Multimedia-BasedInstructional DesignC O M P U T E R - B A S E D T R A I N I N G

W E B - B A S E D T R A I N I N G

D I S T A N C E B R O A D C A S T T R A I N I N G

P E R F O R M A N C E - B A S E D S O L U T I O N S

S E C O N D E D I T I O N

William W. LeeDiana L. Owens

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About This Book

Why is this topic important?Making training solutions available in a timely manner is increasingly critical to add valueto an organization. Training groups that are seen to be responsive and in touch with thecorporation’s needs are perceived to add increased value. Therefore, a consistent, replica-ble, and efficient instructional design model that enables rapid development is increas-ingly critical. Projects move faster when everyone in a training organization or projectteam understands, adopts, and follows a consistent model.

What can you achieve with this book?The purpose of this book is to provide a consistent, replicable, and efficient model that willget training and performance solutions to market at the time they will provide the opti-mum benefit.

How is this book organized?This book is divided into four parts. Part One is Multimedia Needs Assessment and Analysis.This part explains the activities that must be completed for twelve types of analysis and as-sessment and a rapid analysis model that can be used once each of the individual activitiesis completely understood. Tools are provided for each type of assessment and analysis todocument and track the data and results of analysis. Part Two is Multimedia InstructionalDesign, which explains how to develop a Course Design Specification. A Course Design Spec-ification creates the “rules” for all project members to follow to make a project run moreefficiently and effectively. Again, tools are provided to complete each activity. Part Three isMultimedia Development and Implementation, which outlines the common and unique ele-ments of producing computer-based, web-based, distance broadcast, and performance-based solutions. Useful task tracking and development tools accompany the explanation ofeach delivery media. Part Four is Multimedia Evaluation. This part describes how an organi-zation can develop an evaluation strategy and, further, how to create an evaluation plan foreach project. Specific instructions on how to collect and analyze data within each projectplan are included to help project teams complete an evaluation that is credible, consistingof both validity and reliability. Four appendices contain completed examples of tools, and afifth appendix shows examples of the tool templates that are included on the CD ROM.

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About Pfeiffer Pfeiffer serves the professional development and hands-on resource needs oftraining and human resource practitioners and gives them products to dotheir jobs better. We deliver proven ideas and solutions from experts in HR de-velopment and HR management, and we offer effective and customizabletools to improve workplace performance. From novice to seasoned profes-sional, Pfeiffer is the source you can trust to make yourself and your organi-zation more successful.

Essential Knowledge Pfeiffer produces insightful, practical, andcomprehensive materials on topics that matter the most to training

and HR professionals. Our Essential Knowledge resources translate the expertiseof seasoned professionals into practical, how-to guidance on critical workplaceissues and problems. These resources are supported by case studies, worksheets,and job aids and are frequently supplemented with CD-ROMs, websites, andother means of making the content easier to read, understand, and use.

Essential Tools Pfeiffer’s Essential Tools resources save time andexpense by offering proven, ready-to-use materials—including exercises,

activities, games, instruments, and assessments—for use during a trainingor team-learning event. These resources are frequently offered in looseleaf orCD-ROM format to facilitate copying and customization of the material.

Pfeiffer also recognizes the remarkable power of new technologies in ex-panding the reach and effectiveness of training. While e-hype has oftencreated whizbang solutions in search of a problem, we are dedicated tobringing convenience and enhancements to proven training solutions. All oure-tools comply with rigorous functionality standards. The most appropriatetechnology wrapped around essential content yields the perfect solution fortoday’s on-the-go trainers and human resource professionals.

Essential resources for training and HR professionalsw w w. p f e i f f e r . c o m

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Multimedia-Based Instructional Design

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Multimedia-BasedInstructional DesignC O M P U T E R - B A S E D T R A I N I N G

W E B - B A S E D T R A I N I N G

D I S T A N C E B R O A D C A S T T R A I N I N G

P E R F O R M A N C E - B A S E D S O L U T I O N S

S E C O N D E D I T I O N

William W. LeeDiana L. Owens

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Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Published by PfeifferAn Imprint of Wiley.989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741www.pfeiffer.com

Except as specifically noted below, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or other-wise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either theprior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, phone 978-750-8400,

addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030,201-748-6011, fax 201-748-6008, or e-mail: permcoordinator@wiley.com.

The materials on the accompanying CD-ROM are designed for use in a group setting and may be customizedand reproduced for educational/training purposes. The reproducible pages are designated by the appearance ofthe following copyright notice at the foot of each page:

Multimedia-Based Instructional Design, Second Edition. Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Reproduced by permission of Pfeiffer, an Imprint of Wiley. www.pfeiffer.com

This notice may not be changed or deleted and it must appear on all reproductions as printed.

This free permission is restricted to limited customization of the CD-ROM materials for your organizationand the paper reproduction of the materials for educational/training events. It does not allow for systematic or large-scale reproduction, distribution (more than 100 copies per page, per year), transmission, electronicreproduction or inclusion in any publications offered for sale or used for commercial purposes—none ofwhich may be done without prior written permission of the Publisher.

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Pfeiffer books and products are available through most bookstores. To contact Pfeiffer directly call ourCustomer Care Department within the U.S. at 800-274-4434, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3985,fax 317-572-4002, or visit www.pfeiffer.com.

Pfeiffer also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may notbe available in electronic books.

ISBN: 0-7879-7069-7

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Lee, William W.Multimedia-based instructional design: computer-based training,

web-based training, distance broadcast training, performance-basedsolutions/William W. Lee, Diana L. Owens.—2nd ed.

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7879-7069-7 (alk. paper)1. Employees—Training of—Planning. 2. Computer-assisted instruction.

3. Instructional systems—Design. I. Owens, Diana L., date. II. Title.HF5549.5.T7L4264 2004658.3'12404—dc22

2004001079

Printed in the United States of AmericaPrinting 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Acquiring Editor: Matthew DavisDirector of Development: Kathleen Dolan DaviesDevelopmental Editor: Susan RachmelerProduction Editor: Rachel AndersonEditor: Rebecca Taff

Manufacturing Supervisor: Bill MatherlyEditorial Assistant: Laura ReizmanInterior Design: Claudia SmelserCover Design: Adrian MorganIllustrations: Lotus Art

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fax 978-646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be

http://www.copyright.com

ix

C O N T E N T S

List of Figures and Tables xiii

Acknowledgments xvii

Introduction: Getting the Most from This Resource xix

PA R T O N E Multimedia Needs Assessment and Analysis 1

1 Introduction to Multimedia Needs Assessment and Front-End Analysis 3

2 Needs Assessment 6

3 Front-End Analysis 15

4 Audience Analysis 18

5 Technology Analysis 22

6 Situational Analysis 28

7 Task Analysis 31

8 Critical Incident Analysis 36

9 Issue Analysis 39

1 0 Objective Analysis 42

1 1 Media Analysis 55

1 2 Extant Data Analysis 73

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1 3 Cost Analysis 77

1 4 Rapid Analysis Method 81

PA R T T W O Multimedia Instructional Design 91

1 5 Introduction to Multimedia Instructional Design 93

1 6 Project Schedule 104

1 7 Project Team 109

1 8 Media Specifications 116

1 9 Content Structure 129

2 0 Configuration Control 153

PA R T T H R E E Multimedia Development and Implementation 159

2 1 Introduction to Multimedia Development 161

2 2 Common Development Components 171

2 3 Developing Computer-Based Learning Environments 181

2 4 Developing Internet, Intranet, Web-Based, and Performance Support Learning Environments 190

2 5 Developing Interactive Distance Broadcast Environments 214

PA R T F O U R Multimedia Evaluation 221

2 6 Introduction to Multimedia Evaluation 223

2 7 Purpose of Evaluation 227

2 8 Evaluation Strategy 232

2 9 Evaluation Plan 235

3 0 Measures of Validity 245

3 1 Instrument Development 252

3 2 Collecting and Analyzing Data 265

Contentsx

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A P P E N D I X A Project Management and Xegy™ Case Studies 269

A P P E N D I X B Assessment and Analysis 286

A P P E N D I X C Development and Implementation 319

A P P E N D I X D Evaluation 322

A P P E N D I X E Tools 342

References 429

Index 433

About the Authors 443

How to Use the CD-ROM 445

Contents xi

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To Walter M. Lee

—Bill Lee

To my husband, Terry, for his feedback and support, wonderful sense of humor,

and the many things I have learned from him that have contributed to this text

To my parents, Luella and Bill Dubois; my son, Rob MacKey; and his wife, Jessica,

for their constant demonstrations of love, encouragement, and support

—Diana Owens

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L I S T O F F I G U R E S A N D T A B L E S

Figure I.1 Components of E-Learning Implementation xx

Figure I.2 Introductory Page of Automated Project Management Tool xxiii

Figure I.3 Xegy™ Conceptual Framework xxv

Table 2.1 Five Types of Need 6

Table 2.2 Data-Collection Techniques 8

Table 3.1 Types of Front-End Analysis 15

Figure 3.1 Instructional Design Phases and Time Ratio 17

Table 7.1 Adult Learning Theory 32

Figure 7.1 Task Analysis Diagram 33

Table 7.2 Task Order 35

Figure 9.1 Issue Analysis Model 41

Figure 10.1 System Flowchart 43

Table 10.1 Domains of Learning 44

Table 10.2 Levels in the Cognitive Domain 45

Table 10.3 Levels in the Affective Domain 45

Table 10.4 Levels in the Motor and Psychomotor Domain 47

Table 10.5 Ordering Objectives 48

Table 10.6 Five Parts of an Objective 49

xiii

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