NATIONAL LEVEL MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN GERMANY1

1 . This report has been drafted with support from Petra van Rüth (German Federal Environment Agency) and

Konstanze Schönthaler (Bosch & Partner GmbH)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................... 3

1. Projected impacts of climate change .................................................................................................... 4 2. National approach to climate change adaptation ................................................................................. 5

German Strategy for the Adaptation to Climate Change .......................................................................... 6 German Adaptation Action Plan .............................................................................................................. 6 Regional adaptation planning ................................................................................................................... 9 Next steps ................................................................................................................................................. 9

3. National level monitoring and evaluation of adaptation ...................................................................... 9 The conceptual framework for developing the Indicator System ........................................................... 10 Stakeholder engagement ........................................................................................................................ 11 Indicator development ............................................................................................................................ 12 Progress to date and next steps ............................................................................................................... 16

4. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 18

REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 19

ANNEX 1: INDICATOR FACT SHEET - COVERAGE OF EXTENDED HAZARD INSURANCE FOR

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS ....................................................................................................................... 20

ANNEX 2: INDICATORS FOR ACTION FIELDS AND CROSS-SECTIONAL FIELDS ....................... 24

Tables

Table 1. Indicators proposed for the action field ................................................................................. 15 Table 2. Overview of impact and response indicators in the action and cross-sectional fields ........... 17

Figures

Figure 1. The DPSIR approach to analysing climate change ................................................................ 11 Figure 2. The process of creating indication fields ............................................................................... 13

3

LIST OF ACRONYMS

BMU Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety

DAS Deutsche Anpassungsstrategie - German Strategy for the Adaptation to Climate Change

KomPass Kompetenzzentrum Klimafolgen und Anpassung - Competence Centre on Climate Impacts

and Adaptation

UBA Umwelt Bundesamt - Federal Environment Agency

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NATIONAL LEVEL MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE

ADAPTATION IN GERMANY

1. In Germany, climate change adaptation policy planning and implementation has been underway

since 2008 when the Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change was adopted by the Federal Cabinet. The

objective of the Strategy is to reduce the vulnerability of natural, social and economic systems to climate

change and to ensure their ability to effectively adapt to a changing climate (BMU, 2008). The

complementary 2011 Action Plan outlines how the objectives in the Strategy will be achieved. The Action

Plan emphasises the need for knowledge generation, awareness raising and capacity building. These

processes are supported by an enabling environment with legal and technical frameworks and standards.

The Action Plan also specifies how the federal government will address the impacts from climate change

on nationally-owned land, property and infrastructure and what the role of Germany is in the negotiation

and implementation of international agreements on adaptation.

2. An integral component of the Adaptation Strategy is lesson learning through regular assessments

of Germany’s vulnerability to climate change and the effectiveness of complementary response measures.

In order to do so, an indicator system is being developed that will assess progress by analysing climate

sensitive developments as well as adaptation-related measures that have been implemented in the 15 action

and cross-sectional fields prioritised in the Adaptation Strategy. This work was initiated in 2008 and the

first indicators report is due in 2014. It is important to emphasise that the objective of this framework to

generate lessons and to facilitate mid-course adjustments of the adaptation approach. It is not intended to

evaluate the value-for-money or effectiveness of the adaptation strategy or action plan.

3. This report outlines the German monitoring and evaluation approach to climate change

adaptation, focusing on the process of indicator development and reporting. The report reflects the

approach as of January 2013. However, this work is still ongoing and until the framework is formally

approved, it might be subject to revision. The report contributes to the discussion on national level

monitoring and evaluation of climate change adaptation by presenting an example of how it is done in

practice. This case study was conducted in parallel with three other country case studies in the UK, Nepal

and Mozambique, ensuring a mix of lessons from different country contexts. The findings from the four

case studies contribute to a discussion paper on emerging approaches to monitoring and evaluation of

adaptation.

4. The next section summarises some of the projected climate change impacts for Germany. Section

2 outlines the national approach to climate change adaptation, while section 3 examines the approach used

to monitor and evaluate the Adaptation Strategy. The fourth section presents some concluding comments

1. Projected impacts of climate change

5. Mean annual temperatures in Germany have increased by around 0.9°C since 1901, with the

1990s being the warmest decade on record in the 20th century (BMU, 2009). Meteorological data show that

the level of precipitation has increased by around 9% since the beginning of the 20th century, with the past

couple of decades being particularly wet. July and August, however, are on average getting drier. Despite

these overall trends, there is great year-to-year variation and considerable spatial differentiation. The

largest changes in rainfall patterns have been recorded in the west while there have been no significant

changes in annual rainfall in the east although winters in recent years have been getting wetter and

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summers have been getting drier (BMU, 2009). There is a similar spatial differentiation in temperature

changes. For example, the south-western Saar region has seen a temperature increase of 1.2°C compared to

1901; the temperature increase in the north-eastern region of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania has been

limited to 0.4°C since 1901 (BMU, 2008).

6. Climate change projections in Germany are based on four regional climate models: REMO,

CLM, WETTREG and STAR. Despite some inconsistencies across the models, they all project that

average mean temperatures will increase by 0.5°C to 1.5°C between 2021 and 2050. Towards the end of

the century, temperatures may increase by as much as 1.5°C to 3.5°C compared to the 1961-1990 reference

period. It is projected that the number of days with temperatures above 25°C could double and the number

of hot days with temperatures above 30°C could triple (BMU, 2009). Furthermore, the climate models

project that rainfall cycles will shift in the future. It is expected that summer rainfall will decrease by up to

40%, with the largest changes occurring in south-western Germany. However, depending on the model

used, projections for winter precipitation vary from no change to a 40% increase, with one model

projecting a 70% increase in the central uplands region (BMU, 2008).

7. The geographic differentiation in current climate variability is projected to carry on into the

future. It is projected that the Alpine region will be particularly affected by climate change with

temperature increases in the range of 3°C and 4.5°C by 2100. The warmer climate is expected to have a

serious impact on the unique ecosystem that includes numerous plant and animal species only found in the

region (BMU, 2008). It is also projected that the habitat of certain plants and animals will shift to higher

altitudes, with some habitats becoming extinct. Other projected impacts include accelerated melting of

glaciers, changes in frequency of natural hazards such as rock falls and landslides, sharp decline in the

reliability of snow in winter sports areas, and adverse effects on mountain forests (BMU, 2009). This will

in turn affect the livelihoods in the region dependent on tourism and the natural environment.

8. The coastal regions of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea are projected to experience a

comparatively small temperature increase by the end of the century. Instead, the frequency of winter days

with ice and frost and the number of summer days with tropical nights are expected to change.

Furthermore, it is projected that summers will become drier. Towards the end of the century, a real threat

will be the risk of sea level rise and changes in storm patterns, resulting in coastal erosion and increased

penetration of salt water into the groundwater (BMU, 2008). On the positive side, the agricultural and

forest sectors as well as the tourism industry in the coastal areas may benefit from the rising summer

temperatures and reduced rainfall (Zebisch, 2005).

9. In the central parts of eastern Germany, the north-eastern plain and in the south-eastern basin

climate change is projected to adversely impact water availability due to reduced rainfall and increasing

evaporation from rising temperatures. The largest temperature increase is projected to occur in the south-

eastern corner where high summer temperatures are expected to cause particular challenges for the health

care sector (Zebisch, 2005; BMU, 2008). Similarly, south-western Germany is projected to see an above

average temperature increase with a marked increase in the number of hot days and nights and more

frequent and long-lasting periods of heat (Zebisch, 2005; BMU, 2008).

2. National approach to climate change adaptation

10. The federal government’s approach to adaptation is based on the objectives outlined in the

Adaptation Strategy. These overall objectives were used to identify the specific actions identified

Adaptation Plan. Both the Adaptation Strategy and the Action Plan are intended to facilitate an integrated,

mainstreamed approach to adaptation. In doing so, the Action Plan categorises the German adaptation

approach into 4 pillars: i) awareness raising, ii) establishment of an enabling environment, iii) adaptation of

government-owned land, property and infrastructure, and iv) international commitments.

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German Strategy for the Adaptation to Climate Change

11. The Federal Cabinet adopted in December 2008 the German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate

Change (Deutsche Anpassungs Strategie, DAS). The Strategy sets out the actions needs and adaptation

measures required at the federal level to reduce “the vulnerability of natural, social and economic systems

to maintain and improve their capacity to adapt to the inevitable impacts of climate change” (BMU, 2008).

In doing so, it provides a risk assessment of 13 action fields and 2 cross-sectional fields2 that are expected

to be positively or negatively affected by climate change. The risk assessment is complemented by

corresponding action points and goals to be developed and implemented together with the Länder and other

social groups (BMU, 2008; Schönthaler et al., 2010). The Strategy also identifies areas where more

research on the projected impacts and adaptation responses is needed.

12. A number of support tools have been developed to facilitate the implementation of the

Adaptation Strategy. This includes online information portals such as Tatenbank

(www.tatenbank.anpassung.net) and Klimalotse (www.klimalotse.anpassung.net). Emphasis has also been

on improving the awareness of projected climate impacts in the 15 action and cross-sectional fields. This

requires tailored dissemination strategies that reflect the needs and interests of the different target groups.

Furthermore, it requires an indicator system to aid the adaptation process. The proposed indicator system is

discussed in detail in Section 3.

German Adaptation Action Plan

13. To guide the implementation of the Adaptation Strategy, the German Adaptation Action Plan was

published in 2011. The Action Plan was developed in collaboration with the Länder and other stakeholders.

The process was managed by an Inter-Ministerial Working Group on Adaptation Strategy, led by the

Federal Environment Ministry. A Permanent Committee on Adaptation to the Consequences of Climate

Change was also established by the Conference of Environment Ministers of the Federation and the

Länder. The Committee is responsible for evaluating progress made on implementing the Adaptation

Strategy (BMU, 2011). Finally, stakeholder engagement at various levels was secured through ongoing

dialogue and through an online expert survey (BMU, 2011).

14. The Action Plan outlines how the objectives and options presented in the Adaptation Strategy

will be carried out, and where appropriate, links these initiatives to other national processes (e.g. the

National Sustainability Strategy, the National Strategy on Biological Diversity, the Policy for Rural Areas

Concept, and the National Strategy for Integrated Coastal Zone Management). The Action Plan builds on

the objectives of the Adaptation Strategy to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts, and to increase

the adaptive capacity of natural, social and economic systems (BMU, 2011). It primarily includes activities

at the federal level, but it also includes activities that are identified through a consultative process and

initiated by the federal government in collaboration with the Länder.

15. The Action Plan is based on six core principles (BMU, 2011):

Dialogue and co-operation: the Action Plan outlines the key areas that the federal government

initially will focus on in the process of adapting to climate change. These areas provide the basis

for an ongoing dialogue on further developments of the national approach to adaptation.

2. The 13 action fields are: 1) human health, 2) building sector, 3) water regime, water management, coastal

and marine protection, 4) soil, 5) biological diversity, 6) agriculture, 7) forestry and forest management, 8)

fishery, 9) energy industry (conversion, transport and supply), 10) financial services industry, 11) transport,

transport infrastructure, 12) trade and industry, 13) tourism industry. The two cross-section fields are: 14)

spatial, regional and physical development planning, and 15) civil protection.

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Precautionary knowledge-based approach: given the uncertainty of climate change, adaptation

approaches will be based on the evaluation of projected risks against economic efficiency, social

responsibility and environmental protection.

Mainstreaming and capacity building: when possible, the federal government will mainstream

adaptation into national planning processes and support stakeholders by contributing to the

enhancement of their adaptive capacity.

Horizontal and vertical integration: the Action Plan aims to identify adaptation priorities that

are horizontally or vertically integrated, to avoid conflicts between different resource uses, and to

exploit synergies with other policy objectives.

Decision-making process: the steps required to establish a robust decision-making process

include: i) improved scientific understanding of climate change, ii) continued development of

regional climate projections based on multi-model calculations or ensemble analyses, and iii) the

use of a pragmatic, no-regret approach to adaptation planning.

International responsibilities: the Action Plan recognises the responsibility and commitment of

the federal government to support climate change adaptation measures at the international level.

16. In order to effectively implement the proposed adaptation responses outlined in the Strategy, the

Action Plan presents three strategic pillars focusing on national-level initiatives, and a complementary

fourth pillar focusing on international projects and activities financed by the federal government (BMU,

2011).

Pillar 1: Awareness raising

17. The objective of the federal government is to ensure that both public and private actors affected

by climate change have the information needed to make informed decisions on how to respond to climate

change. To meet this commitment, the government will expand institutional structures that facilitate

adaptation at national and local levels by providing expertise and advice as well as by collating available

climate change knowledge. At the same time, the government will introduce framework conditions that

will enable a cost-effective adaptation process. While the government will work towards integrating

climate change adaptation into all its decision-making processes, it also requires that every citizen takes the

responsibility of its own actions and, to the extent possible, considers the potentially adverse impacts of

their investment or livelihood choices.

18. To provide the enabling environment, a central objective of Pillar 1 is to enhance the knowledge

base on climate change. This will include improving future climate change modelling, improving climate

impact and vulnerability assessments, undertaking applied adaptation research, and continuing work on the

development of adaptation indicators initiated under the Adaptation Strategy. The federal government will

also work with local and regional authorities to identify and fund innovative pilot activities on climate

change adaptation. These pilot investments will serve as examples of good practice approaches in the

context of land use planning, spatial planning, human health, transport, and small and medium-sized

enterprises.

Pillar 2: Establishment of an enabling environment

19. The objective of Pillar 2 is to mainstream climate change adaptation as a regulatory goal into

relevant legal directives and agreements. This will contribute to an enabling environment that facilitates the

integration of climate change into technical and operational plans. In accordance with EU legislation, it

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will be mandatory for the government to draw upon climate- and extreme weather-relevant data when

examining the potential risks of financial investments. Similarly, the revision of the physical planning law

in 2011 introduced climate-friendly urban development as a guiding principle for all planning processes,

while future revisions of the energy conservation law will take adaptation needs into consideration (e.g.

energy conservation and thermal insulation in buildings).

20. The federal government will also work with the committees that draft standards and technical

regulations to ensure that climate change is taken into account when these are drafted or revised. Such

rules and standards guide the public and private sectors in their decision-making processes at the same time

as creating a degree of legal security. The government will also work with the committees to determine

whether the standards and regulations need to be updated. Funding programmes are an important

regulatory instrument for the German Federation. A complementary objective of this pillar is therefore to

examine existing funding programmes and the extent to which climate change adaptation can be integrated.

Pillar 3: Adaptation of government-owned land, property and infrastructure

21. The federal government has a strong incentive to adapt to climate change given the direct impact

extreme weather events have on government land, properties and infrastructure. The government should

therefore lead by example by integrating adaptation into all planning and decision-making processes

including the Assessment Systems for Sustainable Building, and the planning, management and

maintenance of transport infrastructure. A number of initiatives are planned or ongoing under Pillar 3.

These include:

a research consortium to examine the impacts of climate change on navigable waters, waterways

infrastructure and shipping routes in Germany;

assessment of government buildings that are refurbished or new buildings that are constructed on

their resilience to the impacts of extreme whether events in accordance with the Assessment

System for Sustainable Building;

develop an energy and environmental management system for estates owned by the federal

government and determine if the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme should be extended to also

cover adaptation;

develop concepts for the protection of vulnerable infrastructure as investments in either existing

or new infrastructure is planned.

22. Additional activities relate to the adaptation of railways, roads and federally owned forests.

Pillar 4: International commitments

23. The fourth pillar outlines the activities Germany has agreed to undertake as part of its

international commitments. This includes Germany’s contribution to the organisation and implementation

of the Adaptation Framework under the UNFCCC and other international agreements, conventions and co-

operations such as the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, the European Regional

Framework for Action, the Global Framework for Climate Services, and support to the Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change. Germany also provides support to the European process to create an EU

framework for adaptation based on the 2009 White Paper, and to the International Climate Initiative, a

financing instrument established in 2008 to provide assistance to developing, threshold and transformation

countries in their work on climate mitigation and adaptation.

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24. Furthermore, German development assistance is screened by a “climate check” to ensure that it

contributes to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Particular emphasis is on enhancing the capacity

of developing country partners so that they can lead the adaptation planning and implementation process.

This includes expanding the research capacity of partner countries (BMU, 2008; BMU, 2011). As part of

this process, the German Federation supports a number of international research collaborative, such as:

Regional Science Service Centres for Climate Change and Adapted Land-use in Africa;

Sustainable Development of the Megacities of Tomorrow – Energy and Climate-Efficient

Structures in urban Growth Centres;

Sustainable Land management;

Global Research alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gasses;

EU’s Joint Programming Initiative Connecting Climate Knowledge for Europe and the Joint

Programming Initiative Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change.

Regional adaptation planning

25. A number of federal states or Länder have developed their own adaptation strategies. This

includes the Adaptation Strategy for North Rhine-Westphalia and the Bavarian Strategy for Adaptation to

Climate Change. Other Länder have instead developed climate protection concepts. This is for example the

approach taken by the Saarland that has a Climate Protection Concept 2008-2030, the Hesse Action Plan

Climate Protection, and the Brandenburg Catalogue of Actions for Climate Protection and Adaptation to

Climate Change Impacts (Schönthaler et al., 2010). The federal government is working with the Länder i)

to expand the knowledge base (e.g. by supporting the development of climate impact assessments and

climate impact monitoring), ii) to enhance the communication of this knowledge, iii) to develop joint

concepts and implementing measures, and iv) to establish joint funding programmes for adaptation.

Furthermore, to co-ordinate work on adaptation across the Länder, a Permanent Committee on Adaptation

to the Consequences of Climate Change was established in 2009 under the Federation-Länder Working

Group on Climate, Energy, Mobility and Sustainability Issues. Across all the Länder, work on monitoring

and evaluation of their adaptation strategies is being discussed and in some cases initiated. An important

objective of the German Adaptation Strategy is to facilitate the implementation of adaptation measures in

the Länder.

Next steps

26. The individual activities under the Action Plan will be funded and implemented by the relevant

ministries or departments. The Action Plan, however, will be evaluated by an Inter-Ministerial Working

Group by the end of 2014. The report will also outline steps for further development and implementation

of the Adaptation Strategy based on advanced studies on Germany’s vulnerability to climate change.

Furthermore, the report will provide guidance on how to set priorities in the context of the adaptation

actions required. This will contribute to an on-going dialogue with stakeholders on further developments

and revision of the German Adaptation Strategy and the German Adaptation Action Plan.

3. National level monitoring and evaluation of adaptation

27. The Adaptation Strategy calls for a monitoring and evaluation framework to aid the adaptation

process. As such, the objective of the framework is not to evaluate the effectiveness of federal adaptation

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initiatives, but rather to generate lessons and to facilitate mid-course adjustments of the adaptation

approach. In order to do so, the evaluation framework consists of three components:

Vulnerability assessment: a descriptive evaluation of progress made on adaptation to climate

change. The assessment will be forward-looking, drawing on timely climate projections as well

as information from relevant government entities on their awareness of climate change and of

complementary adaptation measures.

Indicator-based assessment: an examination of past and present adaptation initiatives in the 15

action and cross-sectional fields outlined in the Adaptation Strategy. This will be based on an

Indicator System approved by the federal government. It will also include an assessment on e.g.

the level of investment in adaptation initiatives and how effective established information portals

are.

Evaluation of the Adaptation Strategy: an evaluation of the extent to which ongoing or planned

government initiatives address the projected risks and opportunities from climate change.

28. In parallel, the Federal Environment Agency is developing a methodology for evaluating the

Action Plan with reference to its anticipated environmental impacts, drawing on the experience of doing

environmental impact assessments and strategic environmental reviews (BMU, 2011). The assessment will

also include consideration of economic and social impacts.

29. The reminder of this report will focus on the Indicator System developed to facilitate the

indicator-based assessment. In particular, it will focus on the process of indicator development since this

work is still ongoing and the first indicator report is expected in 2014.

The conceptual framework for developing the Indicator System

30. The objective of the Indicator System is to facilitate the assessment of Germany’s success in

adapting to climate change. This will not be a rigorous evaluation of the Adaptation Strategy. Instead, the

report will outline progress made on adaptation by analysing past and present climate sensitive

developments as well as adaptation-related measures implemented in the 15 action and cross-sectional

fields identified in the Adaptation Strategy. The assessment will be targeted to political decision-makers

and members of the public interested and or affected by climate change. Ministries may use the

information to help prioritise their future adaptation measures but a formal process that mandates the

ministries to act has not been established.

31. Work on the Indicator System is managed by the Federal Environment Agency and the

Competence Centre on Climate Impacts and Adaptation (KomPass) in close collaboration with other

government departments and agencies. This work was initiated in 2008 and has been carried out through

three consecutive research and development projects (Schönthaler et al., 2010, Schönthaler et al., 2011).

The third project is due in January 2014.

32. In order to effectively monitor progress on adaptation, the Indicator System is based on the

following criteria (Schönthaler et al., 2010, Schönthaler et al. 2011):

it displays to the extent possible climatic impacts and adaptation, considers cause-effect-chains,

and is accepted by experts; has a transparent prioritisation of the indicators given the complex

and comprehensive nature of climate change; all 15 action and cross-sectional fields are

represented in the indicator system;

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it can be implemented, i.e. the indicators must be calculable on the basis of data that is currently

available and that will be collected in the future; has broad stakeholder engagement to facilitate

the identification and application of a wide range of data;

it reflects available knowledge on the impacts of climate change and the effectiveness of

adaptation measures by government departments as well as by non-governmental institutions and

organisations;

it is open for regular review in response to evolving climate change knowledge and emerging

political priorities;

it links up with other indicator systems;

it facilitates linkages with monitoring and reporting at the EU and the Länder level.

33. The Indicator System is based on the DPSIR approach (Driving Forces – Pressures – States –

Impacts - Responses), with emphasis on developing impact and response indicators. The drivers, pressures

and states, however, also need to be carefully examined in order to establish a good understanding of the

causes and effects of climate change.

Figure 1. The DPSIR approach to analysing climate change

Source: Schönthaler et al., 2010.

Stakeholder engagement

34. To ensure that the indicators gain technical, scientific and political acceptance, they have been

developed in close collaboration with relevant governmental and non-governmental stakeholders. Since

2008, almost 400 people have been consulted. The objective of the consultative process is to agree on focal

points for the indicators, to discuss indicator proposals, to identify suitable data sources, and to review

12

indicator and metadata documentation. A working group was established at the start of the consultation

process. It consisted of delegates from the Länder and representatives from the relevant government

departments. The members of the working group have provided feedback as the research projects on the

Indicator System have progressed. They also established contacts between the researchers and relevant

contacts within their organisations.

35. Two workshops were also organised to discuss interim results of the indicator development

process and to evaluate the proposed indicators in terms of their comprehensibility and relevance. The

workshops were attended by 40-50 participants from government agencies at federal and Länder level as

well as by representatives from associations and scientific organisations. To complement the more process

oriented discussion, smaller expert meetings allowed for detailed discussions on the technical and scientific

aspects. Specific indicators were further elaborated in bi- or tri-lateral co-operation with experts and the

data providers to map out and document the strengths and weaknesses of the indicators. Once there was a

complete set of proposed indicators for an action or a cross-sectional field, the entire set was shared with

experts to ensure that all the relevant technical aspects were reflected and that the set was thematically

balanced.

36. The final step for the indicator development is securing political commitment. This process is

managed by the Federal Inter-Ministerial Working Group on Adaptation and accompanied by the

Permanent Adaptation Committee of the Länder. Each ministry has the possibility to comment on the

indicator proposals against the background of their political priorities. This process is still ongoing but is

expected to be completed in the second quarter of 2013.

Indicator development

37. The Indicator System consists of impact and response indicators for the 15 action and cross-

sectional fields in the Adaptation Strategy. When developing the impact indicators, the need to strike a

balance between measuring every possible impact and measuring what is possible given data and resource

availability has been emphasised. At the same time, consideration is also given to indicators that may

become important in the future or where work on data collection is starting or will start in the near future.

Priority is also given to indicators that lend themselves well to corresponding control measures. Such

control measures will be particularly important in the future given the long time-horizon of many climate

impacts.

38. Due to limited data availability, the response indicators do not aim to measure the attribution of

adaptation measures at process, output and outcome levels. Instead, they also focus on a nationwide

assessment, but recognise that localised events (e.g. rising sea levels or reduced snowfall in areas reliant on

winter tourism) can have a significant impact on the society and the economy. Given that regional

developments are of nationwide relevance, indicators do exceptionally focus on the regional level.

Nevertheless, the main focus is on broad-based adaptation measures rather than localised or pilot

initiatives.

39. The methodology applied to develop the indicators consists of four main steps that will be briefly

discussed below.

Step 1: Defining “adaptation”

40. To ensure that the indicators adequately capture the potential impacts from climate change and

are technically robust, the initial step of the indicator development process focused on clarifying what the

Indicator System should measure. This was based on an assessment of the Adaptation Strategy, a literature

review, and on expert consultations. The information generated from these processes resulted in a set of

13

projected climate change impacts and corresponding response measures that were collated and

progressively grouped into “sub-themes” and “indication fields” across the 15 action and cross-sectional

fields. This produced a structured overview of the “indicanda” (objects to be indicated) that stakeholders

and experts - in principle - considered to be important to measure (see Figure 2).

Figure 2. The process of creating indication fields

Source: Schönthaler et al., 2010

Step 2: Prioritising indication fields

41. Given the wealth of indicanda identified in Step 1, Step 2 focused on identifying the indication

fields considered to be of particular importance for future assessments. This prioritisation was based on,

among other things, the following criteria:

thematic relevance and cause-and-effect relationship: is there an established cause-and-effect

relationship with climate change and do established research projects examine the issue?

status of data: is the data collected on a regular basis and is it likely that it will be collected in the

future?

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spatial dimension: does the issue have nationwide rather than only regional importance?

options for action: can the climate impacts be addressed by adaptation measures?

42. In some action fields the criteria-based prioritisation was carried out by a small group of

stakeholders and experts. In other cases, it was determined in bi-lateral meetings. Subsequent research on

the proposed indicators and suggested data sources was focused exclusively on the prioritised indication

fields (Schönthaler et al., 2010).

Step 3: Drafting and discussing proposed indicator

43. Based on the literature review, expert consultations and the prioritisation exercise, it was possible

for Schönthaler et al. (2011) in the Step 3 to propose a number of indicators for each of the indication

fields. To the extent possible, existing indicators from government departments or other relevant

organisations were used or incorporated. A pre-requisite for developing the response indicators is that they

are based on adaptation measures recognised by expert as being effective in reducing Germany’s

vulnerability to climate change. Furthermore, suitable data must be available to describe the

implementation process and/or its outcomes are available or will be in the near future. On the basis of these

criteria, further discussions were held among experts in order to clarify:

if the indicator adequately captures the potential impacts from climate change and the

complementary response measures;

if the use of the envisaged data sources is realistic and which restrictions for the interpretation

and data availability can be foreseen;

if the indicator contributes to a balanced indicator set for the specific action or cross-sectional

field;

how the proposed indicators could be translated into a sound technical indicator documentation.

44. Table 1 presents an example of the indicators proposed for the action field “Woodland and

Forestry” at the end of Step 3. The table illustrates that despite being considered important, it was not

possible to identify data that would facilitate the reporting of some sub-themes. In some cases, no data was

available, but it other cases, the difficulty was in isolating the adaptation component of impacts or reposes

that are influenced by a number of factors. The sub-themes where it was not possible to develop

corresponding indicators have been documented in separate background papers for each indication field.

The purpose of this background information is in part to document which indicator options have been

explored, but where it was not possible to pursue them due to the lack of appropriate data.

15

Table 1. Indicators proposed for the action field "Woodland and Forestry"

Indication Field Sub-theme Indicators

Impacts

Tree species composition

Changes in the tree species composition of stands

FW-I-1: Changes in tree species composition

in designated Forest Nature Reserves

Changes in the tree species composition of stands

FW-I-2: Endangered spruce stands

Productivity effects Changes in the biomass production of woodlands

FW-I-3: Incremental growth in timber

Vitality / mortality effects

Damage caused by changes in the abiotic disturbance regime

FW-I-4: Infested timber – extent of casual use

FW-I-6: Forest fire hazard and forests /

woodlands affected by fire

Damage caused by changes in the biotic disturbance regime (abundance shifts in existing pests and pathogens, immigration of new pests and pathogens)

FW-I-4: Infested timber – extent of casual use

FW-I-5: Extent of timber infested by spruce

bark beetle

Impacts on the vitality of stands FW-I-7: Forest condition

Responses

Forestry advice and information

Intensified provision of advisory services to private woodland owners

FW-R-1: Forestry-related information on the

theme of adaptation

Promoting the rationalisation of forestry services

no indicator proposed

Improving the risk management of forestry organisations

no indicator proposed

Silvicultural measures Revision of recommendations for planting projects

no indicator proposed

Forest management in order to control stand density

no indicator proposed

Forest management in order to develop mixed stands

FW-R-2: Area of mixed woodlands

(Natural and managed) regeneration in order to achieve forest modification

FW-R-3: Investment into forest conversion

FW-R-4: Forest conversion of endangered

spruce stands

Transition to extensive use or surrender of commercial forest management

no indicator proposed

Safeguarding the genetic material FW-R-5: Conservation of forest genetic

resources

Woodland conservation measures

Reducing damage caused by game, controlling wildlife stock

no indicator proposed

More intensive protection of forests and research into monitoring issues of forest protection (forest pests)

no indicator proposed

Improvements in the prevention and control of forest fires

Improving the risk management of forestry organisations

no indicator proposed

Enhancing the prevention of forest fires no indicator proposed

Improving the methods of fighting forest fires

no indicator proposed

Improving forest accessibility no indicator proposed

Improving site conditions by reducing additional stress factors

Reducing pollutant loads no indicator proposed

Maintaining soil fertility FW-R-7: Humus reserves and water retention

in woodland soils

Controlling the regional / local water budget (i.a. interface - action field Water)

no indicator proposed

Expanding forest monitoring

Ensuring and progressing the monitoring of forest environments

no indicator proposed

More extensive research into forestry

Promoting the development of methods in planting woodlands

no indicator proposed

Increased research into “change no indicator proposed

16

detection“

Improving the principles of planning for the selection of tree species

no indicator proposed

Research into the adaptability of woodlands/stands

no indicator proposed

Market development Developing new markets which would be able to absorb an increase in hardwood timber as well as recycled timber

no indicator proposed

Boosting the demand for wood and timber

no indicator proposed

Changes in quantity and quality of customary products

no indicator proposed

Developing the (forestry) insurance market

no indicator proposed

Source: Schönthaler et al., 2010, updated in January 2013.

Step 4: Finalising the indicator and developing indicator fact sheets

45. In the final step of the indicator development, the proposed indicators are refined and

documented in indicator fact sheets. The objectives of the fact sheets are to (Schönthaler et al., 2011):

justify why the indicator was selected;

give the indicator a clear title;

clarify the allocation of the indicator within the indicator classification system;

specify the formula used to calculate the indicator;

highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the indicator;

clarify terms;

propose how the indicator could be displayed graphically;

46. The indicator fact sheet is essential in order to ensure a methodological and consistent approach

to defining and interoperating all the indicators. Complementing the indicator fact sheets are data fact

sheets that detail what data is used to measure the indicator and how. When possible, the data fact sheets

include the formula that is needed to generate the indicator values from the raw data. To illustrate how the

four steps were done in practice, Annex 1 outlines the indicator fact sheet on “Coverage of expanded

hazard insurance for residential building”. Given the absence of quantified target values for almost all

indicators, it has been suggested that the assessment focus on a trend analysis where at least six data points

are available (Schönthaler et al., 2011). This methodology will be used to assess all the indicators.

Progress to date and next steps

47. As of January 2013, a total of 103 impact and response indicator have been proposed for 14 of

the action and cross-sectional fields (see Table 2 for an overview and Annex 2 for the full list of

indicators). Additional indicators for the action field “Biodiversity” are being developed by the Federal

Agency for Nature Conservation and are therefore not yet included in the table below. The objective is to

finalise the process of political endorsement by June 2013. As soon as the indicators are endorsed, the

process of reporting can start since the indicators are based on data that is already being collected.

17

48. As is clear in table 2, the proposed indicators are distributed fairly evenly between impact and

response measures as well as across the various action and cross-section fields. There is, however, some

differentiation. For example, the action field “Trade and Industry” has 3 indicators while the “Water

regime, water management, coastal and marine protection”. While this in part reflects the thematic

relevance of the different action fields it is also a result of limited data availability in some fields.

Table 2. Overview of impact and response indicators in the action and cross-sectional fields

Actions and cross-sectional fields Impact indicators Response indicators Total

Water regime, water management, coastal and marine protection

10 4 14

Woodland and forestry 7 6 13

Human health 8 4 12

Agriculture 5 6 11

Energy industry (conversion, transport and supply)

4 4 8

Spatial, regional and physical development planning

- 8 8

Transport, transport infrastructure 4 2 6

Tourism industry 7 - 7

Civil protection 1 4 5

Soil 1 3 4

Building sector 1 3 4

Fishery 1 3 4

Financial services industry 3 1 4

Trade and industry 1 2 3

Total 53 50 103 Source: UBA, 2013

49. The indicator reporting will take place on a regular basis and provide a technical progress

assessment on the implementation of the Adaptation Strategy. It has however, not yet been decided how

frequently the Indicator Reports will be published. It has been proposed that the reporting process draws on

lessons learned from similar reviews done using major indicator systems such as the German National

Sustainability Strategy, the National Biodiversity Strategy and the Länder Initiative on Core Indiators.

50. The target audience for the Indicator Reports are political decision-makers and members of the

public interested and/or affected by climate change. The wide range of issues covered by the Indicator

System mean that the reports must be accessible for a wide audience. That means that the coverage of the

individual fields must be concise and systematically reported to ensure equal emphasis for all the issues.

One approach that has been proposed is to have a template that is used to evaluate all the indicators with

information on the main objectives of the indicator, results of the trend analysis, key messages and how

these link up with some of the other indicators. The reports will therefore not be scientific in nature, but

they will meet a high technical standard.

51. To ensure that future revisions of the Indicator System can draw on the information gathered

during the formulation of the indicator and data fact sheets, a handbook will be published by the end of

2013 that describes in detail all the steps needed to update the information. It also outlines the rules

established for the indicator documentation and presentation agreed upon during the indicator development

process. The development of an organisational model for how the indicators will be updated in the future

in light of new climate knowledge or lessons learned is still also being developed.

18

4. Conclusion

52. Work on the German Indicator System started in 2009. This was a direct outcome of the 2008

Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change that specified that an indicator-based assessment should

contribute to the monitoring and evaluation framework of the Strategy. A defining feature of the

development of the Indicator System has been the broad consultation process. Over the course of four

years, almost 400 governmental and non-governmental stakeholders have been consulted at different stages

in the indicator development process. The stakeholder engagement has been central in identifying

indicators that adequately reflect the climate impacts and complementary response measures. The

consultative approach has also facilitated the process of identifying suitable data that is already collected

on a regular basis and that will continue to be collected in the future.

53. The indicators focus on impacts and response measures to climate change. The complementary

information on the drivers, pressures and states generated from the DPSIR approach contributes to a good

understanding of the causes and effects of climate change. This is the context in which Germany’s progress

in adapting to climate change should be measured. A challenge sometimes mentioned in the context of

monitoring and evaluating climate change adaptation is how to measure the attribution of relevant

initiatives and how to deal with the long time-horizons of climate change. The German Indicator System

does not attempt to address these challenges. Instead, it will provide trend analysis of how indicators are

changing over time. It is not yet clear how this will factor in climate change, but this might become

apparent as the reporting on the indicators starts in 2014.

19

REFERENCES

BMU (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety) (2008), German

Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change, Berlin, BMU.

BMU (2009), Combating Climate Change: The German Adaptation Strategy, Berlin, BMU.

BMU (2011), Adaptation action Plan for the German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change, Berlin,

BMU.

Schönthaler, K., S. Andrian-Werburg, K. Wulfert, V. Luthardt, B. Kreinsen, R.Schultz-Sternberg and R.

Hommel (2010), Establishment of an Indicator Concept for the German Strategy on Adaptation to

Climate Change, available from http://www.uba.de/uba-info-medien-e/4031.html.

Schönthaler, K., S. Andrian-Werburg and D. Nickel (2011), Entwicklung eines Indikatorensystems für die

Deutsche Anpassungsstrategie an den Klimawandel (DAS), Dessau-Roßlau, UBA.

Zebisch, M., T. Grothmann, D. Schröter, C. Hasse, U. Fritsch and W. Cramer (2005): Klimawandel in

Deutschland: Vulnerabilität und Anpassungsstrategien klimasensitiver Systeme, UBA-Texte

08/05, Berlin, UBA.

20

ANNEX 1: INDICATOR FACT SHEET - COVERAGE OF EXTENDED HAZARD INSURANCE

FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Fact Sheet author: Bosch & Partner GmbH (Konstanze Schönthaler) On behalf of Umweltbundesamtes / KomPass, FKZ 3711 41 106

Participation: Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft e.V. (Dr. Olaf Burghoff)

Last update: 16.01.2013 Bosch & Partner GmbH (Konstanze Schönthaler)

Next update:

I Description

Internal No. FiW-R-1

Title: Coverage of expanded hazard insurance for residential buildings

Unit: %

Short description of the indicator:

Percentage of residential buildings with an extended hazard insurance (eEV)

Calculation procedure:

Proportion of residential buildings with eEV = (number of residential buildings with eEV / number of residential buildings with fire insurance

3) * 100

Interpretation of the indicator value:

The higher the indicator value, the higher the insurance coverage, i.e. the higher the percentage of residential buildings insured against expanded elemental damage.

II Allocation

Action Field: 1. Financial services industry 2. Building sector

Indication Field: 1.1. Market development 2.1. Property protection

Sub-theme: 1.1.1. Expansion of existing markets 2.1.1. Protection of buildings from water damage

DPSIR: Response

III Derivation and Rationale

References to other indicator systems:

None

Rationale: The expanded hazard insurance (eEV) complements insurance against storms, fire and water damage to also include damages from earthquakes, landslides, ground subsidence, heavy snow, avalanche and damages from flooding. The latter represent the largest portion of damage claims from eEV. Coverage of backup water from heavy precipitation is not included by all providers in the market.

3 Fire insurance refers to the standard insurance for residential buildings.

21

Compared to storm and fire insurance coverage, which is about 85% of all buildings, the market penetration of the eEV is still low, but with high geographic variation: in Baden-Württemberg eEV insurance had been compulsory after a Resolution by the State Parliamentary in 1994. Even after the Resolution was abolished, there was widespread awareness of the benefits of eEV among the population, and insurance coverage continues to be high. In Bavaria, insurance coverage is currently increasing due to a 2008 government decision to suspend state support in cases where the damage otherwise would have been covered by the eEV insurance. In Lower Saxony the possibility of using the Bavarian model has been discussed but no decision has been made. The Eastern states previously had an insurance model comparable to the eEV. The insurer Allianz took these contracts over into their eEV scheme, thus in some areas insurance coverage is relatively high (although this covers only contents, due to the former extended contents insurance). The majority of insurance contracts for residential buildings were changed after the German reunification, which lead to a decrease of eEV contracts.

Some have argued that the number of regional and cross-regional damage events that are not covered by the fire, storm and hail insurance is increasing. This increases demand and use of government assistance, even in cases where damages result from high risks incurred by house owners (including extensive construction work in flood risk areas in some parts of the country). Events that inflict major damages, such as the flooding of the Elbe in 2002, have so far only resulted in temporary increases in the number of insurance policies. Awareness of the benefits of eEV insurance among the population is still inadequate. The insurance industry tries to raise awareness and to promote their products, but so far insurance coverage has not increased by the amount desired and that would have been expected. The reason is insufficient demand rather than adequate supply since eEV insurance is offered at very competitive prices. Even in highly flood-prone areas (ZÜRS GK 4, see FiW-R-2.1) 98.5% of all buildings are eligible for eEV insurance. Even the remaining 1.5% can potentially be insured. Many insurance companies offer individually negotiated insurance packages.

After the flooding of the Elbe, the Federal-State Commission discussed a framework for a possible compulsory insurance against natural hazards. However, the negotiations were postponed indefinitely due to legal concerns (because it is a first party insurance).

The objective is to continuously and significantly increase insurance coverage. However, it is not desirable to increase the insurance coverage so quickly that it could create bottlenecks for insurers that need to contract a reinsurer, as these would result in an increase of prices (i.e. an increase of insurance premiums) and thus a decrease in demand. The growth rate of insurance coverage must therefore be carefully managed. The assumption that “the faster and higher the better” would be too simplistic.

In addition to the objective of improving insurance coverage, a significant improvement in prevention by private actors and a stringent management of communal land-use is necessary (including zoning restrictions in highly flood-prone areas). This is necessary to avoid that high insurance coverage and a raising number of damages excess the capacity of insurers to cover the damages. Clients need to give up a mentality of assuming comprehensive insurance coverage and need to be ready to contribute through prevention and retention.

The indicator is based on data on insurance for residential building since usually damages to the building structure are higher than damages to the contents. The indicator calculates the ratio of buildings with eEV insurance over the number of buildings with fire risk insurance. This calculation assumes that residential buildings are to some extent financed relying on debt capital. Banks generally require a fire insurance as a condition for giving a loan. This suggests that almost all residential buildings are insured against fire.

The Federation of the German Insurance Association holds data about 97% of all gross insurance premiums collected by all companies operating in Germany. For residential building insurance this data availability is close to 100%.

Limitations: It is not possible to quantify the activities carried out by German insurers to increase acceptance and eEV insurance coverage. It is therefore difficult to differentiate between insurance takers that chose to get eEV due to their experience of a catastrophic event and those that respond to advertising and awareness-raising campaigns. The Federation of the German Insurance Association is only authorised (under competition law) to publish data that is aggregated at the national level. Differences between the states (such as high insurance coverage in Baden-Württemberg and low coverage in the rest of

22

Germany) cannot be extracted from this data.

Legal basis, strategies:

The German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change (DAS)

Objectives: DAS, Chapter 3.2.10: the insurance industry is already in a position to inform clients and authorities about climate-relevant situations and to create financial incentives. DAS, Chapter 3.2.10: In certain areas of insurance, in future the state could supplement the products offered by the financial services industry, when economic considerations make it impossible for the private sector to bear such risks (for example by making the eEV compulsory or by establishing a fund).

Reporting duties: None

IV Technical Data

Data source: Federation of the German Insurance Association

Spatial distribution: Areal NUTS 0 (Germany)

Geographical distribution:

All of Germany. based on data from 467 member companies, corresponding to approximately 97% of all gross premiums of all insurance contracts in Germany

Frequency: Annually. The eEV has been on the market since 1994 but valid data is only available from 2001

Restrictions: Data is also available with higher spatial resolution (e.g, at the Länder level), but the Federation of the German Insurance Association is not allowed to publish them without the consent of their member companies (i.e. the insurer) due to regulations in the area of competition law.

Reference to Data Fact Sheets:

FiW-R-1_Daten_eEV.xlsx

V Supplementary Information

Glossary of Terms: Natural hazards (German: “Elementarschäden”): natural hazards are uncontrollable natural

events that have not been triggered by human behaviour.

Advanced hazard insurance (German: Erweiterte Elementarschadenversicherung): Hazard

insurances cover damage caused by extreme natural events. This includes damages caused by flooding, backup water, earthquake, land subsidence, landslide, heavy snow, avalanches and volcanic eruptions. For extended insurance coverage the client cannot limit the insurance to specific natural hazards. Instead, the insurance protects against all causes of damage, even if the individual risk of harm to the insured objects can be very different. This is necessary to equalise the risk.

Further Information: The Federation of the German Insurance Association has information on climate change: http://www.gdv.de/klimawandel

Information campaign in Bavaria on insuring against natural hazards (eEV) "Voraus denken – elementar versichern”: http://www.elementar-versichern.bayern.de/

Landmann, P. (2003), Herausforderung eines drohenden Klimawandels an die Versicherungswirtschaft vor dem Hintergrund einer möglichen Elementarschaden-Zwangsversicherung, Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag.

Federation of the German Insurers Association (2011), Herausforderung Klimawandel – Antworten und Forderungen der deutschen Versicherer. Berlin, 18 pp. http://www.gdv.de/klimawandel

23

Federation of the German Insurance Association (2011), Positionen zur Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Berlin: 18pp. www.gdv.de/Downloads/Positionen_2011/POS77_2011.pdf

VI Implementation - costs and responsibilities

Cost estimate Data collection: 1 Data is administrated in one single institution

Data processing: 1 Simple data transfer (data = indicator) without additional data processing

Explanation: The Federation of the German Insurance Association provides data in a format that does not require conversion to another format.

Cost of data: None

Responsibility: Federation of the German Insurance Association

Explanation:

The Federation of the German Insurance Association contributes to the compilation/creation of the indicator, and provides the data for indicator updates. Draft texts for the Indicators Report need to be co-ordinated with the Federation of the German Insurance Association to ensure accuracy of content.

Source: Consultation with Schönthaler January 2013.

24

ANNEX 2: INDICATORS FOR ACTION FIELDS AND CROSS-SECTIONAL FIELDS

Impact Indicators Response Indicators

Action Field: Human Health

GE-I-1 Heat exposure GE-R-1 Heat warning system

GE-I-2 Heat wave mortality GE-R-2 Success of heat warming systems

GE-I-3 Contamination with pollen of birch tree GE-R-3 Information on Common Ragwort

GE-I-4 Contamination with pollen of Common Ragwort

GE-R-4 Pollen information service

GE-I-5 Risks from oak processionary moth infestation

GE-I-6 Allergy issues

GE-I-7 Vectors of pathogens

GE-I-8 Contamination by cyanobacteria of bathing waters

Action Field: Building Sector

BAU-I-1 Thermal load in urban environments BAU-R-1 Recreation areas

BAU-R-2 Heat requirements of Federal real estate

BAU-R-3 Space heating requirements in domestic situations

BAU-R-4 Funding for climate-adapted construction work

Action Field: Water Regime, Water Management, Coastal and Marine Protection

WW-I-1 Groundwater level WW-R-1 Capacity of rainwater basins

WW-I-2 Mean runoff WW-R-2 Specific water consumption

WW-I-3 Flood water runoff WW-R-3 Structural quality of water bodies

WW-I-4 Low-water WW-R-4 Investment into coastal protection measures

WW-I-5 Water temperature of lakes

WW-I-6 Duration of the summer stagnation period

WW-I-7 Start of the spring algae blooms

WW-I-8 Sea level rise

WW-I-9 Frequency and duration of storm waves

WW-I-10 Seawater temperature

Action Field: Soil

BO-I-1 Soil water storage in agricultural soils BO-R-1 Size of grasslands

BO-R-2 Humus reserves of agricultural soils

BO-R-3 Organic soils

Action Field: Agriculture

LW-I-1 Shifts in agrophenological states LW-R-1 Adaptation of management rhythms

LW-I-2 Interannual changes in yield LW-R-2 Cultivation and seed multiplication of warmth-loving crops

LW-I-3 Quality of yield products LW-R-3 Varieties of grain maize categorised in maturity groups

LW-I-4 Insured hail-storm damage in agriculture LW-R-4 Cultivation of thermophilic red-wine varieties

LW-I-5 Pest infestation LW-R-5 Application of pesticides

LW-R-6 Agricultural irrigation

Action Field: Woodland and Forestry

FW-I-1 Changes in tree species composition in designated Forest Nature Reserves

FW-R-1 Forestry-related information on the theme of adaptation

FW-I-2 Endangered spruce stands FW-R-2 Area of mixed woodlands

FW-I-3 Incremental growth in timber FW-R-3 Investment into forest conversion

FW-I-4 Infested timber – extent of casual use FW-R-4 Forest conversion of endangered spruce

25

stands

FW-I-5 Extent of timber infested by spruce bark beetle

FW-R-5 Conservation of forest genetic resources

FW-I-6 Forest fire hazard and forests / woodlands affected by fire

FW-R-6 Humus reserves and water retention in woodland soils

FW-I-7 Forest condition

Action Field: Fishery

FI-I-1 Distribution of warmth-adapted marine species

FI-R-1 Sustainability managed fish stocks

FI-R-2 Conformity of Total Allowable Catches with ICE advice

FI-R-3 Certification of fish

Action Field: Energy Industry (conversion, transport and supply)

EW-I-1 Weather-related disruption of electricity supply

EW-R-1 Diversification of energy generation

EW-I-2 Weather-related non-availability of electricity supply

EW-R-2 Diversification of end energy consumption for heat

EW-I-3 Coolant-temperature related under-production of electricity by thermal power plant

EW-R-3 Facilities for electricity storage

EW-I-4 Potential and real yield from wind energy EW-R-4 Water efficiency of thermal power plant

Action Field: Financial Services Industry

FiW-I-1 Claims expenditure and claims rate in terms of residential building insurance

FiW-R-1 Insurance density regarding extended insurance for natural hazards to residential buildings

FiW-I-2 Loss ratio and combined ratio in residential building insurance

FiW-I-3 Assessment of one’s own insurance cover

Action Field: Transport, Transport Infrastructure

V-I-1 Navigability of inland navigation routes V-R-1 Transport capacity of inland vessels (cargo ships)

V-I-2 Handling of goods in inland water transportation

V-R-2 Use of grit on major roads and motorways

V-I-3 Weather-related causes of road traffic accidents

V-I-4 State of trunk roads

Action Field: Trade and Industry

I-I-1 Heat related reduction of productive efficiency I-R-1 Business Continuity Management according to ISO22301:2012

I-I-2 Water efficiency in the processing industry

Action Field: Tourism Industry

TOU-I-1 Thermal load in spaces used for their healthy climate

TOU-I-2 Snow cover for winter sports

TOU-I-3 Number of bed nights in ski resorts

TOU-I-4 Preferred holiday destinations

TOU-I-5 Seasonal bed nights in German tourist areas

TOU-I-6 Coast tourism

TOU-I-7 Bathing water season on the coast

Cross-sectional Field: Spatial, Regional and Physical Development Planning

RO-R-1 Built-over land in areas at risk from flooding

RO-R-2 Built-over areas with clear indication of active mass movements

RO-R-3 Priority areas and restricted areas reserved for wildlife and landscape

RO-R-4 Priority areas and restricted areas for the supply of drinking water or use as water reserves

RO-R-5 Priority areas for precautionary measures against flooding

RO-R-6 Designation of climatically relevant open spaces in areas affected by bio-climatic

26

problems

RO-R-7 Settlement and transport areas

RO-R-8 Areas suitable for recreation in municipalities affected by bio-climatic problems

Cross-sectional Field: Civil Protection

BS-I-1 Person hours required for dealing with weather related damaging events

BS-R-1 Information on behavior in case of disaster situations

BS-R-2 Disaster prevention by the population

BS-R-3 Emergency drills and exercises

BS-R-4 Persons active in civil protection services Source: Schönthaler et al., 2011 (updated in January 2013)