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index

AAalen, Lovise, 50Abraham, Seeye, 57Absolute rule, 46Accelerated Development in Sub-

Saharan Africa (Berg Report), 22Accomodationist path, 51Accountability, 68, 84, 85, 87, 88Accumulation, individual, 7Acemglou, Daron, 28Adama, 102Addis Ababa, 2, 48, 57, 72, 80, 88,

140, 145Addis Ababa Adama (Nazareth)

Expressway, 98Addis Ababa Master Plan, 3Addis Ababa Rail project, 98Addis Ababa University, 74Addis-Djibouti railway, 46Ad-hoc courts, 74Adowa, Battle of, 43Afar National Democratic Movement

(ANDM), 42Affection, economy of, 23African Alternative Framework

(ECA), 24

African Charter on human and People’s Rights, 69

African Development Bank, 95, 111African Growth and Opportunities

Act, 147African miracle, 27African National Congress (ANC), vAfrica Union headquarters, 98Afro-Marxist states, vAgricultural Development-Led (ADL)

industrialization policy, 57, 60, 87, 96, 112, 160

Agricultureand industrial development, 109extension programs, 107, 110, 130,

159growth of, 99, 130, 132high-value, 101inputs, 20policy, 19, 21, 96, 105, 112, 122,

154, 156, 158reform of, 17role in economy, 93state intervention, 112war impacting, 106

180 INDEx

Agriculture Technical and Vocational Education and Training Colleges (ATVETs), 107

Agro-processing, 132, 145, 146, 150, 158, 160

Aid, international, 97Air transport services, 120Amakudari (descent from heaven), 13Amante, Blatta Dressa, 44, 45Amhara National Democratic

Movement (ANDM), 41Amhara Regional State, 3, 128Amhara, Shoan, 50Amharic language, 43Amoudi, Sheik Mohammed Al, 111,

135Animal health services, 116Anti-Corruption Commission, 4Appropriation of Western modernity,

46Arable land, 106Argentina, 17Arid and Semi-Arid Pastoralist Area

(ASAL), 117Article, 78Assimilation, 50Authoritarianism, 25Autonomous states, 48, 67Autonomy, regional, 3, 49, 69, 80Axum highlands, 42

BBahr Dar University, 74Banking, 119, 133"Barefoot lawyers", 88, 157Bates, Robert, 20, 21Baykedan, Negradas Gebra-heywat,

44Beaulier, Scott A., 28Benishangul-Gumuz Democratic

Unity Front (BGPDUF), 42

Berg Report, 22, 24Birr (Ethiopian currency), 101Block grants, 115Blue Nile River, 99, 102Bole International Airport, 98Bolivia, 18Borrowing, domestic, 78Botswana Development Agency, 27Botswana, vii, 26–29, 155Branches of government, 65Brazil, 16–18, 154Bretton Woods institutions, 11, 22, 84Bribes, 85Budget, national, 97Bureaucracy, 6, 11, 17, 68, 81–84, 87,

89, 154, 155, 157Business membership organizations,

104

CCaging of power, 40Capitalism, 5, 56Capture of the state, 5, 49Career posts, 83Centralization, 47, 52, 82, 85Central Personnel Agency, 83Chabal, Patrick, 24Chanie, Paulos, 79, 83Chartered cities, 48Checks and balances, 68Chilalo Agricultural Development

Unit (CADU), 105Child mortality, 95Chile, 17, 18China ExIM Bank, 98China, 98, 144Chinese Communications Company

(CCC), 98Choiceless democracies, 68Chole, Eshetu, 79Christianity, 43

INDEx 181

Civil service, 82, 85–87, 103, 158Civil Service Commission, 87Civil Service Reform Program, 103Civil Service University, 58, 74Civil society, 53, 59, 82, 154, 156Clientelism, 51Climate change, 100Climatic variability, 94Clustering of firms, 140Coffee, 147Coherence, corporate, 11Cohesiveness of state, 66, 67, 71Colonial legacy, 25Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, 134Commodity prices, 19Common interests, 68Common Market for East and

Southern Africa (COMESA), 146, 159

Community-based organizations, 53Comparative institutional perspective,

21Competition, 13, 133, 135, 142Comprehensive Package Approach

(CPA), 105Comprehensive Policy Framework

Paper (PFP), 93Confucian culture, 10Conglomerates, 134, 149Consensual parameters of democracy,

40Constitution of Ethiopia, 75, 108Construction industry, 102, 132Consumption, 109, 112Containment of conflict, 40Co-operatives, 106Coptic Church, 43Corruption, 4, 133, 136, 158, 160Cost of living, 146Cottage industry, 102, 131, 132Cotton business, 13Council of Ministers, 73, 83

Courts, 67, 72, 73, 75Cross-border communities, 69Cultural view of development, 10Culture, national, 45Currency, Ethiopian, 101

DDaloz, Jean-Pascal, 24Dams, 99Dark-age period, 42Debt crisis, 17Decentralization, 42, 67, 75, 76, 81,

85, 89, 93, 94, 113, 157Demand for industrial goods, 109,

110Democracy

and development, 156, 157and good governance, 68choiceless democracies, 68consensual parameters of, 40liberal, 156revolutionary, 54, 55, 59, 82, 156

Democratic centralism, 42, 52De-nationalization, 84Dependence of regions on central

government, 51, 79, 80Dependency, 16, 130Deregulation, 84Devaluation of currency, 101Development

agents, 110and democracy, 153cultural view of, 10ideology of, 52internal and external variables, vimodels of, 15results of, 65state as agent of, 8, 27strategic policies, 39

Developmental states, vii, 53, 82, 156Diaspora remittances, 97

182 INDEx

Dire Dawa, 48, 102Disaster Prevention and Preparedness

Commission (DPPC), 115Disaster Risk Management and Food

Security Sector (DRMFSS), 116Diversity, 51, 69Divine power, 46Djibouti, 97Domestic borrowing, 78Domestic investors, 120Drought, 113, 159Dysfunctional political institutions, 67

EEarly warning systems, 117East Asia, vii, 5, 13, 15, 145, 148, 154Economic Commission for Africa

(ECA), 24Economic Commission for Latin

America (ECLA), 16Economic reform, 93Economy of affection, 23, 24Ecuador, 18Education, 2Egalitarianism, 108Egypt, 99Election monitoring, 54Elections, 54, 70Electric supply, 99Elites

African, 20, 25awareness of mission, 45coherence, 11, 81feudal, 40

Employment, expansion of, 107Endowment Fund for the

Rehabilitation of Tigray (EFFORT), 134

Endowment funds, 134Energy production, 98, 120

Engineering Capacity Building Program, 144

Entrepreneurship, 132, 135, 145Environment, 100, 113, 136, 153,

159, 160Eritrea

independence, 43, 47Italian colonization, 43war with, 56, 59, 134

Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF), 40

Ethics and Judicial Reform Program, 87

Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency, 111

Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority, 121

Ethiopian Electric Agency, 121Ethiopian Food Security

Administration, 116Ethiopian horticulture Development

Agency, 103Ethiopian Investment Agency, 120Ethiopian Leather Industries

Association (ELIA), 144Ethiopian Leather Industry

Development Institute, 149Ethiopian People’s Democratic

Revolutionary Front (EPDRF), v, 1, 40, 42, 70, 71, 86, 106, 149

Ethiopian Privatization Agency, 118, 159

Ethiopian Revenues and Customs Authority, 72

Ethiopian Road Authority (ERA), 98Ethiopian Standards Agency, 71Ethnic groups

conflicts between, 3essentializing, 41, 69loyalties, 85self-determination, 41

Euro-centricity, 45

INDEx 183

Evans, Peter, 53Exclusion, financial, 136Executive power, 27Expatriate business community, 135Expenditure Management and Control

Program, 87Export Development Committee, 144Export-led industrialization, 15, 149,

160Exports

crops, 19, 23manufactured, 147, 158primary commodities, 147quality and quantity of, 109revenue, 110state intervention in, 99

Extractive capacity of state, 75

FFactories, 137, 142, 143Family loyalties, 85Famine, 115Farmer training centers (FTCs), 107Fatton, Robert, 25Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption

Commission, 57, 85, 89, 158Federalism, 2, 3, 41, 50Federal Micro and Small Enterprise

Development Agency, 103, 122, 132

Federal Ministry of Trade, 121Federal Republic of Ethiopia, emer-

gence of, 40, 47, 48, 52Federal system, 71, 84, 86, 160Fertilizer, 114Feudal state, 40Financial sector, 118, 133, 136First-instance courts, 73, 74Fiscal capacity, 5, 66, 75, 88, 156, 157Five Year National Development plans,

96, 105

Food prices, 19Food security, 94, 107, 111, 113, 115,

116, 131, 158, 159Food Security Progam (FSP), 114, 159Footwear industry, 137, 149, 160Forbes magazine, 135Foreign Capital Inducement Act, 14Foreign direct investment, 14, 117,

119, 134Forum for Democratic Dialogue, 57Free trade, 146

GGambella People’s Democratic Party

(GPDP), 42Gambella Regional State, 111Garment industry, 102, 132German foreign aid (GTZ), 142Ghana, 68Ghizats (provinces), 46Gibe III and Gibe IV dams, 99Gimgema, 71Global economies, 7, 129Globalization, 18, 148, 159Gold, 147Gondar University, 74Government and Governance

(Baykadan), 44Grain reserves, 116Grand Renaissance Dam, 99Grants to regions, 80Gross domestic product (GDP),

94–96Growth and Transformation Plan

(GTP), 84, 94, 96, 110, 142, 158Guided market economies, 14

Hharari National League (hNL), 42hawassa, 98, 102

184 INDEx

higher education, 99high technology manufacturing, 133historical justice, 108hong Kong, 13horizontal inequality, 4horticulture, 135, 147household Asset Building Program

(hABP), 116, 159house of Peoples’ Representatives, 73huajian footwear producer, 142human Resources Management

Program, 87hyden, Goran, 23hydroelectric dams, 99

IIdentity, pan-Ethiopian, 50Ideology, 11, 29, 41, 59, 156Impartiality, judicial, 75Imperial era, 2Imperial Institute of Public

Administration, 83Imperialism, 16Imports, 120, 137Import Substitution Industrialization

(ISI), 17Import substitutions, 101, 145Improvements to land, 108Indirect rule, 21Individualism, 55Industrial policy, 7, 13, 16, 103, 130,

148Industrial zones, 144Inflation, 146Informal social arrangements, 24Infrastructure, 2, 4, 5, 115Institutional changes, 4Institutionalist view, 9Insurance industry, 119, 133Interest groups, 8Interest rates, 149

Inter-Ministerial Task Force, 84Internal dynamics of African societies,

25International firms, 130International Monetary Fund (IMF),

22, 23, 93, 115International Organization for

Standardization, 104Investment policy, 123"Irrational" behavior, 22Irrigation, 111Islands of power, 18Italy, 46

JJapan, 12, 44, 107Japanizers, 44, 155Jimma University, 74Judges, training of, 74Judicial capacity, 72, 73, 75Judicial reform, 82, 88, 157Justice, historical, 108

KKama, Seretse, 29Kebelle (neighborhoods), 51Korea, 145, 154

LLabor intensive industries, 101Labor organizations, 15Labor relations, 117Land Access Program, 115Land reform, 47, 106, 109, 122, 154,

158Late development, 9Latin America, vii, 15–17, 149, 154Lawyers, training, 73Layne, Tamrat, 56

INDEx 185

Leaders, state, 4, 67Leather and Leather Products

Technology Institute, 144Leather industry, 99, 137, 138, 141,

142, 149, 159, 160Leftist governments, 18Legal capacity, 5, 156, 157Legal programs, 74Leys, Colin, 21Liberal democracy, 54, 55, 156Light industry, 131Literacy, 47Livelihoods, improvements in, 95Loans

external, 84informal, 23soft, 101

Local powers, 11, 72Locomotive industry, 102Lubeck, Paul, 25

MManagers, training, 58Manufacturing

establishments, 131exports, 147, 149small-scale, 131, 132

Marcus, harold, 45Mariam, Mengistu haile, 2, 47Market economy, 18, 158Marketing boards, 19, 155Marxism, v, 16Masir, Quette, 29Maundeni, Zibani, 28Meat industry, 102, 132, 135Mechanized factories, 137Meiji Transformation, 44Mekele University, 74Menelik, Emperor, 1, 43–45, 82Mengistab, Kidane, 106Meritocracy, 81

Metals and Engineering Corporation (METEC), 102

Mexico, 16, 154Micro enterprises, 103, 131, 137Micro-finance, 111Micro-level analysis, 24, 25Mid-level analysis, 25Mikael, Kebede, 46Military industrial complex, 102Military regime, 47, 53, 72, 83, 84,

86, 89, 106Millennium Development Goals, 95,

96, 158Mineral resources, 28Minimum Package Approach (MPA),

105Mining, 79, 80Ministry for Science and Technology,

58, 71Ministry of Agriculture and Rural

Development, 103, 115Ministry of Capacity Building, 86Ministry of Finance and Economic

Development, 72Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 72Ministry of Industry, 71Ministry of International Trade and

Industry, 13Ministry of Science and Technology,

71Ministry of Trade, 71Ministry of Water and Energy, 116Minstry of Finance, 87Mkandawire, Thandika, 22–24, 26, 29Modernization, 44, 45Modjo-hawassa Expressway, 98Mohammed International

Development Research and Organization Companies (MIDROC), 135

Monopoly of power, 26Munck, Ronaldo, 8

186 INDEx

NNational Bank of Ethiopia, 72, 78,

111, 119National firms, 129, 130, 133, 138Nationalization, 83National Policy of Emergency

Preparedness and Management (NPDM), 115

Natural resources, 18Necessity entrepreneurship, 103, 132Neo-liberal ideology, 11, 18, 29, 52Neo-Marxism, 16Neopatrimonialism, 22, 24, 26Nodal agencies, 104Non-governmental organizations

(NGOs), 53Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges, 25

OOil. See Petroleum operationsOil seeds, 147Oldfield, Sophie, 28On-the-job training, 74Opposition groups, 68Organizational ability, 81Oromia Regional State, 4, 70, 98Oromo National Liberation Front

(OLF), 4Oromo People’s Democratic

Organization (OPDO), 41Orthodox Church, Ethiopian, 46Other Food Security Program (OSFP),

115Overstaffing, 118

PPark Chung hee, 13, 14Participatory Demonstration and

Training Extension System (PADETRS), 114

Parties, politicalappointees, 81assets owned by, 134, 149

Pastoralist Livelihood Initiative (PLI), 116

Patrimonialism, 21, 22, 24, 25Patronage, 4, 58, 67, 68, 81, 89, 158Peace dividend, 2Peasant Agriculture Development

Program (PADEP), 106Peasant associations, 47People-oriented legislature, 54Petroleum operations, 80Pitcher, Ann, 26Plan for Accelerated and Sustained

Development to End Poverty (PASDEP), 96, 142, 158

Planning ministries, 12Policy

conflict, 114reform, 149

Political institutions, 65–69Political power, 8Politics of the belly, 24Posts of confidence, 83Poverty, 2, 96Poverty Reduction Strategy, 115Preconditions for transformation, 29Predatory states, 58, 66Pre-service for legal practitioners, 74Primary commodity exports, 147Prime Minister, 78, 83Private firms, 130, 133, 136Privatization

of industries, 118, 132, 158of land, 55, 107–109, 113, 122

Privatization and Public Enterprises Supervising Agency (PPESA), 71, 118–120

Privatization Board of Ethiopia, 119Proclamation No. 7/92, 78, 79Proclamation No. 33/92, 76

INDEx 187

Proclamation No. 89/1997, 108Product-intensive margins, 147Productive Safety Net Program

(PSNP), 115–117Productivity, 122, 133, 135, 136, 144,

148Program of Revolutionary Democracy

(YeEhadig Abyotawi Democracy Program), 54

Proxy wars, 19Public choice theory, 21Public enterprises, 71, 79, 85, 93, 96,

100, 113, 117–119Public Enterprise Supervising

Authority, 118Public-private partnerships, 118Public Sector Capacity Building pro-

gram, 87Public Sector Service Delivery and

Quality of Service Program, 87Public works, 115, 116

QQuality of hides and skins, 140

RRail projects, 98Rainfall patterns, 94Rational choice theory, 21Redistributive bias, 26Reform

economic, 93, 94judicial, 73–75, 87, 157of bureaucracy, 57of civil service, 82–85, 87of policy, 149

Regional autonomy, 3, 51, 69Regional civil service bureaus, 85Regionalization, 157Regional policies, 114

Regional states, 52, 70, 72, 86, 105, 114

Rent seeking, 11, 57, 58, 104, 112Resettlement, 115Resource-based industries, 159Resource curse, 28Resource distribution, 113Responsiveness, 68Revenue, government, 66, 76Revolutionary democracy, 54, 56, 57,

59, 82, 156Revolution, Ethiopian, 40, 42, 47"Revolution from above", 48Rhee, Syngman, 13Rist (lineage system), 43Road networks, 97Ruling classes, 25, 155Ruling party, assets owned by, 134Rural areas, devolution of power to,

54"Rural Land Administration"

(Proclamation No. 89/1997), 108

Rural development, 96, 100, 103, 112, 158, 159

SSafety Net Program, 159Samatar, Abdi Ismail, 28Sasakawa-Global 2000 program, 114Seed-fertilizer-credit packages, 114Selassie, Blattengetta hiruy Welde, 44Selassie, haile, 2, 42, 43, 46, 47, 55,

82, 83, 105, 135Self-determination, 50, 57, 70Self-help associations, 53Self-interest, 155Semi-authoritarian states, 50Sen, Amartya, 65Service sector, 94, 97, 110Sharing of revenue, 76

188 INDEx

Shoes. See Footwear industry, 47Singapore, 13Skocpol, Theda, 9Small-scale manufacturing, 102, 131Social capacity, 82Social control, 8Social courts, 74Social democracy, 55Society-centered approaches, 9Soft loans, 101, 145Somalia, 1, 2, 19Somali People’s Democratic Party

(SPDP), 42Southern Ethiopia People’s

Democratic Movement (SPDM), 41

Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR), 42

South Korea, vii, 12–14, 154South Korea ExIM Bank, 98Sovereignty gap, 68Soviet Union, 42Special courts, 74Special economic zones (SEZ), 102Spices, 147Stability, vii, 69Stabilization and Structural

Adjustment Program (SAP), 93State

as agent of development, 11and deveolpment, 18autonomy, 9, 49, 155Cohesiveness, 67capacity, 8, 9, 58, 65, 67cohesiveness, 66, 68, 71, 88developmental, vii, 53extractive capacity, 75functions of, 66intervention in economy and soci-

ety, 20, 48negative portrayals of, 24powers, 72

role of, 7structure of, 51, 81

State enterprises, 117, 118, 123State farms, 107State-led development, 18, 154Structural Adjustment Programs

(SAPs), 23, 84, 93Structural changes, 4Subcontracting, 136, 140Subrick, Robert J., 28Subsidies to regions, 78, 81Subsistence agriculture, 24Sub-unit institutions, 85Supra agencies, 12Supreme court, 73, 74Surplus accumulation, 19Sustainable Development and Poverty

Reduction Program, 112Synergy, 53

TTaiwan, 145Tanneries, 149Tanzania, 23Targets for exports and productivity,

145Tariffs, 129Taxation, 72, 76, 78Tax incentives, 149Technical training, 99, 107Technical Vocational Education

Training System, 99, 103, 107, 110

Technocrats, 81Technological learning, 101Tehadiso (renewal program), 87Tekle-Mariam, Bajerond Takle-

hawaryat, 44Telecommunications sector, 119Tewodros I, Emperor, 42Textile industry, 14, 101, 102, 148

INDEx 189

Tigray Agriculture Marketing and Promotion Agency, 103

Tigrayan People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), 41, 56

Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), 134

Tigray Regional State, 114Toll roads, 98Top Management System program, 87Trade policy, 6, 71, 145, 149Traditional production activities, 133,

148Traditional society, 7Trans-East-Africa highway system, 98Transferability of development models,

15Transitional Government of Ethiopia,

3, 42, 54, 93Transparency, 104Turnover, employee, 133, 135

UUganda, 68Underdevelopment, 78, 82United Nations Children’s Fund

(UNICEF), 95United Nations Industrial

Development Organization (UNIDO), 142

United States, 11Universities, 74, 88Uruguay, 18

VValue chain upgrading programs, 144Van De Walle, Nicholas, 26Venezuela, 18

Vertical integration, 136Veterinary drug reserves, 116Vocational training, 99, 103, 111Voter education, 54

WWar

agriculture impacted by, 122proxy, 19

Water infrastructure, 116Wolaita Agricultural Development

Unit (WADU), 105Woredas (districts), 48, 70, 110, 115,

117Workers Party, 84World Bank, vi, 2, 22, 93, 98, 100,

114, 115, 155World-system theory, 11

YYohannes IV, Emperor, 42"Young Egyptians", 44"Young Ethiopians", 44"Young Turks", 44

ZZemene Mesafint (Era of the Princes),

42Zenawi, Meles, 48, 56Zones, 70