nanotechnology for security

Nanotechnology for Security

02-05-2006

Frank Simonis

TNO Future Technology Center

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• introduction• existing nanotechnology consumer products• why nano

• sensors• materials

• future expectations• impact on defence• nanotechnology radars

Agenda

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Nanotechnology: < 100 nm

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The unique properties of nanotechnology:

Bottom-upThrough atom-by-atom or mol-to-mol engineering• Carbon nanotubes by gas phase deposition• Nanowires, metal, ceramic or polymer type• Quantum dots• Self assembling, molecular and biostructures• Nanostructures, catalytic, nanomembranes• Nanomedicine

Small dimensionsenabling high speed and high functional density (nanoelectronics, lab-on-chip) small and light weight devices and sensors (smart dust)high sensitivity (sensors, nanowires) and special surface effects (such as lotus effect)

Very large surface area providing reinforcement and catalytic effects

Quantum effectssuch as highly efficient optical fluorescent quantum dots

New molecular structures, with new material properties: high strength nanotubes, nanofibers and nanocomposites

Top-downScaling and miniaturization. Lithography, embossing or imprint.• Micro- and nanoelectronics• MEMS, micro electro mechanical systems• Nanostructured coatings in displays, solar cells• Nanofibers by electrospinning• Nanoclay platelets and tubes by exfoliation

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Nano for sport

Nanoclay barrier

Nano-titanium strengthened titanium

CNT reinforced carbon fiber

Nanocarbon composite

Fullerene 60 reinforced carbon fiber

Nanocarbon composite

CNT composite

www.nanotechproject.org

Radar golf

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Nano for personal care

Skin moisturizing with nano-encapsulated Alp water

Fullerene as sponge for radicals (skin cosmetics)

Nanoparticle collaminskin care

Skin lift with nano silica and proteins

Nanoceuticals(artichoke)

Nanofibers to increase hair volume

Nano ZnO sunblock

Nanoceutical toothpaste

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Nano for cars

Nano wax Nano polish

Nanoparticle (SiO2) clearcoat for cars (BASF)

Nanoclay reinforced PP GM increases no of parts

Nanobreeze (nano Ag?) kills allergens, bacteria etc.

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Nano for textile

Nano silver prevents odor in textiles

Nano silver antibacterial deodorant socks

Texapore coated fabric (breathing)

Finetex nanofiber filters

Nanosphere non-stick fabric (water repellent)

Nanotex textiles (water repellent)

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Nano for domestic

Finetex nanofiber filters

Oled displays

Pathogen nanofilterSelf cleaning glass

(nano TiO2)

rf shielding paint

Nansulate insulation with nanopores

Anti-graffiti paint (non stick)

100.5mm

4.0 mm

500 um

Airbag Accelerometers

Inertial Measurement

Units

Fuel Injection Nozzle

Tire Pressure Sensors

Microelectromechanical Systems: Advanced Materials and Fabrication Methods

...and MEMS for automotive

MEMS are physically small and integrate electrical, mechanical and sensoriccomponents (micro electro mechanical systems)

1 micron beams

Accelerometer

Platforms1) Si (CMOS)2) Glass/ceramic (high temperature)

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Bench Process

Book Size System

cm

Watch Size System

dm

m Micro System

Several micro system platforms1) Si (CMOS)2) Glass/ceramic (high temperature)3) Plastic (low cost, disposable) mm

…….and lab on chip diagnostic systems

Rapid, Specific and Sensitive Micro (Fluidic) Detection System

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Why Nano (sensoric aspects)

Thanks to miniaturization down to micron & nano level:

• small dimensions function integration possible (dsp, rf, mem)(mm, um, nm) efficient thermal and material transport

enables mass production, low costportable, wearable, point of analysisdisposable

• small sample volume fast response(uL, nL, pL) high throughput

multi parallel analysis, matrix arraysingle cell/molecule detectionless chemical waste

• high sensor-sample ratio high sensitivityhigh signal to noise

Shrink volume by 108

Improve power efficiency by108

ENIAC~1950 Jornada

~2000

Stan Williams, HP

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• Signal to noise improvements:

yocto(10-24) joule, atto(10-18) newton, femto (10-15) mol/L, ppb, single molecule

• Miniaturization – size/weight - arrays

• Lower power, potentially scavenged

• Locally process data into information

Nanocalorimeter; Roukes CIT Cantilever Sensor; Thundat ORNL

Lab-on-a-chip; Sandia

+

15 μ

NanoAu Chemiresistor; Snow NRL

Magneticbead

DNA-coatedpad

Fieldgeneration wire

Shortingmetal

Magnetoresistivestrip

GMR Biosensor; Whitman/Prinz, NRL

Nanostructures for sensing

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Cantilever Array-based Artificial Nose

M.K. Baller, et al., Ultramicroscopy 82, 1 (2000)F.M. Battiston, et al., Sensors & Actuators 77, 122 (2001)Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., L.A.Pinnaduwage et al, Rev.Sci.Instr.75 (11), 4554, 2004

Gases and Vapoursppb - ppt range

www.cantion.com

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Gas sensor array metal oxide type

1

10

100

2-propanol benzene toluene 2-nitro-toluene

dete

ctio

n lim

it [p

pb]

Detection limits at 250..300 °C

G a s e s

SE1

Substrate: Si/SiO2 or Al2O3

SE2 SE3

Gradient membraneSiO2 or Al2O3Thickness 2 to 20 nm

Heater (Pt)

Gas detector layer SnO2 or WO3, Pt-endowed, approx. 150 nm

Platinum electrodes Thickness 1 µm

Cross-section of a 3X3.5 mm2 microarray

with 16 sensor segments

Temperature gradient50°C / 2mm

Gases and Vapors - ppb level

NO2, H2O, NH3, CH4 , SO2, CO2, H2S, alcohols, aromatics

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Microfluidic lab-on-chip systems

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microbe/cell lysing

DNA sensor

Body fluid

Outlet

micro filter

DNA extraction

DNA labelling

One reaction chamber system• external fluid controls• ultrasound for lysing microbes, cells• dna/rna extraction• magnetic bead binding• purification and magnification

Sample preparation chip for biochips, tno

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Sensing with carbon nanotubes

Chemiresistorfor volatiles

Biosensorfor in situ life detection,biomedical applications

d

Coupling nanotubes to a resonating

RF antenna: remote sensing

Senstenna principle or

active RFID with sensor function

RF linkfor remote sensing or

dna identification

functionalized(dna)selectiveCNT’s

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Single molecule detection, Wang JHU

Sample preparation, Microfluidics, Optical cavity fluidic channel & Biosensing Chips

Electrical Molecular Manipulationand Positioning Single Molecule Dynamics

Quantum dot fluorescenceSingle Molecule Detection

Fluidic manipulation plus quantum-dot fluorescence in optical cavity channel

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Micro X-ray source & detector (amptek, tno)

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Spectrometer on a chip (B-I)

Microspectrometer on chip by Boehringer-Ingelheim

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Micro gaschromatograph, C2V, tno

• Dimensions: 7x7x7 mm3• Det. limit: <1 ppm• Response time: 25ms • Int. volume: < 1 µl • Dead volume: 0.1 µL • Temperature: 80 / 150 C

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Why Nano (materials aspects)

From the material point of the view, small dimensions give new opportunities such as:

• control at the nanoscale enables perfect, defect free structures, featuring exceptional properties for strength, conductivity etc.

• nanostructures and particles create a very large surface area, featuring unique surface activity for sensing, catalysis, absorption etc.

• completely new particles, unknown in nature, can be produced with new properties, such as carbon nanotubes

• at the nanoscale, quantum effects can be used e.g. to obtain new optical effects

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Space elevator project (USA)Goal is to develop a 60% CNT filled polymer (PMMA or PS) with an exceptional tensile strength of 60 GPa. Current status for these composites is 2-4 GPa.

Existing high strength fibers such as carbon fiber, Aramide, Dyneema, PBO are in the range of 3-6 GPa.

Carbon Nanotube (CNT) reinforced fibers

With carbon nanotubes (diameter 1-2 nm, aspect ratio 103,104) the following ultimate material properties are foreseen:• mechanical: E-modulus up to 1-5 MPa, ultimate tensile strength: 30-180 GPa• electrical conductivity: 6000 S/cm, thermal conductivity: 2000 W/mK• ultrahigh surface area: 1500 m2/gramUp to now, the exceptional tensile strength properties have not been realized yet, at present only 1-2 percent of the potential strength has been realized.

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Carbon NanoTube (CNT) reinforced laminate

High strength carbon nanotubelaminate (bucky paper) for high strength lightweight aerospace structures

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Nanoplatelets: graphite (GNP), nanoclay; exfoliated nanoclay platelets

Nanoplatelets (thickness 1-2 nm, aspect ratio 100-1000) are relatively low cost nanoadditives (5-10 $/kg) and are being applied in order to:• increase chemical, UV and thermal stability (usually 50 to 100 K up)• increase fracture toughness: typically a factor 103• increase tensile strength: factor 2• diffusion barrier: factor 2-10• good template for dna and amino acids

Nano(clay)platelets reinforced materials (tno)

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Nano encapsulation of dna, proteomics, drugs, release via bioswitch or ultrasound

bioswitch

Encapsulation(nanoclay, double layered hydroxides)

Nanomedicine

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Electrospun (polymer) nanofibers

• 2x increase in tensile strength (660 nm PU)• 10x increase in tensile strength (68 nm PA)• thanks to increase in no. fiber-fiber bondings

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Electrospun (polymer) nanofilters (eSpin)

Nanofilter (fluid/gas)

Absorption fabric

Catalytic breakdown

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Main technologies impacting military operations

• Tracking & tracing - via ID / RFID• μ - power• μ - vehicles & robotics, remote & autonomous• Wireless sensors, ambient intelligence• Smart structures & uniform

• Nanocomposites: high strength & temp, lightweight, non metal• Biomimic structures: lightweight-bone type, self healing/assembling• Integrated functions: adaptive, sensoric, actuating, (polymer) electronics• Active coatings: adaptive, stealth, bio-active, flexible display• Key words: smart structures, skin, uniform, textiles

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Electronicsand IT

Embeddeddisplays

Logic chipsMemory chips

Opticalcomponents

Sensors

Solarcells

Storagemedia

Computers

Consumerelectronics

Harddrives

Electronicsand IT

Embeddeddisplays

Logic chipsMemory chips

Opticalcomponents

Sensors

Solarcells

Storagemedia

Computers

Consumerelectronics

Harddrives

Healthcare andlife sciences

Biologicallabels

Contrastmedia

Orthopedicmaterials Dental

equipment

Medicalinstruments

Pharmaceuticals

Healthcare andlife sciences

Biologicallabels

Contrastmedia


equipment

Medicalinstruments

Pharmaceuticals

Biologicallabels

Contrastmedia


equipment

Medicalinstruments

Pharmaceuticals

Householdappliances

Manufacturingand materials

Catalysts

Coatings

Compositematerials

Fabrics

Fuelcells

Lubricants

Metal

AircraftAutomobiles

ClothingFood

Lumber

PaperSportinggoods

Householdappliances

Manufacturingand materials

Catalysts

Coatings

Compositematerials

Fabrics

Fuelcells

Lubricants

Metal

AircraftAutomobiles

ClothingFood

Lumber

PaperSportinggoods

Expectations on nanotechnology deployment by sector

> 1% of products in segment incorporate emerging nanotechnology

> 10% of products in segment incorporate emerging nanotechnology

Intermediate products

Final goods

>10 years

2004

2009

2014

>10 years

2004

2009

2014

Source: October 2004 Lux Research Report “Sizing Nanotechnology’s Value Chain”

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(wireless sensoric)implants

biofluidic lab-on-chip

regenerativemedicine

epd

biometric diagnosis

biosensor tags

targeteddrug delivery

robotic surgery

smarthomes

nutraceuticals

bioswitchdrug delivery

telemonitoring

position & motionsensors

chinesemedicines

smart textiles

nerve/musclestimulation

genetypinginformatics

μ artificial cells

artificialorgans & blood

exo-skeletons

pda

telecare

molecular medicine

rfid

brain machine interface

prognosticbiomarkers

nanobiocoatings

molecular imaging

telesurgery

hifu surgery

hifu drugdelivery

hifu tissue growth

in vitrocell imaging

µ-surgery

biocompatiblenanofilters

water/air/body fluids

imaging via skin

assistiveenvironment

wirelesshealth sensors

via skin medicine

µ-X-ray

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Flexible nano armour• feasibility study to evaluate present flexible armour systems • definition of new technological concepts for future flexible armour systems for the soldier

It aims in particular at flexible armour systems based on polymer (nano)binder systems and shear thickening fluid binding systems which are used to retain high strength polymer fibers. An important part of this study is to define technologies which can improve existing systems and to define directions for flexible armour based on combinations of fiber, binder systems and nanoparticles.

Ten Cate, DSM, TNO

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Soldier Smart CardCharacteristics-dimensions 8 x 5 cm-flexible and wearable, in or outside uniform-functions: soldier-soldier identification, positioning, life signal, heartbeat/breathing, some BC sensing-operating in a network, soldier-soldier and soldier-command communication

Technology-plastic card or foil as substrate, equipped with:-a SAND node e.g. from Philips (chip with radio, battery, dsp, memory, logic, identification, gps, uwb)

controlling the sensors and display on the plastic strip or foil-sensors-visual alarm (light signal), display and sound -flexible antenna

Philips, CPS Europe, Holst, TNO

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Smart helmetCharacteristics-antiballistic nanocomposite material (lightweight, high impact protection)-integrated sensors (acoustic array, B/C, EEG etc.) and communication (RF)-networked with suit and command

Technologies-CNT reinforced composite high strength fiber, nanopores, nanofibers, nanobinders-BC sensorcards in helmet-switchable conductive/non-conductive rf array antenna’s-contactless EEG sensor

MSA/Gallet/TenCate/TNO

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Nanomembrane BC uniform

Characteristics-ventilating BC-uniform-lightweight, long term wearable-nanomembrane areas with a highly selective seperation, only water vapor transmission

Technology-nanomembranes (0,5 nm dik) based on "macrocyclic organic synthons"-pores tunable between 2-20 Angstrom (molecular lego system)-nanomembrane mounted onto a porous, robust film

TenCate/Bluecher/Covalent/TNO

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Wearable kidney

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Biochemical warfare agent sensors (TIIMS)

Biomaterials and DevicesDevelopment of biochemical sensors using nanotechnologies and synthesis and recycling of biomolecular materials for space applications. The primary targets of this research area are developing multifunctional proteins and next-generation biochemical sensors. Multifunctional proteins enable autophagous, or self-consuming, structures that mimic small birds that consume their own muscles during long migrations. The muscular structure is rebuilt at the end of the “mission,” or migration.

The biochemical sensors are based on stochastic, or one-at-a-time, detection of molecules and supramolecularstructures ranging from small ions and organic molecules to macromolecules — including proteins and DNA — to larger objects, such as virus particles. Single nanopore-based stochastic sensors will be developed based on carbon nanotubes and genetically engineered transmembraneproteins.

TIIMS Texas institute for intelligent bio-bano materialsand structures for Aerospace

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Adaptive components (TIIMS)

Intelligent SystemsModeling and controlling hierarchical adaptive systems with distributed sensing, actuation and intelligence at different length scales. Birds have long inspired the development of aircraft, but our present man-made vehicles are primitive compared to Mother Nature's flying counterparts. To achieve the goal of flying like a bird, the first set of challenges — material science advances in strength-to-weight ratios, reconfigurability, integration of sensing and actuation — is the main focus. The second set of challenges — engineering advanced control systems to enable intelligence, agility and adaptability of aerospace vehicles made from these materials — constitutes the secondary research focus of the institute.

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Sensorcraft “flying radar”The SensorCraft radar would combine air and ground moving target identification (GMTI), imaging and foliage-penetration applications; electro-optical/infrared sensors also would be used. Building a lightweight, low-cost sensor and then integrating it into the wing structure are key challenges on the radio frequency (RF) side, which is regarded as the most difficult aspect of SensorCraft.

The active, electronically scanned radar must be lighter in weight—in the thousand-fold range—and much lower in cost than today’s technology. Using lightweight materials would enable affordable radars that are "five to six times bigger in area than what we have today," Key to the SensorCraft are load-bearing antennas, where the sensor becomes part of the wing, rather than a "parasitic" load bolted onto the airframe.

The resulting antenna would be more susceptible to aerodynamic pressures—less stable than traditional structures. So engineers would embed sensors in the wing to track antenna movement and deformation in order for software to compensate for these factors.