1 myers’ psychology (7th ed) chapter 13 emotion james a. mccubbin, phd clemson university worth...
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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Ed)
Chapter 13
Emotion
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
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Chapter 13: Emotion: A response of the whole organism &
involves… physiological arousal expressive behaviors conscious experienceEmotion requires mainly WHICH nervous system?
Theories of Emotion: Main ? is…. Which is cause….Which is effect?:
Does your heart pound b/c you are afraid……OR R U afraid b/c you feel your heart pounding?3 MAIN theories of emotion try to answer this: 1. James-Lange’s2. Cannon-Bard’s3. Schacter’s KNOW which is which!!!
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Says experience of emotion is an awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
see it heart pounds feel fear
Fear(emotion)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion: Emotion = See it heart pounds + fear (together)
Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: physiological
responses subjective
experience of emotion
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Fear(emotion)
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Schachter’s 2-Factor Theory of Emo. Says to experience emotion one must:
be physically aroused cognitively label the arousal…so emotion is…
See = heart pound + think of “fear” = fear
Cognitivelabel
“I’m afraid”
Fear(emotion)
Sight of car
(perception ofstimulus)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
COMPARING 2 of the Theories of emotion
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Cogni. & Emot.: Brain’s emotional shortcuts Must cognition come b4 emotion? R. Zajonc says “No”… -1 way: subliminal awareness (subconsciously aware…) - shortcut fr. eye (or ear) thalamus amygdala
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis (Effect):If you make a smile w/ a pen, you will feel happier
If you make a frown-like motion, you will feel
sadder
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2 Routes to Emotion: Zajonc-LeDoux.: We can react to emotion, then think about whether to worry much about it…
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2 Dimensions (aspects) of Emotion: Can it be Pos. vs. neg. b/c of personality? “Up” & ready to perform…or stage fright?
Positivevalence
Negativevalence
Higharousal
Lowarousal
pleasantRelaxation:
Ahhh…
Joy: Yippee!!
SadnessOh, well…
fearAnger
GOOD GRIEF!!
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Emotion & Physiology: STRESS! (506):
Autonomic NS controlsphysiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Pupils dilate
Decreases
Perspires
Increases
Accelerates
Inhibits
Secrete stresshormones
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils contract
Increases
Dries
Decreases
Slows
Activates
Decreasessecretion of
stress hormones
EYES
SALIVATION
SKIN
RESPIRATION
HEART
DIGESTION
ADRENALGLANDS
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Arousal & Performance:KNOW these! Yerkes-Dodson Law
Performance:
For difficult tasks:
Perform BEST at lower levels of arousal (stress)
For easy or well-learned tasks:
Perform BEST at higher levels of arousal
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Emotion: “Lie Detectors” p. 508-9
Polygraph: machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies
measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion1. perspiration2. cardiovascular3. breathing changes
Control question : Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone?
Relevant ? : Did [the deceased] threaten to harm you in any way?
Relevant Control Lie
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Emotion--A Polygraph Exam (lie-detector): Is really an “emotion detector!”
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Emotion--Lie Detectors
Control question
Relevantquestion
Control question
Relevantquestion(a) (b)
Respiration
Perspiration
Heart rate
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Emotion--Lie Detectors
50 Innocents 50 Thieves
1/3 of innocent declared guilty
1/4 of guilty declared innocent
(from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)
Percentage
Innocentpeople
Guiltypeople
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Judged innocent by polygraph
Judged guilty by polygraph
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Emotion--Lie Detectors p. 508-9 MAYBE should be called a “fear-detector” test? Why?Use in court? Since when? See “Aldrich Ames” Is 70% accuracy good?
Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty test all employee…285 will be wrongly accused
What about “95% accuracy”? Means if 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty...
test all employees (1 guilt. + 999) 50 wrongly declared guilty 1 of 51 testing positive guilty (~2%)--What do we see?QUICK!! Next slide! Don’t talk! Just write down expressions YOU SEE!!!
Liar, liar, brain’s on fire RECENT research: M. Gazzaniga:
An fMRI scan identified two brain areas that became especially active when a participant lied about holding a five of clubs. Can we use BRAIN SCANS to identify those lying..like terrorists??
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Expressed EmotionPpl detect an angry face faster than a happy one! Gender & expressiveness
Men Women
Sad Happy ScaryFilm Type
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14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
# of expressions
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Experienced vs. Expressed emotionsExpressed Emotion: “Expressions” (what we show) Culturally universal (aka cross-cultural) expressions:
Name each… P. 514: Which 2 are MOST universally interpreted? WHICH do teens often misinterpret?
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Expressed Emotion says these are the ingredients of emotion
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Experienced Emotion: What influences our conscious experience… How emotions influence our situations Infants’ naturally occurring emotions
Display Rules, Gestures, Emblems: Body Language
Display Rules: Culturally defined rules that specify which emotions should or should not be expressed under certain circumstances: Bowing vs. shaking hands
Showing anger : not done in some collectivist societies (like Japan—more likely to be inhibited
Gestures : common body language w/in a culture:
Ex’s: Clenched fist can indicate anger …or solidarity
Thumbs up/down: often used as gestures of approval/disapproval
Emblems: body language that substitutes for a word; can sometimes be unconscious; also related to cultures: PEACE!
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Experienced Emotion The Amygdala- (aka amygdale) A neural key to
fear-learning-Fear poisons us…-..is adaptive-..is learned (little
Albert?)
-..is correlated w/ higher levels of serotonin (genetic)
WHAT happens w/ excessive stress & emotion??
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Stress & the Heart: Personality Types (from ch 14)
“Type A Personality” Friedman and Rosenman’s term for
competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, & anger-prone people
*Possible sub-category of “A”?? Some say there’s a.. TYPE D: Newer term:
--gets very angry, is destructive emotionally …road-rage, etc. (distressed, destructive) -A special form of Type A
Type B Friedman & Rosenman’s term for
easygoing, relaxed people (“calm-water”)
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Stress & Illness (from ch. 14)
General Adaptation Syndrome
Selye’s idea of the body’s adaptive response to stress in
3 stages:1. Alarm2. Resistance3. Exhaustion
Stressresistance
Phase 1Alarm
reaction(mobilize
resources)
Phase 2Resistance(cope w/ stressor)
Phase 3Exhaustion(reservesdepleted)
The body’s resistance to stress canlast only so long before exhaustion sets in
Stressoroccurs
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Experienced Emotion:
Anger & how it affects us
Happiness? + what influences happiness…
Catharsis hypothesis: emotional release catharsis hypothesis
“releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
(Good idea…….But…it doesn’t work!) Feel-good, do-good phenomenon: This does
work! people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a
good mood ALSO…if you are NOT pushed for time, you are
more likely to stop & help someone else in need
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Stress and Disease: Suppression of Immune system
Negative emotions and health-related consequences
Unhealthy behaviors(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Persistent stressorsand negative
emotions
Release of stresshormones
Heartdisease
Immunesuppression
Autonomic nervoussystem effects
(headaches,hypertension)
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Emotion: Stress & Disease
Psycho-physiological Illness “mind-body” illness…EX: stress increases
hypertension (high BP), migraines, any stress-related physical illness
some forms of hypertension (hi BP & some headaches
Is NOT hypochondriasis (thinking you are sick all the time)
Lymphocytes: 2 types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system B lymphocytes form in the Bone marrow
- fight bacterial infections T lymphocytes form in the Thymus
- attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
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Experienced Emotion
Subjective Well-Being self-perceived happiness or satisfaction
with life used along with measures of objective well-
being ? = “Over-all, how satisfied are you
with your life?” physical and economic indicators to
evaluate people’s quality of lifeMost ppl.—even those who lost ability to
walk, etc.– measure subjective well-being at 85% or higher.
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Adaptation-Level Phenomenon tendency to form judgments relative to a
“neutral” level: Hot? …from Minnesota VA CA ?
What is “normal” depends on our situation, what we are used to… p. 526, 1st paragraph*amt. of lights or sound … or level of income
defined by our prior experience (grass is greener?)
Relative Deprivation (being deprived) perception that one is worse off is relative to
those with whom one compares oneself Make a $million per year?? What if you are a
pro-ball player…would that seem as good? Why? Get more…then …compare to others…Why not
ME??? See cartoons, p. 526
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Experienced Emotion: Mood changes w/ time of day…
B_____Rhythms?
Moods across the day
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Experienced Emotion:What we think about what brings us happiness Changing materialism: An American
increasing desire for wealth Which is more important? Money or a
meaning in life?
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Values & life satisfaction: But which is most important? Love or money?
College students w/ highest life satisfaction scores? (below)
MoneyLove
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00Life satisfaction
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
Importancescores
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Experienced Emotion
Pleasure: Where in brain is this produced?
The nucleus accumbens, in connection w/ the hypothalamus, produces our sense of pleasure—sexual, but also happiness, joy, & satisfaction
Does money buy happiness? See graph (524):
What has happened to the Amer. buying power since the ’50’s?
What has happened to % of ppl saying they are “very happy”?
Research: If you get more $$, you do tend more to happiness…temporarily…
Why? What happens???
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Happiness is... ?? (527)
Researchers Have Found ThatHappy People DO Tend to…
Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries)
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable
Have close friendships or a satisfyingmarriage
Have work and leisure that engagetheir skills
Have a meaningful religious faith
Sleep well and exercise
But Happiness Seems Not MuchRelated to Other Factors, like…
Age
Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful)
Education levels
Parenthood (having children or not)
Physical attractiveness
Levels of analysis for the study of emotion As with other psychological phenomena, researchers explore emotion at biological, psychological, and social- cultural level
BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL