva notice to tIic undcrmritcr within three working days of his becoming aware of sucll occurrcnccs.

The a w r c d shd1, without prejudice to 11ia right to abandonment, take all mouurce of preservation, nrrangc f o r or procccd to tlie salvage of the p r o p m y insured nnd rosewe a11 right3 there may Le n g a i r d t third parties.

Tkc underwriter may IlimseE tzke sac5 mez6ures, which s!1a22 not be deemed en ackno.rvlcd,mcnt of liability or m act af o~vsership.

Art. 322. Liability of tltc Assured jor failure to fulfil his Obli~ntiorzs.

Tlie a~aurcd ibc liable ~vhcre he fail3 to comply wit11 t l z ~ P ~ O Y ~ I O Z B of Articles 320 and 321.

An u~l~dcnvriter ~vl lo h a paid losscs cr 3333ge shall bc au l rog~tc l l to tile rigllta and cctionj of t1:c cesured against third partics liable o r c3nccrrxcJ i : ~ gcncral aTicr3ge.

Art. 32. E. Floating Politics.

(1) I n i!lc case of insr~rancc xpcn goods subscrilc(l by "i"la3ting" policics a: 6b as interest =ay aricc," t l ~ c czscrcd s l la l l declare in interccit, and the undcnvritcr slraI1 ccccpt, Jcring the period that the policy id in force 2nd so f a r as they a rc applicable, all go~ods colrsigned on behalf of t l ~ c assured or on Il,ehalf cb third partiea who have requircd the insurance of the pods , provided that such partiw I I ~ V C a 3 intcrcst i n tho consign- inen't.

(2) Comignmcnts mado o n tcl13l.f of the nfisurcd are covered from tI1c time that the risk insured begins to mn, even in reapect to casualties of which the assured ie aware before the declaration of inSterest, provided that auch declaration was madc svitliin eight daya from receipt by him of the nothcs concerning tlic coneipment. This period shJ1 net exceed threc bap for voyages between Ethiopiaa porta.

(3) W l e r c iI1c declaration is m a d e aftcr the expiry of this period and in all cases where the consignment i3 made on behall of a third person, the insurance shall take effect snIy frcm the date of the declaration, subject t o the providiom of Arts. 317 and 318 which are applicable both t~ the agsured and to t he third party.

Art. 325. Failure to illa?;c tlrc DccZ=crcrtion of Irctcrcst.

(l) TCilicrc thc assured ha3 fa i l ed t o make the dcclaratian of ictcrest ~ v i t l ~ i n ?he pcri0.d provided in Art. 32.2, he ellall pay to the undcnvritcr, in addition to rhc prcznitm, compcne3tion equivalent t l~crcto for tIlc con- ei,gxmc.t a o t dcclarcd.

(2) Vlicrc the cxtcnt of the failtlrc to m S e the declaration or the repetition tllcrcof aho%va that sucli failurc wss intantional, the policy shall be cmcened at thc repeat of the undenvriter. The underwriter mny also,

by way of ndditional compensation, claim back payments made in respect

of casualties relating to consignments mado after the first Iai!ure to

declare.

Art. 326. Collision or the Rendering of Assistance or Salvage Serz;iccs Betloccn

or by or to Ships belonging to tlze same Owner.

(1) In the event of coUioioa or the rendering of assistancc or aalvage services betwccn o r by o r to the insured ship and another drip belonging to the assured, the relations lctwecn tlio parties shall bc the same as if the two ehips belonged to different shipowncxs.

(3) The eame shall npply where the damage results from the execution or

non-execution of 3 manoeuvre o r by the non-observance of the regula- tiaons, w e n if no collivios haa taken place, ui also in the case of a

collision between the ship and a fixed o r moving object belonging to the assured.

(3) The same shall also apply wherc the goodls are the property of the shipowner who carriea them or who is die owner of the ship which hse collided with, or ~ c n d e r e d 35sistancc to, the ship carrying the goods.

Chapter 3. Settlement of damage Section 1. General Provisions

Art. 327. Extent of the Liability of the Urtderwritcr to pay Compensatiorc, The undmvri tcr ahall h no case be liable to pay compensation exceeding

ihc amouct icaurcd. H e 6han not he liable to repair or replace the property insnrcd.

A r t 328. Proof to be Furnislred by the Assured.

( 1 ) The aesured shall prove that the risk has run and prove loss or damage, or the existence of circumstznces giving rise to abandonment.

(2) Loas and d a m t ~ c or the circumstances giving rise to a right of abandon- bent shall, in the #absence of proof to t h e contrary, b e presumed to have atiscn during tile period of ins~trance and within ire territorial mope.

(3) Irt order to discharge bimself the underwriter shall prove that the br or damage or circumstlnces do not fal l within he risks covered.

(2) Whcrc tllc insurance covers certain dcfined risks, the assured 8hall prove

thzt tllc czan~l ty resulted from such a risk.

Art. 329. Pcriod of Time for Payment of Compensation.

(1) Iciurarcc compensntion is payable t h i r v days fo l lo~~dng the production to tlic endenvritcr cf the claim togrther wit11 documentary evidence, a n d wllcrc appropriate, the net of abandonment. No proceedings may be brought against the underwriter during this period.

(2) Wllcrc no agrcctxicnt has Lccn rcacllcd during thia pcriod, the documents ehn11 5I)e rcstorctl hy tlle unclcnvritcr.

Section 2. Settlement in Average Art. 330. Cases tohcrc there is Settlement in Avwagc. ( 1 ) All damage and lore ~vIiicll ia not the euhject of an a5andonment shall bc

ecttled in avcragc. (2) For so long as abandonment is not acccptcd or adjudged proper &c 3s-

aurcd has the choice babween abandonment and a settlement in average. (3) The riglit of abandonment docs not create a right t o a settlement in

average, Scttlclncnt in a v c r q c ia only permitted where i t H in confor- mity wit11 tlic naturc of tlic czsualty and thc actual stipulatiocs in tfic contract.

hrt. 331. Limitation of the Liability of tlze Urtdmrcritet to Dnmnge Directly affecting the thing insurcd.

Thc undcnvritcr shall only Ic liabIe fo r damage or loss directly affecting the thing insured. He shall not be liable for pemanal 1083 6uch LU laying off, 'delay, difference i n quotations, or an obstacle t o the commerciaI transaction of the assured.

Art. 332. Deduction netu for old.

The cost of repairr to the chip or ib accessories shall L e subject to deduc- tion "sew for old."

-4rt. 333. Exclusion of Wages and Profits of the C m u .

The nnderwriter s h d not be liable f o r wages, prodits and other remcne- ration of the crcw, r s weII ss their upkeep, nor for the costs of repatriation and d other cxpcmes concerning the crew.

Art. 334. Means of Settling Damage to Goods.

Where gooda are damaged the diE!erence between the value of the damag- cd goods and their valuc immcdiatcly before damagc shall he ascertained. The amount $0 Lc paid rllall Be their i n r ~ r m n r c vnl:le lesr the diflrrcnce r g ascer- tained.

Art. 335. Contritzttion in Gcnmat Avcraga Gorno by thc Undmwritm.

Contributions in general avcragc shall be bornc by the underwriter in proportion (to the valuc rvhich lie has ilnsured, e d j e c t to deduction of parti- c d a r averago which may have Been borne by him, provided that the total amount shall not exceed the e m a paid by the asenred.

Section 3. Abandonment Am. 336. Limits of Atandonmcnt.

Unless otlierrrvise agreed, the thing imurcd shall not be abandoned e n c e ~ t in she caacs set forth in the follo~ving articles.

ilrt, 337, G s c t ruhme tlrere is abandonment of tJra slrip.

Uandonmcnt of thc ship shall occur :

(l) ~vhere thc ship is a total loss; (2) whcre the allip cannot in any cl-cnt 33c rcpllircd;

(3) where t h e ship cannot be repaired in the absence of repair facilitiu and she cannot Lc moved clsavhcrc for repair;

(4) phere the total cost of repairing the dzmagc to the ship would amount to nolt leas than thrcc quarters of Iicr value. In c ~ l c d a t i n g the damage accocat s h a l l be taken of the difference "new for old" and tho value o i the old materials. Expensee not directly related t o the repair of the damage reported ehall ns t bei included.

Art.. 338. Abandonment of Goods.

Q) Abmdonmcnt of goods shall occur :

(a) where cthe goods are lost or totally destroyed;

(b) where, in the event that the ship is unsea.worthy, the forwarding of the goods by 80me m e w has not been, undertaken within a period of four mstha. This period shall 3un from the notification of the bseawor th inas by the assured to the mdenvriter; where the M-

seaworthiness kaa occurred at a place with which c o m m n i c a t i o ~ s have been interrupted, the period o t time shall b e suspended duriong r~nck interruption ;

(c)] where, during a voyage, the goo& have been ordcred to be eold as a rcsult of material damagc;

(d) nvhcre, apart from any cxpenscs, the loss or material dcprcciation of the goods ~arnou~l~ts to not lcaa than thrcc quarters of their value, the calculation being made in the manne-r provided i n Art. 334.

(2) I n the cases provided i n sub-articles (a ) , (b) and (d) and where the in - surance is limited to loss and damage resdting f ~ o m specif'ic cansea, aban- donment id only possible where t h e casualty rcsulrs from euch a cauee.

Art. 339. Abandonment of Freigltt. I n the case provided in Art. 338 (1) ( h ) , thc ollipo~vncr may givo notice

of eLandonxncnlt of freiglit not duo pro rata, providcd that Iic skows due dili- gcnce in fanvarJing the gooJ3.

Art. 310. Abandonment i:t t l ~ c abscncc of rictus.

(1) AL:ndonnicnt of tllc sliip, g ~ o l l i a rd [rciglrr s h a l l cccur iv:lcrc ~I ic re i i no rew-3 of tlic drip within four months from the ddte of rcccipt of the 12s t ncrvs.

(2) h the cvent of interruption of communications, tlic period slinU be sus- pcndcd during such intcrruptioc.

(3) Tlic assxrcd shall sIloxv tliat the ~ I i i p av33 nt sc3 a t the time of tIie l a d news and tliat &C 11;~s noat arrived at t h e placz whcrc dlc was due to touch.

(4) The ship sIlall bc dcemcrl t o t c lost on the date to which the Icst nc~vs sef era.

(5.j The court may, itaking into cccount the cir,cnmtaaccs and iLe probabi- lities, .attribute the loss to the peril3 of the sea o r to fcrtzcc of war, or &rtribute the charge8 between these two rislrJ in the proportion determin- ed by the court.

Art, 341. Abandonmcnt in tlzs case of insurar,ce of war risks.

(I) Wlicrc war rivka H ~ V C Lccn insurcd, abandonment of the ship or goo& ehjU occur whcre t he property insured has been captured, earrested or de- tained b y the order of a power, or has been captured by pirates, and Ins not been restored to the aers~rect ~vitllin four m o n t h .

(2) This pcri0.d of attnc a h d ru i i ctrom the notification of thc occurrezc2 Ly the aesured to the undenvritcr.

(3) Freighrt insured against war risks may be f&andaaed whcrc it has not been passible to coUecr i t within four montha as s result of one of the occarrencea set forth in this Article and which has affected the gooh.

Art. 342. Cascs zvhcre atandonmcnt is not admissible.

h &c cases provided in Articles 338 (1) (b), 339, 310 and 341, the for- warding of tho cargo, die rcccipt of nmva oE the ship, or Qe rmtsrntion to the assured of propcrty captured, arrcsted or detained, cvcn aftcr the expiry af tha periods of time f i red for Qle said articles, a l~a l l not justify aalandonmenc, where such acta take plscc bcforc the expiry olf the period fixed in Art. 339. ,Uandanmcnt ahaU be ad.mi$aible where these a c b take place aftcr the expiry of tha t period.

Art. 343. Non-admission by the Underwriter of Expiry.

Where an undenvriter alleges that the period provided in ArticIea 338 (1) (b), 339, 340 or 331 had not expired at the time of notice of abandonment, he shall lodge his objection wi t l~ in air months from the notice.

Art. 344. SpcciaE Znsuranco of Freight.

In the case8 provided in Articles 338 (1) ( L ) , 340 and 341 and where the frcigllt at ri6k in respect of the gooda has been the aubject of a 3pecial insn- rance, the assured who has paid such freight may claim cornpernation therefor rrt tllc espiry of the periods fixed in the eaid Articles, subjest to the pto&siona of -4rticlcs 342 and 343.

Art. 345. Naturc of Abandonment.

Abandonment may not be partial or conditional.

Art. 346. Duty of the Assured to declare all Znsurances taken Out.

(1) I n giving notice od abandonment, the assured shall declare all insurances t h a t he has taken oat.

( 2 ) An assued who hils made an incorrect declaration in bad faith, shall not have the benefit of the insurance.

Art. 347. Effect of Abandonment.

(1) A n abandonment which ie aacepted o r acljudged proper shall transfer to the underwriter the property in the t h i n g iinaured. The underwriter shall h e required to pay t h e amount insured.

(2) As Lctween underwriter and assured, abandonment dates from the day of the occurrence which gave rise to abandonment.

Chapter 4. Limitation Art. 338. Limitation of Actions arising out of an Insurance Contract.

All actions ariaing out of an insurance policy shall be barred after two yeara.

Art. 349. Action jor payment of premium.

For aotione for payment of the premium, the period of limitation shall ma from tlre dote of the acceptance of (the policy of insurance.

-4x-t. 350. Action in Abandonmmt.

The period of limitation of actiona i n abandonment shall run :

(1) In the c a x j provided in Articles 338 (l) ( b ) , 339,310 and 341 f rom the

expiry of tlie periocfa of t h e aat forth therein, subject to deduction of tirnc llsving run 'Lctween the date when the aljsured became aware of the ~unrjc:~vorthiness, capture, arrcst or Jeteation and the date of notification tliercof to the undemvritcr;

(2) In tlic czse provided in ,4rt. 338 (1) (c) from the date of sale. Art. 351. rictiort irz Aucrage.

The period of limitation of zctions i n average sliaU run :

(1) Where such action i~ based on an action brought by nnotlier person for a

cause such as assistance, contribution i3 avcragc, cstraordinary expenses, contrzctunl o r tortious liability, f ram the date whez sach person has brouglit thc action or from tlic datc wllzn Ilc 112s bccx ccm?cnszted by t l ~ c a ~ u r c d ;

(2) In the caae provided in Art. 3-Li, as specified i n Art. 350 (l).

Art. 352. Date front zclzich period runs zcith respect to the ship and freight at risk for the ship.

With respcct to the ship and to freight at xi& for the ship, the period of limitation of actions in abandonment and actiona i n average shall run, unless othenviae expressly provided, from the date of the occurrence giving rise to abandonment or to an action in average.

Art. 353, Date from whiclt pcriod runs taitlt rcspcct to goods ancl freiglzt at risk for tlte goods.

With respect to goods and to ifreigbt a t risk for the goods being the sub- ject of a special insurance, the period of limitation of actions in abandon-

m a t and actions in average s h d run, d e s e otherwise expressly provided, from Ithe arrival of the ehip a t her destination or f r o m the date when ehe shotdd have arrived or, where the occurrence giving rise to abandonment or to an action in average is subsequent thereto, drom the datc of such occurrence.

Art. 353. Limitation of Actions fat repayment of sums paid by mistake.

As regards actions for repayment of any sums paid by mistake, the period of limitation of two yeara shall run from the date of the p a p e n t .

Art. 355, Limitation runs against persons legally incapable.

In all cases under this Chapter, limitation shall run against minors, per- sons under judicial diavbiliity o r o+herwise Icgdly incapable,

Art. 356. Suspension of Limitation.

In addition to the ordinary causes of enspension, the period of limitation shall be suspended 5 y the delivery of the documents establishing a claim ucder Art. 329. The period shall begin to nu^ again upon the expiry of the period OS thirty day4 provided in the said Article or from the drute of retarn of the docn- ment3 by the rrcderwriter, where such date of return is later.

TITLE V111

PENAL PROVISIONS Art. 357. Injurirrg olcrzcr by causing survey witlrout good reasort.

Whoeoevcr with tlic intention of injuring the owner of a ship prcvcnts the sailing of a ship by causing the sliip to be surveyed without good rcason ehall b e guilty of a n offence and shall be liable on conviction to a finc not ex- ceeding Eth. $2000.

Art. 358. Jliscoducr endangering life or sh ip .

If n master o r seaman belonging to an Ktlliopiau sliip bp wilful b r e d 1 o f

duty o r by neglcct of d u t y o r by reason of ilrunkcnnca,

(a) does any act tending to t l ~ e immediate loss, dccitruction, o r ~ c r i o u s ds- mngc of the ship, o r tending immediately to endanger the life o r limb of a person to o r on board the ship; o r

(b) r e f u s a or omib to do a n y lawful act propcr and rccpisitc to be done by him for preserving the 6hip from immediate loas, destruction, or serious damage, or for preserving any person belonging to o r on board t he ship from immediate danger to life o r limb,

he shall be guilty of aa offence and shall on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding Eth. S2000 or to s imple imprisonment not exceeding two years.

Art. 359. General Ofjences.

If a seaman lawfully engaged commib any of the following offences, h e h a l l be liable on conviction to be punished ae followe, t ha t is to say,

( a ) i f he assaults the master o r any mate o r certified engineer of the ship, he ehaU be liable on conviction to simple irnprieonment not exceeding a i l months;

( 5 ) if h e combines will1 any of the crew to diaobcy lawful commanda o r to neglcct duty, o r to impede the navigation of the ship or t he progrees of t he voyage, h e shall Le liable on conviction to simple imprisonment not exceeding six months;

( C ) if he wilfully damngca his ship, o r s t c d s o r wilfully damagcs any of he r store8 o r cargo, lie sllall b e liable on conviction to f ine o r eimple impri- sonment not exceeding six montlia.

Art. 360. Depriving Master of Command 01 Preventing Itis excrcise unZawful2y thereof.

Whosocvcr being on an Etlliopian ship unlawfully usurps the coninland of srrcl~ ship from t h e mastcr o r o ther lawful officer in command thcrcof o r Jcptivce h im of authority and command on board o r rcuists o r pre- vents him in the free and IawfuI excrcisc tllcrcof s l~a l l be gui1.t~ of an offence

a n d 6hall Le liiiLJc utl curlviutiun to rigorou3 iurprisonment not excceding ten Years.

hrt. 361. Abandoning ship without propcr cansc.

(1) A n y mastcr wlio tvitllout propcr cause abandons Ilia ship in timed of diz. t r e a ellall b e guilty of an offence and shall Lc liable on conviction to

simple imprisonment not cxceeding oce year.

(2) Any member of the crcw who without propcr cause ob:indona Ilis ship in time3 of diatrcss shall be guilty of a n offence and shall be liable on con- viction to simple iznprisonmcnt not exceeding six monthz.

A r t 362. Offcnccs in connection with ship's doczrments.

Any master c: cnginccr who:

(a) makcs o r causes ta b c nladc an untrue cntry, or

(b) kno~vingly c x i ~ a a r c ~ u z c ~ t o Lc cmit tcd c- cntry, o r

(c) without gaod rczson alters cr causes to bc altered an cntry i n the Log book or in any other ship's documcnts r eq -~ i r cd to b e kept by law,

shall b e guilty of an offence and sllall Le liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding Eth. $500 o r to simple imprisonment not exceedins two yeara.

Art. 363. Failure to give information after Collision.

Any master who after collision with another ship fail3 to give to the master of the v e s e l with which he came into collision any of the following particulars, namdy:

(a) t h e name of his ehip;

(b) the por t of registration

(C) the por t of destination and laat caU,

r h d l be guilty of an offence and shall b e liable on conviction to a f ine not exceeding Eth. S1000.

Art. 364. Master or Shiporcmcr failing to ensure scazoorthiness of Ship.

A n y n~aster or allipolvner who fails to carry out t he requirements of law in reepect of any of the following matters, namely:

( a ) ensuring the seaworthiness of his ehip, o r

(t) safeguarding tIlc crcw, passengers or o ther pcreons on board t h e ehip, shall be guilty of an affence and shall be liable o n conviction to a f ine not exceeding Eth. S 3000.

Art. 365. Failure of Master to carry out certain responsibilities.

Any master of an EtI~ i sp ian ship who :

( a ) refuses rvitIiout good cause to take on board his ship any pereon for tvhosc voyage home the Ethiopian autlioritiee arc rcsponsiblc, ox

(b) fails to comply witli the d,cciaions givcn Ly competent anthoritics in rcepcct of dieputes which havc arisen between him and his aulordinatcs,

shall Ic guilty of an offcncc and elldl Lc liable on conviction to a fine not cncccding E th. 3 500.

Art. 366. Acting as Jlastcr, n.Intc ctc. toitl~orrt propcr qualifications.

(1) Any pcrson wlio causcij h iw~c l f to Lc appointed a9 master or mate or cngineer witliout having thc qualifications prescribed by law shall be guilty of an offcncc and shall be TiaLlc on comiction to a fine not exceed- ing Eth. $1000 or to simple imprisonmext {or a period not exceeding eix months,

(2) & b y master or shipowner ~vlio knowingly employs on ;I. ship acy p e r a s who has not the qualifications prescribed by law shall b e g d t y of aa

offencc and shall be liable on conviction t o a fine not exceeding Eth.$.1000.

Art. 367. O f f a c c s against Discipline.

Offences asainst didcipline a h d &c a3 prescribed.

Art. 368. Pcnaltied.

Any person tvho contravenes tIic provision3 of &is Code o r any replationa made thereunder for ~vhiclz so special penalty is provided shall be liable on conviction to a fine not excceding Eth. S. 1000 o r t o eimple imprisonment not

exceeding eix months.

Art. 369. Saving of otlzcr powrn.

Notliing i n this Codc sliall prevemt a prosccution undcr any other law, bat so that a pcrson shall not b e punished twicr: hor thc same offence.

TITLE IX MISCEXLANEOUS

Art. 370. Intcrprctation.

For the purporca of this Codc, the following word3 and cxprczaiona 6h& Ii:vc tlic follo\ving mcacinza :

"Empire'* n ~ c t n a tllc Enlpirc af Etlliopia. ";C[inistcrW mc2n9 tl:c Ninistcr cf National Defcncc. .'Prescr&ccIw means prcxribcd by Rc;ulaticxa uzder thia CoZe.

Art. 371. Regulation Making Porcer.

(1) The Minister on the recommendstion of the Department of Marine may make regulation, for carrying thie Code into effect.

(2) I n pnrticular, and rvitbont prejudice to the generality af the foregoing power, such repIationts may prescribe :

(a) anything which by this Code may o r i3 to be prescribed; (b ) the forms to be wed; (c) the feee and dues to be paid;

(d) any matters relating to the searvorthincs~ of ships and the control thereof;

(e) the procedure to be adopted and the condition3 to be obecrved in connection with the registration of ships;

( f ) the procedure to be adopted and the conditiom to be observed in connection with the licensing of pilota, deck officera, engineers and eeamen;.

(g) the ten- and conditions of eervice of seamen; (h) any matters relating to navigation and stearing;

(i) the procedure to be adopted and the conditions to be olscroed in connection with the carrying of dangerous cargo;

(j) the procedure to be o~bserved in connection with the measurement of ehipe;

(k) the conditions to be observed for prceerving the safety of life at sea; (I) any matters in connection with the regulatiou of lrarbonra and

harbour services ;.

(m) any matters relating to lights and beacoae; (n) the penaltisa to be imposed for breaches of regulations.

(3) The ~ ~ t e r may by order published in the Negarit Gazetn v 3 q thc amounta rpecified in Articles 86 and 223.

CONTENTS

TITLE I. SHIPS Chapter 1. General Provsions

Art. 1. - Dcfinition of ships. Art. 2. -- Accessories. Art. 3. - 511ip mwsllc propcrty.

Chapter 2. Nationality of Ships Art. d. - Qualification for owning Ethiopian sl~ips. Art. 5. -- Ships treated as Ethiopian ships. -b. 6 - Ethiopian ships.

Chapter 3. Ownership Art. 7. - Owners!~ip of ship. Art. 8. - Third party rights.

Chapter 4. Ships owned in common Art. 9. -- Rights of part olvners. -4rt. 10. -- Liability of part owners Art. II. -- Powers of operator. .4rt. 12. -- Assignmeat and mortgage ob n Bha~c. Art. 13. -- Pre-emptive rights of the lotIicr part owners. Art. 14. - Sale of a ship under common ownership.

Chapter 5. Maritime Liens cmd Mortgage of a Ship 3

Section I. Maritime Lien 3

Art. 15, - 1)csipnation and priority of maritime liens. Art. 16. - (:lasoilicstion by voyage of claims secured by lien. Art. 17. - (:lasslfrc.itioa of claim8 arising out of the same voyage. Art. 18. - 1)dte of claims arising out of the same maritime incident. Art. 19. - Proof. Art. 20. - Priority of creditors secured by mortgage. Art. 21. - Propcrty to wl i ich licas attach. -4rt. 22. - Dcfinitioo of ship s accessories and freight. Art. 23. -- Amountii dccmctl frcight or cxcludcd from ship's acces-

eorics and freight. Art. 23. - Duration of licn on freight and ehip'e acccasorie& Art. 25. - Claimr eccurcd by licn follow the ship.

Art. 26. - Limitztian. Art. 27. -- Otllcr niodcs of cstinguisl~mcnt of licr-a. Art. 28. - Registration of a lien. Art. 29. - Casc wllcrc a ship is not msnagcd by thc orvzcr,

Section 2. Mortcjage

Art. 30. -- Scopc of n1ort;ngc. Art. 31. - Jhlortgagor.

Art. 33. - Property on ~vLic.11 mortgage is sccurcd. -4rt. 33. - RIortgngc of a ship ucdcr canstructian. A t . 3 . - Forclalitics. Art. 35. - Limitztion of intcrcst ratcs. Art. 36. - l7orm~lities c l rcgistr~tion. Art. 37. - Effect cf rcgistrztion.

-4rt. 38. - -4rrcst ond s d c cf a msrtgagcd ship. -4rt. 39. - Discharge of mortgage. Art. 4.0. - Overbid by onc tenth. -4rt. 41. - Dcpcsit cf parchssc money wtc re thcrc is no overbid. Art. 42. - Sale by auction. Art. 43. - Summary scl~cdulc of mortgage rcgistration. Art. 44. - Prohibition of sale abroad of a ship mortgaged in t ! ~ c

Empire.

Chapter 6. Registrafion of Ships and of Rights in Rem relating to the Ship l0

Art. 45. -- Registcrs. Art. 46. -- Ship's markings. Art, 47. - Registration of Ethiopian ships. Art. 48. -- Cancellation o? registration. Art. 49. -- Arrest of unregistered ship. Art. 50. - Effect of registration.

Art. 51, - Conclusivc proof of rc,rristratian. Art. 52. - Canccllstion and modification of cntrics.

Chapter 7. Arrest of a Ship Section 1. Detention

Art. 53. -- Conditions.

Art. 54. -- Sccurity and relcaee. Art. SS. - Service of warrant of arrest.

Pngr Art. 56. -- Summoas to nppcnr. Art. 57. -- Jud,gmcnt confirming arrcst.

Section 2. Execution Art. 58. -- Minimum pcriod Lcforc proceeding t a execution. Art. 53, -- No cxccution in ccrtzin cases.

Art. GO. -- Demand for paymczt. Art. G1. - klasimunl period for prccccding t~ crccution.

Art. G2. - Information in the report an esccutian. -4rt. 13. - Natification 2nd scrvizg of process. Art. 64. -- Entry of tlic report in the register. Art. G5. - Notificzticn t3 rcgistercd crcditors. Azt. 66. - Sale by auction. Art. 67. - Applications to withdraw esecutian or alleging defetts. Art. 63. - Procedure on applicztions m d e r Art. 67. Art. 69. - Sale of ship under arrest. Art. '70. -- P;zrticulars in notices and bills, Art. 71. - Prohibition against overbids. Art. 72. - Payment of purchase pricc. Art. 73. -- Resale by auction. Art. 74. -- Recourse. Art. 75. - Registration of sale by the court in t..e resistcr. Art. 76. -- Effect of eale. Art. 77. -- Distribution of the residue.

TITLE II: SHIPOWNERS, MANAGERS AND THE MASTER 16

Chapter 1. Liability of Shigocasrz and Managers 16

Art. 78. -- Definition of manager. Art. 59. -- Acts resulting i n the liability of tlic sl~ipowner. Art. 80. -- Limitation of liability. Art. 81. -- Liability by reason of owncrsl~ip, possession, custody cr

control of the hip. Art. 82. - cnscs whcre liability i a not limited. Art, 83. -- Balance. Art. 8.4. -- Non-admission of liability. Art. 85. -- Limitation ,fund. Art. 86. -- Amounts of Limited liability.

Art. a?. - Proccdurc. Art. 88. - Cnlctllation of tol?nagc bnrdcn. Art. 83. - Arrcst of the ship, hail or other sccurity. Art. 30. - Liability of the ship. Art. 91. -- Application t o otllcr persons than cihipotr-ncr. Art. 92. - Actions against tlic msstcr. Art. 93. -- Ships of less than 300 tons burilcn.

Chapter 2. The Master

Page

Art. 9-1. - Appointment ant1 Jutics of mastcr. Art. 95 - Tcrn~inst ion of mastcr's appointment. Art. 96. - Powcrs of the mastcr. Art. 97. - Scope 01 the master's agczcy. Art. 98. - Liability of thc master. Art. 9 - Duties of tIic master. Art. 100. - Duty of the master in case of pilotage. Art. 101. -- Liability in case of pilotage. Art. 102. - Ship's papers. Art. 103. - Ship's lopbook and engine-room log-book. Art. 104. - Stamping of log-book in port. Art. 105. - Maritime declaration. Art. 106. - Verification of t he maritime declaration. Art. 107. - Borrowing and sale of goods by the master in case of

urgency. Art. 108. - Sale of ship bp the master in the event of nnseaworth-

iness. Art. 109. - Master sailing for joint profit, Art. 110. - Discharge of a master who is a par t oyner of the ship.

TITLE 111 REGULATION OF MARITIME EWLOYMEMT 23

Art. 111. - Dclinition of a scaman. Art. 112. - Seaman's articlcs of agrecrncnt. Art. 113. - Particulars in articles of agreement. Art. 11.1. - Rcn~rlncration out of profits or frcight. nit. 115. - ncrnuncration by voyage. Art. 116. - Dutics of scanlan. Art. 117. - ProIliLition agaicst carrying cargo on their o w n account. Art. 1 l C . - -4dv;znce on wages. Art. 119. - IIome remittances.

Art. 120. -- Repayment of advances. PSSC Art. 121. -- Attachment of wagcs. Art. 122. - 31erlical examination prior to employment. 'Art. 123. - Sichess or injury while in the ship's service. Art. 133. -- Wages o r aUowances payable t o a sick or injured seaman. Art. 125. -- Repatriation,

TITLE IV CONTRACTS EELA!TIxG TO T E US'E: OF T E SK?13 27

Chapter 1. Charter by Delnise 27

Art. 126. - DcGnition. Art. 127. - ProlliLitioa against S&-cl~srtcr, Art. 133. - Duties of the owner. Art. 123. - Liabil i ty of the owner. Art. 130. - Duties of tllc charterer. A 1 3 - Duration of the charter. Art. 132. -- Limitation of rights arising out of the charter,

Chapter 2. Contract of Weighbsenf 28

Section 1. General Provisions 28

Art. 133. - Definitions. Art, 134. - Particulars in the contract. Art. 135. - Sub-charter. Art. 136. - Goods shipped by the sl~ipowner in the cbrtered abip, Art. 138. -- Duties of the sl~ipower. Art. 139. - Exemption of the sliipowner from IisbiIity. Art. 140. - Liability of the charterer. Art. 141. - Port of destination, Art. 142. - Ship not a t the disposal of the charterer as agreed.

Art. 143. - Compensation due t o charterer. Art. 141. -- Termination of the contract of affreightment, Art. 145. -- Sale of the diip. Art. 14%. - Limitation of actions.

Section 2. Freight

Art. 1-47. - Frcight pro rsta. Art. 1-18. - Gases where freight is due.

Art. 1-19, - PcrisIiablc goods. Page Art. 150. - Repayment of ndvanccs to mastcr. Art. 151. - Ship hcld up during the voyage. Art. 152. - Freight for delivered before arrival at destination. Art. 153. - Failure to load full and complete cargo. -4rt. 153. -- Prohibition ,against discharge from payment of freight

by atandonmcnt of goods. Art. 155. -. SI~ipo~vner's licn. Art. 156. - Shipo~vncr's right to detain cargo. -4rt. 157. - Goods mixcd with othcr goods of the B ~ M C natuzc. Up-

holding of the licn.

Section 3. Lay Days cmd Demurrcge 33

Art. 153. - Lay days. Art. 159. - Dcnlurragc. -4rt. 160. - Daningcs for dctcntion. Art. 161. - Calculation of lay days. Art. 162. - Time fo r the bc,@ning of lay days. Art. 163. - Rights of the master at the expiry of the lay days. .W. 164. - Averaging fay Jays. Art. 165. -- Suspension of running of lay days. Art. 166. - $Bonus f o r dispatcll. Art. 167. -- Set off. Art. 168. -- Liens and limitation. Art. 169. - Lien for demurrage and damages for detention which

llavc not been scttlcd.

Section 4. Special Pravisions Regcrrding Time Charters 34

Art. 1'70. - Time chartcrs. -4rt. 171. - Duties of the shipowner. Art. 172, - Duties of the charterer. Art. 113. - Debt for freight. Art. 174. - Prcsumptivc loss. Art. 175. - Dclay of the ship. Art. 176. - Eights of an unpaid shipo~vncr. Art. 177. - Extension of the contract by the charterer. Art. 178. - Return of the ship. Art. 179. - Cllartcrcr taking over the commcrcial and nautical

opcration of the ship.

Page Section 5. Special Provisions Regarding Contract of

Carriage Supported by a Bill of Lcding 34 Art. 180. - Scopc. Art. 131. - Isscc of bill af ladiag. Art. 1132. - Particulars in t!lc bill of lading. Art. 183. - Shipping mzr!cs. Art. 18.4. - Innccuratc statcmcnt by ahippcr. Art. 185. - Voluntary f d s c stztcnicnts. Art. 186. - Kcccipt Lcforc shipmcnt. Art. 187. - Original o i bill of lading. Art. 1C8. - Eiils cif lading drawn in screral parts. Art. 189. - Forms of L i l of lading. Art. 130. - Circulation of bills of lading. Art. 191. - Prcllibitian against ccgotiatior. Ar:. 192. - Conflict between holders. Art. 193. - Delivery of tlie goods to a holder in good faith. Art. 194. - Conflict bcween the t e r m of a bill of ladicg and thcsc

of a charter party. Art. 195. - Delivcry w.arrants. Art. 196. - Duties of the carrier. Art. 197. - Liability of a carrier. Art. 193. - Global statutory limitatiori of liability. Art. 199. - Goods not declared or misdeclared. Art. 200. - Dangerous goods. Art. 201. - Notice to Le given t o the carrier in the event of loss c:

damage. Art. 202. - Termin3tion of contract of czrriagc. Art. 203. - Limitation. Art. 204. - ThrougIi bill of lading. Art. 203. -- Nullity of clauscs in a bill of lading relieving a carrier

from liability. Art. 206. - Carricr nlay increase his liability. Art. 207. - Special cases. Art, 208. - Jurisdiction. Art. 209. - Arbitration clausc.

Chapter 3. Cariage of Passengers Art. 210. - Dcfinitione. Art. 211. - Prohibition against assignment of ticket.

Art. 313. - Cost of Lonrd. Art. 213. - Pnsscngcr emlrarking ~vitLout a ticket. Art. 81.1. - Passagc not undcrtakcn, tllc passenger not bcing at fault. Art. 215. -- Fasscngcr failing to cm?)ark. Art. 216. - Canccllation of tllc coctract. Art. 217. - Termination a£ tltc cantract due to llastilities. Art. 218. - Tcrnlination through cacceUation of sailing. :2rt. 219. - Breaking of the voyage due to forcc najcurc. -4rt. 220. - Passenger obliged to break the voyage for reasons outside

his control. Art. 221. - Passenger auffcring from an infcctious discasc. Art. 223. - Liability of the czrrier fc r delay o r failure to carry out

the contract. -4rt. 223. - Liability in case of death of o r injrzry t:, passecger. Art. 224. - Carriage of baggage. Art. 225. -- Gratuitous carriage. Art. 226. - Articles 223-225 always appliczblc. Art. 227. - Carrier's lien on baggage. Art. 238. - Limitation of actions.

Page

TITLE V MARITIME COLLISIONS, ASSISTANCE AND SALVAGE 46

Chapter 1. Collisions 46

Art. 229. -- Rules applicable to collisions. Art. 230. - Accidental coUision. . k t . 231, - CoLlieion fault of one ship. Art. 232. -- Collision fault of two or more ships. Art. 233. -- Collision canscd by the fault of a p i l o t Art. 232. -- Extcnt ta which damages are 'made good. Art. 235. -- Dutics of the masters. Art. 236. -- Procedure. Art. 237. -- Courts having jurisdiction. Art. 238. -- Limitation.

Chapte: 2. Assistance a d Salvage at Sea 48

Art. 239. - Eulcs applicable to assistance and salvage. Art. 240. - Remuneration. -4rt. 211. - S o rcmuncration for forced salvage.

Art. 242. -- Assistance of ships by ahipowncrs. Art. 213. -- Exceptional assistance in towagc and piloting. Art. 241. - Saring of life. Art. 245. - Dctcrmination of the amount of rernuncration. Art. 2-1.6. - Cancellation or altcrntion of the ealvage ngrccment by

the court. Art. 247. -- E o y rcmuncrstion 'detcrmincd. Art. 2-18. - Assistance compulsory in rcspcct of pcrsons foucd at 6c3

in danger of being lost. Art. 249. - Claims for payment of assistance o r salvage remuneration. Art. 250. -- Application to government ships of rules regarding

asaistancc.

Page

TITLE VI PARTICEPATICPT IN GENERHU AVERAGE 50

Art. 251. -- General avcragc act. Art. 253. - Szcrifice and expenscs how borne. -4rt. 253. - Only losses, etc. direct consequence of act allowed. Art. 254. - Loss or damage not ,allowed. Art. 255. - Result of fault of one party. Art. 256. -- Onus of proof. Art. 257. -- Extra cspcnses. Art. 258. - Adjustment of loss and contribution. Art. 259. - Jcttison of cargo. Art. 260. - Damigc by jettison and sacrifice for the common safety, Art. 261. - Extinpisl~ing fire on shipboard. Art. 265. - Cutting away wreck. Art. eG3. - Voluntary stranding. Art. 3M. - Carrying prcss of sail - Damage to or loss of sails. Art. 265. - Damage t o macbincry and bailers. Art. 266. - Lightening a ship tvhcn zsllore and consequent damage. -4rt. 367. - Ship's materials and stores burnt for fuel. Art. 268. - Expenses at port of refuge, etc. Art. 269. - Wagcs and maintenance of crew and other cxpenses

bcnring up for and in a port of refuge, etc. An. 270. -- Darnngc to cargo in discharging, etc.

Art. 271. - Deductions from cost of rcpzirs. Art. 272. - Temporary repairs. Art. 273. -- Loss of freight.

Art. 274. -- Amount to be made good for c a r p lost or damaged by paab sacrifice.

Art. 275. - Contributory valucs. Art. 276. -- Damage to ship. Art. 277. - Undcclsrcd or wronsfuUy dcclarcd cargo. Art. 278. - Provision of funds. Art. 279. - Intcrcst on losscs made good in gcncral averagc. Art. 280. - Trcatmcnt of cash deposits. Art. 251. - General averagc borne in due course. Art. 282. - InadmissiLilitp of a demand for contribution. Art. 233. - Lien in respect of claims in general average. Art. 25-1. - General average statement. Art. 285. - Average adjustcrs. Art. 286. - Costs and honoraria. Art. 287. - Limitation of proceedings for claiming contribution.

TITLE V11 INSrnANCE

Chapter 1. Contract of Insurance Art. 258. - Extent of application of rules. Art. 289. - Form of the policy. Art. 290. - Cover-notes. Art. 292. - Particulars in the policy of insurance. Art. 292. - Subject matter which may be insured. Art. 293. - Reinsurance. Art. 294. - Insurance of a ship under construction. Art. 295. - Commencement of risk for the ship. Art. 296. -- Ship under voyage. Art. 297. - Determination of the value of goods. Art. 298. - Commencement of risk in respect of goods. Art. 299. - Cancellation of the contract. Art. 300. - Non-disclosure and misrepresentation. Art. 301. - Increase of risk Art. 302. -- Cancellation by the assured.

Chapter 2. Rights and Obligations of the Assured and the Underwliter

Art. 303. - Damage and loss a t the risk of the underwriter. Art. 301. - Things insured against general average.

Art. 305. - Policy ahnU remain in force in the event of obligztory page deviation.

Art. 306. -- Cases considered ne obligatory deviation. Art. 307. - Shortening of voyage. Art. 308. -- Other deviations o r changes of ehi?. krt. 309. - Underwriter not liable f o r the results of fault3 af thc

assurecl. Art.. 310. -- Inherent vice of the thing insured. Art. 311. -- Damage to other goods caused by thc property iasilrcd. Art. 312. - Excllzeion of war risks. Art. 323. Contract concluded lfor an amonat exceeding the value

of the thinge insured, Art. 314. m-. Ful l value not inmred. ,4zt. 315. -- Same risk covered by several un2emrriters. ht. 316. - Exercise by the aaured of his rights against the several

an derwriters. Art. 317. Contract concluded after the loss or arrival of the things

insured Art. 318. - Casualties occurring before signature of the cmtract. Art. 319. - ;Preminm not to be refunded after risks begin to m. Art. 320. -- iNotice to be given to underwriter. Art. 321. - Conservatory measures taken by the assured, Art, 322. -- Liability* of the assured for dailuro to fulfil his obliga-

tions. Art. 323. -- Subrogation* Art. 324. -- Floating policies. Art. 325. - Failure to make the declaration of interest. Art. 326. - Collision or the rendering of assistance or salvage serviccs

between or by or t o ships belonging to the same o n e r ,

Chapter 3. Settlament of Damagc 68 Secticn 1. General Provisions 68

Art. 327. - Extent of the lijbility of the undcnvriter to pay com- pensation.

Art. 328. - Proof to be furnished by the assured. Art. 353. - Period of time for paymcnt of compensation.

Section 2. Settlement in Average 69 Art. 330. - Cascs w5crc thcrc is scttlcmcnt in average. Art. 331. - Limitation of the liaLility of the unrlcrwritcr to damage

directly affecting the thing insured. Page Art. 332. - Deduction new for old. -4rt. 333. -- Exclusion of wages and profits of the crew. -4.rt. 331. - Means of settling. Art. 335. -- Contribution in general average borne by the underwriter.

Section 3. Abandonment 70

Art. 336. - Limits of abandonment. Art. 337. - Cases where there is abondonmcnt of the ship. Art. 333. - Abandonment of goodg. Art. 339. - Abandonment of freight. Art. 340. - ALnndonment in the abeence of news. Art. 341. - Abandonment in the case of insurance of war risks. Art. 342. - Cases ,where abandonment h not admissible. Art. 343. - Non-admission bp the underwriter of expiry. Art. 344. -- Special insurance of freight. Art. 345. - Nature of abandonment, Art. 316. -- Uutp of the assured to declare all insnrances taken out. Art. 347. - Effect of abandonment.

Chapter 4. Limitation 72

Art. 348. - Limitation of actions arising out of an insnrance contract. Art. 349. - Action for payment of premium. Art. 350. - Action in abandonment. Art. 351. - Action in average. Art. 352. - Date from which period rdns with respect t o the ship

and freight a t risk for the hip. Art. 351. - Date from which period runs with respect to goods and

freight at risk for the goods. Azt. 354. -- Limitation of actioas for repayment of gums paid by

mistake. Art. 355. - Limitation runs against persons legally incapable. Art. 356. - Suspcnaion of limitation.

TITLE WI PENAL PROVISIONS 74

Art 35'7. -- Injuring owner by causing e e y without good reason. -4rt. 358. -- ~ ~ i s c o n d a c t endangering life or Bip . Art. 359. -- General offences.

Art. 360. - Depriving mnstcr of command or preventing his excrcisc Page unlawl ully thcrcof.

Art. 361. - Abandoning ship without proper cause. Art. 362. - Olfcnces in co~ncction wit11 ship's documents. Art. 363. - Failure to give inlormstion altcr collision. Art. 364. - Master or sllipowncr failing to ensure rcawortkiness

of ship. Art. 365. - Failure of mastcr t o carry out certain responsibilities. Art. 366. - Acting as mastcr, matc etc. without proper qualification,

367. - Offences against discipline. Art. 368. - Pcnaltics. Art. 369. - Saving of other powcrs-

TITLE U[

Art. 370. - Interpretation.

Art. 311. - Reodation making povqer.