nanophotonics class 5 rare earth and quantum dot emitters
TRANSCRIPT
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Nanophotonics
Class 5
Rare earth and quantum dot emitters
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H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
La3+: [Xe] 4f n n=1-14 ….4f n 5s2 5p6
Optical doping with lanthanide ions
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Energy levels of lanthanide ions
1.5 µm
Egap(Si)
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Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
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Europium protects the euro
J.F. Suyver, A. Meijerink (UU)
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Lanthanide bar codes
Dejneka, PNAS 100, (2003)
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H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
La3+: [Xe] 4f n n=1-14 ….4f n 5s2 5p6
Optical doping with lanthanide ions
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Chemistry (outer-shell behavior) is similar
A. Polman et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 507 (1993), J.S. Custer et al., J. Appl. Phys. 75, 2809 (1994)
Erbium Prasaeodymium
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Silica optical fiber transmission spectrum
1012 Hz
1.3 m
1.55 m
Miya et al., Electron. Lett. 15, 108 (1979)
wavelength vs. time division multiplexing:WDM
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Erbium transition at 1.5 m
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Er absorption and emission cross sections
absorptionemission
G.N. van den Hoven et al. Appl. Opt. 36, 3338 (1997)
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Erbium photoluminescence in various silicate glasses
Wtot=Wrad+CEr-Er[Er][OH]
A. Polman, J. Appl. Phys. 82, 1 (1997)
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EXAFS
Local structure around Er in silicate glasses
M.A. Marcus et al., J. of Non-Cryst. Solids 136, 260 (1991)
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Planar optical waveguide
Si
high index low index
Waveguide core materials:
• silica glass• Al2O3, Si3N4, ….• polymer• silicon
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Photonic integrated circuits on silicon
1 mm
SiO2/Al2O3/SiO2/Si
Al2O3 technology by M.K. Smit et al., TUD
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The world’s smallest erbium-doped optical amplifier
1.53 m signal, 1.48 m pump, 10 mW, gain: 2.3 dB
Waveguide spiral size: 1 mm2
minimum bending radius > 50 m
Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 1886 (1996)
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From a FOM prototype to a 40 M$ company …
SymmorphixSunnyvaleCA, USA
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1.5 µm microcavity mode imaged through green upconversion
2 MeV Er implantation, 0.35 at.%, + 800 °C anneal
T.J. Kippenberg et al.
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Quantum dot emitters
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-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
++++++
- - - - - - -
[100] X
E (
eV
)
Wave Vector
Indirect bandstructure
Silicon is an inefficient light emitter
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Si:Er light-emitting diode
G. Franzó et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 2235 (1994),B. Zheng et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 2842 (1994)
Er, O doped c-Si
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• 5 m SiO2
• 165 keV Si, 1.71017 cm-2
• anneal: 1100 C nanocrystals: 3-5 nm
Silicon quantum dots: particles in a box
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106 104 102 100 98
2SiO
600oC
800oC
1000oC
1100oC
Bulk Si
400oC
As-Imp.
Thermal
Inte
nsity
(A
rb. U
nits
)
Binding Energy (eV)
X-ray Photo-electron spectroscopy
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Luminescence spectrum depends on Si concentration red-shift for larger nanocrystal size
50 keV Si, 1100 oC/10 min, 500 eV D, 31015 cm-2
600 700 800 9000.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 2e16 Si/cm2
4e16 Si/cm2
6e16 Si/cm2
PL
Sig
nal (
a.u.
)
Wavelength (nm)
E = 300-340 meV
Bulk Sibandgap1100 nm
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600 700 800 900 1000 1100 12000.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
EGAP Bulk Si
0 min 3 min 10 min 15 min 20 min 25 min 30 min
PL
Sig
nal (
a.u.
)
Wavelength (nm)
Si + O2 Si + SiO2
Shrinking Si quantum dots by oxidation: blue shift
E = 300-400 meV
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5 nm
PbS: rock-salt structure
Nearly spherical shape, crystal facetsNearly spherical shape, crystal facets
Compound semiconductor quantum dots: PbS
Modified slide from D. Vanmaekelbergh
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CdSe: wurtzite
Modified slide from D. Vanmaekelbergh
Compound semiconductor quantum dots: CdSe
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Modified slide from D. Vanmaekelbergh
Luminescence from compound semiconductor quantum dots