naming acids and bases. 2 naming inorganic acids inorganic acids-have one (monoprotic) or more (di-,...

Naming Acids and Bases

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Naming Inorganic Acids

• inorganic acids-have one (monoprotic) or more (di-, tri-, poly-protic) ionizable hydrogen atoms in chemical formula

dissociates in solution to produce H+ ions

examples: HCl, H2S, HClO3

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Naming Inorganic Acids There are two types of inorganic acids:

binary and oxyacids

binary acids

contain NO oxygen

usually 2 elements present

general form: HnX

HCl, H2S

oxyacids/ternary

contain some # of oxygen atoms

usually 3 elements present

general form: HnXOm

HClO, HClO2, HClO3, HClO4, H2SO4, H3PO4

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• Must remember the names of polyatomic and monatomic anions and the whole concept of formula writing

• extension of ionic (stock) nomenclature

• acid names are based on suffix of anion

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suffix of anion change to... example

-ide hydro...ic acid hydrogen fluoride = hydrofluoric acid

-ate -ic acid hydrogen sulfate = sulfuric acid

per...ate per...ic acid hydrogen perchlorate = perchloric acid

-ite -ous acid hydrogen nitrite = nitrous acid

hypo...-ite hypo...ous acid hydrogen hypochlorite = hypochlorous acid

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Naming Inorganic Acidscompoun

danion name acid name

HCl chloride hydrochloric acidH2S sulfide hydrosulfuric acid

HClO hypochlorite hypochlorous acidHClO2 chlorite chlorous acidHClO3 chlorate chloric acidHClO4 perchlorate perchloric acidH2SO4 sulfate sulfuric acidH3PO4 phosphate phosphoric acid

*The number of hydrogen atoms is exactly equal to the numerical value of the charge on the anion

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Try these...

compound

anion name acid name

HFHBrOHBrO3

H2SO3

HBrO4

HBrHBrO2

H3PO4

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Naming Organic Acids• remember IUPAC organic nomenclature

(meth-, eth-, prop-, but-...) (-ane, -ene, -yne)

• carboxylic acid group is the functional group that makes organic compounds acidic (-COOH)

• the carbon of this group counts for one of the carbons in the name, then ignore this group when determining -ane, -ene, -yne.

• general formula:

CxHyCOOH or CH3CH2CH2...COOH

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example: C2H5COOH or CH3CH2COOH

Naming Organic Acids

total of carbon atoms = 3, prophydrogen atoms are one less than 2n+2 = aneCOOH shows acid group = drop final “e,” add -oic acidNAME: propanoic acid

Remember that hydrogen with the -COOH group does NOT count for number of hydrogen

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example: C3H7COOH or CH3CH2CH2COOH


total of carbon atoms = 4, buthydrogen atoms are one less than 2n+2 = aneCOOH shows acid group = drop final “e,” add -oic acidNAME: butanoic acid

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Try these...

CH3COOH

Name the following organic acids

C5H11COOH

solutions: 1. ethanoic acid; 2. hexanoic acid

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example: C2H3COOH or CH2=CHCOOH


total of carbon atoms = 3, prophydrogen atoms are one less than 2n = eneCOOH shows acid group = drop final “e,” add -oic acidNAME: propenoic acid

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Try these....

C5H9COOH

Name the following organic acids

C3H3COOH

HCOOH

solutions: 1. hexenoic acid; 2. butynoic acid; 3. methanoic acid

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Naming Inorganic Bases

• inorganic bases - compounds that have one (monobasic) or more (di-, tri-, or poly-basic) hydroxide ions in their formula

• hydroxide ions will dissociate in solution to produces OH-

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Naming Inorganic Bases

• all inorganic bases are hydroxides-you should already know how to name these

general form: M(OH)n

examples: NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Al(OH)3

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Naming Organic Bases

• organic bases - compounds that have one (monobasic) or more (di-, tri-, or poly-basic) hydroxide ions in their formula largely comprised of hydrocarbons

• the functional group that makes organic compounds basic is the amine group (nitrogen w/ hydrogen)

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• have nitrogen atoms written last with one or two hydrogen atoms

• recall IUPAC nomenclature

• nitrogen needs three bonds

• general form:

CxHyN or CxHyNH or CxHyNH2

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example: C2H5NH2

total of carbon atoms = 2, ethhydrogen atoms are one less than 2n+2 = aneNH2 shows base group = drop final “e,” add amineNAME: ethanamine

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example: C4H9NH2

total of carbon atoms = 4, buthydrogen atoms are one less than 2n+2 = aneNH2 shows base group = drop final “e,” add amineNAME: butanamine

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example: C3H5NH2

total of carbon atoms = 3, prophydrogen atoms are one less than 2n = eneNH2 shows base group = drop final “e,” add amineNAME: propenamine

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example: C5H7NH2

total of carbon atoms = 5, penthydrogen atoms are one less than 2n-2 = yneNH2 shows base group = drop final “e,” add amineNAME: pentynamine

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Try these...C2HNH2

C6H9NH2

C10H21NH2

C9H17NH2

solutions: 1. ethynamine; 2. hexynamine; 3. decanamine; 4. nonenamine

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example: (CH3)2NH

total of carbon atoms = 1 taken twice, dimethylNH shows base group = add amineNAME: dimethylamine

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example: (C2H5)3N

total of carbon atoms = 2 taken thrice, triethylNH shows base group = add amineNAME: triethylamine

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Try these...

(CH3)3N

(C2H5)2NH

solutions: 1. trimethylamine; 2. diethylamine

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• 2 small exceptions:

H2NNH2

hydrazine:no carbon atoms, 2 amine groups

NH3

ammonia: no carbon atoms, 1 amine with an extra hydrogen

naming acids and bases. 2 naming inorganic acids inorganic acids-have one (monoprotic) or more (di-,...

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