nasa tech briefs january 2013

7/30/2019 NASA Tech Briefs January 2013

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AIntro

Welcome to your Digital Edition of

NASA Tech Briefs and Photonics Tech Briefs

Included in This January Edition:

NASA Tech Briefs Photonics Tech Briefs

How to Navigate the Magazines:At the bottom of each page, you will see a navigation bar with the following buttons:

Arrows: Click on the right or left facing arrow to turn the page forward or backward.

Introduction: Click on this icon to quickly turn to this page.

Cover: Click on this icon to quickly turn to the front cover.

Table of Contents: Click on this icon to quickly turn to the table of contents.

Zoom In: Click on this magnifying glass icon to zoom in on the page.

Zoom Out: Click on this magnifying glass icon to zoom out on the page.

Find: Click on this icon to search the document.

You can also use the standard Acrobat Reader tools to navigate through each magazine.

Software is the DrivingInnovation for ConsumerElectronics

NASA Alloy Helps FansMaintain Fresh Airin Tunnels

Photonics Tech Briefs

January 2013 www.techbriefs.com Vol. 37 No. 1

DIGIKEY.COM/NEW

NEWPRODUCTS

ADDED DAILY

Photonics Solutions for the Design Engineer

January 2013

Supplement to NASA Tech Briefs

TrendsInFused ComponentsF orFiber Lasers....................................................................................IIa

PhotonicsDesignAutomation ............................................................................................................5a

Ultra-Compact, Superconduc tingSpectrometer-on-a-Chip at SubmillimeterW avelengths ........11a

Rad-Tolerant, ThermallyStable, High-SpeedFiber-OpticN etwork forH arsh Environments........11a

UVResonantRamanSpectrometerWi thMulti-LineLa ser Excitation ............................................12a

TowedSubsurfaceO ptical Communic ations Buoy ..........................................................................12a

High-Collection-EfficiencyFluorescenceDetection Cell ..................................................................14a

Producto f theMonth/New Products ................................................................................................16a

ONS emiconductorr ecentlyc ollaboratedwithTeledyne ImagingSensors to manufac-turea n Extremely Large Stitched Read OutIntegrated Circuit(ELS ROIC) for astronomy.

The H4RG-15 image sensor, designedbyTeledyne, is the largest sensor everpr oducedfor infrared astronomy. To learnm ore, see

the newproductss ection onpage16a.

(Image courtes yofONSemiconductor)

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Software is the DrivingInnovation for ConsumerElectronics

NASA Alloy Helps FansMaintain Fresh Airin Tunnels


January 2013 www.techbriefs.com Vol. 37 No. 1

DIGIKEY.COM/NEW

NEWPRODUCTS

ADDED DAILY

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22 Technology Focus: Sensors22 Single-Photon-Sensitive HgCdTe Avalanche Photodiode Detector

22 Artificial Intelligence Software for Assessing Postural Stability

23 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Using Silica Whispering-Gallery Mode Resonators

24 3D Hail Size Distribution Interpolation/Extrapolation Algorithm

25 Color-Changing Sensors for Detecting the Presence ofHypergolic Fuels

26 Materials & Coatings26 Using Pre-Melted Phase Change Material to Keep Payloads in

Space Warm for Hours Without Power

26 Fibrillar Adhesive for Climbing Robots

28 Transformers: Shape-Changing Space Systems Built WithRobotic Textiles

30 Manufacturing & Prototyping30 Microwave Sinterator Freeform Additive Construction System

(MS-FACS)

32 Development of a Centrifugal Technique for the MicrobialBioburden Analysis of Freon (CFC-11)

34 Electronics/Computers34 DSP/FPGA Design for a High-Speed Programmable S-Band

Space Transceiver

34 Memory Circuit Fault Simulator

35 On-Chip Power-Combining for High-Power Schottky Diode-Based Frequency Multipliers

36 FPGA Vision Data Architecture

38 Mechanics/Machinery38 Ultra-Compact Transputer-Based Controller for High-Level,

Multi-Axis Coordination

38 Magnetically Actuated Seal

39 Regolith Advanced Surface Systems Operations RobotExcavator

40 Hybrid Electrostatic/Flextensional Mirror for Lightweight, Large-Aperture, and Cryogenic Space Telescopes

42 Physical Sciences42 Wind-Driven Wireless Networked System of Mobile Sensors for

Mars Exploration

43 Analysis of the Effects of Streamwise Lift Distribution on SonicBoom Signature

44 In Situ Solid Particle Generator

46 Software46 System for Contributing and Discovering Derived Mission and

Science Data

46 Remote Viewer for Maritime Robotics Software

46 Stackfile Database

46 Reachability Maps for In Situ Operations

47 JPL Space Telecommunications Radio System Operating Environment

4 www.techbriefs.com NASA Tech Briefs, January 2013

ol. 37 No. 1

8 UpFront

10 Whos Who at NASA

12 NASA Patents

33 Technologies of the Month

62 NASAs Innovative Partnerships Office

63 Advertisers Index

20

14

57

F E A T U R E S

S O L U T I O N S

D E P A R T M E N T S

57 Product Focus: Imaging/Cameras

58 New Products/Software

N E W F O R D E S I G N E N G I N E E R S

S P E C I A L S U P P L E M E N T

14 Software is the Driving Innovation forConsumer Electronics

20 Application Briefs

64 NASA Spinoff:Lightweight Alloy

(Solutions continued on page 6)

1a 18a


Follows page 32 in selected editions

only.

Photonics Solutions for the Design Engineer

January 2013

Supplement to NASA Tech Briefs

TrendsInFused ComponentsF orF iber Lasers.................................................................................... IIa

Photonics DesignAutomation ............ .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. .............. ............. 5a

Ultra-Compact,SuperconductingSpectrometer-on-a-Chip at Subm illimeterWavelengths ........11a

Rad-Tolerant,ThermallyStable, High-SpeedFiber-OpticNetwork forHarshEnvironments........11a

UV Resonant RamanSpectrometerW ithMulti-Line Laser Excitation ............................................12a

TowedSubsurface Optical Communications Buoy ..........................................................................12a

High-Collection-EfficiencyFluorescence Detection Cell ..................................................................14a

Product of the Month/New Products ................................................................................................16a

ONSemiconductorr ecentlycollaboratedwithTeledyne ImagingSensors tomanufac-ture an Extremely LargeStitched Read OutIntegrated Circuit (ELSROIC) for astronomy.

The H4RG-15image sensor,designedbyTeledyne, is the largest sensor everproducedforinfrared astronomy. To learnmore, see

the newproductss ection onpage 16a.

(Imagecourtesy ofON Semiconductor)

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Contents continued

McorTechnologies (Dunleer, Ireland) offers 3Dprinters that cancreate physical 3D models such as this tire fromstandardletter/A4 paper.Whenpages are cut andbound together, themodelcanbe tapped, threaded, hinged, and arewaterproof. With the latest printer, the full-colorIRIS, colorpasses all the way through the 3D part,rather thanresting on the surface. Learnmoreabout McorsIRIScolor 3D printer our Product

of the Month onpage 57.

(Image courtesy of Mcor Technologies)

P R O D U C T O F T H E M O N T H

O N T H E C O V E R

57

McorTechnologies (Dunleer, Ireland)introduced the IRIS 3D printer that printspartsinfullcolorusingstandardletter-

sizedpaper.

This document was prepared under the sponsorship of the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration. Neither Associated Business Publications Co., Ltd. nor the United StatesGovernment nor any person acting on behalf of the United States Government assumes anyliability resulting from the use of the information contained in this document, or warrants thatsuch use will be free from privately owned rights. The U.S. Government does not endorse anycommercial product, process, or activity identified in this publication.

Permissions: Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal orpersonal use of specific clients, is granted by Associated Business Publications, provided thatthe flat fee of $3.00 per copy be paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (222 Rose

Wood Dr., Danvers, MA 01923). For those organizations that have been granted a photocopylicense by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The fee code for users of theTransactional Reporting Service is: ISSN 0145-319X194 $3.00+ .00

47 RFI-SIM: RFI SimulationPackage

48 IONConfiguration Editor

48 Dtest Testing Software

48 IMPaCT Integration ofMissions, Programs, andCoreTechnologies

49 Integrated Systems HealthManagement (ISHM)Toolkit

50 InformationTechnology50 Ionospheric Simulation Systemfor Satellite Observations andGlobalAssimilative Model Experiments ISOGAME

50 Estimating Torque Imparted on Spacecraft Using Telemetry

51 flexplan: MissionPlanning Systemfor the LunarReconnaissance Orbiter

52 Airborne Tomographic SwathIce Sounding Processing System

53 PowderSim: Lagrangian Discrete andMesh-Free ContinuumSimulationCode forCohesive Soils

54 Basic OperationalRobotics Instructional System

54 Multiple-Frame Detection of SubpixelTargets inThermalImageSequences

55 MetricLearning to Enhance HyperspectralImage Segmentation

56 Books and Reports56 Sheet Membrane Spacesuit WaterMembrane Evaporator

56 Motor QualificationforLong-DurationMars Missions56 AdvancedMaterials andManufacturing forLow-Cost, High-

Performance LiquidRocket CombustionChambers

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UP

FRONTHave you cast your vote for the 2012 NASA Tech BriefsReaders ChoiceProduct of the Year? If not, you only have until January 20 to vote for the

one product you feel was the most significant introduction to the engineering

community in 2012. Find out more about the 12 nominees and submit your vote

at www.techbriefs.com/poy.

NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center in

Alabama is using selective laser melting

(SLM) to create intricate metal parts for

the next heavy-lift rocket, the Space

Launch System (SLS).

SLM is similar to 3D printing, and is the

future of manufacturing. The machine

takes metal powder and uses a high-

energy laser to melt it in a designed pat-

tern. The laser will layer the melted dust

to fuse whatever part is needed from the

ground up, creating intricate designs. The

process produces parts with complexgeometries and precise mechanical prop-

erties from a 3D computer-aided design. Some of the printed engine parts will be struc-

turally tested and used in hot-fire tests of a J-2X engine, which will be used as the upper

stage engine for the SLS.

Visit www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/selective_melting.html for more informa-

tion. Watch a video of the SLM machine in action on Tech Briefs TV at www.techbriefs.

com/tv/SLM.

Linda Bell

Editorial Director

Ascent: Commemorating Shuttle

Ascent is a compilation of film and

video representing the best ground-

based Space Shuttle motion imagery

from the STS-114, STS-117, and STS-

124 missions. Download the free app

for the iPad at https://itunes.apple.

com/us/app/ascent-commemorating/

shuttle/id473973416.

The February issue will include our

annual industry update on the

Design & PLM Software industry,

including comments from executives

at leading software vendors.

> Next Monthin NTB

The Mars Curiosity rover has used

its full array of instruments to ana-

lyze Martian soil for the first time.

Water, sulfur, and chlorine-contain-

ing substances showed up in samples

delivered to the rovers Sample

Analysis at Mars (SAM) suite. One

thing SAM checks for is organic com-

pounds that can be ingredients for

life. SAM tentatively identified one-carbon organics, but it is possible

they may have been carried from

Earth by Curiosity and detected by

SAM. Watch Tech Briefs TV for the

latest videos of the mission at www.

techbriefs.com/tv/mars. Keep up

with Curiosity at http://mars.jpl.

nasa.gov/msl.

> Curiosity Update

> App of the MonthThe first test piece produced on the M2 CusingMachine at NASA Marshall. (NASA/MSFC/Andy

Hardin)

Last Chance to Vote!

A system that uses ultrasound technology to look inside

car engines could lead to more efficient engines.Ultrasound scans have been used in healthcare for many

years, but they have never been put to use in testing the

health of a modern combustion engine. Researchers at the

UKs University of Sheffield have devised a method of

using ultrasound to measure how efficiently an engines

pistons are moving up and down inside their cylinders.

Carmakers have to calculate how much oil will allow

the piston to move efficiently. Too much oil is wasteful

and ends up getting burnt in the engine, while too little

results in wear. The researchers are measuring lubricant film by transmitting ultrasonic

pulses through the cylinder wall from sensors attached to the outside. The reflections from

these pulses can then be recorded and measured.

Visit www.shef.ac.uk/news/nr/ultrasound-monitor-health-car-engine-1.230250 for more

information.

Ultrasound Can Monitor the Health of Your Car Engine

Sensors attached to the cylinder.

NASA UsesFuturistic Technology to Build New Rockets

The photo from last months Ap-

plication Brief from Marlow Indus-

tries showing the ChemCam body

unit of the Mars Curiosity rover

should have included the following

photo credit: Photo courtesy of Los

Alamos National Laboratory under

contract to NASA/JPL-Caltech.

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Its more than a frequency counter.Its a high-speed answer tool.

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www.techbriefs.com NASA Tech Briefs, January 2013

Splitting hairs?Try 90,000 slices.

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www.techbriefs.com NASA Tech Briefs, January 2013Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/45599-739

For more information on the inventions described here, contact the appropriateNASA Field Centers Innovative Partnerships (IP) Office.

See page 62 for a list of office contacts.

Over the past three decades, NASA has granted more than 1000 patent licenses in virtually every areaof technology. The agency has a portfolio of thousands of patents and pending applications available

now for license by businesses and individuals, including these recently patented inventions:

Method of Making and UsingShape Memory PolymerComposite PatchesU.S. Patent No. 7,938,923

Patrick J. Hood, Kennedy SpaceCenter, Florida

Composite materials are widely usedin the aerospace industry to build air-craft components such as fuselages,

wings, tail fins, and doors. To repairdamage to composites, a prepreg of

fibrous material is laid over the hole orcrack. A vacuum bag holds an electricblanket in position over the repair area

while, at the same time, applying a com-paction force to the prepreg.Inconsistency of the heat provided bythe electric blanket, however, leads tounreliability in the curing process.

A new invention provides a pre-formed, cured patch to quickly andcheaply repair any number of compositematerials. In order to mold the patch toa desired shape, the resin must be acti-

vated, using heat or light to activate theshape memory polymer. The resin andthe entire composite part then becomesoft and can be mechanically deformed,typically by hand, to the desired shape.

Wireless System and Methodfor Collecting Motion andNon-Motion Related Data ofa Rotating SystemU.S. Patent No. 7,902,815

Stanley E. Woodward and Bryant D.

Taylor, Langley Research Center,Hampton, VA

Sensor systems observe various tireparameters of interest. Each of these sys-tems, however, requires a dedicated sen-sor for each measured parameter type,increasing complexity and the cost of atire health monitoring system.

A wireless system uses only one sensorto collect and record tire data. The sensor

installed or embedded in the tire is pow-ered and read by a magnetic fieldresponse recorder as the tire rotates dur-ing vehicle operation. In the presence ofa time-varying magnetic field, a conductorresonates to generate a harmonicresponse having a frequency, amplitude,and bandwidth. The magnetic fieldresponse recorder wirelessly transmits thetime-varying magnetic field to the con-ductor, and wirelessly detects the harmon-ic response and the frequency, amplitude,and bandwidth, associated therewith.

Real-Time Oil ReservoirEvaluation UsingNanotechnologyU.S. Patent No. 7,875,455

Jing Li and Meyya Meyyappan, AmesResearch Center, Moffett Field, CA

Current mechanical, electromagnetic,or optical sensor technologies are rela-tively low-tech and passive, and do notacquire data at sufficient distances topermit reservoir managers to fully com-

prehend the chemical composition, vol-ume, and dynamics of petroleum in agiven reservoir.

A system evaluates the status andresponse of a mineral-producing fieldby monitoring selected chemical andphysical properties in or adjacent to a

wellsite headspace. Nanotechnologysensors are provided for one or moreunderground mineral-producing well-sites to determine the presence orabsence of each of two or more targetmolecules in the fluid, relative humidi-

ty, temperature, and/or fluid pressureadjacent to the well site, and flow direc-tion and flow velocity for the fluid. Ananosensor measures an electricalparameter value and estimates a corre-sponding environmental parameter

value, such as water or hydrocarboncontent. The system is small enough tobe located down-hole in each mineral-producing horizon for the wellsite.

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Software is theDriving Innovation forConsumer Electronics


Software is theDriving Innovation forConsumer Electronics

TomTom, a leading provider of in-car location and navigationdevices, uses PTC Integrity, an application lifecycle managementsolution that manages requirements, models, code, and test.

You may not realize it, but many of thebells and whistles in the products that

you engage with on a daily basis are actu-ally powered by software.

The vast array of features, includingthe advanced electronics in your vehicle as well as many of the special capabil-ities in televisions, toys, and householdappliances are innovations that havebeen made possible by software.

Software in products holds the key toinnovations that improve quality, safety,and ease-of-use, as well as add new func-tions. Software simply makes productssmarter. Think about how software haschanged our experiences with products.Think about the smart products youreally love to use. Can you imagine a day

without using them?In the past decade, a significant shift

has occurred for discrete manufacturingorganizations where software now deliv-ers the majority of functionality and dif-

ferentiation in numerous products weuse in our everyday lives. In many cases,

software is now the product, and hard-ware has been relegated to the role ofdelivery platform. Discrete manufactur-ing companies that can harness thepower of software for product innova-tion will become leaders in their respec-tive industries.

According to industry research firmAberdeen Group, the most successfuldiscrete manufacturers are 30% more

likely to use electronics and embeddedsoftware to bring innovation to prod-ucts. [Source: Product Analytics toEngineering On Schedule and OnBudget, 2010].

There are many reasons why thesemanufacturers have started to realize thepower of software, and why they are mak-ing the shift in developing their productsin a very different way, including::Innovation and differentiation Software

allows manufacturers to create aunique user experience with products.

A CTO at one automotive companysaid that over 50% of the buyers of its

vehicles do so in part because of thefeatures driven by software.

:More product variants Software allowsmanufacturers to build more customer-specific product variants in less time,

with less cost. Nokias move to theMicrosoft OS for smartphones meansthey now can deliver the same hardwareto many countries around the world

with no need for localized keyboards

the software provides the right keyboardfor the right region and language.

:Reduce product manufacturing costs Ifyou manufacture 10 million units of aproduct and can save $5 per device bymoving functionality from customhardware components into customsoftware that runs on a commoditizedcomponent, you save yourself $50 mil-lion dollars in manufacturing costs.Its really that simple. There areexamples from many industries thatare transitioning to this way of devel-

oping products, including automo-tive, high-tech products, industrial,

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Copyright 2013. COMSOL, COMSOL Multiphysics and LiveLink are either registered trademarks or trademarks of COMSOL AB. AutoCAD and Inventor are registered trademarks of Autodesk, Inc., in the USA and other countries. LiveLink for AutoCAD and LiveLink for InventorEVIRSXEJPMEXIH[MXLIRHSVWIHF]WTSRWSVIHF]SVWYTTSVXIHF]%YXSHIWO-RGERHSVMXWEJPMEXIWERHSVWYFWMHMEVMIW1%80%&MWEVIKMWXIVIHXVEHIQEVOSJ8LI1EXL[SVOW-RG4VS)2+-2))6ERH'VISEVIXVEHIQEVOWSVVIKMWXIVIHXVEHIQEVOWSJ4EVEQIXVMG8IGLRSPSK]'SVTSVEXMSRSV

MXWWYFWMHMEVMIWMRXLI97ERHMRSXLIVGSYRXVMIW7SPMH;SVOWMWEVIKMWXIVIHXVEHIQEVOSJ(EWWEYPX7]WXrQIW7SPMH;SVOW'SVT'%8-%MWEVIKMWXIVIHXVEHIQEVOSJ(EWWEYPX7]WXqQIW7TEGI'PEMQMWEVIKMWXIVIHXVEHIQEVOSJ7TEGI'PEMQ'SVTSVEXMSR

Multiphysics tools let you build simulations that accurately replicate theimportant characteristics o your designs. The key is the ability to include allphysical efects that exist in the real world. Download a ree product

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aerospace and defense, and medicaldevice manufacturers.

6 Improve customer satisfaction, after productdelivery There are many ways toimprove customer satisfaction, but a

well-designed product can actuallyimprove over time through softwareupdates. These products include thecar that can automatically download

software updates for service recom-mendations, the smartphone thatupdates its GPS system, or the refriger-ator that tells you when its time tochange the water filter.While software is providing these

organizations with competitive advan-tages and offers many cost benefits, italso significantly increases the risk andcomplexity of product development anddelivery processes.

The Challenges of

Software InnovationSoftware engineering is a new and dif-ferent way of developing products andbringing them to market. Instead of a

well-understood physical process, soft-ware development is empirical, requir-ing a highly iterative and collaborativeapproach. This makes it difficult todetermine the state of release readiness

because you cant physically inspect soft-ware for completeness or quality. Also,the flexibility of software to be copiedand reused has created a proliferation ofsoftware-driven product variants that are

hard to manage. As a result, software inproducts increases complexity and,therefore, quality may be compromised.For example, software bugs contained inautomobiles and medical devices canpose huge safety risks. Dealing with soft-

ware complexity can also cause scheduledelays, impacting time-to-market andcompany profits.

Complexity is magnified when defectsare being tracked. When a defect isfound in one product, what about otherrelated products that also include thisdefect? Its easy to fix by changing a lineor two of code, right? But what if thatline of code was reused (copied) to 10 or100 or 1,000 other products? And sup-pose the development organization issiloed and little collaboration exists.Defects like this cost organizations mil-lions of dollars each year to manuallyfind and fix across product variants.

Several other areas including testing,software change, and compliance all cre-ate complexity in the management ofsoftware development:6Fixing, tracking and testing software is

typically done manually, resulting indelays and poor quality.

6Software changes at 10 to 100x the rateof hardware changes. Manag ing change


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as requirements that are changedlate in the process becomes cum-bersome, especially when thechange affects multiple product

variants. New compliance regulations (ISO

26262 in automotive, for example)also increase complexity, whichrequire traceability in software

development processes so thatcompanies can easily demonstratecompliance.Without formal integrated pro-

cesses for requirements, change man-agement, testing, and reporting, thepotential for errors and delays can bemassive and expensive.

A New Approach is NeededHow can these challenges be met?

And what do designers need to knowwhen designing, simulating, and

manufacturing these software-inten-sive products?

Design engineers need to understandthat software development processes arepart of the entire product developmentprocess, and they must recognize that thedynamics around the development of soft-

ware are far different than those of electri-cal and mechanical design and develop-

ment, and to take these differences intoaccount when implementing the softwareprocess. It is also important to determinethe interdependencies of the softwaredevelopment process to the overall sys-tem-wide process. Finally, the processneeds to extend across the entire designand delivery spectrum. These processes

should allow for efficient and innova-tive design and development, whileminimizing the likelihood of intro-ducing defects into the product.

Another way to ensure that aproduct development solution iscomprehensive and integrated is toadopt a single product to managecore engineering artifacts across the

product development lifecycle. Withan end-to-end automated softwareengineering solution, softwaredevelopment resources can befocused on core product develop-ment and product innovation, lead-ing to more competitive productlines and accelerated time-to-market

with new features.Discrete manufacturing organiza-

tions that make these investmentsto ensure that software develop-ment is managed effectively and

accelerates innovation in productscan become the industry leaders anddeliver the types of products their cus-tomers are demanding.

This article was written by Jake Simpson,

Division General Manager, ApplicationLifecycle Management, at PTC in Needham,MA. For more information, visithttp://info.hotims.com/45599-121.

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L ight-Control Systems Help NASAGo Net Zero

EcoSystem light control systemLutron ElectronicsCoopersburg, PA800-523-9466

www.lutron.com

The Propellants North Administrative and MaintenanceFacility at Kennedy Space Center, located in Cape Canaveral,FL, achieves net-zero energy use. To offset the costs of electric-ity provided by a local utility, the center powers itself withrenewable resources. The new facility is NASAs first carbon-neutral one, which means it is engineered to release no green-house gas emissions during renovation or operation.

The facility actually generates more energy than it requiresin a 24-hour period, said Frank Kline, a NASA Construction ofFacilities project manager. And our ability to do that is largelyattributed to advanced lighting solutions, adding that lightingtypically consumes nearly 40 percent of a buildings energy.

More than 330 photovoltaic panels on the rooftops of thePropellants North complex use sunlight to generate energy.The buildings are also positioned on the property to maximizethe flow of light into the windows, decreasing the demand forpower needed for lighting the interior.

One of the broader energy-saving strategies NASA utilizedto reduce the buildings power draw was to improve the use ofnatural light a strategy known as daylighting. The NASAteam recycled large windows and frames from the originallaunch control center to increase available daylight in theoffice areas.

The team relied on lighting-control technology to reducethe energy consumed by the artificial lights in the facility. The

NASA designers needed a combination of controls in fourenclosed office spaces. The walls in the office areas are largelycomprised of windows, so the situation called for a wirelesslighting technology with remote operating capabilities.

With direct on-site support from Lutron Electronics, thegroup selected a fully integrated lighting control system.EcoSystem wireless controls allow employees who occupyglass-enclosed offices to control lighting levels wirelessly. Toautomatically dim lights based on available natural light, theEcoSystem digitally addressable dimming ballasts are automat-ed to work individually or as a group.

Pico Wireless wall-mounted control stations use MaestroWireless technology and Radio Powr Savr occupancy sensorsto allow occupants in the engineering and mechanics workareas to control a specific group of lights. Large windows cap-ture sunlight and naturally illuminate the space, allowingEcoSystem daylight sensors to dim or turn off electric lights asnecessary. EcoSystem infrared occupancy sensors also turnlights off when a space is empty, and turn lights on when a per-son enters a space.

The building automation system monitors the facilitys ener-gy use through KW meters installed in the electrical panelsthroughout the building. The meter associated with the light-ing panel has confirmed a significant electricity cost savingsfrom the lighting controls. But the best result coming out ofimplementing the lighting controls was the transparency to

the occupants. They didnt even notice light levels automati-cally changing throughout the day, Kline said. The lightingsystem saves a lot of energy without requiring the occupants toput any thought or effort into helping do so.

Other energy-efficient initiatives are in progress. For lessthan $1.50 per day, for example, an electric or hybrid vehiclecan also be plugged into a solar-powered charging canopy. Thefacilitys eight-car station is used for government or personal

vehicles to reduce dependency on petroleum and lower green-house gas emissions.

Water conservation also factored into the design teamsplan. A 7,500-gallon rainwater-harvesting system supplies waterto sanitary fixtures and sprinklers. By incorporating the water

reclamation and storage onsite, NASA estimates the system off-sets 195,000 gallons of treated water with rainwater. The system

A p p l i c a t i o n B r i e f sA p p l i c a t i o n B r i e f s


NASAs Propellants North Facility in Cape Canaveral is the Agencys first car-bon neutral facility.

By maximizing the use of daylight and minimizing energy waste, the facil-ity is 52% more efficient than a traditional commercial building.

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saves taxpayers the costs incurred for thetreated water and eliminates the need topump it from over 25 miles away.

The overall initiative to make the facil-ity as energy-efficient as possible wasdriven by Executive Orders 13423 and

13514, which mandate federal agenciesto give preference to using energy fromrenewable sources and environmentallypreferable products in new constructionand major renovations.

According to Kline, the net-zeroefforts will likely continue in futureNASA facilities. I hope this is just thestart, he said.

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www.futek.com

With the successful landing lastAugust, NASAs Curiosity rover ismaneuvering the surface of Mars, ana-lyzing samples of soil. Two sensors weredeveloped by FUTEK for Curiosity. Thefirst is a cryogenic multi-axial load andtorsion sensor responsible for monitor-ing the rovers drilling arm and itsrobotic maneuvers as it retrieves sedi-ments for analysis.

A secondary cryogenic load cell sitsaboard to supervise the precision andforce used to drill directly into theMartian surface. Both sensors aredesigned to operate around the clock intemperature cycles from 23 F to as lowas -124 F.

ForFree Info Visit

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Technology Focus: Sensors

A software package reads and analyzespressure distributions from sensorsmounted under a persons feet. Pressuredata from sensors mounted in shoes, orin a platform, can be used to provide adescription of postural stability (assess-ing competence to deficiency) andenables the determination of the per-sons present activity (running, walking,squatting, falling). This package hasthree parts: a preprocessing algorithmfor reading input from pressure sensors;

a Hidden Markov Model (HMM), whichis used to determine the persons present

activity and level of sensing-motor com-petence; and a suite of graphical algo-rithms, which allows visual representa-tion of the persons activity and vestibu-lar function over time.

In this innovation, the HiddenMarkov Model algorithm assesses cen-ter-of-force time series data. Using the

Viterbi algorithm acting on center-of-force velocity, these trajectories can beclassified into local equilibria separat-ed by dynamic regions. These dynamic

regions represent control failures and,ordinarily, lead into a new equilibrium.

However, the local equilibria wanderinside a broad safe zone of which thesize and shape are able to be quantified(see figure). By quantifying the dwelltime, size, and shape of the equilibria,the dynamic trajectories and the safezone as a whole, sensing-motor per-formance can be assessed. Forinstance, equilibria for subjects withtheir eyes closed are shorter and morediffuse than those for subjects with eyesopen.

This same algorithm can easily distin-guish quiescent standing from squatting

Artificial Intelligence Software for Assessing Postural Stability

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas

The purpose of this program was todevelop single-photon-sensitive short-

wavelength infrared (SWIR) and mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) avalanchephotodiode (APD) receivers based onlinear-mode HgCdTe APDs, for applica-tion by NASA in light detection andranging (lidar) sensors. Linear-modephoton-counting APDs are desired for

lidar because they have a shorter pixeldead time than Geiger APDs, and candetect sequential pulse returns frommultiple objects that are closely spacedin range. Linear-mode APDs can alsomeasure photon number, which Geiger

APDs cannot, adding an extra dimen-sion to lidar scene data for multi-photonreturns. High-gain APDs with low multi-plication noise are required for efficientlinear-mode detection of single photonsbecause of APD gain statistics a low-excess-noise APD will generatedetectible current pulses from singlephoton input at a much higher rate ofoccurrence than will a noisy APD operat-ed at the same average gain. MWIR andLWIR electron-avalanche HgCdTe APDshave been shown to operate in linearmode at high average avalanche gain (M> 1000) without excess multiplication

noise (F = 1), and are therefore verygood candidates for linear-mode photoncounting. However, detectors fashionedfrom these narrow-bandgap alloysrequire aggressive cooling to controlthermal dark current. Wider-bandgapSWIR HgCdTe APDs were investigatedin this program as a strategy to reducedetector cooling requirements.

The first objective was to build SWIRHgCdTe APDs, and to assess their suit-ability for photon counting in linearmode. The second objective was toimplement manufacturing improve-ments to mitigate surface dark current,improve reliability, and eliminate peak-ing in the spectral response.

Voxtel manufactured and character-ized 2.7-m-cutoff HgCdTe APDs, pub-lishing excess noise data taken at thehighest avalanche gain levels yet demon-strated for SWIR HgCdTe APDs (M =80). Quantum efficiency was limited toapproximately 73% at 1,550 nm by par-tial reflection from the non-coated opti-cal entrance surface; quantum efficiencynear 94% is expected for these devices ifan anti-reflection coating is used.Excellent yield of operable APD pixelsand uniformity of APD response were

both obtained, but the maximum ava-lanche gain that could be achieved withSWIR-cutoff material was deemed toolow to enable single-photon detection.Comparison of Voxtels maximum gainmeasurements suggests that this is aninherent material limitation of the SWIRalloy. Room-temperature responsivity ofabout 5 kV/W and noise-equivalent

power (NEP) of 33.3 nW were measuredat 1550 nm when the APD operated at again of M=6.6.

Completion of development of CdTesurface passivation for MWIR HgCdTe

APDs presents the best opportunity tofurther improve receiver sensitivity, as it

will enable operation at much higheravalanche gain with reduced dark cur-rent. This innovation can find use withquantum information (encryption andbasic science), semiconductor inspec-tion, and molecular spectroscopy.

This work was done by AndrewHuntington of Voxtel, Inc. for Goddard Space

Flight Center. For more information, down-load the Technical Support Package (freewhite paper) at www.techbriefs.com/tspunder the Physical Sciences category. GSC-16140-1

Single-Photon-Sensitive HgCdTe Avalanche Photodiode DetectorDetector provides extra dimension to lidar scene data for multi-photon returns.Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

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or a hand raise and may be useful inchecking how well an astronaut is adjust-ing to changes in gravitational fieldstrength, in the context of Earth re-entryfollowing space travel, or a Moon or Marsmission. Also, this innovation can be usedto help a physical therapist gauge theprogress of a stroke patient relearningskills like standing, walking, and running.

The algorithm can be used as a trainingtool for athletes by quantifying their dailybehavior (time spent running, etc) duringtraining.

This work was a joint effort done by ErezLieberman, MIT and Harvard; Katharine

Forth, USRA; and William Paloski, NASAJohnson Space Center. Inquiries concerningrights for its commercial use should beaddressed to:

Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyDirector of Technology Licensing OfficeRoom NE 25-230

Five Cambridge Center, Kendall SquareCambridge, MA 02142Refer to MSC-24387-1, volume and num-

ber of thisNASA Tech Briefs issue, and thepage number.

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The motivation of this work was to haverobust spectroscopic sensors for sensitivedetection and chemical analysis of organ-ic and molecular compounds. The solu-tion is to use silica sphere optical res-onators to provide surface-enhancedspectroscopic signal.

Whispering-gallery mode (WGM) res-onators made from silica microspheres

were used for surface-enhanced Ramanscattering (SERS) without coupling to aplasmonic mechanism. Large Raman sig-

nal enhancement is observed by exclu-sively using 5.08-micron silica spheres

with 785-nm laser excitation. The advan-tage of this non-plasmonic approach isthat the active substrate is chemicallyinert silica, thermally stable, and relative-ly simple to fabricate. The Raman signalenhancement is broadly applicable to a

wide range of molecular functionalgroups including aliphatic hydrocar-bons, siloxanes, and esters. Applicationsinclude trace organic analysis, particular-ly for in situ planetary instruments that

require robust sensors with consistentresponse.

WGM SERS using microspheres orquartz surface structures provide a chem-ically robust surface for sensor applica-tions that could be cleaned by resistivelyheating the sensor element. This is par-ticularly useful for spacecraft instrumentsused for the detection of organics in plan-etary soils. The conventional silver-basedSERS substrates are limited by reactivityof silver. In the case of gold SERS sub-strates, high temperatures (


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3D Hail Size Distribution Interpolation/Extrapolation AlgorithmMultiple sensors are not required.

John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida

Radar data can usually detect hail;however, it is difficult for present dayradar to accurately discriminate between

hail and rain. Local ground-based hailsensors are much better at detecting hailagainst a rain background, and whenincorporated with radar data, provide amuch better local picture of a severerain or hail event.

The previous disdrometer interpola-tion/extrapolation algorithm describeda method to interpolate horizontallybetween multiple ground sensors (aminimum of three) and extrapolate ver-tically. This work is a modification tothat approach that generates a purely

extrapolated 3D spatial distributionwhen using a single sensor.A 3D high-resolution mapping of

hail, as well as rain, is desirable in manyinstances. For example, hail mappingin the vicinity of a launch vehicle on thelaunch pad would help determine

whether or not damage has occurred

following a hail event. In addition toquantifying the size and quantity ofhail, it is desirable to know where on

the vehicle hail impacts may haveoccurred. A method that was previouslydeveloped, and that required multipleground sensors, has been modified toaccommodate a single sensor. The 3Dextrapolation from a single (or multi-ple) ground sensor can then be com-pared to the 3D radar-generated spatialmap.

The 3D hydrometeor size interpola-tion scheme described in previous workassumes that a minimum of threehydrometeor disdrometers (rain or hail)

are required for successful interpola-tion/extrapolation of the hydrometeordistribution in time and space. By simplybypassing the gravity interpolation algo-rithm for multiple sensors, it is shownthat good agreement between singlesites vs. multiple sites vs. radar isobtained.

The software modification allows anynumber of sensors, from 1 to N, to beused in

nasa tech briefs january 2013

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