multiple valve diseases · general remarks very limited data large number of potential combinations...
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MULTIPLE VALVE
DISEASES
Prof.dr.sc. J. Šeparović Hanževački
School of Medicine, University of Zagreb
Department of Cardiovascular Diseases
Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb
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General Remarks
Very limited data
Large number of potential combinations
Each case must be considered individually
Look for the dominant lesion
(LV, RV morphology)
Rheumatic, degenerative or sec.
15% pts. undergoing valve surgery in the
EuroHeart Survey
8.6% of all valvular surgical interventions
Multiple Valve Diseases
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Causes of multivalve heart disease
Acquired
Cardiac diseases
Rheumatic heart disease
Infective endocarditis
Degenerative calcific
Cardiac remodelling/dilatation (functional)
Adverse effects of treatment
Thoracic/mediastinal radiation therapy
Adverse drug effects (ergot agonist, anorectic agents)
Non-cardiac systemic diseases
End-stage renal disease on haemodialysis
Carcinoid heart disease
Congenital
Connective tissue disorders
Marfan syndrome
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Other (rare)
Trisomy 18, 13 and 15
Ochronosis (alkaptonuria)
Shone's anomaly
Congenital polyvalvular cardiac disease,
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MS and AR
AS and MR
Mixedsinglevalve
MR and AR
MS and TR
MR and TR
Multiple Valve Diseases
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Simple MVD
Mixed single valve
Significant stenosis and regurgitation on the same
valve
LVO
T
AV
AVmax PG 120 mmHg AV max PG 59
mmHg
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• Look for the dominant lesion
• In dominant regurgitation expect “high” gradients across the valve
• Timing of intervention depends on symptoms or signs of LV dysfunction
• 3D Valve area more accurate than gradients
Mixed single valve
Use stress homodynamic
response (SPAP) to assess
combined effectof non-severe
lesions
ESC guidelines VHD. EHJ 2007; J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(24):2251-2260. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.046
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Mitral regurgitation
Use stress homodynamic
response (SPAP) to assess
combined effectof non-severe
lesions
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(24):2251-2260. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.046, Eur J Echocardiography (2000) 1, 171–179
Mixed single valve
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MR and AR
MS and TR
MR and TR
Multiple Valve Diseases
MS and AR
Mixedsinglevalve
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AS and MRFunctional MR
AS
LV remodelling
LV pressure
MV annulus dilatation
Decreased coaptation
LA-LV pressure
gradient
Mitral Regurgitation
Functional
intolerance
Diagnostic challenge
AF
Forward stroke volumeLow flow low
gradient AS
Low EF
Impedes detection
of subclinical LV
disfunction
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AS and MR
MR reduced forward flow
Difficult to assess AS
LVOT PW VTI AV CW VTI
LVOT diametar
Valve area by
continuity equation
MR AS
Severe AS
worsen the degree of MR
RV by
EROA
MRAS
Stroke volume
Normal MR
Abnormal MR
Decreased contractility
in MR
same RV, less deformation
and more LV dilatation !
MR overestimates LV EF
masking LV systolic
dysfunction caused by AS
Marciniak A. et al, Eur Heart J, 2007, Baumgartner EJE 2009
High intraventricular
pressure may result in
higher RV whereas
ERO is less affected
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Figure 1. Crude and adjusted mortality
after aortic valve replacement for
aortic stenosis (AS) or aortic
insufficiency (AI), according to the
presence of concomitant functional
mitral regurgitation (FMR) ≥2+ at the
time of operation.
Ruel M et al. Circulation 2006;114:I-541-I-546
AS and MR
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AS and MR
ESC Guidelines VHD 2007, Unger P Heart. 2010
Jan;96(1):9-14
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MR and AR
MS and TR
MR and TR
Multiple Valve Diseases
Mixedsinglevalve
MS and AR
AS
and MR
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MS + AR
Doppler PHTas a semi-quantitative method:
< 130 ms good valve opening130 ms does not allow any
conclusion
Continuity equation In AR not accurate MVA estimation
PISA methodIn AR (or MR) not accurate MVA estimation
3D MVA planimetryis the reference method
How to evaluate MS
??
CSA MVA
=CSA LVOTxVTILVOT/ VTI MV
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MS and ARDoppler ECHO unreliable
MS AR
AR severity underestimation
AR MS
MS severity underestimation
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MS and AR
MVA PHT = 2.1 cm2
AR PHT = 390
msFlachskampf FA,.J Am Coll Cardiol.
1990 .
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MS and AR
• 3D Valve area may be more accurate!
• Mitral valvotomy might delayed AVR
• When both severe; MS restricts LV filling blunting the effect of AR on LV volume
MVA 1.4cm2
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MR and AR
MS and TR
MS andAS
Multiple Valve Diseases
MS and AR
Mixedsinglevalve AS
and MR
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MS and AS
• MV Obstruction = low-flow/low-gradient AS
• Physical findings of AS generally dominate
• MS may be overlooked whereas the symptoms
are usually those of MS
• Is MV acceptable for balloon valvotomy?
If valvotomy is successful, AV should be re-evaluated
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CSA AVA = 0.6 cm2
CSA MVA = 1.1 cm2
AV PG
max43mmHg
MVA PHT=
1.3cm2
MS and AS
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MS and AS
LOW FLOW LOW GRADIENT MS!!
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MS and AS
• MV Obstruction = low-flow/low-gradient AS
• Physical findings of AS generally dominate
• MS may be overlooked whereas the symptoms
are usually those of MS
• Is MV acceptable for balloon valvotomy?
If valvotomy is successful, AV should be re-evaluated
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MR andAR
MS and TR
MS and AS
Multiple Valve Diseases
MS and AR
Mixedsinglevalve AS
and MR
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MR and AR
Calculate regurgitant volume
?
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• Both lesions produce LV dilatation !
• AR systemic systolic hypertension
increase in LV wall thickness
• treat primarily according to dominant lesion
• AVR plus MV repair is the preferred strategy• Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Feb 28. pii: S0735-1097(13)00798-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.064. Mitral Valve
Enlargement in Chronic Aortic Regurgitation as a Compensatory Mechanism to Prevent Functional Mitral
Regurgitation in the Dilated Left Ventricle.
MR and AR
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MR and AR
VENTRICULAR DILATATION
INCREASED stroke volume(valve regurgitation)
or
SAME SV with less contractility(heart failure)
1. Less shortening needed to produce the same stroke volume
2. Wall stress with diameter / with increasing thickness.
With dilatation (and hypertrophy) one can keep
stroke volume with less contraction force.
Mechanism:
contractility
Normal pre- and afterload
Stroke volume and Dilatation
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MR and AR
Stroke volume
Normal MR
Abnormal MR
I normal contractility
and increasing regurgitant
volume:
• dilatation to cope with SV
• hypertrophy to strain and thus SV
decreasing contractility:
• compensate strain with
dilatationDecreased contractility in valve regurgitation = same RV, less deformation
and more LV dilatation !
Marciniak A. et al, Eur Heart J, 2007
Ventricular function in Volume overload
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Ruel M et al. Circulation 2006;114:I-541-I-546
Figure 1. Crude and adjusted mortality after aortic valve
replacement for aortic stenosis (AS) or aortic insufficiency
(AI), according to the presence of concomitant functional
mitral regurgitation (FMR) ≥2+ at the time of operation.
MR and AR
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MR andAR
MS andTR
MS and AS
Multiple Valve Diseases
MS and AR
Mixedsinglevalve AS
and MR
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• Diifficult to predict TR after correction of MS
• Improvement in TR if TV anatomy is not distorted
– severe rheumatic deformity of the TV
– dilatation of the tricuspid annulus,
– severe TR,
competence is to be restored by surgery
• If MV surgery is performed, concomitant tricuspid
annuloplasty should be considered.
MS and TR
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IIaC
Moderate secondary TR with dilated annulus
(.40 mm) in a patient undergoing left-sided
valve surgery
IIaC
Severe TR and symptoms, after left-sided valve
surgery, in the absence of left-sided
myocardial, valve, or right ventricular
dysfunction and without severe pulmonary
hypertension (systolic pulmonary artery
pressure . 60 mmHg)
IIaC
Severe isolated TR with mild or no symptoms
and progessive dilation or deterioration of
right ventricular function
MS and TR
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Diagnostic caveats in patients
with multivalve lesions
Impacts on the diagnosis of:
AS AR MR MS
The
presence
of:
ASProlonged PHT if left ventricular hypertrophy with impaired relaxation
High intraventricularpressure may result in higher RV whereas ERO is less affected
Low-flow low-gradient MS. Prolonged PHT if impaired left ventricular relaxation
AR
Gorlin formula using thermodilution technique invalid. Owing to high transaortic volume flow rate, maximum velocity, and pressure gradients may be higher than expected for a given valve area
Not significantlyaffected
Owing to increased anterograde aortic flow, there is an overestimation of MVA by the continuity equation. Overestimation of MVA with PHT method. This approach is not valid
MR
MR could favour a low-flow, low-gradient state. Aortic valve area calculation remains accurate. High-velocity MR jet may be mistaken for the AS jet (MR is longer in duration)
Not significantlyaffected
Owing to increased anterograde mitral flow, there is an underestimation of MVA by the continuity equation. MVA may beunderestimated with PHT method
MSLow-flow low-gradient state. Aortic valve area calculation remains accurate
Blunted hyperdynamiccirculation
Not significantly affected
TR Gorlin formula invalid Not affected Not affected Gorlin formula invalid
AR, aortic regurgitation; AS, aortic stenosis; ERO, effective regurgitant orifice; MR, mitral regurgitation; MS, mitral stenosis; MVA, mitral
valve area; PHT, pressure half-time; RV, regurgitant volume; NA, not applicable.
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Conclusion
Stenosis = regurgitation
intervention upon symptoms and objective consequences
> > Stenosis (or regurgitation)
follow recommendations of the predominant VHD
Interaction between the different valve lesions (ex. MR
underestimate severity of AS)
Combine different measurements - less dependent on
loading conditions= planimetry
! Extra surgical risk of combined procedures
Surgical technique – repair remains the ideal option in
presence of the other VHD