NATIONALISM & UNIFICATION IN ITALY AND

GERMANY

WHAT IS NATIONALISM?Pride in your country

People built nation-states; Loyal to the people w/common bond

Those w/single “nationality” should unite

Independence displays a nation’s identity

Negative: Nationalist movements capable of breaking up huge empires! (i.e. Austro-Hungarian, Russian, & Ottoman Empires)

Positive: Nationalism can also build nations

UNIFICATION OF ITALY

ITALY

Italy formed from crumbling empire of Kingdom of 2 Sicily’s (North: Austria and South: Spain)

3 leaders with diff. goals & diff. personalities unite ItalyGuiseppe Mazzini

Count Camillo di Cavour

Guiseppe Garibaldi

THE BOYSGiuseppe Mazzini Count Camillo di Cavour

Giuseppe Garibaldi

GIUSEPPE MAZZINI

1832, formed YOUNG ITALY (40 yrs. old & younger)

Believed nation-states were best hope for Europe

But rebellions failed &

he was exiled

COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR

1848, people look to Kingdom of

Piedmont-Sardinia for leadership

King Victor Emmanuel II’s prime minister

Wants to expand Piedmont-Sardinia’s power while achieving unification of Italy

Cavour not out to unite Italy…only wants power!

Takes over all of N. Italy & to take the south, secretly helps nationalist rebels in S. Italy

GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI May 1860, he led small army of Italian nationalists to

capture Sicily

He and his followers always wore bright red shirts “RED SHIRTS”

People (voted) to unite Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia & let King Emmanuel continue ruling

1866, gains Venetia & becomes part of Italy

1870, last part of Italy conquered—Papal States

Rome capital; pope governs section of Rome Vatican City

ITALY’S UNIFICATION Despite unification, major problems

People in N & S had different ways of life & different dialects

Peasants revolt in South

Strikes/riots in North

Big economic problems Italy a poor country

REVIEW OF IMPORTANT MEN MAZZINI BEGINS ITALY’S REVOLUTION

FOR UNIFICATION

CAVOUR UNIFIED NORTHERN ITALY

GARIBALDI JOINED SOUTHERN ITALY TO NORTHERN ITALY

Papal states (including Rome) became last to join Italy

GERMANY AND PRUSSIA

MAIN EMPIRES

Like Italy, Germany and Prussia have unity in 1800s

39 German states = German Confederation

2 largest states of Austro-Hungarian & Prussian Empires dominate

PRUSSIA

Mostly German population

Nationalism high & unites Prussia but tears apart Austria-Hungary

Prussia’s army most powerful in central Europe

Prussia creates liberal constitution by Wilhelm IV

NEW POWER IN PRUSSIA

1861, Wilhelm I (son of Wilhelm IV) took throne & wanted army to double his power, but parliament refused to give him money

Saw it as challenge of his

authority, so assigns

OTTO VON BISMARCK

as prime minister (tough guy)

OTTO VON BISMARCK

Institutes REALPOLITIK—“politics of reality,”

aka, tough power

Parliament not agreeing with him, so went to king & got permission to rule w/o consent of Parliament & w/o legal budget

Famous “blood and iron” speech

WHAT ELSE DID BISMARCK DO? 1864, created empire by forming alliance

w/Prussia & Austria, fought Denmark for land, & increased nationalism

Provoked war between Austria & Prussia Seven Weeks War

Prussia won Venetia & German territories from Austria

For 1st time E. & W. parts of Prussia kingdom joined

BISMARCK STARTS A WAR BY GOSSIPING 1867, some German states remained

independent, but problem majority of S. Germans Catholic controlled by Protestant Prussia

Bismarck tried to win over southerners, so sent false telegrams of Wilhelm insulting the French led to Franco-Prussian War (CREATES THE GERMAN STATE!)

WHAT DOES EUROPE LOOK LIKE NOW? Jan. 18, 1871: King Wilhelm I of Prussia

crowned Kaiser (emperor), with German empire known as Second Reich

1815: Congress of Vienna established 5 Great Powers: Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, & Russia

By 1871 Britain & Germany most powerful