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NAVY & AMERICAN IMPERIALISM 1898-1914 Sea Power & Maritime Affairs Lesson 8

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Admin Anything you want to include Quizzes Assignments Etc

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Last Class Dawning of the Age of Mahan Formalization of education & training Formalization of strategy Rebirth of the US navy

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Today 1898-1914 Spanish-American War Navy leading up to WWI American expansionism Roosevelt Corollary

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8 Key Themes 1.Navy as an instrument of foreign policy 2.Interaction between Congress and Navy 3.Interservice relations 4.Technology 5.Leadership 6.Strategy & Tactics 7.Evolution of US Naval Doctrine 8.Future missions of Navy and USMC

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Spanish-American War 1898

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Spanish-American War When was it? Why did we fight it? How did it start?

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Spanish American War Cause: Numerous Forces: U.S. v. Spain Dates: 1898 Locations: Cuba & Philippines Major Battles: 1. Land War (Roosevelt Rough-Riders) 2. Sea Battles a. Manila Bay, Philippines b. Santiago, Cuba

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Reasons for War Which one is it? Cuban oppression Virginius Affair American-like revolutionary ideals Yellow Journalism Sinking of the USS Maine Monroe Doctrine War-mongers in Congress

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Sinking of the USS Maine Feb. 15, 1898

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Sinking of the USS Maine Sinks in Havana Harbor Suspected Cause: Mine Actual Cause: Boiler or coal-bunker explosion die (251 sailors) US declares war Feb. 15, 1898

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Leaders Dewey v. Montojo 4 Cruisers 2 Cruisers 2 Gunboats 5 Gunboats 117 Guns 86 Guns 10 8 Guns Sampson v. Cervera 4 Battleship 4 Cruisers 3 Gunboats 2 Destroyers Manila BaySantiago

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Battle of Manila Bay May 1, 1898

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Battle of Manila Bay May 1, 1898

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Battle of Santiago July 3, 1898

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Battle of Santiago July 3, 1898

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Battle of Santiago July 3, 1898

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Spanish American War Treaty of Paris: 1898 Results : Watershed for US History Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam (Give back other colonies) Navy plays the critical role Validates Navy & proves: Big ships Fleet v. Fleet action Investment in Navy

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McKinley Assassination 1901 Why does it matter for the Navy?

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Theodore Roosevelt Pro-Navy President Naval War of 1812 James Bullochs nephew Asst. SECNAV at start of Span-Am War Social Darwinist The strongest survive Big-Stick Diplomacy Speak softly and carry a big stick

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Roosevelts Contributions Enormous naval expansion Panama Canal (1903) Roosevelt Corollary (1904) Great White Fleet (1907-1909)

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Navy Continues to Grow 1901-1905: 10 battleships, 4 cruisers, 17 other vessels $85 to $118 million budge 1908: 2 Dreadnoughts 1909: 2 more Dreadnoughts By 1920: plan called for 48 capital ships

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Navy Continues to Grow 1900: General Board created Advisory role to SecNav/SecWar/President Devise war plans (strategy) Assess military strengths Recommend forward bases (Pearl Harbor & Culebra) 1902: CAPT William Sims revalorizes gunnery and aiming procedures

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Gunnery Improvement William Sowden Sims Studied Spanish-American War Few rounds hit target Petitioned directly to Roosevelt for gunnery improvement Appointed Director of Target Practice Accuracy and lethality significantly improve

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Panama Canal Isthmus Columbian, then purchased by private French company (1881) US bought it in 1903: Hay-Herran Treaty 99-year lease Completion became priority for strategic reasons: #1: Enables quick unification of fleets Construction mired by political instability Navy and Marines maintain constant presence Completed in 1915

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Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Venezuelan Crisis (1902) Dominican Republic (1904) US international police force US will intervene in conflicts between European Nations and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly.

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Great White Fleet 2-year voyage of battleship fleet around the world Painted white to impress (3) Purposes 1 st Purpose: Show we have a powerful Navy 2 nd Purpose: Test seaworthiness of battleships 3 rd Purpose: Determine time it takes to combine fleets Successful at all 1907-1909

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Great White Fleet 1907-1909

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American foreign Policy? Where do we use the Navy to reinforce foreign policy?

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American foreign Policy? CHINA: Open Door Policy (1899) CARIBBEAN & Latin America: Venezuela, Dominican Republic & Cuba Overall foreign policy Fear of German (1 st threat) and Japan (2 nd threat) Plan ORANGE / Plan BLACK Leads to justification for larger Navy Economy National Strength Foreign Policy

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Conflicts Roosevelt Corollary in Action -Navy and USMC kept busy Panama Canal Nicaragua Hondauras Puerto Rico Haiti Dominican Republic Cuba Venezuela

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Russo-Japanese War Important because: Japanese Navy demolished Russian Navy. First Asian Navy to defeat European navy. Japan now world-contender. Japan now major threat to US interests in Pacific Plan Orange 1905

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What is happening in the world? Growth of Nationalism Egotism and hubris Militarism Arms Race (Army and Navy) Imperialism. Competition for Trade dominance Overseas resources Overseas colonies Alliances are next World is a powder keg waiting to explode

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Next Class TopicNavy in World War I Assignment(s) Quiz Other Info