national 4/5 graphic communication layout techniques design principles design elements dtp terms

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National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

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Page 1: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

National 4/5Graphic Communication

Layout techniques

Design principles

Design Elements

DTP terms

Page 2: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

DTP – Desktop Publishing

Desktop publishing is the science of design techniques for a wide variety of presentations.

Included in this are: Magazine pages Folding leaflets Posters Letterheads Business cards

Page 3: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

DTP – Desktop Publishing

There are some guidelines that should be followed when designing effective presentations.

How you use these will effect how easy to read a presentation is or the impact that it has on the viewer.

Some of these are: Alignment How to use line effectively Flash bars Using the rule of thirds Using accent colours

Page 4: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Alignment

You can use alignment to create rhythm in a presentation. This is how your eye moves around a presentation to grasp the information from it.

iPod

LCD screen

Jog dial

Metal case

You can see how both the text and the lines here are all aligned on the right hand side. This makes the details easier to read.

Page 5: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Using Line

You can use line for many different effects. It can split a page up or highlight specific parts of a graphic.

iPod

LCD screen

Jog dial

Metal case

The lines here are used to identify the various parts of the iPod the poster is highlighting. This helps to organise the details.

Page 6: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Flash bars

You can use flash bars to give a drawing some depth. These are strips of colour that go behind an object. Because the graphic being presented appears in front of these bars, it makes the abject being presented appear to come forward.

iPod iPod

Page 7: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

The Rule of Thirds This is a guide used by photographers when they take a photograph. Imagine a

grid that splits a page up into 3 equal segments and place the main parts of the presentation on these grids lines. Some cameras have this function installed on them to assist with layout.

Here is a picture of Edinburgh Castle. You can see how it has been split up into this rule of thirds grid to help the balance of the picture.

Page 8: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

The Rule of Thirds

In this picture the tree is placed on one of the vertical thirds while the bay and the person sit on the horizontal thirds.

Page 9: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Accent colours

Accent colours are a colour used throughout a presentation to help the flow of it. A common mistake some people make is to use too many colours in their presentations. By using colours repeatedly throughout a poster, you can help to bring all the elements together to help with the flow or rhythm of the presentation.

Page 10: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

The Design Principles

The design principles are:BalanceContrastAlignmentProportionRhythmWhite SpaceProximity/unity

Page 11: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Balance

Balance can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. This is similar to thinking of the page as a set of scales. Heavier objects can be balanced by smaller objects positioned further from it or lighter objects balanced by darker objects (darker objects tend to seem heavier than light coloured ones).

Page 12: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Contrast

Contrast is where some of the design elements are used as opposites for effect. This could be shape, text, colour, line or weight.

A word in a contrasting font or colour makes it stand out.

Page 13: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Alignment

This is how text is laid out in an article. Commonly this can be 4 things.

When an image is used as part of a presentation text can be used to describe it. To help with the rhythm of a page it is advantageous to align this caption with the image.

Left Aligned

Centre Aligned

JustifiedRight Aligned

Page 14: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Proportion

Proportion is all about the relationship between elements on a presentation. This can be achieved through the effective use of grids and margins or by using large images to show what an article is about before a reader has to start with the text.

Page 15: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Rhythm

Rhythm is used to create movement through a presentation. This can be achieved by repeating and varying the elements used.

Page 16: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

White space

This refers to areas on a page that are left blank. This can be used to help balance a presentation or to maintain the reader’s attention to the content of the presentation. It is a vitally important part of a presentation to prevent it from being too busy or cluttered.

Page 17: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Proximity/Unity

This is how close different parts of a presentation are positioned in relation to one another. Where parts are positioned close to each other it can be used to show that they belong together, e.g. a heading and sub-heading that are kept close but maybe have a different font size or an image with its caption.

Page 18: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

The Design Elements

The design elements are:LineMass/weightShapeSizeTextureColour

Page 19: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Line

Lines can be used to order a presentation, create rhythm or to split up different parts. They are a simple yet effective way of helping to improve the layout of a presentation. You can use various line types and colour to help with this.

Page 20: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Mass/Weight

Mass refers to the size or amount of space taken up by an element.

The mass plus the shape, tend to give relationship with other elements.

The various weights of different shapes can be used

to emphasize type styles.

Page 21: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Shape There are three basic shapes used in presentations.

Squares and rectangles surround us in life so tend to be trusted. They can be seen as boring but can be made more interesting by rotating them.

Circles are used to show a number of different feelings. They are infinite shapes, i.e. they have no beginning or end point, they are protective and they can also suggest movement.

Triangles tend to suggest movement. They can be used to support the idea of conflict in a presentation due to their sharp corners.

Page 22: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Size

Size can be used in a number of ways. When designing a presentation you must consider the size of the paper used, how you use size to show the most important elements of the presentation and how you will attract peoples’ eyes to your presentation.

Page 23: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Texture

Texture can be split up into 2 areas. One is how paper physically feels. Top quality paper

has a feel about it that instinctively feels good. The other is how you can use patterns or images to

imitate feelings.

Page 24: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Colour

Using colour is probably the most important decision a DTP designer will make when designing their presentation.

Page 25: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Colour

Yellow, orange, and red are considered warm colours and can give the feeling of aggression, excitement, and danger. These colours appear to advance from the page.

Page 26: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Colour

Blue, green, and violet are considered to be cool colours and are calming. These colours appear to recede into the page.

Page 27: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Colour

Brown, black, white and grey are neutral colours and can be used to maintain the reader’s attention on the more interesting parts of a presentation.

Page 28: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Planning a Presentation

Before you can produce your final presentation you should plan different ideas for how it will look.

This will enable you to explore various layout possibilities so that you can create the most effective possible layout.

Creating new ideas is difficult so this process will help you.

Page 29: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Thumbnail Sketches

Thumbnail sketches are smaller quick drawings that show how a layout will look. These should be produced fairly quickly but still show colour schemes, margins, columns, headers, footers, where text will be placed, different text sizes, different text styles and where images will be placed.

Each of these details should be labelled on the thumbnail sketches. This annotation makes it obvious as to what text styles and layouts are used so that they can be replicated in a finished presentation quickly and easily.

Page 30: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Thumbnail Sketches

As part of this process it is also beneficial to explore different fonts you want to use.

Make sure that the font you choose is suited to the idea you want to convey in a presentation.

You can make particular words stand out by using a different font or size for it.

Do not use too many different fonts in a presentation. It will become difficult to read.

Page 31: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Using text

Efficient, sans-serif fonts are more suited to modern, fashionable and electronic products.

Serif fonts are suited to convey a traditional theme.

Other specialist fonts can be used or designed to convey other feelings such as horror, excitement or passion.

Serifs fonts have tails on the ends of letters.

Sans-serifs fonts do not have tails on the ends of letters.

Informal

Fear

Horror

Handwriting

Young Children

Page 32: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Desk Top Publishing terminology

There are some DTP terms you need to know.

These are:

copy & paste cut & paste text box handles colour fill single and multi-page

format alignment cropping

text wrap flow text along a path extended text transparency drop shadow rotate paper sizing justification reverse

Page 33: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Copy & Paste

When an image or frame is replicated somewhere else on the page.

iPod iPod

Page 34: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Cut & Paste

When an image or frame is removed from one document or part of the page and moved somewhere else.

iPod iPod

Page 35: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Text Box

A text box is a box into which text can be entered. It can be any shape you like.

Text in here.

Text in here.

Text in here.

Page 36: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Handles

These are the parts of a frame that can be dragged to resize or rotate it.

These circles are the frame’s handles.

Page 37: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Colour Fill

There are 3 different types of colour fill that can be used when producing a DTP document. Gradient Solid Pattern

There is a wide variety pattern fills that can be used and each fill style can be used with a selection of different colours.

Gradient Solid Pattern

Page 38: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Single & Multi-page format

Presentations can be based on a page layout planned for one page or for a few pages. When producing double page layouts it is important to be able to see both pages together as you work on them.

Page 39: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Alignment

There are 4 main types of alignment. Left Aligned Right Aligned Justified Centred

Alignment should be used to help keep rhythm in a presentation. Where parts of text belong to each other or where text belongs to an image they can be aligned to let the reader know they go together.

Left Aligned

Centre Aligned

JustifiedRight Aligned

Page 40: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Cropping

When an image is cropped you can select the part of it that you want to keep. This is set by dragging a frame around the area or by hiding parts of the frame the original image is in, depending on the software you use.

Page 41: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Text Wrap

This is the effect of text following the edge of an image.

Page 42: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Flow text along a path

Text can be set to follow a line or shape.

Page 43: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Extended text

This is a wider version of a standard font.

Page 44: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Transparency

This is a setting which allows parts of a DTP document to be set to be see through.

The amount of transparency used with this setting can be changed to suit the needs of the user.

We can see through the violet rectangle to the iPod.

Page 45: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Drop Shadow

A drop shadow can be added to an object to give it the feeling of depth. By adding the shadow it looks like it comes off the page.

Page 46: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Rotate

This allows you to turn an image around a desired angle.

Page 47: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Paper sizing

This relates to the size of the paper used for a presentation. The most common set of paper sizes in use are the ISO A sizes which tends to be halved from the largest size of A0 down to A8.

Page 48: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Justification

Frames can be lined up with each other. Horizontally they can be left, right or centre aligned. Vertically they can be top, bottom or centre aligned.

They can also be distributed evenly horizontally or vertically.

Left aligned

Centre aligned

Right aligned

Top aligned

Bottom aligned

Centre aligned

Horizontal justification

Vertical justification

Page 49: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Reverse

This is the effect of having text written in the same colour of the background with the area surrounding the text with colour.

It is a simple yet effective method of making text stand out without using too many colours in a presentation.

iPodReverse text

Page 50: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Features of Magazine Layouts

The following terms are all features of a magazine layout. gutter caption header and footer. title heading margin bleed

sub heading floating element column gutter folio image

Page 51: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Features of Magazine Layouts

The following terms are all features of a magazine layout.

gutter – the gap between columns

caption – text accompanying an image

header – detail at the top of the page

footer – detail at the bottom of the page

Page 52: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Features of Magazine Layouts

title – this is the name of a magazine cover.

heading – a few words to describe the an article. Usually a larger font size than the rest of the presentation.

margin - the gaps at the left and right hand sides of the presentation.

bleed – an area of an image that encroaches into either of the left or right margins

sub heading – text accompanying a title to give a brief description of an article.

Page 53: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Features of Magazine Layouts

floating element – parts of an article, usually text, that does not fit into the column structure.

column – area where the text is displayed.

gutter – the space between the columns.

folio – the page number.

image – any drawing or photograph included in the presentation.

Page 54: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Features of Magazine LayoutsHeader

Right margin

Heading

Left margin

Image

Floating element

Reverse

Footer Caption

Column

Gutter

Sub-Heading

Bleed

Folio

Page 55: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Advantages of using DTP

The introduction of DTP and computers has had a massive impact and influence of graphic communication activity on society and the environment.

Computers have completely transformed design offices which can now be paperless

Some of the equipment used is: graphics tablets e-mail digital cameras editing suites

Page 56: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Advantages of using DTP

The time it takes to produce publications has been shortened with the increased ease of editing through the use of computer software.

People can also create their own DTP items from calendars to cards at home.

Some examples of what can be produced are shown over the next few slides.

Page 57: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Magazines

Page 58: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Business cards

Page 59: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Folding leaflets

Page 60: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Posters

Page 61: National 4/5 Graphic Communication Layout techniques Design principles Design Elements DTP terms

Safe working practices with DTP

DTP businesses must protect the welfare of their employees.

Ergonomic factors have to be considered to look after a person’s physical well-being.

Some items that must be used are: adjustable seating adjustable footstools wrist rests

Offices must be suitably lit with non-glare lighting. Regular breaks must be taken from the computer

screen to avoid headaches and eye strain. Other factors that have to be considered are tidy

workspaces and arranging hardware and cables safely.