national dong hwa university markus porsche-ludwig 副教授 the political system of the eu present...
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National Dong Hwa National Dong Hwa UniversityUniversity
Markus Porsche-Ludwig 副教授
The Political System of The Political System of the EUthe EUPresent and ProspectPresent and Prospect
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1. The three pillars of the EU2. The expansion of the EU3. The history of the European Integration4. The institutions of the EU5. The European Council6. Authorization of the Council of
the European Union7. The distribution of votes in the Council of the EU
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8. The European Parliament9. Distribution of seats in the EP10. The political groups in the EP11. The European Commission12. Directorates-Generals of the
European Commission13. The election of the
Commissioners14. Tasks of the European
Commission
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15. The European Economic and Social Commitee and the Commitee of the Regions
16. The European Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance
17. The legal system of the EU18. The four liberties of the Single
European Market19. The history of the Economic and
Monetary Union
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20. The convergence criterions21. Planned reforms by
constitution?22. The results of the
constitution23. The ratification process24. RESULT: EU Reform Treaty:
Lisbon 2007
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1. The three pillars of the EU1. The three pillars of the EU
The European UnionFirst pillar: European Unions: EC/EDSC
(European Coal and Steel Community; expired in 2002)/Euratom
Second pillar: common foreign and security policy
Third pillar: police and judicial cooperation in criminal cases
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2. The expansion of the EU2. The expansion of the EU
Founding members: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands
1973: Denmark, Irland, GB 1981: Greece 1986: Portugal, Spain 1995: Austria, Finland, Sweden 2004: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta,
Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Cyprus
2007: Bulgaria, Romania
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3. The history of the European Integration3. The history of the European Integration
Schuman Plan (1950) -> EDSC 1951 (1952) ->
TREATY OF ROME: foundation EEC (European Economic Community) + Euratom 1957 (1958), 6 member states
The Single European Act 1986 (1987) Treaty on European Union (Maastricht)
1992 (1993) Amsterdam Treaty 1997 (1999) Treaty of Nice 2000 (2003) Reform Treaty: Lisbon (2007)
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5. The European Council5. The European Council
Heads of state or government of all EU countries and the President of the European Commission
Highest political body of the EU which meets around four times a year; a body „which shall provide the Union with the necessary impetus for its development“ (inspection: political guidelines and success)
Name: „summit meetings“
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6. Authorization of the Council of the European Union6. Authorization of the Council of the European Union
One of the two legislative institutions of the EU (being the EP); 27 members
Council of the EU and EP: budgetary authority Coordination of the cooperation between the
national courts and the police. Coordination of economic policy of the
member states International treaties between the EU and one
or several states or international organizations Develops the common foreign and security
policy within the competencies of the EU
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7. The distribution of votes in the Council of the EU7. The distribution of votes in the Council of the EU
29 votes: France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom
27 votes: Spain and Poland 14 votes Romania 12 votes: Belgium, Czech Republic, Greece,
Hungary, Portugal 10 votes: Austria, Bulgaria, Sweden 7 votes: Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Lithuania,
Slovakia 4 votes: Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg,
Slovenia 3 votes: Malta For qualified majority: 255 of 345 votes (72,3%)/it
can be demanded that the yes votes are at least 62% of the EU citizens/and the majority of the member states have to agree
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The Council of the European UnionThe Council of the European Union
The most important decision-making authority of the EU
It depends on the topics: the responsible minister is member of the Council of the European Union (foreign policy, financial policy, social policy, traffic policy etc.)
Presidency: is held by a member´s state government (currently Spain, since 2010/01/01 ); every six months: rotates beetween the states
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8. The European Parliament8. The European Parliament
736 members (2009) (until now: 785; after Lisbon treaty: 751)
three general functions: 1) legislative power, 2) budget, 3) control of the executive and supervisory powers
Hearings Cooperation procedure Codecision procedure Assent procedure Consultation procedure
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9. Distribution of seats in the EP9. Distribution of seats in the EP
Germany: 99/99/(96) (until 2009/2009/(Lisbon treaty) France, Italy, United Kingdom: 78/72/(74,73,73) Spain, Poland: 54/50/(54,51) Romania: 35/33/(33) Netherlands: 27/25/(26) Belgium, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Portugal:
24/22/(22) Sweden: 19/18/(20) Austria, Bulgaria: 18/17/(19/18) Finland, Denmark, Slovakia: 14/13/(13) Ireland, Lithuania: 13/12/(12) Latvia: 9/8/(9) Slovenia: 7/7/(8) Cyprus, Estonia, Luxembourg: 6/6/(6) Malta: 5/5/(6)
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10. The political groups in the EP10. The political groups in the EP
2004/2009) European People´s Party/European Democrats:
288/262 Party of European Socialists: 217/183 Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe:
100/83 European Conservatives and Reformists: 55/55 Union for Europe of the Nations: 44/- European Greens/European Free Alliance:
43/55 European United Left/Nordic Green Left: 41/33 Independence/Democracy: 22/17 Non-Inscrits (members without groups): 30/48
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Parliament‘s principal roles are as follows:Parliament‘s principal roles are as follows:
To examine and adopt European legislation
To approve the EU budgetTo exercise democratic control over
the EU institutions, possibly by setting up committees of inquiry
To assent to important international agreements such as the accession of new EU Member States and trade or association agreements between the EU and other countries
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11. The European Commission11. The European Commission
- Is the executive branch of the EU Responsible for- Proposing legislation, implementing
decisions, upholding the Union´s treaties and the general day-to-day running of the Union
- 27 Commissioners from 27 states (included the President)
- Each Commissioner: one vote - Method of cabinet: minorities are bound
by majority- Also in the future: the number of 27
Commissioners is the maximum
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12. Directorates-Generals of the Commission12. Directorates-Generals of the Commission
Policy DGsExternal Relation DGsGeneral Services DGsInternal Services DGs
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13. The election of the Commissioners13. The election of the Commissioners
Heads of state and governement: appoint (with qualified majority): President of the Commission; he needs the agreement by the EP
Member states: propose Commissioners President of the Commission and the
Heads of the state and governement: appoint Commissioners
Commissioners need agreement by EP Commission can work
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14. Tasks of the European Commission14. Tasks of the European Commission
Legislative initiative (can make formal proposals for legislation)
Representation of interests of the EU against the Council of Ministers and in the case of negotiations with third countries
Working out the budgetary bill and administration of the EU-funds
Commission has partly the function of an executive power
Commission as the custodian of the treaties
Commission enters into negotiations with the EU-candidat for accession
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15. The European Economic and Social 15. The European Economic and Social Committee and the Commitee of the Regions Committee and the Commitee of the Regions
- Representatives: different economic and social fields of the organized civil society (employer‘s organizations, trade unions, farmers, consumer groups etc.)
- The Commitee of Regions: representatives of the local and regional authorities of the EU
- Consultative statements to the other institutions- 344 members, term-period: 4 years and is
renewable- EESC consists of 344 members, according to the
population of the member states of the EU (from 5 [Malta] to 24 [Germany, France, Italy, UK]), depending on the size of the country
- Treaty of Nice introduced an upper limit of 350 members
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16. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) and 16. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the Court of First Instance the Court of First Instance
(established in 1952; based in Luxembourg) ECJ: is made up of 27 judges (each member
state appoint one judge for six years) and 8 Advocates General (5 of the 8 Advocates General are nominated by the big member states of the EU)
The Court of First Instance similar than the ECJ, but without permanent Advocates General
ECJ may sit as a full Court, in a grand chamber (13 Judges) or in chambers of three or five judges)
The Court of First Instance: working since 1989/10/31
Interpretation of law of the joint contracts
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17. The legal system of the EU17. The legal system of the EU
Sources of the Community Law: Primary community law (treaties) Secondary community law Acts of law of the EU:1)Bylaws2)Guidelines3)Decisions/resolutions4)Recommendations and statements
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18. 18. „„Four LibertiesFour Liberties““
First: free movement of goodsProhibition of import duties and
export duties in the member states
Harmonization and mutual acceptance of norms and regulations
But certain limitations are allowed
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Free personal passenger transportFree personal passenger transport
Cessation of frontier control Freedom of settlement and freedom to
employ (recognition of diploma) Also after gainful employment: EU citizens
with the right (under certain preconditions) to settle down somewhere
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Free service transactionsFree service transactions
Freedom to provide services (f.ex. Free choice of phone providers)
Harmonization of the bank supervision
Opening up transport markets and telecommunication markets
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Free capital transactionsFree capital transactions
More liberalness of currency movement and capital movement
Steps to a common market for finance services (not allowed to levy double charge for transfer order)
Liberalization of the stock market
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19. The history of the Economic and Monetary Union19. The history of the Economic and Monetary Union
Euro cash introduction: 2002/01/01 First step: unlimited capital transactions; increasing
cooperation of the central banks, free use of the ECU (European Currency Unit), improvement of the economic convergence
Second step: Setting up European Monetary Institute (EMI), prohibition of granting of central bank credits to public authorities, more coordination of the financial policy, more economic convergence, process with the end of the independence of the national central banks and at the latest ending the day of the setting of the European system of central banks, preparation works for the third step
Third step: Irreversible fixing of exchange rates, introduction of Euro, carrying out a standard financial policy by the European system of central banks, coming into effect of the exchange rate mechanism in the EU, coming into effect of stability and growth pact
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20. The convergence criterions20. The convergence criterions
Increase of the consumer prices: not more than 1.5% of the average of the first three stable in price countries
The currency must belong to the European monetary system and it is not allowed that it is devalued in the last two years
It is not allowed that the interest rate level exceeds the average of the three best placed member states more than two percentages
It is not allowed that the yearly new borrowing is more than 3% of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
It is not allowed that the whole national debt is more than 60% of the GDP
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constitution?
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22. The results of the constitution22. The results of the constitution
Most import keywords:SimplificationDemocracyTransparencyEfficiencyLegitimacy
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22. The results of the constitution22. The results of the constitution
EU with legal entityGeneral use of the legislative
processLow number of instrumentsBetter definition of competences
(EU, member states)Charter of Human Rights as a part
of the treatyPublic meetings of the Council of
the EU in its quality as a law-maker
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22. The results of the constitution22. The results of the constitution
More control by the national parliaments (subsidiarity principle)
Consideration of the civil societyBalanced institutional systemLimitation of the right of vetoProgresses in the fields of freedom,
security and lawStronger role of the EU at the
international level
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23. The ratification process23. The ratification process
The treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE): was an international treaty intended to create a constitution for the EU
-> was signed in 2004 by representatives of the 25 member states of the EU
-> needed to be ratified by all member states to enter into force
-> but in 2005: rejected by French and Dutch voters
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24. RESULT: EU Reform Treaty:Lisbon 200724. RESULT: EU Reform Treaty:Lisbon 2007
International agreement signed in Lisbon on December 2007
Changes the workings of the EU
Is ratified by all member states, entered into force 2009/12/01
The treaty amends the Maastricht Treaty and the Treaty of Rome