NationalismWhat makes a Nation?

What is Nationalism?

The belief that a citizen was loyal to one another –not a king—but to their people because of the characteristics that they shared.

Nationalism was the most powerful ideal of the 1800’s and its influence spread across Europe shaping countries.

People believed that a single nationality or ancestry should unite under one single government.

Nationalists believed there were “links” that bound people together.

What links bind nations?

Nationality-common ethnicity

Language-

Culture- a shared way of life (food, dress, behavior, ideals)

History-common past & experiences

Continued…

Religion-shared by all or most

Territory-the land that belongs to the ethnic group

Simon Bolivar

A wealthy creole from Venezuela

General who led the South American wars of independence against Spain

Led victories in Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador.

Toussant L’Overture

Toussant L’Overture

A slave who rose as the leader of slave revolt in Haiti against the French plantation owners.

He was untrained in the military but as time went on he became a skilled general and diplomat.

Continued….

He took control and freed all slaves in Haiti.

In January 1802, 16,000 French troops landed in Haiti to depose Toussaint.

Toussaint was sent to prison in the French Alps and died 10 months later.

Miguel Hidalgo

Miguel Hidalgo

Catholic priest from a small village who believed in Enlightenment ideals led his parishioners in a rebellion against the Spanish.

His followers began a march towards Mexico City, which soon numbered 60, 000 men.

Hidalgo was defeated but his fight continued with another strong leader.

Bernardo O’Higgins

Bernardo O’Higgins

A Chilean independence leader who, together with José de San Martín, freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence.

He is honored as one of the Founding Fathers of Chile.

Otto Von Bismark

Otto Von Bismark

As of 1815 Germany was a loose confederation of 39 states with Austro-Hungary and Prussia dominating.

Prussia was positioned to take control of unification because the people were mostly German, they had a strong military and were industrialized.

Continued…

Otto Von Bismarck was a conservative named to position of Prime Minister by the Prussian king, but needed Parliaments permission.

He ignored Parliament and without their permission became Prime Minister.

Continued……

In his first speech he said. “The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches of by majority decisions--- that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849—but by blood and iron.”

Through various wars and “incidents” that he manufactured, von Bismarck was able to unite all of Germany, known as the Second Reich.

Definitions:

Peninsulares- men who lived in Latin America but were born in Spain. They were at the top of Spanish-American Society.

Creoles-people born to Spaniards but in Latin America. They were ranked below Peninsulares.

Mestizos-people of mixed European and Indian ancestry.

Definitions, continued

Romanticism- movement in art and music of the early 19th century.

Ideas of Romanticism- emphasized inner feelings, emotions, imagination.

Focus on mysterious and supernatural

Glorified heroes and heroic action

Cherished folk traditions, music & stories

Examples

Literature: Grimm Brothers Fairy Tales, Emily Bronte (Wuthering Heights), John Wolfgang von Goethe (The Sorrows of Young Werther), Victor Hugo (The Hunchback of Notre Dame)

Poets: Byron, Shelley, Keats

Gothic Novels- Frankenstein

Imperialism

What makes an Empire?

The takeover of a country or a territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social lives of the people of that nation.

Examples: EnglandIndia, EnglandUS, SpainS.America, PortugalBrazil

Justification

Europeans believed that industrialization and advanced technology made them superior to non-Europeans who they considered to be on a lower scale of cultural and physical development.

Africa Colonized by Europe

Algeria-France Cameroon-Germany

Angola-Italian Rio de Oro-Spain

South Africa-Britain

Congo-Belgium

Libya-Portugal

Forms of Imperialism

Colony- a country or region governed internally by a foreign power

Protectorate- country or territory has its own government but is under control of outside power

Sphere of influence- area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges.

Economic Imperialism- Independent but less developed countries become controlled by private business’s

“Open Door” Policy

The United States had always had good trading relations with China and was concerned that if another country came in to colonize China they would lose the trade position they had. The US declared an Open Door Policy which allowed other countries to trade with China w/o colonizing it. China was humiliated.

Opium Wars

To improve trade with China, which was essentially self-sufficient, Britain began smuggling in opium to China.

Opium created economic, cultural, social problems as millions of Chinese people became addicted to opium