myers’ exploring psychology (6th ed) chapter 10 motivation james a. mccubbin, phd clemson...

Myers’ Myers’ EXPLORINGEXPLORING PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) (6th Ed)

Chapter 10Chapter 10

MotivationMotivation

James A. McCubbin, PhDJames A. McCubbin, PhD

Clemson UniversityClemson University

Worth PublishersWorth Publishers


MotivationMotivation a need or desire that energizes a need or desire that energizes

and directs behaviorand directs behavior InstinctInstinct

complex behavior that is rigidly complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species patterned throughout a species and is unlearnedand is unlearned


Drive-Reduction TheoryDrive-Reduction Theory the idea that a physiological need creates the idea that a physiological need creates

an aroused tension state (a drive) that an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the needmotivates an organism to satisfy the need

Drive-reducingbehaviors

(eating, drinking)

Need(e.g., for

food, water)

Drive(hunger, thirst)


HomeostasisHomeostasis tendency to maintain a balanced or tendency to maintain a balanced or

constant internal stateconstant internal state regulation of any aspect of body regulation of any aspect of body

chemistry around a particular levelchemistry around a particular level IncentiveIncentive

a positive or negative environmental a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviorstimulus that motivates behavior

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsNeeds

begins at the begins at the base with base with physiological physiological needs that must needs that must first be satisfiedfirst be satisfied

then higher-level then higher-level safety needs safety needs become active become active

then then psychological psychological needs become needs become activeactive

Self-actualization needsNeed to live up to one’s

fullest and unique potential

Esteem needsNeed for self-esteem,

achievement, competence,and independence; need for

recognition and respect from others

Safety needsNeed to feel that the world is organized and

predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable

Belongingness and love needsNeed to love and be loved, to belong

and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation

Physiological needsNeed to satisfy hunger and thirst

Motivation - HungerMotivation - Hunger

Stomach contractions accompany our feelings Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hungerof hunger


GlucoseGlucose the form of sugar that circulates in the form of sugar that circulates in

the bloodthe blood provides the major source of provides the major source of

energy for body tissuesenergy for body tissues when its level is low, we feel when its level is low, we feel

hungerhunger


Set PointSet Point the point at which an individual’s the point at which an individual’s

“weight thermostat” is supposedly “weight thermostat” is supposedly setset

when the body falls below this when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weightrestore the lost weight

Basal Metabolic RateBasal Metabolic Rate body’s base rate of energy body’s base rate of energy

expenditureexpenditure


The The hypothalamhypothalamus controls us controls eating and eating and other body other body maintenancmaintenance functionse functions

Obesity and Obesity and Weight ControlWeight Control

Weight ControlWeight Control Effects of a severe dietEffects of a severe diet

Caloric intake

in caloriesper day

Body weight

in kilograms

Metabolism:Oxygen

consumptionin liters

per hour

3000

2000

1000

0 8 16 24 32

Days

165

160

155

150

145

140

Days Days

26

25

24

23

22

218 16 24 32 8 16 24 32

Weight ControlWeight Control Trading risksTrading risks

Weight ControlWeight Control

Most lost Most lost weight is weight is regainedregained

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

1 2 3 4 5

Weightchange

in pounds

Posttreatment

Years of follow-up

Startingpoint

Normal trend for untreated obesepeople: Gradually rising weight

After participation in behavioralProgram: Much of initial weight

loss regained

Weight ControlWeight Control

Obesity Obesity was more was more common common among among those who those who watched watched the most the most televisiontelevision

<2 2-3 >4Hours of television watched per day

in 1990s study

Boys Girls

32

30

28

26

24

22

20

Skinfold fatmeasure (mm)

Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa when a normal-weight person diets and when a normal-weight person diets and

becomes significantly (becomes significantly (>>15%) 15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starvecontinues to starve

usually an adolescent femaleusually an adolescent female Bulimia NervosaBulimia Nervosa

disorder characterized by episodes of disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exerciseuse, fasting, or excessive exercise

Sexual MotivationSexual Motivation

Sexual Response CycleSexual Response Cycle the four stages of sexual responding the four stages of sexual responding

described by Masters and Johnson described by Masters and Johnson excitementexcitement plateauplateau orgasmorgasm resolutionresolution


Refractory PeriodRefractory Period resting period after orgasm, during resting period after orgasm, during

which a man cannot achieve another which a man cannot achieve another orgasmorgasm

Sexual DisorderSexual Disorder a problem that consistently impairs a problem that consistently impairs

sexual arousal or functioningsexual arousal or functioning


EstrogenEstrogen a sex hormone, secreted in greater a sex hormone, secreted in greater

amounts by females than by males amounts by females than by males in nonhuman females, levels peak in nonhuman females, levels peak

during ovulation, promoting sexual during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivityreceptivity


TestosteroneTestosterone most important of the male sex most important of the male sex

hormoneshormones both males and females have it, but the both males and females have it, but the

extra testosterone in males stimulates extra testosterone in males stimulates growth of sex organs in the fetus and growth of sex organs in the fetus and development of the male sex development of the male sex characteristics during pubertycharacteristics during puberty

Forces Affecting Sexual Forces Affecting Sexual MotivationMotivation


Births to Births to unwed unwed parentsparents


Sexual OrientationSexual Orientation an enduring sexual attraction toward an enduring sexual attraction toward

members of either one’s own sex members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)sex (heterosexual orientation)

Achievement MotivationAchievement Motivation

Achievement MotivationAchievement Motivation a desire for significant accomplishmenta desire for significant accomplishment

for mastery of things, people, or ideasfor mastery of things, people, or ideas for attaining a high standardfor attaining a high standard

myers’ exploring psychology (6th ed) chapter 10 motivation james a. mccubbin, phd clemson...

Documents

motivation hunger slide

weight control slide

behavior slide

motivation motivation

thirst slide

feelings of hunger slide

unlearned slide

need drive