multilevel english grammar programme- level 2 (with answers)

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With Answers

PHOENIXEUfincolporalinq

PRENTTCE HALL MACMILLAN

Tokyo SingaporeNew York London Toronto Sydney

O CONTENTS

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Unit1,

2

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4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

1,2

1,3

1.4

15

76

17

18

79

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Page

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BE and HAVEHAVE and HAVE GOTHE LIVES THEY DON'T LIVE DOES SHE LIVE?HE IS PLAYINGI KNOW SHE IS SITTINGHE COOKEDHE COOKEDSHE'WAS RIADINGI'WENT I WAS GOINGReview

HE HAS FINISHEDFOR AN HOUR SINCE 10 AM JUSTI HAVE GONE I'WENTI HAD-WORKEDUSED TOI AM DOING I DOGOING TOI'LL DO ITSTAND UP 'WAIT HERE STOPReviewReviewReview

CAN COULD MANAGED TOWILL sHouLD MAY (SHOULDN',T) 'WON',T

HAVE TO SHOULD DON'T HAVE TOHAVE TO SHOULD(N',T) CAN('T) DON',T HAVE TOMUST BE CAN'T BECAN COULD MAY 'WOULD YOU LIKEReview

COFFEE IS MADE AT 11

THIS CAN BE DONECOME IN GET DOWNUP DOWN OUT ONBREAK DOWN GET OVERBE OVER PUT OFFLOOK TASTE SOUND SMELL FEEL (LIKE)Review

I'WANT TO GOAFRAID OF FLYINGI ENJOY PLAYING SOCCER I LIKE

TO PLAY/PLAYING SOCCERI-WANT YOU TO GOHE SAID HE LIKED HERSHE TOLD HIM TO GO, SHE ASKED'WHAT

THE TIME'WASReview

AT TO IN FROM TOWARDSUNDER ABOVE BET-WEEN BEHIND

IN FRONT OFAT ON IN

Present simplePresent continuousPresent simple and continuousPast simple - 1

Past simple - 2

Past continuousPast simple and continuousPresent and past, simple and continuous

Present perfect - 1

Present perfect - 2

Present perfect and past

Past perfectRepetitive past

Future - 1

Future - 2

Future - 3

ImperativesAll tenses - 1

A11 tenses - 2

Al1 tenses - 3

AbilityProbabiliryObligation - 1

Obligation - 2

DeductionInvitations, requests etc.

All modal verbs

Passive - 1

Passive - 2

Phrasal verbs - 1

Phrasal verbs - 2

Phrasal verbs - 3

Phrasal verbs - 4

Linking verbsPassive, phrasal verbs and look, taste etc

Verb + to-infinitivePreposition t ing

To-infinitive / -rngVerb + object + to-infinitiveReported speiech - 1

Reported speech - 2

Verb complementation, reported speech

Prepositions of place - 1



9092

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5455

56575859

6061

62

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6768697071,

72737475

9698

1001,02

104706,

1081101,1,2

1,1,4

1,1,6

118

7201,22

124

1261,28

130732

1,34

1361381,40

1,42

144146748150

7521,54

1561581601,62

1,64'166

168770172

BY IN ON AT TOHOW LONG? FOR FROM . . . TOIN INKIN PLIBLICA'WARE OFReview

A THE SOMEA SOME ANY

Prepositions for travel - 4DURING 'WHILE

Prepositions of time-__i)Prepositions and nouns - 1

Prepositions and nouns - 2Adjectives and prepositionsAll prepositions

Articles - 1

Articles - 2Articles - 3Articles - 4Articles - 5

Articles - 6

Quantifiers - 1

Quantifiers - 2

Quantifiers - 3

Possession

Reflexive and emphaticNouns

Comparison of adjectives - 1

Comparison of adjectives - 2Comparison of adjectives - 3Adjectives and adverbs - 1

Adjectives and adverbs -2Relative clauses - 1

Relative clauses - 2Relative clauses - 3Sentences - 1

Questions and answers - 1

Questions and answets - 2

Questions and answers - 3

Conditionals - 1

Conditiona,ls - 2Conditionals - 3Linkers - 1

Linkers - 2

Sentences - 2

TREES THE TREES 'WOOD THE WOODTHE BLIND THE FRINCH BIG ONESTHE ALPS LAKE VICTORIA ARGENTINATHE and OF WITH NAMES OF INSTITUTIONS,

STREETS ETC.SINGULAR, PLURAL and UNCOUNTABLE NOUNSA LITTLE A FE'W A LOT OF PLENTY OFAIL OF MOST OF NONE OF

NOT... MUCH NOT... MANYSOMEBODY ANYTHING EVERYWHERE'S, S' and OFMINE MYSELF YOURS YOIIRSELFReview

OLDER THE MOST INTERESTINGAS BIG AS NOT AS BIG ASFASTER AND FASTER THE SOONER THE BETTERBIG QUICKIYSTILL ALREADY YET JUSTTHE WAICH SHE GAVE MEWHICH / THAI 'WHERE

A MAN -WEARING/CALLED/OUTSIDE

Review

QUESTIONSYES, I HAVE HE DID SO/NEITHER AM IDIDN'T SHE? ARE YOU?IF YOU GO, I'LL GOIF YOU WENT, I WOULD GOIFIUNLESS/AS LONG ASAND BUT SO BEFORE AFTER 'WHEN

AS SOON AS WHILE SINCE UNTILPUNCTUATION and CAPITAI LETTERSSPELLINGReview

767778798081

8283848586

INTRODUCTIONTO THE TEACEIER

The Series

The Multilevel English Grammar Programrne is published in four books, which correspond

approximately to the following levels:

Book 1 Elementary In the region of 50 hours of learning

Book 2 Inuer Intermeiliate In the region of 150 hours of learning

Book 3 Intermediate In the region of 250 hours of learning

Book 4 Upper Intermediate In the region of 350 hours of learning(preparation for the First Certificate in English)

The books can be used for self-study or in the classroom, and you will not need to follow the order ofunits; you are free to choose the order which best suits you and your students.

The items have been divided into sections on different grammatical areas, and at the end of each section

there is a unit (or rwo) of review and further practice. These can be used for revision, and to check ifstudents are now confident in their handling of the items.

There is a cassette for each level, which contains the presentation texts and most of the examples from the

boxes Use and Form.

The Teacher's Book

In the Introduction to the Teacher's Book, you will find:1 A Preface for each book;2 A General Introduction on learning grarnmar.

The Teacher's Book gives you, for each unit:1 Notes on the presentation; 3 Common errors;

2 Suggestions for handling the exercises; 4 Detailed notes on each grarnmatical point.

I-earning Gratrurrar

'When you learn a language, you learn to handle the grammar. If itt your own language - and sometimes

a second language if the conditions are right - you learn by "osmosis", so to speak. You acquire the

language piecemeal, most\ by listening to it. .When

you learn a foreign language after the age of puberry

you often learn it more formally (and often in a classroom): you listen, you read, you study the grammar,

you learn vocabulary and phrases, and you seek opportunities to use the language.

Your students will need to learn the gramrnar of English. This means learning how to use a number ofcornmon words - verbs, prepositions, articles, conjunctions - which constantly reappear in every

sentence, and which bring general meaning to the sentence: about time and place, or obligation, or how

often things happen, and many other features.

They will learn, we hope, how to use the items, not how to talk about them, and for this reason we keep

the use of grammatical terms to a minimum. We also suggest that you invite students to make up

examples of their own, from their own experience, in order to bring the language to life for them.

In the General Introduction in the Teacher's Book we discuss the teaching and learning of grammar in

more detail. 'We hope you will read it.

tv

INTRODUCTIONTO TITE STUDEN]T

Studying Alone

If you have a teacher, s/he will guide you in your work, and suggest how you can best use this book. Ifyou have not, here are some ideas for you to think about:

1 You can choose the grarlmar point you want to study. It doesnt much matter which point you studyfirst. However, some units are in small sets (eg (Jnits 6 - 9 on the past tense), and you may want tostudy them in order.

2 Now lobk at the Ttresentation at the top of the left-hand page of the point you have chosen. You willsee examples of the new grarrunar in the text or conversation, and there will often be a picture tohelp you understand. Read the presentation fvvo or three times, and listen to it on the cassette.

3 There is often an exercise after the presentation, which will help you to understand the point. Do theexercise, and check your answers in the Key if you have the edition with a key.

4 You can look at the f..Ise or Form boxes if you want to; if you understood the presentation and coulddo the first exercise, you may not need the gramrnar box and can go on with the next exercise.However, the grammar box often expands the information given in the presentation; this extrainformation will help you with some of the exercrses.

5 The Good English? exercise is an opportuniry for you to identify mistakes. You may want to thinkabout your own language while you are doing this, to see which are the mistakes you often make.

6 Now you can do the exercises on the facing page. They are varied, and are usually easier at thebeginning. If you are working alone, we suggest that you check each exercise against the Key beforeyou go on to the next one.

7 If you find you are making a lot of mistakes, look at the gtresentation arrd the Use or Form boxesagarr,. You may be able to see where you are going wrong.

General Suggestions

1 Instead of completing the exercises in the book, it is usually better for you to write out the sentencesin your notebook. That way you will remember the item better, and the vocabulary that goes with it.

2 Go over the work you did yesterday, and last week. You could do one of the exercises again quickly,just to remind yourself and be sure you can do it. This will help you to remember.

3 Say the sentences out loud; it helps with pronunciation and remembering. You can even record yourvoice if you want to.

4 Listen to the cassette that accompanies this book.

5 'Work with a friend if you can; you will encourage and support each other.

These ideas work for us, but they rlnay not work for you; everyone has to find their own bestway of learning and teaching.

And rernernber! Grarnriaar is an irnportant part of language, but there are many otherelernents too: you need to learn words and phrases, practise the sounds, and above all findopportunities to use the language by talking, listening and reading in it.

BE and HAVE

Look at the picture, and study the sentences below.

Robert is 30 years old.He was an accoutttant.Now he is d manager.He isn't cold, but he's hungry.

He's haaing his lunch.He had a shower this morning.He's haaing a talk with a client.

ln this unit we distinguish between BE for states and HAVE for actions.

BE is for states. A "state

1 Professions andjobs:2 States of the body

(Notice: "^".)

or mind:

B

O A BE Two of the phrases underlined in these sentences are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones,and rewrite the others.

1 Are Susan here?

2 No, she isn't.

3 Oh. 'Where she is?

4 She was here this morning.

HAVE Three of the phrases underlined in these sentences are wrong. Tick (/) the correctone, and rewrite the others.

1 Norway has a cold climate in winter.2 Does George has tea in the morning?3 When did you had breakfast?

4 'We not have meat every day.

5 -We have bread and jam.

HAVE or BE? ln two of these sentences, the wrong verb is used. Tick (/) the correct ones,and rewrite the others.

1. Can I borrow a sweater? I have cold.2 She is tr,velve.

3 'We had spaghetti for lunch yesterday.

4 He has L6 years old.

2

' ' " CountrieC and Cities, Pist arid Preseht '': '-l.',.,,".-',i@ Complete these sentences with appropriate forms of BE. Make sure your sentences are true; use

the negative if necessary.1 India .............. in Africa; it .............. in Asia.2 St Petersburg the capital ofRussia in the 19th century but now the capital ..............

Moscow.3 About 2000 years ago, Rome the most important city in the world, and London

a small town,4 Iran and Iraq in the Middle East.

5 Brasilia the capital ofBrazil now Years ago, the capital Rio de Janeiro.u *::-":'.\;;;;;;;j:#*"" citv i,, the usA' but it the capitar' rhe capitar

A Party

@ Complete these sentences with appropriate forms of HAVE.

1 ............,. you ..............a nice evening yesterday?

2 Yes, we did. We .............. some soft drinks, and then we a few dances.3 .............. you ..............anything to eat?

4 Yes, we a big meal. I'm glad I ("o0 .............. a meal like that every dayl5 What you .............. for supper?

. 6 We .............. soup first, then we .............. fish.7 *.............. you .............. any meat?" "No, it was a fish meal."

@ Complete each sentence with the appropriate form of HAVE or BE.

1 Did you a good time in Oslo?2 Yes, we a good rest.

3 What the weather like?4 The weather cold, but we warm, because we warm clothes.5 .............. you .............. a look at the shops?

6 Yes, and we lunch every day in the main square. It .............. very beautiful.7 What did you do on the first day?

I .....-........ a shower, and then we breakfast in the dining room. It .............. a bigroom.

8 .............. the meals good?9 We only breakfast in the hotel, but it .............. good.

10 And then we a stroll round the ciry11 Who you with?12 1.............. with a young friend of mine; he .............. 20 years o1d.

13 At 11 o'c1ock we a break because we .............. tired.14 Wp ........... a cup ofcoffee and a cake in a nice cafeteria.

'Word Order \fith HAVE ard BE

@ Put the words and phrases in brackets in the right order.1 a (your/this/is) book?

b No, (not/itlis)2 a (have/where/you/ did) lunch? ................

b (iunch/home/had/at/I)3 a (the Pyrenees/in Spain/are) or in France?

b (pardy in Spain/arelthey) and pardy in France. .....................4 a (having/time / are / good,/ yot/ a/ ? - -...... - - - -...........

b Yes, (fu n/parti es / have / yoor / I / atla1way$ ..............

3

HAVE and HAVE GOT

Look at the picture, and sentences below.

>

She's got a drg.He hasn't got a dog.

She's haaing a wallz.He's hauing a rutl.

I

I

USE

A -We use HAVE for actions: eating and drinking, looktng after the body.

He's having lunch. She had a shower.(You can see a note and examples in Unit 1.)

B 'We use HAVE GOT for "connections";1 You own something.

Examples: I've got a bicycle. He's got a

2 It's "a part of you".Examples: Shet got red hair. I've got a

3 Itt a characteristic.Examples: England has got a damp climate.

D Here is a table to summarise:Past Present

Actions had has

Connections had has gotlhas

new coat.

headache.

IJncle Victor has got a bad temper.

C But notice:HAVE GOT is very common. But we only use it in the present tense, and only for "connections"'W'e use HAVE for everything: "actions" and "connections".-We

also use HAVE in all tenses.

Futurewill have

will have

FORM-We form the negative and interrogative like

He had a walk. Did he have a walk? He didn't have a walk.

Het got a car. Has he got a car? He hasn't got a' caL

I)iote on CET:Don't confuse the verb GET and the expression HAVE GOT.GET is an ordinary verb, sometimes used alone, but often as a phrasal verb:

I'm getting a new car next week. She got up a7 o'clock.Get on here, and get off at the next stop.

HAVE GOT is an expression which is different from GET.

Good English?

O Two of these sentences are correct, two are wrong, and two are optional (HAVE or HAVE GOI. Tick (/)the correct sentences, put an "0" by sentences where you have an option, and rewrite the corrections.

1 Yesterday I had got lunch withJohn Moore.2 He had a bicycle, but he lost it.3 I have ten pounds; do you need any money?

4 I have got a swim on Saturday mornings.

5 I will have a new job next yeaL

6 I have got some time tomorrow afternoon.

Look at this table, and then complete the following sentences with the appropriate forms of HAVE

and HAVE GOT in the affirmative, negative and interrogative.

Exam7tle: In 1988 Susan and Harry ....1'4..... aflatin Hastings, but now they

1 .............. the Smiths .... e cer now? Yes, a Renault.Barry a car in 1988, but he . a motorbike.

2 .............. Susan brown hair now? No, she .............. brown hair now; she

blonde hair.

3 The Smiths ..... rvvo children in 1988; they . one. But Susan is expecting a baby,

and they .. soon cwo children.

4 .... Barry ...... a computer now? No, but he .'... one soon.

5 Susan a degree now but she '.. a degree soon.

6 Susan four grandparents in 1988, but now she .............. only

Their friend Jo asks questions :

7 Jo ... you ... a cafiaera, Susan?

Susan No, I ...... a cafiaera, but Barry .......'...... rwo.

8 Jo You .. a motorbike in 1988. 'What

happened to it?Barry I sold it. We ..... a car now because we .............. soon

children.

@

Note: Use HAVE GOT if possible (look at the USE box on the previous page).

Susan Smith Barry Smith Susan & Barry Smith

PAST1988 dark brown hair(dyed 1,992)

4 grandparents(2 died 1e89-90)PRESENT(NO\XD job in officeblonde hairFUTIIRE

a motorbike(sold 1989)

a job rn a factory(sacked 1991)

flvo cameras

a flat in Hastings(moved 1989)

aba} daughter

a small house in Bitton

two children

two pairs of running shoes a Renault (car)

(SOON) a degree in Economics a computer

@ Complete these sentences with appropriate forms of HAVE or HAVE GOT. Use HAVE GOT if possible.

1 "'Would you like ........ ...... a walk this afternoon?" "That sounds nice, but I .............. time, I'm afraid."

2 The people next door .... four children. They never a rest!

3 "Perhaps we can ...... tea no'w." "I'm terribly Sorry I ....... ....... arry milk!"4 I usually ..... lunch at 1 o'clock, but some days I .. time for lunch.

5 I .............. a shower in the evening, because there usua\ isn't any hot water.

He lives They don't live Does she live? (present simple)

Study the sentences.

The Johnson family: where do they liae?

Dennis and Victoria liae in Hampton.(Jncle Victor and Auntie Mabel don't liae with them; they liae in Barchester.Fred often aisits his grandparents, but he doesn't liae with them."Does Carol liue with her parents?" "Yes, sh,e does."

O Now complete this table with the forms of the verb WORK and the auxiliary verb D0.I/you/we/they he/she/it

Afirmatiue We work. She .

Interrogatiue ......you..............? ...... he ......?

I\egatiue They He doesn't work.

@ Complete these sentences with appropriate forms (affirmative, negative or interrogative) of the

verbs in the box.1 Robert .... .. to school; he ...... in an office.

2 ...... Carol ...... languages? Yes, she does.

3 LJncle Victor and Auntie Mabel ...... in a nice house in Barchester.

This unit is about the PRESENT SIMPLE tense.

liveg0

studywork

USE.We

use the PRESENT SIMPLE:A For things which are always true:

Examples: The bank opens at 9 arn. Penguins live in the Antarctic.

B For things which we do regularly:Examples: I go to work every day. How often does Carol see Tom?

FORM

Don't forget these points about the present simple:

1 Remember the final -s with he / she / it:Examples: I work here. He works here. She works here.

2 Remember to use DO and DOES with questions and negatives:'What do you mean? I don't mean that.

Does he speak French? He doesn't speak Danish.

Good English?

@ ln these sentences, three of the verbs are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones,

and rewrite the others.1 Speak )zou German?

2 She likes Italian food.3 I not go to school4 Does she know Carol?

5 She live in Geneva.

6 The), don't play tennis on Mondays.

Anirnals (and the Final -r)

@ A Complete each sentence with the appropriate verb from the box, adding -s if nece ssary.1 A polar bear . ..... 1n very cold water.2 Kangaroos ..... . rn Australia.3 The trger rs a big cat; it . ... about 150 kilos.4 A horse ...... grass.

5 Baby animals ...... milk.6 Rabbrts ...... long ears and a short tail.

weigh havedrink live

SWiM

eat

o

B Now write the opposite of these sentences, The first one has been done for you.1 A polar bear .hm.? ru,b in very hot water2 Kangaroos ..... ....... in England.3 The tiger .... about 10 kilos.4 ...... a horse ...... water?5 Baby animals .... meat.

6 Rabbits .... short ears and long tails.

The Sky

Which of the following sentences are already complete? Use D0 NOT (don't) or DOES NOT (doesn't)

to complete the others.1 The sun (. .....) rise in the \ .est.

2 The sun ( ) rises in the east.

3 The planets (. .....) revolve around the sun.

4 The planets (. .....) revolve around the earth.5 People ( ) live on Mars.6 A total eclipse of the sun (. .....) hrppen every year.

Elections For the President Of "The Royal Society For the Protection Of Everythirg"

Using the informatron about the candidates in the table and words in the box, complete thesentences below. The verbs may be affirmative, interrogative or negative.

@

do does not belonglive

1 Max Wood ..... as a biologist.2 Max Wood and Julia French ...... the piano.3 ...... Julia French ...... in Oxford? Yes, she

4 Julia and Charlie ... ... to the Conservative parry.

5 "'What ......you ...... at tlie"weekend, Charlie?""I .... .. to football matches."

6 Julia ...... as a novelist.7 Julia ...... to football matches at the weekend; she .. .... the piano.8 "...... you . ..... to the Liberalparqr, Max?" "Yes, I .....9 Julia and Charlie ...... to the Liberal party; they are Conservatives.

10 Charlie Fabian ...... the piano.Ll, Max and Julia ...... in Luton.

play

workdog0

CANDIDATES

Name

Max WoodJulia FrenchCharlie Fabian

Job

biologistnovelistlorry driver

Home

NorfolkOxfordLuton

Partymembership

LiberalConservativeConservative

lnterests

pran0

piano

football matches

He is playiag (present continuous)


,,, o() Jur--r-l\-:x-(

"Hello, Sue,what are you doing?"" ?tn, deliaering pizzas."

"And what are you doing thesedays?""I'tn. utriting my thesis."

O Now complete each sentence with the present continuous of a verb from the box.1 Carol ...... (not) ...... Chemistry; she ...... French. =----r2 "'What ..... ?" "Can't you see? I ..... . a fyre on my car." j Change dO

i

3 "Do you want to see a film?" "No thanks. I . ..... (not) i gO StUdy I

__]study

i

out tonight."

This unit is about two uses of the present continuous tense.

USE

A 'We use the PRESENT CONTINUOUS when we are talking about something happening now:Look! That plane's taking ofllYou're reading this sentence.

B We also use it for something temporary or only happening fo. a short period.Look at the difference befween these fwo sentences:

I live here. (Permanenr. It's my home.)I'm living here. (Tbmporary. I'm staying here for a limited time.)

I

i f.-porary events may not be happening now, but they are happening these days, or this month,

i o, in this season etc: (rwo friends in a cafe): 'W.hat

are you doing these days?iI I'm finishing a project for the company.

:____

Good English?

@ Look at the words underlined in these sentences. Two of them are correct and four are wrong. Tick(/) the correct sentences, and rewrite the others. fiwo of them are the wrong form, and two are theright form but the wrong tense.)

1 I not am studying.2 The kids are watching TV3 'Where you going?

4 How much is this sweater costing?

5 It's not raining.6 Cows are eating grass. not meat.

Here is the plan for Operation Drugs. Study the plan, and then do the exercises.

OPERATION DRUGS: DETAILED PIANlVlonday lst April: 2.30 pm - 2.50 pm

Agent Assignment Dress (wear) Equipment (carry)1 Follow suspect on foot Dark glasses Revolver, radio2 Search flat Uniform Revolver, radio

in Fish Street3 Watch airport No uniform Radio

Wait in customs hal!

4 Watch airport No uniform RadioSit in car outside

@ First, complete these sentences with verbs from the plan in the affirmative or negative.

What are they wearing?

1 Agent 1 .............. dark glasses.

2 Agent 2 .............. a uniform.3 Agents 3 and 4 .............. uniforms.

What are they doing?

4 Agent 1 .............. the suspect on foot.5 Agent 2 .............. the flat in Fish Street.6 Agents 3 and 4 .............. the airport. Agent 3 .............. in the customs hall and agent 4

in the car outside.

What are they carrying?7 Agents L and 2 .............. revolvers.8 Agents 3 and 4 .............. revolvers.9 All the agents radios.

@ Now you have to complete these conversations on the radio.

t2

Control Calling Agent 1, calling Agent 1. What you ..............Agent 1 I the suspect on focit. He is walking to the taxi stand.

I think he .............. to the arrport.Now he .............. a taxi.

3 Control Calling Agent 2.Whrt you .............. ?

4 Agent 2 I .............. the flat in Fish Street.5 Control Calling Agents 3 and 4. Are you at the airport?6 Agent j I .............. in the customs hall, and Agent 4 .............. in the car outside.

@ Victoria is away for two days, but she likes to phone home to find out what everyone is doing.Complete these sentences with suitable verbs.1 "Flello, Robert, is that you? What you all .............. ?"2 "I .............. a book, and Carol the prano

3 Dad is in the kitchen. He .............. the supper."4 "And what's Fred up to?" "I think he .............. TV:'5 "'Where's'Winston?" "He his supper."6 "And what the cat ?" "Sally? She .............. on the sofa."

7 ".............. you all .............. a good time?" "Yes, we're fine, dont worry about us."

I know She is sitting (present sirnple and continuous)

Look at the picture, and study the sentences.

Jessica Blake writes nouels, and sometimes she paints pictures.

"What are you painting now?" "This. Do you lihe it?""I don't hnow. What is it?" "It's a tiger. It's sitting in a tree."

O Now complete each sentence with a verb from the box in the right tense.

come standwalk wait

4 Yes, but he always ...... past the house on his way to the Youth Club.

ln this unit we compare the present simple and the present continuous tenses.

Short Period

USE

A Both tenses are based on present t1me.

The present continuozs (she is taking) is limited. It is in the present time, and rnay go a little way

into the past and the future.The present simple (she takes) is not limited. It goes into the past and future, perhaps for ever.

PAST NO\v FUTURENow [---ir*-l

I reading this. I

I am staying witmy brother.

Indefinite ? <- - - 'We live in London. - - -> ?

B -We use some verbs in the present simple tense only:

I want some ice cream. I know that!

You cannot say: X I arnknowing that. rY He is wanting this.

Here are seven of these "stative" verbs:

know like understand see mean want hear

Good English?

@ ln these sentences, three of the verbs are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones,

and rewrite the others.1 "'Where is Robert?" "FIe watches TV"2 Are you wanting some more potatoes?

3 The bus leaves at7.30 am every day.

4 Are you working at ICI these daYs?

5 I am walking to the ofEce every day.

6 "Does Peter like the film?" "Yes, he does."

1 Fred, why ... ... you ...... at the front door?

2 I .. .... for my friend Tim.3 .... he usually ...... to see you on Thursdays?

10

Jobs: What They Are Doing and'W'hat They Do

@ You have to write out these ten sentences, using a phrase from the box to complete each one.

The nurs e a

bThe secretary a

bOur architects a

bThe electrician a

bLocal farmers a

b

is takingtakes

ls rypmgfypes

are plannirg ..

plan .

is installing ......installs

are growlng ....

grow

A the new offices.B tomatoes every year.C burglar alarms quite often.D about 10 X-rays a day.E the new air condiitioning unit.F letters and reports every day.G potatoes this year.

H an X-ray at the moment.I the letter for Jules & Co.J all our building projects.

football. In fact, he always

because some friends

The Sweet Tooth Cornpany Has Problems

@ You have to complete the following sentences, using the three verbs given at the end of eachsentence.

1 "Sweet Tooth" is a biscuit company. It .... .. biscuits and small cakes of all kinds. At themoment the company . ....., and they . ..... a new factory in Manchester. (build, expand,make)

2 Normally the company . ..... more biscuits than cakes, but this year the opposite seems to betrue. The sale of these cakes . ... (+ 15%), but the sale of biscuits..... . (-10%). (drop,increase, se11)

3 Most employees ..... . some extra work every week, and half the staff ...... on Saturdaymornings. At present the union ...... for a 20% increase in wages throughout the company.(ask, work, do)

4 The Board of Directors are worried about this. The company ...... a small profit at thepresent time, but they feel that the unions ..... . for more than the company can pay. Ofcourse, the union ...... to get the best possible wages that it can for its members. (ask, make,want)

A Telephone Conversation

@ Complete this conversation with the verbs from the box in present simple or continuous. They maybe affirmative, interrogative or negative. Some verbs (e.g. cook) are used several times.

Jane Malden 4328.Peter Hello. Jane, this is Peter. Is John in?

Jane Hello, Peter. No, he isn't here at the moment. He ..

...... football on Saturday afternoons.Peter And what ..... (yor) ... ar the moment, Jane?

Jane Me? I ..... supper for tonight.Peter .....you always ...... the supper?

Jane No, John ..... supper quite often, but I ..... todayand I ...... it to be good!

Peter 'What ......you ......?

Jane It's from an Italian recipe book. I .............. Italian food, but IItalian! ...... you ...... what "friggere" ..............?

Peter Yes, I ......, because I'm taking Italian classes.

Jane Really? How often ...... you ..... to class?

cook know come want mean play do like take go

.... (not)

7t

Now you have to complete these sentences in the same way,

from the table:On Tuesday

On Wednesday

2 ..... Carol ...... the shirts? No, she

house.

3 ...... Victorra ... ... the lunch? Yes, she

4 'Who ...... the dishes? Denms

He cooked (past sirnple - 1)

First look at the table and then the sentences below it.

On Thursday

5

shirts.6

On Friday

7 Robert ..... the house? Yes, he... ... , and he

8 'Who ..... the lunch? Carol

W'e form the PAST TENSE like this:

Regular *ed clean cleaned work workedIrregular several different ways, e.g:

boy bought see saw go went Put Put(See next page and next unit.)

Interrogative and negative

using information about the family

the shirts, but she

the lunch; he the

the dishes!

o

the

Main verbs He worked.He went.

Rember that auxfiary arrrd modal verbs

He was rcady.

She can go.

Robert ..... the lunch? No,

Fred the dishes? Yes, he

he

Did he work? He did not work.Did he go? He didn't go.

don't use DO or DID:Was he ready? FIe wasn't ready.

Who did the housework last week?

MonilayTuesilay

WeilnesilayThursilayFriday

Clean the

house

Robert

Carol

Robert

Cook the

lunch

VictoriaDennisVictoriaVictoria

Carol

Wash the

dishes

FredFred

DennisFred

Robert

Iron the

shirts

Carol

Robert

On Monday

Did Robert iron the shirts? No, he didn't iron the shirts, but he cleaned the house.

Did Fred wash the dishes? Yes, he did. 'Who cooked the lunch? Victoria did.

12

Can I go? You cant go.

Good English?

@ ln these sentences, three of the verbs are correct and two are wrong. Tick(/) the correct ones,and rewrite the others.

1 Did she went to the shops or did she stay at home?2 He worked for the company for five years.

3 They didn't like the film very much.4 What you watched on TV last night?

Irregular Verbs

@ You have to complete each blank in the table below with one of the irregular verbs in this box.Do the easy ones first!

I: caught shut lost won hit builti lent shone brought found sent cut

bring cut lend ...... shinebuild find.............. lose shutcatch hit send ...... wln

A Patty

@ You have to complete each blank with the past tense of a verb from the box.

I lose *ll pluy

1 Carol .. three games of tennis with Robert last Saturday. She the first one, butshe ............. the second and third games. She was very pleased!

- -gr; - tinO - bring send cut

2 Fred .... a pocket knife in the street, but it was very sharp and he his finger with it.3 Victoria a friend home and ............. her a cup of tea. But there wasn't any milk, so she

...... Fred to buy some. build shyt hil

4 Dennis worked all day. He ........ ..... t new garage for the car. But he had an accident, becauseh.,............ his finger with the hamrner.

5 Auntie Mabel went to her room and ............. the door.

A Rock Concert

@ Robert went to a rock concert Iast night, and Carol asked him about it. Here are Robert's answers.You have to write Carol's questions.

' Example: What time ........./i4.&.M......... ? It started at 8 o'clock.1 Where .....-...? 'We sat near the front.2 'Who

... with? I went with Sue.

3 ......? Yes, Sue enjoyed it very much.4 What time .................? It finished et L0.30.

@ Wally also intended to go to the concert, but evefihing went wrong. You have to put in the correctform of these verbs.1 W"lly (not, see) Robert, because he.............. (not, get) to Robert's house in good time.2 He .............. (not, arrive) at Robertt house on time because he .............. (not, be) ready.3 He .............. (not, could) find the hall because he (not, know) where it was.

4 He .............. (not, could) get in because he .............. (not, have) a ticket!

t3

He cooked (past sirnple - 2)

The Story Of a Holiday

O Carol is asking her friend Mary about her holiday. The verbs are all past tense, but they may be

affirmative, interrogative or negative:A C you .............. a good holiday in Spain, Mary? HAVE

M Yes, we did.C Tell me about it.M -Well, we ..... the night ferry to Santander.

The voyage .............. very nice, because the weather was bad.

BM

CCM

DCM

Anyway, I .............. a sleeping pill,and I for a couple of hours.IJnfortunately John , which was a pirybecause he ... . very tired.

How much the holiday .............. ?

Well, it .............. us anything,because John's father for everything,

but we . a lot of moneY on the triP.

you .............. any trouble with passPort control?

Yes!John .... his passport for 10 minutes,

but he it again finalIy, so it was OK.

'Where you .............. ?

John's father ..... reservations for us in an

old hotel in San Sebastian; they .............. us

it was 100 years old. It was very nice,

but they bathrooms in the rooms!

And what .............. you .............. ?

On the first day we .............. to the market.

you .............. a lot of money there?

No, we much money, because we ....much money!John a seashell necklace for me.

CATCHBE

TAKESLEEP

SLEEPBE

COSTCOSTPAYSPEND

HAVELOSEFIND

STAYMAKETELL

HAVE

DOGOSPENDSPEND/HAVEBIJY

GOGETMEETSPEAK

CM

E

CMCM

G C you .............. to the beach?

M Yes, every day. I sunburned!C you .............. any nice people?

M I .............. to a lot of people; theyre very friend1y.

More lrregular Verbs

@ You have to complete eachthe easy ones first!

space in the table below with one of the irregular verbs in the box. Do

I rang

L fTlIrose flew brokebit sang grew

threw hid i

rode fell i

I

bite flybreak forgetfall grow

hideriderrng

rrse

srng

throw

14

Mixed Bug

@ Here are nine sentences. ln each blank you have to use the past tense of one of the irregular verbspresented on the facing page. lf you can, cover the facing page and do the exercise without looking!

1 The bird . ..... into the air and .... . a song.

2 He came to the front door and .. ... the bel1.

3 She dropped the glass on the floor, and it4 Fred got on his bicycle and ...... to school. Unfortunately, he ... ... offl

5 Ow! That dog .... me!

6 Fred picked up the ball and ...... it to Robert.7 The sun ...... at 6.35 arn yesterday.

8 Fred's jacket is too small for him now; he ... ... 5 cm last year.

9 Carol ...... five pounds in her room, but then she .. ... where she put it,and now she can't find it!

Matching

@ Write ten sentences by matching items from the three columns, and using the past tense of the verb.

The fat lady DRIVE 100 metres in 10 seconds

The exam candidate RUN he could j,r-p across the stream

The driver KNOW a huge amount of foodThe small boy EAT his taxi all day yesterday

The runner THINK the answer to question number 2

The dentist CARRY the helicopter over the ciryThe police TAKE OUT psychology from 1985 to 1992The teacher CATCH my tooth last Thesday

The porters FLY the thieves two days ago

The pilot TEACH the luggage to the bus

Past Or Present?

@ Here are eight sentences. Five of them are in the past and three are in the present. Put in thecorrect forms of the verbs given.

1 I ...... (learn) French these days; what have you been doing?

2 LIncle Victor ..... (teach) Maths at the local FE college when he was young.3 -What

...... (you, wear) for the parry tomorrow night?4 I .............. (sell) my old car; do you want to buy it?5 He spoke slowly, but I . (not, understand) him.6 He said "tomorrow", but he ... ... (mean) "never"!7 I .............. (learn) French when I was young.8 She . ..... (sell) her flat and went to live inJapan.

A Last Check On the Past Tense

@ Complete the missing parts of these sentences in the past tense (affirmative, interrogative,negative).

KNOW She ..... ..... the answer.

She. .n't. theanswer.she ...... the answer? Yes, she ...

15

She was reading (past continuous)

Look at the picture, the sentences below.

Carol u)as reading a rnagazine when the phone rang.Dennis and Fred u)ere watching TY.

O Now complete these sentences with a verb from the box in the past continuous (see Unit 85 if you

are not sure about the spelling).1 Victoria .............. supper in the kitchen.

2 'W-inston ..... the cat round the garden.

3 LIncle Victor and Auntie Mabel .. the house.

4 Ophelia quietly round and round in circles.

leave cookswim chase

A

USE

W'e use the PAST CONTINUOUS (she was coming) to say that something was going on at a

particular time in the past. It does not say whether the action was finished or not:

I was having supper at 7 o'clock.Carol was living with her parents at that time.

See LInit 85 for spelling.

We often use the PAST CONTINUOUS with the past simple, when the second action interrupts

the first. The first action may or may not contlnue:

I was walking down the High Street when the accident happened.

(You probably never finished the walk!)

I was having a shower when he arrived.(One action interrupted the other, but you probably finished!)

Some verbs are almost never used in the continuous tenses.

Here are seven of them:know understand

B

C

mean like want

Good English?

ln these sentences, two of the underlined verbs are correct and four are wrong. Tick(/) the correctones, and rewrite the others (two of them are the wrong form, two are the wrong tense).

1 We were iust leaving.

2 I sat in the kitchen when the explosion occurred.

3 Was she practising the piano when you arrived?

4 They not were doing anything wrong.5 I wasn't understanding what you said

6 You were waiting for us?

hear

@

t6

Victoria At School

Yesterday, Victoria was in her school, where she teaches English and History.This was her timetable.

9 10 Teach English (1st form)10 1,1, Teach History (3rd form)1,1 1,1.30 Break (coffee)

11.30 12.30 Teach Eng Lit (5th form)1,2.30 2.00 Lunch2.00 4.00 Supervise games

@ Now you have to complete the following sentences, in the same way as the example.

Example: At 9.30 Victoria

1

2

3

4

5

At 11.15 she

At 12 o'clock she

Verbs and Prepositions, and the Past Continuous

@ Here are eight sentences to complete. You have to choose the right verb from the box, and put it inthe past continuous.

get off get on Iook up listen to

1 'When I arrived, John ...... a progranlme on the radio.

2 As the passengers ..... the bus at the bus stop, it suddenly started to move.

3 Fred ...... his bicycle to go to school when he saw'W.illiam.4 'While you ... ... that word in a dictionzr!,I wrote a whole letter!

climb in wait for lie down put on

5 'W.here were you at 1 o'clock? I ... ... you outside the cinema.

6 Victoria ..".. on the sofa when Dennis arrived home.7 Fred ...... his shoes when his mother shouted: "Flurry up, Fred!"

8 Sally ...... the window when Winston saw her and started to bark.

Mixed Bag: Past Simple and Past Continuous

@ Choose the right verb and the right tense for each of these sentences.

1 Robert .... .. in the street when he ... he sawJimmysitting in a taxi! STAND THINK

2 At six o'clock I ..... just.. .. the office when it.... to rain. BEGIN LEAVE3 Carol ...... in the park when a man ... her handbag. TAKE SIT4 Carol had a new teacher yesterday. He ...... a pair of blue jeans with holes in them,

but she ...... a lot! LEARN WEAR5 He ..... her a question, but she ...... not ..... what he meant. ASK KNO\M6 The man ...... he ...... not ...... Russian. SAY UNDERSTAND7 I .............. home yesterday when a man .. me d500 for my car! OFFER DRIVE8 He wasn't very careful with his money; he . half of it, and ...... the other

half to the poor. GIVE SPEND9 Robert a friend home last night, when the family . television in the

living room. 'WATCH BRING

t7

o

I went I was going (past sirnple and continuous)

Study the text, and look at the picture below.

Jessica Blah,e wrote two nouels last year. This year she was writingher third nouel when she brohe her wrist. Now she can't write at all.

--'1

Now complete these sentences, using the correct past tense.1 'W.hat ...... (you, do) when the phone (ring)?

2 It .... .. (rain) when we .... .. (go) out.3 The thief ...... (climb) through the window when the dog ...... (hear) him.4 Fred ...... (watch) the television when Robert .... (come) home.

r TorlUSE

A Both tenses are based on past time.The past simple is complete. It started in the past and finished in the past. It may be a single

event, or many.

The past continuotts ts incomplete.It started in the past, and was interrupted, or wasnt finished.

PAST SIMPLE

I I *.rt home. I

PAST CONTINUOUSI was leaving the house/when the phone rang.

B -We use some verbs in simple tenses only (see also Unit 5):

I didn't understand that. He liked her.

He wanted some ice cream.

You cannot say: X He was liking her. I He was wanting ice cream.

@ ln these sentences, five of the verbs underlined are correct and four are wrong or strange. Tick (/)the correct ones, and say what is wrong with (or strange about) the others.

1 A new secretary came in but I wasn't knowing her.

2 Fred was climbing a tree when he fell.3 'W.hen

she arrived I listened to a concert on the radio.

4 I was liking your friend very much.5 I drove to Scotland when I had the accident.

d@

Choose the Right Alternatives

@ You have to complete these sentences, by choosing the best alternative.

a shark bit him.a shark was biting him.

tyre burst.

g lunch.

4 Robert opened the door and Fred{ walked in't was walking in.

5 -we went into the woods and saw some bovs who { were swimming in the lake'

6 'we were watching i -"^ ^^-^;...,-^- ' t swam in a lake'

we watched " j the parade when somebody fired a shot.

7 The sun shone )

The sun was shinirg i ' so the children went to the church'

8 'while Marilyn was ryping the letter, { tlt was,making several mistakes'

I sne maoe several mistakes.

g They were having breakfast when the postmrr, { *'-' coming'

t came.

A Chapter Of Accidents

@ Now you have to look at this table, and then complete the sentences about each person or group ofpeople.

NameBrian SmithThe BrownsBarry ShortDelia HarrisDonna and Mike WallTim BlackTina Turnbull

Activitygo homedrive to Manchestermountaineeringpractise karatecook lndian foodwalk in parkSWIM

AccidenVeventsee/accidentcar/break downbreak/egtwisVanklethe cooker/explodefall down/holegeycramp

Example: B?,fu.$r:;lt w gbc hr*.4,1%.k rqy,lk.as/pra-1 The Browns2 Barry Short3 Delia Harris4 Donna and Mike Wall5 Tim Black6 Tina Turnbull

A Little History

@ Each of these sentences is about a historical event, with two verbs. You have to (a) decide which is

the right verb for each blank, and (b) choose the form of the verb.1 The native Americans .............. already ... in America when

Columbus ..... in 1.492. LIVE ARRIVECortes .... to Mexico rn 1.51.2 and .............. the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan. DEFEAT SAILIsaac Newton discovered graviry when he ...... under a tree and an apple

2

J

5

6

.... on his head.

4 Kirrg'William II of England .. .... animals in the forest when an arrow.. in the eye.

Lenin ...... to Russia rn 191,7 and the revolution ..............Gandhi ... in the street when a fanatic .... him.

SIT FALL

HIT HUNTGO BEGINKILL WALK

T9

Review: present and past, sirnple and continuous

These exercises give opportunities to practise these four tenses:Present simple I come (he comes)Present conttnuous I am coming (he is coming)Past simple She camePast continuous She was coming (you were coming)

Past Tenses Of Irregular Verbs

O First you have to complete al! these sentences with he past tense of the right verb.

, bite forget bring

to my house, but he ...... to give the dog anything to eat,

send win build

lottery and he ...... a new house, and

The nightingale ... to the top of the tree and

..... and the bird ... to the ground.

, - -

bieati- - -ft r;ta_-- airs I

...... a beautiful song. But the branch

1 He ... his dog with himand it him!

2 He ..... d100,000 in the

d10,000 to his mother.

Carol ..... a copy of the book they all wanted infriend, but her friend ... the book or ...

lend throw find

a drawer, and she ...... it1t away.

lose

to her

catchCtimn hide

5 The policeman ..... behind a tree and . ..... the thief as he ...... outthe window.

Robert, Dennis and Fred

@ Complete these blanks with the right form of the verb given in brackets.A Dennis

Dennis usually ..... (go) to the supermarket on'Wednesdays, but he .............. (not, go) yesterday

because he .... .. (have) a lot of things to do. He .............. (g") today. Look, there he is! He

;,;;,;.t JI1',5liJ': :::::-il:::}l[,i:i'j.ii;;;;;;i1",:r,:'xl,#:b;;; (carrv) a

Robert

This morning Robert ...... (find) r*o faxes on his desk, so he ...... (write) the answers and

.... (send) them to Spain. He .............. usually .. (not, do) that work, but several of the

staff . ..... (b.) away today. And his boss always ..... (say) the same thing: "If you(want) something to be done, do it yourself!"

Fred

On Saturday mornings, Fred .... (not, have) school. Last Saturday the sun ..... . (shine)

brightly, so he ..... k.0 on his bicycle and . ..... (ride) to his friendt house. He ..

(ring) the bell, but they ...... (not, answer) the door. He .. .... (hear) the sound of music

which ...... (come) from the back garden so he ...... (go) round and .. ... (find) his

friend in the garden."'Why .... (yor, not, open) the door when I ..... (ring) the bell?" he asked.

"I ...... (listen) to the radio and I ... (not, hear) you," his friend answered.

of

20

Robert (walk) home from the office one day when he .............. (t..) an old friend called

Steve. Steve (stand) at a bus stop.

"Hello, Steve!" said Robert. "-W'hat .............. (yor, do) these days?"

"Robert! What a surprise! I .......... . (*ork) at'Wilson's for the time being. How about you?"

"We11, I .............. (start) working at Dixon's about 5 years ago, and now I (feel) hrppy

there. I ......... .... (*o.k) in the accounts department."

Hello, come in. -W'hat's your name, please?

Steve Jones.'What (yor, do) at present?

Well, I .............. (work) at'Wilsonb, but I .............. (look) for a permanent job. I .............. (see)

your advertisement, and here I am!

Good. 'W.hat school ...... (yoo, go) to?

I .............. (go) to Buxton Comprehensive.'What ... (you,study) there?

I .............. (study) Maths and Science.

(yor, get) good results in your "A" levels?

Yes, I (geQ two "A" levels, with a good grade in Maths.

And what .............. (yoo, do) after you .............. (leave) school?

Well, e yeat ago I (come) to live in London, and (stay) with an old friend in his

flat. I ..... (sleep) on the floor for a month, but then I .............. (bry) a small bed and we

.... b"0 it in the spare room. I .............. (not, stay) there now because about six months ago

I ...... (move) into a larger flat with a group of two other friends. Thatb where I .............. Gtry)now. We .............. (share) the rent between the three of us every month. We ... ... (have) a

room each.

And why ... (you, apply) for this job?

Well, I .............. (want) a job where I can have the mornings free. I .............. (prefer) working inthe afternoons. This job is from 1 tiIl 8 pm, isn't it?

lestaurant

r the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given.

Excuse me, I believe you ...... (look) for a waiter.Yes, that's right, ... (yor, want) a job?

Yes, I (want) a job as a waiter.(yor,speak) French?

Yes, I (speak) French.

Right. Here is our menu; it's all in French(you,understand) it?

Yes, I (understand) most of it, but I (not, know) what "poisson" .............. (mean).

That's the French for fish! L..... (think) you knew French!

We1l, I .............. (know) a little. I ..... (study) it at school.

You (not, learn) much at school did you! Why ..... (yoo, not, go) to the fish and

chip shop down the road and ask them for a job?

Fill in the

He has finished (present perfect - 1)

Robert, Carol and Fred are going to a campsite in France for three days.They are leauing tomorcou) mornirug; haae they finished their preparations?

Look at this table and the three sentences below.

Using the table, complete the following sentences with the right form of the appropriate verb.

1 Robert ..... his rucksack. 3 ...... (Carol) her socks?

USE-We

use the PRESENT PERFECT tense to join the past and the present. It does this in r'tvo ways. I

A The action started in the past and continues to the present.

I have lived here for 10 years.

B The acti'on was in the past, but it has an EFFECT in the present:

Past time Present time

I've made coffee. fX/ould you like some?) i

-We don't use present perfect with yesterday /last week etc. i

l

FbRM -- *l

I

'We use have or has * verb*ed or an irregular form. ,

He has finished. Have you found it? She hasn't forgotten. i

Irregular Past Participles

@ You have to complete each blank with a past participle in the box.

o

Robert

,/

/

Carol,/

FredCollect ticketsPack rucksackChange money'Wash

socks

xx

Carol has collected the tickets.

Has Carol changed her money?

Fred hasn't packed his rucksack.

r taken broken, hidden written

, brtten eaten

bite bitbreak brokebring broughtbry boughtcatch caughtcut cutdo diddrink drank

grown brought cut rung wonflown bought lent drunk doneseen caught sent found found

forgottenriddengiven

--t

eat ate

find foundfly flewforget forgotglve gave

grow grewhide hidlend lent

ride rode

rmg rangsee saw

send sent

take tooktake tookwln wonwrlte wrote

22

@

Good English?

ln these sentences, two of the underlined verbs are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) thecorrect ones, and rewrite the others. (Two are wrong form, and one is wrong use.)

1 He has gave me the first letter.2 Have you seen the new fi1m?

3 I have seen her three days ago.

4 He didn't has done that.

5 They have flown across the Atlantic three times.

It Has Happened

You have to read the sentence(s), then write a suitable sentence using the verb given.

Example: Fred was using a knife. Now his finger is bleeding. (cut) . .H:bt"1.h.A*.'to.',1 Carol is looking for her bag. (lose) .

2 Fred has just got a new bike. (not, ride)3 Victoria didn't want to cook. But there is some supper.

(bring home, pizza)4 lJncle Victor picked up the vase. Now it's on the floor.

(break)

5 Robert is running the 100 yards race. He is at the end of the race!

(win)6 Dennis is getting a new car. (not, see)

'We Have Our Reasons

@

@ Now you have to answer these questions. Use the present perfect of one of the verbs in the box,and any other words you need.

I Oo fly lend ri grow bite l

. . d10 already!

ng see

Example: Can you lend me d5? No, I can't; . . !'.rq(al'ye+1 Do you want to see this film? No, I don't;2 Can you ring the bell again? Why?3 Why don't you like that dog? Because

4 Didn't you recognise Fred? No!5 "Why don't you want to fly to Greece for your holiday?"

"I'm an airline pilot"6 Fred, why aren't you doing your homework? Because

. . nvice already.

. . . three times already.

. . me twice already!

6 inches in the last year!

. to Athens 50 times this year."

....already!

Mixed Bug

@ You have to complete each blank with the right verb in the present perfect.1. .. .... the baby .... his milk?

Yes, but he .... .. (not) his food. EAT DRINK2 Fred ..... my book somewhere.

Oh, here it is. L..... it. HIDE FIND3 It's my birthday; .....you ...... ?

No, of course I havent, and I ...... you a present.

Ooh! 'What is it? BUY FORGET

4 'W.here's Fred?

He can't come; he .... .. a terrible cold.

I'm sorry to hear that. . ..... you .... him some aspirin?

Yes I have. He .. .... four today already! I think that's enough. TAKE GIVE CATCH5 Carol ...... a long letter to Susan, but she ...... (not) it, because she hasnlt got a stamp..WRITE

SEND

For an hour Since 10 ann Just (present perfect - 2)

Look at these pictures, and study the sentences.

He has sat theresinee Monday.

He has just startedhis fast.

He has sat there

for fiue days.

O Now complete these sentences with SINCE, FOR, JUST or HOW LONG.

1 "John is late." "No he isn't; he's .............. arrived."2 I've been here.............. half an hour.3 'Well, I've been here ..... 2 o'clock!4 And ...... have you been here, Carol?

A

We have been here since April.We cannol say: X She is here since 3 pm. I He was here since 3 p-.

B 'We use FOR to indicate the perioil of time.

APRIL MAY JUNE (now)

for three months'We have been here for three months.

We have been here for wvo days. Not: X since rwo days'We can use FOR with several different tenses.

'We can also say: I stayed there for e week.I am staying there for a week.I will stay there for a week.

C 'We use JUST to mean "a few moments ago

It's 5.27 pm and the plane has just taken off.

Good English?

@ ln these sentences, two of the phrases underlined are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the

correct ones, and rewrite the others........ 1 I have lived in Paris since three months.

....-.. 2 I have lived in Paris since August.

....... 3 She has been a senior partner ftaJ34g4ry.

....... 4 She hx been a senior partner for six months.

....... 5 How time have you lived here?

24

Frorn Past To Present

@ Complete these sentences with FOR or SINCE.1 'We

have sat here ... . more than an hour.2 Peter has worked at Dixon's .. six months now.

3 Sal1y has lived in her new house ..... March.4 "I haven't seen her .... Monday."5 John has been in his new flat ...... three weeks.

6 TheJohnsons have lived in their house ...... 1962.

7 They will stay here . .. at least a month.8 I haven't had a meal ...... noon.9 The builders have been in the house ...... last Thursday.

10 It was a short concert; they played ... less than an hour.

Do You Know the Answer?

@ Complete each sentence with FOR or SINCE, and one of the phrases from the box. Only one phrase

is correct for each sentence. Tip: read all the sentences before doing them.

A 1 The Second 'World 'War lasted ..... i 1789 about 500 years i

2 The United Nations has existed .. 6 years 1945 i

3 Europeans have lived in Amerrca .....4 France has been a republic

I

lrFA<A? , about 50 years 1860 i

t_ l_716 _ about 20!_! vears

i

B 1 The USA has been independent ....

2 Christianiry has existed3 Italy has been a single country4 There hasn't been a major European war ......

The Johnson Family

@ Complete each sentence with FOR or SINCE and a phrase from the box.

i SO years tea-time ,

i 9o'clock 3years1 Robert has been working for'Wilson's ... r,. -________ __-_ ___,__-l2 Fred has been trying to do his homework3 "'W'e've been waiting for you .... this morning. 'Where have you been?"

4 "My grandparents have lived in the same house ............... :'

New News

@ You have to respond to these statements in the same way as the example, using JUST.

Example: Carol is going to be late.

No, she ..k, i4r44.."yi!,4' .. (arrive)

1 'We've missed the first 20 minutes of the film.No, we're OK, it .... (start)

2 Are you ready to go home?Yes, I ....... (finish my work)

3 The ba\ was born last night!Yes, I ...... (hear the news)

4 Did you know about this yesterday?

No, they ...... (tell me)

5 They must leave soon, or they'lI be late.

It's all right, they ....... ....... (leave)25

I have gone I went (present perfect and past)

O Put a tick (/) in the right column for each of the verbs in the conversation below (two have been

done for you).1n

PAST

joining PAST& PRESENT

1n

PRESENT,/

./

USE

A -We use the PAST TENSE (I went, she walked) to describe activities which starteil anil finisheil i

in the past.We often use expressions like these with the past tense:

yesterday half an hour ago last week

ten years ago last year

B -We use the PRESENT PERFECT TENSE (I have done it, they've left) to describe activities

which join the past to the present.

1 Activities which continue from the past to the present:

Robert has worked as accountant for five years. (and he still does)

2 Activities which have finished, but have an EFFECT in the present:

I have seen that movie. (=and I don't want to go again)

Have you ever met John? (-thr[ I introduce you now?)

-We often use expressions like this with the present pe

until now already today since

I t o far this week up to now

Good English?

@ Look at the verbs underlined in each of these sentences. Three of them are the wrong tense.Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others.

1 I live here for six years.

2 -We met John last night.

3 Have )rou seen that progralrune on TV last night?

4 Have you seen Peter latelY?

5 I wrote three letters so far this evemng.

6 She hasn't spoken to Tom since April.

1 Where do you live now?

2 I arn living in London.3 Didn't you live in Madrid for a long time?

4 No. I lived in Barcelona when I was a boy.

5 How long have you lived in London?

6 Five years. But ['ve been back to Barcelona

7 several times. I went there last weekend,

actually.

8 Yes, I've rnade two trips to Barcelona

myself this year.

9 Did you enjoy the trips?

10 Yes, but I prefer London.

this

t(

u

26

Five Pairs

@ ln each of these pairs, one verb is in the past tense and one is in the present perfect. First markeach sentence P (past) or PP (present perfect). Then write in the verbs in the right tense.

La John and Sue are going to Mallorca for their holiday. They ...... (never/be) therebefore.

1b Last year they ..... . (go) to Lisbon.

2a My mother's father died before I was born. I ..... (never, meet) him.2b My fathert father lives in Scotland. I ...... (see) him rwice so far this year.

3a ...... (yor, do) your homework? Yes, here it is.

3b 'When ...... (yor, do) it? Last night.

4a Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin, but he ... ... (live) in London or Paris for most ofhis life.

4b Queen Elizabeth II lives in Buckingham Palace. She .... .. (live) there all her life.

5a There was an elephant here yesterday; ...... (yor, see) it?5b I .............. (never, see) an elephant in my whole life.

The Johnson Farnily

@ Complete these sentences about what the Johnson didfiave done. Use the information given in italics.

t Victoria sings in a choir. She started in 1985.She .. . many years.

2 Dennis used to playfootballfor an amateur team.

He .. .. from 1975 - 1985.

3 The Johnson family liue in Hampton.They since 1980.

4 Fred was born in their present house.

He........ .......... life.

5 Fred goes to secondary school now.

Before that, he . to primary school for four years.

6 Carol studies in art school.

She . there for rwo years.

7 Robert is an accountant.

He ........ his final exams f"vo years ago.

A Conversation

@ Put the verbs given in the conversation between Sue and Carol in the right tenses.

S Hello, Carol, I .............. (not, see) you for ages!

C Thatt right. We last ... G..) each other at school rwo years ago.S Are you at college now?C Yes, I am. I . (start) in 1.994.

S Oh, so you .............: (be) there for two years, then. And how's Robert?C Fine. He .............. fust, start) a new job with an accountancy firm.S Oh. And where (he, be) before that?

C He .............. (*o.k) in a bank for a yeer, but he ..... (not, like) it.S How long (he, be) with his present firm?C He .. .... (*o.k) there for six months now.S How (he, get) the job?C He .. .... (answer) an ad in the newspaper.

27

I had worked (past perfect)

Look at these pictures, and study the sentences below.

(Haaing breakfast in the Zoo . . .)

tNhen the clown woke up, the monkeY

had already eaten his breakfast.

e Now complete these sentences with

They couldn't find the liontamer because the lionhad eaten him.

the past perfect of a verb from the box.

the milk.

1

2aJ

4

Robert couldn't find his pen because Fred ............-. it.

Dennis opened the fridge, but Carol .. the ice-cream.

Victoria ...... the cleaning before Dennis got home.

The jug was empty because uncle Victor ...'.. already ....

eat dodrink take

USE-J

A 'We use the PAST PERFECT when one action comes before another in the past:

"beJore-past" past

She had already left . . . .when I woke up-

She had cut her hair short. I was surprised-

B With BEFORE and AFTER, we can rtse the past perfect, but we don't have to use it:

He left before I arrived. I arrived after he left.

He had left before I arrived. I arrived after he had left.I

FOR}IWe form the past perfect with HAD * past participle:

Affirmative: He had eaten his suPPer.

Negative: He had not eaten his supper.

Interrogative: Had he eaten his supper?

We often use the past perfect with NEVER, JUST and ALREADYI didn't see him because he had just left.

She was nervous because she had never flown before.

28

Good English?

@ ln these sentences, two of the verbs underlined are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) thecorrect ones, and rewrite the others (one is an impossible sentence).'l 'W.hen I returned he had finish the job.

2 'W.hen I telephoned they had alreadlz gone home.3 I didn't had seen her until that day.

4 He left 10 minutes before I had arrived.5 He had just finished packing when the porter arrived.

The Family I{ave Different Schedules

@ Complete these sentences with the right form of the verb (they are all past perfect).1 Robert got up at 6.30 am. His mother ..... . (already, make) coffee.2 Fred got up at7.30 am. Robert .. (already, leave) for the office.3 Fred left at 8.30 am. Carol .. (not, get) up.4 Robert came home at 7 prrr. Fred ..... (already, come) back from school.5 Dennis arrived at7 .30 pm. Victoria and Robert ...... (make) the supper.6 Carol got home at 10 pm because she was working in a cafeteria.

The others .............. (already, have) therr supper.

Mixed B"g

@ Complete these sentences like the example, using JUST, NEVER or ALREADY.Example: Susan offered to iron my shirts,

but I M./rl/,,,/./r/.h41*4 them.Robert was late for work yesterday. That surprised everyone.He ... before.I missed the train by about 30 seconds.lt .... ...... (leave).

3 She asked me to have lunch with her at 2 o'clock, but II always have lunch early.

4 She got into the driving seat nervously.She .. t car before.

Two Secretaries: One Lazy and One F{ard-working

@ You have to put in the right tense of the verb (past or past perfect).1 'W.hen Rose ... (g.0 to the office at 9 o'clock, Susan had already started work.2 Rose typed fwo letters before 10 o'clock; Susan (already, rype) ten.3 They both had coffee at eleven, but when Rose (return) et 1,130, Susan had already

gone back to her desk.4 Susan finished her morning's work at L prn. By that time Rose (go) to lunch.5 'When Rose ..... (come) back from lunch at2.15, Susan had already done half an hour's

work.6 'when

Susan finished work ar 5.30, Rose .... (already, leave).

The Mad Professor Goes To oxford ro Give a Lecture

@ You have to complete the second half of the sentence, putting the two verbsor past perfect).

1 The mad professor got to the station, but he (forget) to bring any money so he(go) back home.

2 He ran back to the station; he .. (not, catch) the right train because it(already, leave).

3 He eventually arrived in Oxford, but the meeting (already, start), so he(sit) down and listened.

4 It was his turn to speak, but he ...... (not, have) his notes with him because he.. (leave) them on the train. 29

in the right tense (past

I-Jsed to (repetitive past)


When he was at college,Dennis used to ride a bicycle.He used not to driue a car. (and he wasn't bald!)

O Now complete these sentences in the past (with USED T0) or the present.

l 'W.hen Carol was Fredt age, she ... .-- (climb) trees.

2 She .... .. (not, climb) trees now.

3 Fred and Robert sometimes .. .. (pl"y) football.

ln these sentences, two of the underlined verbs are correct and three

correct ones, and rewrite the others.1 I use to get uP at seven o'clock.2 They used to come and see me quite often.

3 I not used to like her, but I do now.

4 I was used to have supper with Fred, but now I don't.

5 "Are you a good tennis PlaYer?""I used to be."

Now he driues a car. (and he's bald!)Does h,e ride a bicycle?Not now, but he used to.

@ are wrong. Tick (/) the

30

USE

USED TO is past tense only. There is no present tense.-We

use USED TO for continuous activities in the past-

Example: I used to play football when I was a boy.

He used to cry a lot when he was a babY.

She used to wear a hat, but now she never does.

.A/ole: we cannot use USED TO in the present.'We normally use the present simple tense e.g. This baby cries a lot.

Negatiue; I never used to go to the theatre.

I used not to go to the theatre. (more formal)

I didn't used to go to the theatre. (less formal, but very comrnon)

Interrogatiue: Did you used to go to the cinema? (Iess formal, but very comrnon)

Answer. Do you play football much?

Not now but I used to.

Tell the Truth, Dad!

Fred\ father, Dennis, wants Fred to study more.

@ Complete these sentences with forms of USED T0.Dennis Come on Fred, you've got to study more.Fred ...... study a lot when you were young?Dennis Certainlyl ...... I study every everung.Victoria Ahem!! (cough)Fred Go on, I bet you . ..... (not) ...... study EVERY evening, Dad!Dennis 'Wel1 I ..... . (not ) . study every evening, but I ...... study two or three

evenings a week, and you don't even do that!Fred Mum, ...... my dad . ..... three evenings a week?Victoria Er, I'm not sure you . ..... study so much, Dennis?Dennis Well, I ..... . study one evening a week.Victoria Dennis, tell Fred the truth. You ...... (not) ...... at all!

Forty Years Ago Things 'Were Different In England

@ Read the example. Then write the second sentence in the same way (Forty years ago . . .).Example: Today meat costs d5 a kilo

f,,1,/ m *. P :d l?t : tu: (50o).... \-"r/1 Everyone goes to New York by plane these days.

(shiP)

2 Now people take their cars everywhere.

3 ;;;; ;i.,;i;,;; ;;;pi. ;il ;";il; ;;;,10""')

4 ;;#;il .;; ;;,il.",J r";,h;t; i;i;r, i"#1: ffil:t PeoPIe)

. (only a few people)5 There are thousands of cars on the streets of London today.

6 *.;; ;";.;;;;; j;;;,h.;;;r; (verY rew)

7 'n;

p.;;i; ;";;;;;;;; ;; (most women' not)

(people, not)

Titnes Change

@ Now you have to complete these sentences with USED T0 and the verb in brackets, or the presenttense."When I was a young girli' said Auntie Mabel, "things were dffirent. But times change,"

1 "In those days boys and girls ...... (go) to different schools, but today they ...... (go) toschool together."

2 "In those days most girls ...... (not, go) to universiry but today many girls ...... (go)."3 "In those days girls ...... (not, drive) cars, but today girls and boys both ...... (drive)

CATS.,,

4 "In those days most girls ...... (study) the piano, but today they . .. (g") to discos withtheir friends."

5 "In those days girls ...... (stay) at home, but today they . .... (d")just what they like."6 "In those days girls ...... (wear) hats and gloves when they went out, but today young girls

often ...... (wear) blue jeans."

7 "In those days girls ...... (not, wear) trousers, but today many girls . .... (wear) trousers."B "In those days girls ...... (not, work), but today they . .... O.) career women."

37

I arn doing I do (future - 1)

Look at the picture, and study the sentences be

fd better go.I'm flying to Hamburg tonight.The plane leaaes at 7.45.

e Now complete each sentence with the present stmple or present conttnuous of a verb from the box.

1 I ...... at the end of the week.

2 The new term . in SePtember.

3 The Rembrandt exhibition .............. on February 17th.

4 She . to New York for her holidaYs.

USE

A 'We use the PRESENT CONTINUOUS (I'm flying) when we talk a,il;;;il;r,,;--l

I

made:'What

are you doing on WednesdaY?

I'm seeing Helen; we're having suPper together.

B W'e use the PRESENT SIMPLE when we talk about fixed arrangements for the present and

future, such as airline timetables, bus and train schedules, cinema and theatre times etc:

The progranune starts at7.35.The bus for Manchester leaves in ten minutes.

C You can sometimes use the PRESENT CONTINUOUS for timetables etc. when you are

speaking of a particular case:

My bus is leaving in 10 minutes.,

I

i V"" cannot use the present simple for your own plans:

i X 'What do you do next week? X I have supper with Helen.

L

Good English?

ln these sentences, two of the underlined verbs are "normal" and three are "strange". Tick (/) the

normal ones, and say why the others are strange.1 The train leaves in five minutes.

2 'W.hat do you do tomorrow?.

3 The London train is arriving in Glasgow at 6-43 arn-

4 They're driving to Spain for their holidays'

5 W. gq to a disco tomorrow night with Sue andJames.

low.

leave startopen g0

32

@

Robert's Plans For the VeekRobert always knows what he is doing the next day.

@ Look at Robert's diary, and then complete each sentence, with the verb in the present continuoustense.

1 On Monday, Robert2 On Tuesday he3 On Wednesday he4 On Thursday he5 On Friday he6 On Saturday he7 On Sunday he

Schedules, Timetables. . .

@ Now you have to complete each sentence with the right verb from the box, in the present simpletense.

' have open start arrive begin close stop leave finish

1 The coach for Edinburgh ...... London at 8.30 pm and . ..... in Edinburgh at 6.45 am.2 The concert .. .... at7.30 prn and .............. at 10.15.3 Next term we ... ... maths first thing in the morning.4 We ..... working at 1 pm for lunch. After lunch we ..... . classes again at 2.00 pm.5 I think the library ..... . at 10 am today and .... .. at 6 pm.

Simple Or Continuous?

@ Now complete each sentence with the best form of the verb (the present simple or presentcontinuous). Some alternatives are possible.

1 -What time ... the first performance .............. ?

2 'What you ...... for next weekend?

FEBRUARY

Mon 1 See director 9.30 amTue 2 ConcertWed 3 Supper-Sam&MaryThu 4 Cinema Carol 7.30Fri 5 Study for examSat 6 Disco Jane (time)?

Sun 7 Church parents 11 am

(begin)(plan)

3 Mrry and George ..... . to Corfu for a fortnightt holiday soon. (go)4 "Classes ...... at 8.30 am, so don't be late." (start)5 "'W'i11you be in on Monday?" "No, I ...... at home next week." (work)

The Ghost Of Hamlet's Father

Robert is an amateur actor, and next week he is acting in Hanl.et.

@ Read this dialogue between Sarah and Robert, and put in the best form of the verb (present simpleor present continuous).

S .What . you (do) next week?

R I ..... . (act) rn Hamlel every night next week.S 'What fun! 'What part ...... you .... (play)?

R The ghost. I'm Hamlets father.S 'What time .... . the play ...... (start)?

R At 7.30.S your parents ..... (come) to see you?R Yes, they ...... (come) on Thursday.S And what time ...... the play .. .... (finish)?R At 11.

S Oh dear, thatt late. The last bus ..... (leave) at 11 o'clock.R The play ... (close) on Friday. Carol . (come) on Friday. -

S Good! Expect me on Friday! I .............. (g") shopping with Carol on Friday afternoon.R ......you ...... (not, work) on Friday?S No, school .............. (finish) at lunchtime on Friday.

I'm free from 1 o'cIock, and Carol can take me home afterwards. 33

Going to (futarc - 2)


That car's going to crashin a minute.

\s/

-/

I'm going to callthe police.

O Complete these sentences with GOING T0, affirmative, interrogative or negative.

1 'What ..... do tomorrow? It's Saturday.

2 I'm feeling tired, so I . ..... do any work!3 I ..... . visit a friend of mine in the country.

4 'We11, it .... . be a nice day. The weather man said so.

USE

I A 'We use GOING TO when we are talking about our desires or intentions. It's similar to VANTTO, or INTEND TO.

I'm going to see that film on Friday. (want to, intend to)

I'm going to call the police."'What are you going to do tonight?""I'frr going to stay in and watch a film."

B 'We also use GOING TO when we can see that something is going to happen, because there is

evidence of it in the present:

Look at those black clouds! It's going to rain.

That cart going to crash in a minute!Pete Sampras is playing brilliantly as usual; he's going to win this match.

C -We can also use GOING TO with GO:

It's late; I'm going to go home.

Good English?

@ Look at GQING TO in these sentences; two of them are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the

correct ones, and rewrite the others.1 She's going to play tennis tomorrow.2 I don't going to wait for you; it's late.

3 Are you going to go to the concert?

4 -W.hat you going to do next week?

5 'Where you are going to park the car?

5

34

The Road To Hell Is Paved With Good Intentions

@ Sue is very busy, and her boss, Jane Rainier, is impatient. Fill in Sue's replies to her questions, usingGOING TO etc.

1 Have you typed the report yet?No, ............................ (now).

2 Have you done the accounting?Not, yet, L........................... (this aft ernoon).

3 Have you bought the coffee and the biscuits?No, I ............................ (in my lunch hour).

4 Have you posted those letters yet?

No, I ............................ (after work).

@ Jane has some more questions. Complete them.1 When file all these papers?

Er, late this afternoon.2 When tidy up your desk?

Er. I'lJ ry artd do iL romorrow morning.3 When pay the telephone bill?

Er, tomorrow afternoon, ifl can.4 And when stop sayng "er"?

Er, oops, sorry.

Ten Situations: What Is Q6ing To Happen?

O lmagine you are in these ten situations. What do you say?1 You have a ten ninute walk to ger home, and it is beginning to rain. What do you say to

yourselfr"I ............................ I" (-e0

2 You and Jim are hurrying to a 10 o'clock meeting. It is 9.55; the journey is about 15 minutes.What do you say?

"We ............................ !" (late)3 You are in a plane. You look out ofthe window and see a mountain straight ahead.

What do you say?*We ............................ I" (crash into)

4 You see a dog running towards your ftiend, barking and snarling. 'W'hat do you say?

"That dog !" (bite)5 Your boss rudely tells you to sweep up the mess on the floor. What do you say?

"I ............................ (not) ............. !" Gweep it up)6 You are travelling with your friend in his car, which is very old. It starts to make noisbs.

What do you say?

"This car !" &reak down)7 Your favourite football team is t'wo goals ahead, and there is only five minutes left.

\Vhat do you say?

"I thinl< they !" (win)8 You watch your friend slowly packing her bag and talking. You notice that it's late.

)"::i::::.1:i1 ,,, (missyourplane)9 You are driving, and see a child at the side ofthe road. The child starts to move.

\Vhat do you say?

"That child !" (cross)

10 You are at the beginrring ofa concert. The pianist looks at the audience. Your ftiend is talking.What do you say?

"Shhh! He !" (start playing)

35

I'll do it (future - 3)

Look at the picture and study the sentences below.

"This bag is too heauy for me.oDon't worry, Itll canXt it for yolt,."

Complete these sentences in the same way.

E\rr,

o

2aJ

I must do the washing up.

I .............. (do) it for you.I think it .............. (rain) tomorrow.I've got to take Janet to school , and I haven't got tlme-

Don't worry I .............. (take) her for you.

Ladies and gentlemen, the concert .............. O.gin) in five minutes."

/') -.' /4S J..,

Wae

A w;,;. vi;;;;-*. .fib;;. pr.,r* ," J;=*;.,. ;-.;.;lr,s,It's cold, and I haven't got a warm sweater.

Don't worry. I'11 lend you one. (Not: I I lend you one.)

Shall I switch the light on? (see C below) (Not: I Do I switch the light on?)

This is an offer now to do something in thefuturc.In some other languages, people use

the present tense for this.

'We use VILL for the future when we are sure something will happen, or we are predicting that

it will happen:

We will start the new millenium in the year 2000.

Jane will go to universiry when she is 18.

This is similar to present simple, which is especia\ used for schedules and timetables

(see Unit 16). It is different from GOING TO or present continuous, which express intentions

or plans (see Units 1.6 and 1.7).

SHALL and'WILLToday, we don't often use SHALL for the future described above in B. 'We use SHALL for

offers in the first person singular, when they are expressed as questions:

Shall I help you? Shall I open the window?What shall we do this evening?

In affirmative sentences, we mostly use the contraction 'll, or will.

B

C

36

The Perfect Secretary

@ Janet is a good secretary. She wants to do everything her boss needs. Her boss, Anula, asks her todo these jobs. Fill in Janet's replies.

Example: Can you rype this report, Janet?

Yes, Anut^, ...!!4.W.4.t*t!,.. (now)

1 I'd like you to write to Professor Smith.Yes, I ....... (this afternoon)

2 We have to buy some coffee and biscuits.

I ........ (my lunch hour)

3 Can you post these letters for me?

Yes, I ..... (after work).4 Can you do the accounts?

Yes, I .... (tomorrow)5 'We need to send this parcel to France.

I ..... ... (o, Friday)

Offers and Promises

@ Now you have to complete these offers and promises with the verb given, and SHALL or 'LL (WILL).

1 I can't open the window; itt stuck.

. you? (helP)

2 I can't read this; I haven't got my glasses.

I ...... ... 1t to you. (read)

3 Robert, I can't reach my book; it's on that shelf.

OK, Fred, I ... . it for you. (g.04 I have to give this package to your wife.

I ..... ....... rt to her if you like. (give)

Predictions A: the 'Vorld

@ Now complete these sentences using expressi )ns from the box and WILL or WON'T, as in the

example.Example: .....1..4p*.7.il,;th14,... the President of my country ...t4b1.(..... come to see me; in fact

.1.'*.*t*g.. he .-.+tlo*|L... ,o^, to see me!

1, .. .... people ...... travel to Mars next year.

2 .. people ...... travel to Mars in 10 years.

3 ..... people .............. travel to Mars one day.

4 ..... the third world war . ..... start tomorrow.5 ..... the third world war . ..... start in the next century.

I

i lthink l'm sure i

i I don't think iL_____=__.._l

Ptedictions B: You and Your Farnily

@ Now you. Using the same expressions, complete these sentences about yourself, using expressionsfrom the box above and WILL or WON'T, as in the example.

Example: ..|.'.ctrky.t k.w*'L.. get married in the next six months.

1 .. do well in my next examrnatlon.2 ... play in the Olympic Games.

3 ... learn to speak English one day.

4 .. be a famous ballet dancer in 10 years.

5 get a, better job next year.

6 ... get married one day.

7 ... be a politician one day.

37

Stand up 'Wait here Stop (irnperatives)

Look at these pictures, and study the phrases.

Stop! Don't cry,dear.

First, switchthe computeron,then...

Now seo sentences with the appropriate verb in the box. listen (not) worrywait look

@

t ... ... at those beautiful picturesl2 ......; the dog doesn't bite!3 ......, cafi you hear that noise?

4 ..... a minute; I'11 go with you.

Let's Let Me

Look at the pictures and study the phrases.

"It's su,nny! Let's go for a walk." "Let me carry that.""Don't let's go out; it's cold."

Complete these sentences with LET'S or LET ME.

1 Do you want to go out? No, ...... stay at home.2 Go to bed, John. Oh, ...... stay up for half an hour, Mum!3 ...... go to Canada next ye^r; we need a long holiday.

4 ...... help you with that. No, it's all right, I can do it.

USE

A Orders from authoriry:These are the orders you must obey, from the police or the pilot of an airplane etc:

Do not smoke during take ofr Stop at major road ahead

B Helpful suggestions or emergencies:These are from your friends or well-wishers, who are giving you an order for your benefit

Have a nice evening! Look out! Be careful! Enjoy yourself'!

C Instructions on bottles and in manuals etc:

Shake the bottle Now turn to page 33

D Suggestions for the individual or the group:Let's go! Let me open the door for you.

FORMIrlegatiue Don't work too hard. (more for speaking)

Do not work too hard. (more for writing)ContractionLet's : Let us

Authority, Helping, Or Instructions?

Here are nine examples of imperatives. Read1 Cut along this line. 6

2 A11 stand for the President. 7

3 Help yourself to a biscuit. 8

4 Stop and report to the oflice. 9

5 Mix the flour and the butter.

Set L

1, ... ..... yourself, itt very hot!2 careful!3

4

5

6

Set 2

1, ...2

3

4

5

6

Set 3

them.'Wear a warm coat, dear!

Sit down and keep quiet.Enjoy yourselves!Read this manual carefullybefore you start.

that wire; it's live! (electric current)into that hole!out! There's a mad bul1 in the field!on tight; we're going down!

the instructions in the booklet carefully.

these wires before switching off the electriciry.three questions from part one.

the disc into the computer, then press "return".the computer with water; use a cleaning fluid.the flour and the water, then add the butter.

look be burnhold touch fall

put wipe readtouch mix answer

enter stop walkkeep fasten write

39

.t), :.i. !1",6 lt:, ,tz q ,. o.. ,.'".,'":t.o,'-A.l;,:

@ Now write the number of each sentence in the appropriate column. One is done for you.

ABCAuthoriry Helping Instructions

@ Complete each sentence in these three sets with a verb from the box, and DON'T if necessary. Oneset is like A above, one like B and one like C. Which is which?

1 For official use only. below this line.2 Danger! ...:..... out.3 .! Police check point.4 . on the grass.

5 ...... your seat belts.

6 Operation in progress! . ...... this room.

Suggestions

@ Complete these sentences with LET'S, LET ME, or DON'T.

1 ... ... go out for the day; I don't rvant to stay in.2 OK, but ...... finish this letter first.3 No, . ..... finish it; you can do it tonight.4 All right, but . ..... drive to the coast. I feel like a swim.5 -We11, you can swim if you want to, but .... ask me to swim; the watert too cold.6 ...... swim if you don't want to. Now, ...... see, have we got everything?7 Yes, I think so. But ...... forget to bring a bottle of water.

Review: all tenses - 1

ln Units 20-22, we practise all the tenses you have studied in the first 19 units.

Present simple and continuous; He walks He is walking

Past simple and continuous; He walked He was walkingPresent and past perfect: I have done I had done

Future: She is leavingShe will leaveShe is going to leave

lmperatle: StoP!

Note; ln some of these sentences, alternative answers may be possible. Notice how the

meaning changes with a different tense.

Mixed Bag - 1

You have to put the verb given in the correct tense.

1 I was washing my hands when the telephone . ..... (ring).

2 ......you ...... (se11) yourhouse? Yes, I am, if I can get a goodprice forit.3 John ...... (study) medicine at present.

4 I ..... . (watch) a film on TV when she arrived.

5 I feel hot and tired; I ..... (have) a bath.

6 Look at-Winston! He ...... (chase) the poor catl

7 They ...... all ...... (have) lunch when I arrived.

8 You are late; I thought you .. .. (lose) your way!

9 you . .... (see) me at the theatre last night? I was sitting at the front.10 ......you ...... (like) spaghetti? Yes, I love it.11 Victoria ...... (g") to the post office once a week.12 My aunt was walking along the street when I ..... . (meet) her.

1,3 We usually .. (spend) our holidays in France.

14 When we got home, he ... ... already ...... (leave).

15 'Wheret Fred? He .. .... (have) a shower.

16 ...... you often ...... (plry) football when you were at school?

17 We . ..... (visit) my cousin in Amerlca next year.

18 She .. .... (plry) tennis when she twisted her ankle.

19 The boys ...... (start) studying French next term.20 Carol ...... (drive) home when her car broke down.

21. Every time he speaks, he ... .. (t"y) something silly.

22 When the doctor arrived, the patient ...... already ..... (die).

23 Why ..... you ..... (wear) that warm coat? It's not cold today.

24 He suddenly realised that he ..... (forget) his wallet.25 ...... (not, go) in there. It's not safe!

Used To Or Doesn't?

You have to complete these sentences with USED T0, DOESN'T or DON'T.

1 Dennis ...... ride a bicycle, but he ...... ride now; he's too fat!

2 "...... you like dancing?" "I . ..... , but now I ...... like it. I find it boring."3 'W.hen Robert was young he ... chase the cat, but he ...... chase it now.

4 I ...... believe everything he said, but now I .....5 Victoria ...... play the violin very well, but now she ...... have time.

e

@

40

Staternents, Questions and Negatives

@ You have to complete these sets of sentences, by writing in the two which are blank in the sametense as the one given.

Example: a She went shop (Affirmative)b She ... on Tuesday. (Negative)

c on Wednesday? (Interrogative)

1. a mushrooms.

: 'nlo:::T:T:iil:lr cau,inower?

2 a "Snow-White".b "Gone with the'W-ind".c Has she seen 'Jurassic Park"?

3 e He goes to the disco on Saturday nights.

b on Monday morning.c ... on Friday nights?

Present Perfect Or Present?

@ Complete these sentences with a suitable form of a verb from the box.

1 I ...........;.. for this company since 1,991.

2 'Where'sJohn? He ... . football on TV3 -We .... in this house for three years.

4 The children ... ... Monopoly in their room at present.

5 . John ...... to a customer? Yes, he's on the phone now. heaf Wait I

6 . you ever . .... such nonsense in your whole life? tatt< buy i

7 Sam and Mary fi"rlly ...... their dream house.

8 Hurry up, Sam. ..... for you!

Mixed Bag - 2

@ Now complete these dialogues with the right tense of a suitable verb. There may be somealternatives.

1. ". ... a minute, I'm not ready yet."2 .... you ..... Robert to come to our parry tomorrow?

Yes, I ..... to him yesterday.

3 I .............. to a concert tonight.Oh, how nice! 'W.hat ...... they.............. ?

A Beethoven symphony, and a concerto by Mozart.4 ..... on that seat; the paint's wet!5 you . ..... the new film at the Odeon?

No, I haven't. I ..... . to see it tomorrow. .... you ...... to come?

Thank you, I'd like that.6 Carol is now 20 yearc old, and she .............. her degree soon.7 She ... ... an interview tomorrow for a job as an assistant in an estate agency.

8 She .. not ..... interviews!9 She is not sure what they . ..... her at the interview, and tomorrow she .. .... with

her father.10 If she gets the job, Carol .............. for a few years, but she ...... to get married later.

---__lI live play i

i watch work I

41


In Units 20-22, we practise all the tenses you have studied in the first nineteen units.

Present simple and conttnuousi He walks He is walkingPast simple and conttnuousi He walked He was walkingPresent and past perfect: I have done I had done

Future: She is leavingShe will leaveShe is going to leave

lmperative: StoP!

The Johnson Farnily

O Read this information about the Johnson family, and select the correct alternative from the threegrven.

The Johnsons { are liuing /haue liued /liued} rn Hampton for many years now.

Dennis {worked/has worked/used to work} in a bank, but he {has worked/is working/work} rn the Citizens'

Advice Bureau. He {starts/is starting/has started} at 8 am and lfinish/finishes/finished} at 2 pn. H. { doesn't

work/isn't work/hasn'f) every day, because the job is for three days a week.

Dennis and Victo na are married. They {got /get /haue got} married 30 years ago, and they { haue got /haue

had/has gor) three children.

Robert is the eldest son. He {work/is work/works} as an accountant. He {goes/go/is going} to the office

every day at9 arnand {stayed/stays/is staying} there for 8 hours. He very often {stays/stay/is staying} in at

noon and { eat/has eaten/eats} lunch at his desk.

Carol, their daughter, is at universiry. She {was/has been/i.s} there for two years, and she {finish/will

finish/is fnish\ university next year.

Fred is their youngest child. Yesterday, he {played/was playing/were playing} football with some friends

when they { broke/broked/were breaking} a window in the neighbour's house. Mr Smith, their neighbour,

{come/was coming/came} out of the house and {shout/shouted/had shouted} at them. IJnfortunately, they

{haue broken/broke/were breaking} windows before, and they {were/are/was} wel7 known in the

neighbourhood.

Today is Monday, and Fred is at school. He {didn't do/isn't doing/doesn't do} very well in his maths exam

last month, so for the last three weeks his teacher {giues/has giuen/would giue} him extra tuition on

Mondays after school at 4 pm.

The time is now 2.15 prn, and Fred {has /is haue /is hauing} a history class. They ljust finisherl /had just

finish/haue justfinished\ lunch. They always {haue/was hauing/had} lunch at the same time, from 1 pm to2 p^.Fred {sits /is sit/is sitting} at his desk in the back row; he {k feeling/feel/felt} sleepy because it is a

warm day and he {is hauing/has/haue} a full tummyl

The teacher often {makes/make/is making} Fred move to the front row, because she {isknowing/knows/know\ that he is inattentive. How-ever, when the class {start/starts/started} at 2 pm, she

{forgot/forget/kforyotten} to move him, and now she doesn't want to. She {think/k thinking/thinks} it willbe disruptive if she imoues/moued/is mouing\ him now.

42

" Student" I{itch-hiker

@ ln this exercise you have to do two things: (1) decide on a suitable verb for each blank, and (2)

decide what tense the verb should be.

A At 9 o'clock last Monday morning, I ...... my car along the road to Swindon whenI ..... . a young man standing at the side of the road. He .. .... a raincoat and

.... a black briefcase. He was wet because it . ..... hard, so I .. .... the car and

:;wr,...' :n:--o;I . ?,,r. ..

"I ... ... to go to Swindon.""...... you . ..... a lift?""Yes please!"The young man ...... the door. He .. .... his wet coat and .. ... it in the backseat. Then he . ..... in the car.

B I soon ...... that the young man ...... a strange accent. He .. .... notEnglish like a native speaker. I was curious."-W'here ......you from?" I ..... . him."We11, I ..... in France but now I .............. in England.""...... you .. .... friends in Swindon?"The young man .... not ..... lmmediately. Then he said:"Yes. I am at the universiry there.""Oh, really?" I ....... "-W-hat ......you ...... ?"

The young man ...... not ..... lmmediately. Then he said:

"Last year I ...... Mathematics, but next year I ..... something different."

C I ..... . in Swindon for many years, and I ... that there isn't a universiry inSwindon. Flowever, I .. .... (not) say anything to the young man. His clothes werestrange too. Students usually ...... jeans and a tee shirt, and . ..... rucksacks, butthis young man ...... a suit and tie and ...... a briefcase!

D At that moment I ..... . the sound of a police car behind me, and . the flashing redlight in my rnirror. I ..... . the car at the side of the road. The young man, who .

very nervous, ... ... out of the car and ..... to walk quickly away.

The policeman .... : "Hey, ...... ! 'We .... .. to talk to you!"But the young man . ..... away up the street and one of the policeman ..... after him.

E The other policeman ... ... and ..... to me."How ...... you ..... that young man, sir?""I ...... never .... him in my whole life!""-What ...... he ...... in your car, then?""-W'ell, he ... ... in the rain at the side of the road, and I .... the car andhim a lift.""-W'e11, that was very kind of you, sir, but we think this man .... a large shop lastnight. He .... .. the money in that bag, we think."

F At that moment, the young policeman .... .. back, with the young man in handcuft3."This is the one, sergeant."The sergeant ..... . the black briefcase from the young man and .. .... it. Insidethere .... a great pile of banknotes. Thousands of pounds!"-W'ell!" said the sergeant, ".............. at all this money!"".............. you ...... to buy hamburgers for all your student friends, then?""No, I ..... to buy a birthday cake for my auntie."" .............. that to the judge!"


As a final review of verbs and tenses, here are two stories, one about John Smith, the novelist,

and one about Angela, the university student. You have to complete all the blanks with the right

forms of the verbs given.

You will find that some of the verbs are interrogative or negative.

You will also find that there are some possible alternatives, which sometimes change the

meaning slighty.

John Srnith, the Novelist

O These facts about a novelist's life are divided into five sections. Before each one there is a box with

the verbs you will need, one for each blank. frp: look at the whole paragraph before you decide.

A John Srnith, the author of this book, is 55 years old. He ...... his childhood in India in the

1950's but he ... India when he was 13 years old, and he ..... never ... back

since then.From 1958 to 1.962 he .............. law at the lJniversiry of London, but after graduating he

...... not ...... a lawYer.

Instead, he .............. on a passenger ship for some years as a cabin steward.

wonder come start think notice allow

B On the ship there was a strange couple: the wife was a young Egyptian woman and the old

husband ...... from Central America. One day he .... that they had a big bag in their

cabin which they . ..... not ..... anyone to touch. "How strange!" John. "I..... what's inside!" And he . to use his imagination. A novelist had been born.

publish live describe have marry SCII

C In several recent novels he .............. that experience. All Smith's novels have been very successful.

His first novel, "The Tower", rwo million copies since this company first ...... iteight years ago.

Ten years ago, John Smith met and Ma{orieJones, and since that time they ......

in a farmhouse on the Sussex coast. They .... rwo children, Roger andJane.

play win write work SWM teach

D John is a consistent writer; he ... at least 2,000 words every morning, and then he and

Marjorie ..... tennis or .. in the sea in suruner.

For the last three years, John Srnith .. also English Literature at the Universiry ofEssex, and he now ...... on a new novel. His novels already .............. fvvo

international prizes.

spend enjoy put say allow want

E John not .............. talking about the future."I think we will do better if we

the future to look after itself]" he always . However, it is no secret that he .............. to

write a play. Next year he .. six months trying to write his first play.If he is successful, he

it on at a London theatre.

become spend work leave study g0

44

@

Angela Has Finished LIniversity: Vhat Happens Next?

Here is the story of a young woman who is starting her life. Complete each space appropriately witha verb from the box.

wait want apply know get live

A Angela Parkinson is now 22 years old. She has just finished her first degree in Archeology and is

not sure what to do next. At the moment she .. .... with her parents in West Hampstead, butshe .. .... to stay there. She ..... for ajob in Peru, and. ..... for the answer now. She

. not ...... if she .. ... the job or not, but she's hoping for the best.

Three years ago Angela .... .. secondary school and . ... to Oxford Llniversiry, whereshe .. .... three years. It ...... her parents much money, because she .............. a

scholarship. So now here she is, at the age of 22: what ...... she ...... next?

C Two months ago she .. .... to get a job. It ...... easy, but she ...... in the paper everyday, and after a month she .. .... her first job. At the moment she .... as a porter in theHampstead Royal Free Hospital in London, but that is only temporary; she really ...... to goto Peru.

write study finish leave g0 recerve

Yesterday Angela saw an advertisement in her local papers for temporary workers on anarcheological site near her home. She .. . a letter of application in the evening. Thismorning she .. .. just .. out when someone called her for an interview. She

... the house at once and went to see them. Here is part of her interview:"Good morning, Angela. .... you ...... your studies at university?""Yes, I .............. my results last week.""'W'hat ...... you ...... ?""Archeology."

The interuiew continued . . .

"-W'hat plans do you have for the future?""Well, I .............. to go to Peru later on, to work on a site there.""I see. How long ...... you with us if I ..... you a job?""'W'e11, at least three months. Work on the site in Peru ...... in March next year.""Right. Right. We . .... the job forthree months. I thinkyou...... the work. You canreport to the site tomorro'w."

F Angela left the office and . .... home to tell her mother. She ...... her in the kitchen,preparing lunch."Mum, they . ..... me a job for three months.""Thatt wonderful, dear; when ..... you .... ?""Tomorrow. They ...... me to go to the site.""FIow exciting! 'What

.... you :.. ?""Oh, clothes .. not .... ! I can wear anything."

D

be work decide want find look

tell give matter go begin wear findl

45

Can Could Managed to (ability)

Look at the picture, and study the text.

Edmund Hilary andSherpa Tensing couldclimb uery well. In 1953,they tnanaged to get to 7-r 1-

29 May 1953: which mountain?

t,--'u-f-' t'-Y-t *'j

(--vY-'-( r! -*-?,-^--\- 'u''

(

I--- (t-'

o

he top, and fromhere they couldsee hundreds ofmiles.

--\ )

Now complete the sentences in the same way, with COULD or MANAGED T0.

1 Uncle Victor ...... play billiards very well when he was younger.

2 However, last night Robert ...... beat him.

3 Carol went to a concert. She sat at the back, but she ...... hear very w'e11.

A COULD/MANAGED TO (Past tense)

These words mean two different things:

1 An abiliry with no reference to doing:'W.hen I was young, I could run very fast. (a general abiliry; there is no mention of a

particular occasion)

2 An achievement on a specific occasron:

I was not a good swimmer, but I managed to swim to the riverbank. (a specific

achievement on a particular occasion)

SEE, HEAR, FEEL, TASTE ("petception" uerbs)

These verbs take COULD in both meanings.

General abiliry:'When I was young, I could hear better.

Specific occasion:I could see very well at the theatre last night.

coul-D NoT (COULDN',T)In the negative, we do not make the above distinction:

'When I was young I couldn't run very fast.

FIe was not a good swirnmer, and he couldn't swim to the riverbank.

Good English?

@ ln these sentences, two of the underlined verbs are correct, one is wrong and one is "strange".

Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others.1 He worked hard and he could pass the exam.

2 Last year the company managed to sell more radios than ever before.

3 He managed to swim well when he was a young man.

-

4 He could speak three languages, but he never used them.

C

46

Couldn't and Managed To

@ Complete these sentences using COULDN'T and the same verb which is used in the first half of the

sentence.

1 'We managed to drive in the dark, but we ...... in the fog.

2 She managed to finish the food, but she ...... her coffee.

3 She managed to read the headlines, but she ... .. the text.

4 I managed to walk five miles, but I .............. ten.

@ Rewrite these sentences to say the opposite, using MANAGED T0.

1 He couldn't pay his bills.

Although he was "broke", he ...2 She couldn't walk home.

In spite of her accident, she ..

3 I couldn't persuade him to help.

Although he is a difficult person, I .....4 I couldn't find the ring I had dropped.

Although it was quite dark, I .....5 She couldn't persuade him to wait.

Although he was very annoyed, she

@ Choose between COULD and MANAGED T0 according to whether the sentence is about a general

ability, or a specific achievement on a specific occasion.

1 Mozart .... .. play the piano brilliantly when he was only 5, and by the age of 16 he

...... find employment in Salzburg. .

2 Maria Walewska ..... . translate Hamlet into Polish, which meant she .... . read

English well.3 Peter .... drive well, and he saved up his money and .. .... brry a second-hand car.

4 Maria Braun ...... get a place in the Royal Ballet School; she ... ... dance

beautifully, which explains why.

5 Fred ...... walk by the time he was one year old; he ..... . climb out of his cot on

his second birthday.6 Sergei ..... play football like a professional, and he .............. get a place in the Dynamo

team.7 I .............. translate the poem, although I ..... only speak German to an intermediate

1eve1.

@ Choose between COULD and MANAGED T0 according to whether the verb is one of the"perception" verbs or not (use COULD if possib,e).

1 I am rather short, but I ..... see the procession because I stood on a box.

2 I didn't feel at all welI, but I ...... gelthe work finished on time.

3 Stephen .. hear what she said on the phone to his brother because she spoke

very loudly.4 After facing great difficulties, Christopher Columbus ..... reach America.

5 "Did you like the soup?" "Yes, I .............. taste the onion in it."6 When the car broke down, I ..... . repalr 1t.

7 The springs on the car were so bad that I ...... feel every bump in the road.

47

\Vill Should May (Shouldn't) 'W'on't (probability)

Look at Robert's guest list, and study the text below.

Nigel and Fiona will definitely come to the party;Samantha should be there too, because she usually comes.

Alan and Athene tnay eotne, but it depends on the baby-sitter.Mrs Jenlzins won't conxe; she hates parties.

O Now complete these sentences in the same wdy, using WILL, SHOULD, MAY or WON'T.

1 Susan ... pass; she's a terrible student.

2 Ji- . ..... pass; he's not very good, but he's better than Susan'

3 Peter ... pass; he's a reasonably good student.

4 Eddie ...... certainly pass; he's an excellent student.

Good English?

ln these sentences, three of the verbs underlined are correct, two are strange in meaning and two

arewronginform.(1)Markeachsentence/(right),?(strangemeaning)orX(wrongform)'(2)Rewrite the stran ge/wrong sentences.

1 She not will be late.

2 That should work because it's broken.

3 She won't finish in time; it's already too late.

4 He malrs be here in half an hour.

5 They may want another helPing.

6 He can swim well . . . so he will drown.

Qy,Z

USE'We use these words to say if we think something will happen or not:

A 'We use 'WILL or 'WON'T when we are sure of something:

The sun will rise tomorrow.Don't worry, my dog won't bite You!

B -We use SHOULD when we think something is probable, but we are not completely sure:

Your car should work now, Mrs Jones.'We

also use SHOLILD in the negative:

You shouldn't have any more trouble, Mrs Jones.

C -We use MAY when we think something is possible, but we don't have a clear idea:

The weather is changeable; it may rain. (or it may not!)

'We use these words in other ways too:

For'WILL compared with other future forms, see Unit 18.

For SHOULD in "You shouldn't smoke", see USE box in Unit 25, note B.

For MAY in "May I sit here?", see USE box, IJnit26, noteD.

48

True Or Not?

@ First, you have to complete these sentences with WILL or WON'T.

1 Fred ...... be 1.4 years old next month.2 Auntie Mabel ...... go to Fredt birthday; she hates parties.

3 I am sure I ...... see him again tomorrow; he's always here.

4 You .. .... like what I am going to say, but your room is a mess.

5 They ...... be here at 6 as they said because the plane has been delayed.

6 If there isn't a "securiry alert" on the underground, I ..... arrive at about 7 o'clock.

Certain, Probable, Or Possible?

@ Now complete these sentences with WILL, SHOULD or MAY.

1 "I'm really worried about my exam; I ... ... fail."2 "Mr Smith, I am worried about my exams; do you think I ..... . pass?"

3 "'We11, you've done quite a lot of work, so you . ..... pass, but you can never be sure."

4 "I hope we .. .... find seats at the concert; I haven't bought the tickets yet."

5 "-We11, I think we .. .... get in because het not as popular as he 'was."

6 "However, 'we ...... have a problem. If we do, we can go for a meal instead."

Frorn Certain To Irnpossible

@ Now, you have to rewrite these sentences, using WILL, SHOULD, MAY SHOULDN'T or WON'T.

1 The Queen is certain to arrive at2.1,5.

The Queen ...

2 She is certain not to arrive late; she is always punctuai.

She .

3 I think your car will be ali right now.

Your car ..

4 I don't think you'l1 have any more trouble with it.You .

5 Rain is possible, so take your umbrel1a.

It ...

6 About d20 wlll probably be enough for your expenses.

About d207 I don't think he'll be late today; het usually on tlme.

He.B He is certain not to cry; he never does.

He ..

A Conversation On the Telephone

@ Read this conversation, and complete it with the most suitable word. Some alternatives are possible.

will should may (not) won't

I Hello, Mrs Johnson, is Carol there please?

V No, Jill, she's not. She ... . definitely be home later, but I'm not sure what time. She

...... be home by eight, I think.

I ...... she be in tomorrow morning?

V No, she ......; shet going to have her hair done. I'm not sure what-herplans are in the

afternoon. She .... be in, but equally she ..... . . You never know with Carol!

I -We11, I ..... . probably call her then; I ..... . be going out tomorrow afternoon, I don't

think.,".49

once.When you go to the swpermarket,

1 you ..... bry anything if you don't want to.

2 you . .....pay for your goods.

3 you . ..... be polite to the cashier.

This unit and the next one are about how you talk about rules, obligations and optlons.

USE

Imagine a line from OBLIGATORY to OPTIONAL-

A We have to be there at 6.30 to catch the plane.

You have to stop at a red light.There is nothing to discuss!

(We often use HAVE TO and MUST to mean

approximately the same.)

You should clean your teeth after a meal.

Fred should wash his face; look at it!These are desirable, but not obligatory;there's no law about cleaning teeth!

You don't have to wear a suit.

She doesn't have to eat it all.

These activities are specifically not obligatory.

OBLIGATORY

DESIRABLE

OPTIONALI

+

MUST, HAVE TO and HAVE GOT TOThese three phrases mean approximately the same, but you can only use

MUST and HAVE GOT TO in the present tense:

He'll have to fly to Paris next month.He has tolhas got tolmust fly to Paris today.

i

Good English?

@ ln these sentences two of the underlined parts are correct and two are wrong. Tick (/) the correct

ones, and rewrite the others.1 Mary will have to do that tomorrow.2 I must go; it's late.

3 I had got to finish last night.4 You haven't to wear a tie if you don't want to.

Have to Should Don't have to (obligation - 1)

Read these paragraphs, noticing especially the words in bold type.'When you go on a trip from London to Paris, you have to buy a ticket. You should change some

money before you go, but it's not vital. You don't have to buy insurance if you don't want to.

You don't have to take the ferry to France these days; you can take the Eurostar through the tunnel.

You have to board the train 15 minutes before departure, and you should take enough clothes to wear

in Paris.

If you write to your friends in Paris, you have to put a stamp on the letter. You should use the postcode

if you know it. You don't have to write your address on the back, but some people do.

O Now complete each sentence with the best phrase from the box, in your opinion. Use each phrase

He had to fly to Paris last month.See also MUST (deduction) in Untt 27 .

50

DtivingWhen you are driuing, some rules are obligatory and others are optional.

@ Complete these sentences with HAVE T0, SHOULD, or DON'T HAVE T0.

1 You ...... stop at a green traffic light.2 You . ..... stop at a red traffic ligh3 You . ..... stop at an amber traffi.c light if you have time.4 You . ..... wear a seat belt in the UK.5 You . ..... wear a suit when you are driving!6 You . ..... drive more carefully when itt raining.7 You . ..... keep your headlamps on during the day if the light is poor.

Playing Football

When you're playingfootball, you haue to do some things, but others are optional. What is your opinion?

@ Make up sentences with HAVE T0, SHOULD, or DON'T HAVE T0, and phrases from the box.

have a shower after the game wear football boots play as well as you cankeep quiet all the time obey the rules stay for the party afterwards

2

3

4

5

6 .....:..

fn the Oftice

When Robert is in his ofice, he has to do some things, and he has a choice with others.

@ Complete these sentences with HAVE T0, SHOULD, or DON'T HAVE TO and a verb from the box.

1 He ...... conscientiously all day.

2 He .. .... on time; if he doesn't, his pay is deducted.3 He .. .... after work to do overtime.

4 He ... ... polite to his colleagues.5 He .. ... in silence.

6 He .. .... what the manager tells him to do.

barrive stay work

do be work

Fred At Horne

When Fred is at home by himself, his mother leaues instructions about what he has to do, and some choices.

@ Rewrite these sentences with HAVE T0, SHOULD, or DON'T HAVE T0.

1 Close the front doorl2 It doesn't matter whether you draw the curtarns.3 It's better to switch the lights off. .

4 Don't worry about the cat: I'11 feed her later"

5 Take your key with you! .

6 I prefer you to do your homework before you go out. .

51

Have to Should(n't) Can('t) Don't have to (obligation-2)

Study the sentences below.

'You cant't smoke in the library." 'You shouldn't talk loudly-"'You haae to carry your paSS." 'You don't haae to wear a tie."'You can. bring uisitors." 'You should tallz quietly."

Now complete these six sentences, in theWhen you uisit the British Museum . . .

same way, using each phrase in the box once:

1 You ...... take the exhibits home with you!

2 You .. .... stay as long as you like.

3 You . ..... bry a ticket; admission is free.

4 You ..:........... make a lot of noise.

5 You .... .. leave at 6 prn, when the museum closes.

6 You . ..... always talk quietly in a museum.

o

This unit and the previous one are about how you talk about rules, obligations and options.

Imagine a line from OBLIGATORY through OPTIONAL to FORBIDDEN.

A We have to be there at 6 to catch the plane.

B They should be more friendly.

C You don't have to wear a suit.

D You can sit here.

FIe can watch us if he wants to.

These are optional activities; you can do them or not as you wish.

In formal situations, we sometimes use MAY in this way.

You shouldir't make so much noise.

They shouldn't stand there; we can't see.

These activities are not desirable.

You can't park there!

Tel1 him he can't smoke in here!

These activities are not allowed.

For note on MUST, HAVE TO and HAVE GOT TO, see Unrt25.

Good English?

ln these sentences two of the underlined parts are correct, two are grammatically correct but sound

strange, and two are grammatically wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others.

1 You shouldn't be polite to your family.

2 You don't have to get up early on Sundays.

3 He doesn't should do that!

4 They has to be here at 6 arrr.

5 You have to show your passport at Passport Control.6 You have to wear a hat in London.

(Unit 25)

(Unit 25)

(Unit 25)

@

52

Ledbury: Do's and Don'ts In Public Places

Here is a chart of five places in Ledbury where you can golThe Cinema, The Art Gallery, The Park, The Football Stadium and The Concert Hall.

Obligatory Desirable AllowedNo/obligatory Discowraged Forbidden

Cinema buy a ticket smoke arrlve ontlme

talk

ArtGallery

leave bagsetc. atcloakroom

copy thepalntlngs

follow a

fixed routetalk loudly touch the

parntmgs

ThePark

use the litterbinsprovided

keepchildrenundercontrol

walk on thegrass

walk on thepaths

pick theflowers

FootballStadium

arrlve lngood time

bring yourownrefreshments

shout abuseat the otherspectators

throw bottlesat the referee

Concert

Hallarrlve ontlme

bringchocolates

wear a sult talk

@ Look at the chart, and then complete the sentences below with appropriate forms (affirmative ornegative) of words from the box.

I

I have to should can I

The Rex Cinema

A 1 You ...... bry a ticket before entering the cinema.

2 You .... . smoke in the cinema.3 You . ..... arrive on time.4 You . ..... talk during the film.

B The Ledbury Art Callery1 You ...... make copies of the paintings if you wish.2 You .. .... follow a fixed route through the gallery.

3 You .. ... talk loudly while in the gallery.

4 You . .... leave bags and umbrellas in the cloakroom.5 You ... . touch the paintings.

C Ledbury Park

1 You ...... pick the flowers.2 You .. ... walk on the grass if you wish.3 You . ..... walk on the paths.

4 You . ..... put all rubbish in the litter brns.

5 You . ..... keep children under control.

D Ledbwry Football Stadium E Ledbury Hall Concert

t You .... arrive in good time. 1 You2 You ... ... bring your own refreshments if you wish. 2 You .

3 You .... . shout abuse at other spectators. 3 You .

4 You ..... . throw bottles at the referee. 4 You ..

53

-;a ^^ Rf

"What can, that noise be?""It must be a train."uNo, it can't be a train. They don't use this track a.ny more."

O Now complete the following sentences in the same way, with CAN, MUST or CAN'T.

Sssssssssssssssssssssssss / / /

1 -What ...... that noise be?

2 It .... .. be a snake!

3 Don't be silly; this is London. It .... .. be a snake.

4 'We1l, it .... .. be Robert; het too grown up.

5 I know; it .... be Fred!

This unit is about guessing, or deduction.

Good English?

ln these sentences three of the underlined parts are correct and three are wrong. Tlck (/) the

correct ones, and rewrite the others.1 'What that can be?

2 It must be the wind.3 And who can that be?

;...... 4 I can hear something; he nrust be the milkman.5 It's 6 o'clock; that can be John.6 -What

can that funnlr smell be?

(^v

USE

A -We use CAN to ask a question about the identiry of something or somebody; it's an invitation for

the other person to guess:

(There\ a knock on the door.) Who can it be?

Look at that strange animal! 'W'hat on earth can it be?

I\ote: "-What on earth..?" is more emphatic than "'What..?"

B 'We use MUST when we are guessing, or deducing, from what we can see or hear:

Who can that be? It must be John. Nobody else would wear such a funny hat.-What's

that noise? It must be the wind.

C 'We use IT when we are identi$ring a person or a thing:Who can rt/that be? flMho can he be?)

It's John. It must be John. (I He must be John.)Itb a manuscript. It must be a manuscript.

54

Mixed Bug

@ You have to complete the following sentences with MUST or CAN'T.

1 That ...... beJohn; itt too soon for him to be here.2 Peter ...... be home by now; itt already gone seven.

3 This . ..... be Tinat house; there's her car outside.4 There's a pram outside the house next door; our new neighbour ...... have a baby.5 The babyt not eating her food; she .. .... be hungry.6 He never leaves the house until nine, so his class . ..... start at nine; it .... .. start later.7 She is reading a French newspaper, so she ...... know French.8 You've just slept for ten hours, so you ...... possibly be tired!9 The manager has given her a 20%o rrse; she .. .... be a good worker.

Vhat Can They All Be?

@ Here are three scenes, all starting with a question: what, or who is it? Complete these sentenceswith words or phrases from the box:

1

2aJ

.What ...... this be?

..... be a carneta.No, . ... be a carnera; it hasn't got a lens!

'What ...... that be?

I know! ..... be a giraffe.Don't be silly; ..... be a grraffe' its neck is too short!

4

5

6

7 -Who's that?

I don't know. -Who

be?

B It .... .. be Charlie; he usually comes on Thursdays.9 Don't be sill1,, dear; ..... be Charlie; today is'Wednesday.

Strange Noises In the Johnson House!

It is euening in the Johnson household, and strange noises can be heard. What/who can it be?

@ Complete these sentences with words or phrases from the box.

1

2aJ

4

5

6

7

't:::: :: ":: ::t:: #i::.:3 ;il; ;,*" il, ;;;; o" can can't muston earth it

No, no, .... be Fred; het asleep. Look at the time.Oh, in that case .... be Robert. He's probably singing.Singing! He ... ... be dying, to make a noise like that!I know, ..... be Dennis, playing his harmonica.How awful! He .. .... possibly play so badly!

@ Finally, you have to write questions or answers for these four sentences, using CAN, MUST etc. asappropriate. Use the information given in brackets.

1ab

2ab

3ab

4ab

2

I don't know. I think ii -r, U. ifr. *ira t, ,fr. ;;r.

It may be Susan. She said she might come round.

i ,rri"r.,rr., ,* .rri-p*r..r, u", i'; r"; ,r.;./.... ../.. ..../.(not radio; haven't got one; probably television)

?

55

Can Could Muy 'Would you like (invitations, requests)

This unit is about invitations, requests, offers, and asking permission. We use similarexpressions in all these situations.

INVITATIONS'When

we want to invite someone to something, we often use expressions and responses like

these:'Would you like to have lunch with me? Not: X Do you like . . ?

Thank you, I'd love to!Thank you, I'm afraid I can't.

REQUESTS'When we want to ask for something, we often use expressions and responses like these:

Can I come with you?

Could you (possibly) show me how to save a document?

Yes, certainly/of course . . .

I'rn sorryr l'rn aftaid not/I can't. etc.

M"y I . . ? is a formalway ofsaying "Can I . . ?"

OFFERSWhen we offer to help someone, or give them something, we often use expressions like these:

'Would you like a cup of coffee?'Would you like me to help you?

Thanks, I'd like one.Thanks, that's very kind of you. etc.

No thanks, I've just had one.No thanks, I can manage.No thanks, I'rn OK. etc.

PERMISSION'When we ask permission to do something, we often use expressions and responses like these:

Can I sit here?

Could I sit here?

Yes, certainly/of course . . .

f'rn sorry, I'tn afraid not.Do you rnind if I sit here?

No, not at all. (= "y.t, you can sit here")Yes, I'rn afraid someone . . . (= "no, you can't sit here")

A note on SAYING "THANK YOI-J"When we say "thank you". . . the way we say it depends on how important the favour was, and

who we are speaking to (a stranger, a friend, a superior, a colleague):

Xll ,,0..uo you.

56

e ln these situations, you have to (1)complete the invitation or offer etc., and (2) choose an

appropriate answer from the box.Yes, madam, they're over there. 0h yes, l'd love to.l'm afraid I can't on Wednesday. Yes please, thanks.Yes, of course, you can. Yes, certainly.

1 Robert is going to a concert tonight. He wants to ask Sue to go with him.Would you ... . .......... ?

2 Carol requests perrnission to sit next to a lady in a lecture.

Excuse me, could ...... ?

3 Fred is lost. He wants to get to Stratton Street, and he asks a man in the street.

Excuse me, can you . .......... ?

4 Robert sees a friend without a car, and offers him a ride to the tennis club.

Hello, would you . ........... ?

5 Auntie Mabel wants some airmail envelopes, and she asks the shop assistant.

Can I ......... ?

6 Victoria wants to invite her friendJosephine to come round for lunch next-Wednesday.'Would you .. ..... ? (No)

@ ln these situations, you have to (1)write outthe invitation or offer etc., and(2) choose an appropriateanswer from the box.

Yes, certainly, madam..Yes, l'd love one.All right, but just today.

Yes, I don't need it this morning.How nice!All right, but don't lose it!

1 Fred has forgotten his pen, and wants to borrow one from the teacher....... ?

2 Robert wants to leave early today, but he has to ask his boss's permission.

3 ;;,,,au.i;;i;;;;; ;;;i;; il';;'.*;: .o*.,,a;;;*,.r,;h;;. the weekend... '. ?

4 A friend of Victoriat has just arrived. She offers her friend a cup of coffee.

5 ;t.;;;,"*;;;; ;; ;i;;;,; ;; ;;;; ;;i;il;; i",,,;; lr,.;;;;;;; -,r.. her request

..... ?

6 Itt raining, and Victoria wants to borrow Carolt umbrella for the morning.2

@ rnthese,it,ution,;;; ;;;; ,; ,;;;';;,;;;;,ion0,..,,.,.,.,,,0,r, .n.,seanyappropriate answer (in number 6 the answer is given).

1 Fred is sitting in the doctorb waiting room, which is full. An old man comes in, and Fred

offers him his seat.

.............. ? (Y.r) ...2 Carol is inviting Stephen to go with her to Brighton for the day.

3 ;.;;,; i; #;;,;;i; *,ir, r,i,;;;;; -; i""!Yf;;;, ,,a;;t;;i;,can exprainhow to get started.

..... ? [.r) ...

4 lJncle Victor has forgotten his pen, and he wants to borrow one from his friend Arthur.

s R;;;;;; ;;; ,..u.,*;;;;h. ;il; i; ;.;,i *,,fT],;.; -; "nb;,,. nap him........... ? Er)....

6 Victoria wants to park in front of the shop, and she asks the shopkeepert permission.Do ........ ........... ? No, not at a11,. (: Y.r)

Review: all tnodal verbs

ln this unit we review all the modal verbs and other items presented in Units 22 - 27 .

Ability Probability )bligattoncan can't will won't have to don't have tocould couldn't may can'tmanaged to should shouldn't shouldn't

Deduction lnvitations and Requests

must be can be? can could may yes, certainly/of course

can't be would you like / l'dhke no, I'm afraid not

AbilityComplete these sentences with suitable words or expressions of ability.

1 Robert, I .. .... carry this; it's too hear,ry for me!

2 -When he was young Dennis ...... swim very well.

3 Fred ...... pass his exam last week - nobody knows how!

4 Carol ...... drive when she a young girl, but she can now.

Probability

Complete these sentences with suitable words or expressions of probability.1 "Is Carol punctual?" "'W.eI[, you never know with Carol; she .. .... be here on time, and then

agarr. she .. .... not!"2 "Is Robert punctual?" "Yes, usually; he ... ... be here on time." You don't think he'll be

late?" "'We11, he ... ... be late!"3 "Is Victoriapunctual?" "Yes, always. She. ..... be here on time, you canbe sure of that."

4 "Is (Jncle Victorpunctual?" "No, never! He .. .,.. be here on time, you canbe sure of that."

Obligation

Complete these sentences with suitable words or expressions of obligation.1 I'rn sorry, you .. .... go in there, it's not allowed.

2 The atmosphere in my office is very informal. You . ..... a jacket and tie if you don't want to.

3 You . ..... eat so much; you'll put on weight.

4 "Can you stay for supper?" "No, I ..... . go now or I shall be late home."

Deduction, Invitations and Requests

Complete these sentences with suitable words or expressions of deduction, invitailons andreguests.

1 I can hear someone knocking." "It ......John, he always gets home about this time."

2 "'W'hat's the time?" "It's 5 o'cIock." "-What? It ..... . 5 o'clock! Have we been here that long?"

3 "Dennis is home!" "No, he ... ... home yet; it's too early."

4 "'W'hat's the time?" "I'fil. not sure, but it ...... about 6 o'clock."5 Excuse me, . ..... I sit here for a moment?

o

@

o

@

58

?,. rn )),if, ll;'a>;, ra,l.

i;'u"! ri " ;;i!;:)

,,.An Invitation To a Graduation

@ Complete this dialogue with suitable words or expressions from the expressions listed at the top ofthe previous page.A There is a knock on the door at the Johnson's house. It\ 10 o'clock at night.

Victoria 'Who .... that ...... ? It's late!

Dennis It ..... my old friend Charles. He said he would come round with an invitation for hissont graduation party.(He opens the door,)

Dennis Hello, Charles! come in?Charles , but just for a few minutes; it's late.

Victoria

Charles

a cup of coffee?

a cup of tea instead? I

"2 e ,i;; '3:!.';,'a'

"') :i: ; tq?.t @4 '. ia ..r,t ror

me awake.

Dennis 'What ...... we do for you, Charles?

Charles come to my son's graduation parfy next weekend?Victoria How nice!

Dennis Is it a very formal occasion?

Charles 'We11, wear a dinner jacket, because itt in the morning, but I think mostmen ..... wear a jacket and tie.

Victoria Of course, Dennis, you .. ... go to a graduation parry in a bathing costume!Dennis .... take Auntie Mabel and (Jncle Victor with us?

Charles No, .. . ; I've only got four places for your family. But .. .......... toinvite Robert and Carol.

Victoria I'm not sure about Robert; he .... come. He .... go to Paris onbusiness next weekend.

Charles 'We11, you ...... ... tell me about Robert now, but . . you phoneme tomorrow morning and tell me?

Victoria I ...... ..... (NO), because ... to teach all morning, but Iphone you in the afternoon. 'Will that be all right?

Charles , but how about Carol?Victoria I ..... ...... Carol ...... go. Next weekend she

weekend; she's taking an exam on Monday.

Victoria ........ [ES)Charles Right, I must go now and thanks for the coffee!

t 4":"

Complete this passage and dialogue with suitable words or expressions from the expressions listedat the top of the previous page.

Fred likes climbing trees. 'When he was younger, he often tried to climb the big tree in Monica's

garden, but he ... . But yesterday he ... . get to the top of the tree. Atthat moment, Monica came out. "Fred!" she said. "You ....... .... be up there. You

..... come down at once! Your mother .............. .. be very angry when I teilher!" "You .. tell her," said Fred, "I . ... hurt myself. I

"r;, ::....:::::....:::: climb

:'::. down now!" Monica shouted, and Fred started to climb down. He,; :;:ltffi'-."J1;,3T.lTl"',i;;;:; il;;;;;;ffi.t:L:::llJfJli;rr.d onher shoulders; that was how he .... get down.

@

Coffee is rna de at lL (passive - 1)

Look at these pictures, and read the sentences below.

OT{ PARL€ FRAN(AIS

French is usually spohen here.Tbday, Eruglish is being spoken.

The phone wire was eut whilethe meeting usas being arraruged.

USE

A -We use the PASSIVE when the important question is'WHAT IS DONE? (not: who does it?):

English (is) spoken here [by somebody, but the person is not important].B -We

also use the PASSM when the important thing is'WHEN? or OF WHAT? etc:

The lights are switched on every day at nightfall.This watch is made of plastic and glass.

The house was being painted when we arrived.

C 'We also use the PASSM when we want to put the person who did something (a famous

scientist, writer etc.) at the enil of the sentence:

Radium was discovered by Pierre and Marie Curie.Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

Present sirnpleThe porter the main door.

The main doorNote: I,Jegatiue:

Interrogatiue:

The window is not unlockedIs the side door unlocked?

o

Dinner

Past sirnpleThey the work in good time.

The work in good time.

Past continuousThey the work when we arrived.

The work when we arrived.

Good English?

Look at the underlined parts of these sentences. Three of them are correct and three are wrong.

Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others.1 Are the offices cleaned at night? 4 Portuguese is not spoken in Ecuador.

2 It not is made of glass. 5 The windows is closed in the evening.

3 Do the plants are watered? ....... 6 'Wheat is grown in Fairfield.

Present continuous

60

First, the morning . . .

@ You have to rewrite these sentences in the passive.

1 Somebody unlocked the main door. The main door2 They switched on the lights.3 They switched off the answerphone.

4 Somebody opened the windows.

Itlow, the euening . . (ln the euening, the opposite was done.)

@ Now you have to complete these sentences to show the same four actrons in

will be the opposite).1 The windows were

2 The answerphone

3 The lights4 The main door

REVERSE (the verbs

::::::::(crose)

@ Look at this map of Sylvania, and complete the sentences.

R.IEHMOND

t

1. ... are reared in Richmond.2 ... are made in Penwick.3 ...... is mined in the Kent mountains.

4 .... is grown in Fairfield.

KEY

O : WIIEAT

@ \f8 =vECaErAtsL*s

@ & = APFLEs'

@ ,fift = sr"rEE-P

@ Sm = cATTLE

@ 4{ts =' HoRSes

@ :iflt -- c1oLD

O W = SrLvt'RS @ = coPPEE

@ ffi = 641v166r,AS

O 6@ = cAR's

@ # = FqRNrtt{P€

5 Cameras ...... in Wilson.6 Vegetables ...... in Benton.7 Sheep ...... in Moorfield.8 Silver ...... in the Wilcox hills.

TTOOEFIELDSyrvANrA

PENW-ICFffi

BBNToN

QH.,MOUNTAINS -*e, 4-."n 14\

t1 /\o

ry

9 Furniture10 Apples

1,1, Copper1,2 Florses

@ Write out the information as complete sentences. Use the passive and BY.

1 The Jupiter Symphony / compos ed / Mozart

2 The part of Henry Y / pleyed / Kenneth Branagh

3 The Schubert songs / will sing / Kiri Te Kanawa

4 "Gone'With The Wind" / wrote / Margaret Mitchell

5 Canterbury Cathedral / bs:Irt / 1.4th century / Medieval craftsmen

This can be done (passive - 2)


It ean't be dane.Yes, it ean,.No, it ea,tt't.

It ean be done!It should be done!!It rnust be done!!

o Now complete each sentence with a phrase from the box, accordingto the meaning (grammatically,

all phrases are the same). can be should be must be will be

1 "'When will you do this?" "It .. done tomorrow, madam."

2 "This is urgent; the car delivered tomorrow at the latest."

3 "The speech easily changed if you don't like it, Mr President."

4 "Your desk ...... kept reasonably tidy."

USE

A See unit 30 for the way we use the passive, and the form of the passive in present and past tenses.

B 'We use modal verbs (*i11, should, can etc.) in the same way in the passive as we do in the active:

This work can be done; it's not difficult.The children should be looked after better.

We expect that more radios will be sold next year.

Do$ rnust be kept on a lead in the park.

FORM

The form is similar to the passive in Unit 30:

They might finish the job by 7 o'clock.The job rnight be finished by 7 o'clock.

In the same way:

could help =----r- could be helped

@ ln the following sentences, three of the underlined phrases are correct and two are wrong. Tick (/)the correct ones, and rewrite the others.

1 The game must be played according to the rules.

2 I think this boat can to be built in three months.

3 He was badly hurt, but it couldnt be helped.

4 Your luggage may be inspected by a customs officer.

5 The disease could be curing if we had the right medicine.62

u|'

@ Complete each sentence with BE and the past participle of a verb in the box.

r finish wake repair ii canv f11d j

1 "I would like to ...... up at7 o'clock tomorrow morning, please."2 The police are looking for the boy everywhere, but he cant3 The fax machine isn't working; it'Il have to4 'When

she twisted her ankle she couldn't walk, so she had tci5 This work will not . ..... for a mont at least.

i; hotO expect o rtain tell send i

6 Application forms for the post of personal assistant should...... 1n to the personnel ofEcer by 15th August.

7 Interviews for the post will ...... in the first week of September.8 Further information about the post can . ..... by telephoning 063 7645.9 Candidates will ...... of the result of the interview r,vithin 48 hours.

10 The successfu candidate will . ..... to start work on 1st November.

@ Complete these sentences with the passive of the verb in brackets. Use any tense, and SHOULD,MIGHT or WILL if necessary.

1 Rolls Royce makes luxury cars. The first car with this name ...... (nrake) in 1906.2 Ifyou leave your car unlocked it ...... (steal).

3 The next conference ..... . (hold) in Rome.4 In Medieval tirnes, cathedrals ..... . (build) slowly, over nlany years.5 My car ...... (repair) last week, but it'.s not working very well.6 That light switch ...... (mend); it's dangerous like that.7 The new governor's ofEces ...... (paint) last week.8 Potatoes and tobacco ... .. (bring) to Europe from Arnerica.9 French and Flemish .. ... (speak) in Belgium.

10 "Is the plane ready to leave?" "Yes sir, the luggage ...... (load), and we are ready totake off."

The Mad, Mad Export Cornpany: Annual Report

@ Read this, and then complete the paragraph below it, with suggestions for what to do next year. YouCAN USe SHOULD BE and WILL BE.

This year 150 refrigerators were exported to Iceland; unfortunately only one was sold. In addition,2,000 oil heaters were exported to Singapore, but there was no demand. And finally 50,000umbrellas were sent to Libya, but they were not bought because it didn't rarn.'We decided not todismiss the manaser

-We would like to hear suggestions for our export plans for next year. . .

1 I think the refrigerators ... to Singapore, and then manymore

2 I think the oi1 heaters .. to Iceland.3 I think the umbrellas .. .. to Assam. It rains a lot there.4 I think the manager .... !

5 Then perhaps the company . ... able to sell its products.6 'With

a new manager, the company ... successful next year.7 If we don't do something, the company .... finished rn 1.2 months.

63

Corne in Get down (phrasal verbs - 1)

This is a sequence of four units , 32-35, in which you will practise verbs with:

in on up backout off down away

Unit 32: We present verbs of movement with prepositions which give the direction.

Unit 33: We present verbs with UR DOWN, OUT and ON, where the meaning of the

preposition is extended, but the verb keeps its meaning.

Unit 34: We present24 verbs, where the verb and the preposition together have a new

meaning.Unit 35: We present a furth er 24 verbs, as in Unit 34.

ln this unit, we present the prepositions of movement as four pairs.

IN/OUT

He put his hand in his pocket, and took it out again.She went in the room, and carrle out a few minutes later.

ON/OFF

He took his clothes off and put his pyjamas ott,.

They got on at the bus stop, and got offnear the market.

UPlDO\vNup

What goes up must come down! (saying)He went up the stairs to the second floor, and

A\VAY/BACKaway

offon

out

down

dousn again.

back

\

lme

o

You can take those books away with !ou, but you must bring them baek next week.

Now you have to complete these sentences with

sentences takes one pair of words.an appropriate word from the box. Each pair of

inlout on/offupldown away/back1. a It's warm in the house; you can take your coat ...

b It's cold outside; you d better put your coat .......

a Fred climbed . the tree, but then

b he couldn't get

a Don't throw those papers ...... ; you may need them,

b and you'Il never get them if you burn them!

a They opened the door of the restaurant and walked

b but when they saw the crowd they soon walked again.

64

@ Now complete these sentences with an appropriate word from the box.

i- b;;k I1 They come every day and take the rubbish i :. .^.. i

2 They took the lift and went .. to the top floor i -?I9I ---l3 The bus stopped and several people got ...

4 "There's table cloth in the drawer; can you take it ...... ?"

5 You should take your hat ...... in the house.

6 He put his hand .... his pocket and found a five pound note.

7 'When you've finished using my bicycle, bring it ......'...'... !

8 "Fred, are you upstairs?" "Yes." "Can you come .............. ?"

9 Hullo, corne ..... and have a seat.

10 'When he saw the guard, the child turned and ran

n Fred got ...... his bicycle and leaned it against the wall.

1,2 "Goodbye, come ...... and see us next year if you can-"

13 At 10 o'clock, Robert left the living room, and went ...... to his bedroom.

14 He left his book lying ... the sofa in the living room.

15 He went ...... the stairs agarfl, to get his book.16 Carol wasn't at home; she had gone ...... with her boyfriend.1,7 When she heard the sad music, a tear welled up in her eye. She brushed it ......18 It is dangerous to push someone ...... the swimming pool.

Four Paits

Here, you have to choose one of the two prepositions and one of the four verbs for each sentence(use the right form of the verb).

@ 0N/0FF - i

i

1 Shall I take the dust cover offthe computer? No, ...... it i__.,_i

2 Here comes the bus, be careful when you .

3 'We must be near the centre of the town now; let's . ..... the bus at the next stop.

4 You can ...... the paint ...... with that knife.

@ lN/OuT i-- - watk--pra :

I

1 ... , John! It's good to see you againl i -ta!e

99'-t --]2 The wine is in the fridge, can you .... it .... for me?

3 He was so angry, he stood up and

4 You can .... your car ... ... the garage, it'll be safe there.

o uPlDOwN i---.,* *Ja:tI

1 If prices keep ...... , we shan't be able to afford to eat! L qqt - 99- j

2 To get away from the dog, the cat the tree.

3 He .... .. the stairs to the office below.

4 Robert, what are you doing on the roof.2 ...... at once!

@ AWAY/BACK i--- .ome-dl,i6--j1 'When

they heard the police, the thieves ....... L _l't- ---r.}..! i2 After fwo years in CanadL ny daughter .... to her old home.

3 After Christmas, you ..... all the decorations for another year.

4 We took the car to Brighton in the morning, and ..... home in the afternoon.

65

Up Down Out On (phrasal verbs - 2)

These four words, UP, DOWN, OUT and ON, all go with certain verbs, when they have a general

meaning of movement (see Unit 32). ln addition, we use them in other ways, with other meanings.

Here are the most common ones:

UP: "to approach, to go near":

A little boy ran uP and sPoke to me.

The car drove up to the door and stopped.

: "to finish, to complete":Drink up your milk.He saved ap d200.

DO\vN: "writing, making a note":

He wrote down every word she said.

If you car't remember, put it down on paper.

: "to destroy, to reduce to its component parts":

They pulled down the old house to make way for a supermarket.

OUT_ "clearly or loudly":

All his life he spoke out against injustice.

You have got good ideas; you should write them out.

= "disappearing, fading" ;

The noise gradually died out. (or down, or away)

Those trousers are \Mearing out.

_ "distributing":I d like to hand out these papers. (opposite: collect in)

They're giving out bowls of soup at lunchtime.

_ "extending":The girl put her tongue out rudelY.

"Hold out your hand; I'11 give you a present'"

ON: "to continue, or progress":

Don't stop nowi go on.Carcy on with your work'

: "connected, happening":Switch the light on. (opposite: switch the light off)'What's on for tonight?

There are rwo structures in these examples:

1 Verb * preposition: go on wear out carry on2 Verb * object * preposition: switch the light on hold your hand out

preposition t object: switch on the light hold out your hand

Mixed Bug

Now you have to complete all these sentences, with verbs and prepositions from the boxes, puttlng

the verb in the right form.

o

@

o

o

@

o

1 He looks like Dumbo! His ears .............. !

2 ..... the kettle please.

3 Lett ..... all our things; we shall be leaving soon.

4 Can you speak more slowly; I haven't got timeto ... ... everythit g ....

1 Can you . ..... the television ..... ?

2 Let's . .... the cake among all of us.

3 Can you .... the names of the people who are here?

4 ...... your jacket; it's cold outside.

1 The administrator . .... the results at 6 o'clockyesterday afternoon.

2 If the task is too big, ..... it ...... into smaller parts.

3 The play ...... for three hours, and I fell asleep.

4 'W.rite in pencil, so if you make a mistake, you

can. ..... rt

r put on copy downi pack up stick out

do up share out i, take down turn on :

!.i go or rub out i

, give out break down '

l

@1 The lorry drove down the road and the noise of the write down die out

l

englne n rne roao an. rrle norse or rne

. tylr_q_ ue_ on r

2 I want you to ...... these points in your notebooks.3 'What ...... tonight?4 Panting and out of breath, he ... .. and delivered the letter.

, cut down switch on ,

2 I ..... . the names now so please listen carefully.

3 Your speech is fine, but itt rather long; shouldn'tyou .... . it .............. ?

4 She .. ... to the President and said "he11o!"

be on Ourn Oo*, I1 The dolphins ...... to our boat, and we looked at them. I shout out swim up i

3 'What time ... the film .............. ?

4 The fire soon spread, and the whole house .... in three hours.

1 come on, .... , it's seven o'clock in the morningr i :ffJtlr"t |,HI:l i2 If you are tired, .. on the sofa for a few minutes. -----.--.--,-- --- - -----'- )3 If you .. , you'll be able to buy a cer.

4 I know you're tired, but you'll have to ..... until 6 o'clock.

-" '" - - 'i

1 can you .... . the radio .............. ? I want ro hear ' wear out pull down i

the news. ' the radro """" """ t I want to hear

i drrnk up plt on i

2 Those shoes are .. ... ; when are you going to buy a new pair?

3 They ...... their milk and went to bed.

4 The government ..... their house and built a block of flats.

@

67

ETUII

34Break down Get over (phrasal verbs - 3)

ln Unit 32 we practised verbs of movement with eight prepositions. The meaning of these

phrasal verbs is clear from the meaning of the verb and the preposition.

ln Unit 33 we practised more verbs with four prepositions. Here the meaning of the preposition

was extended, but the verb keeps its meaning.

ln this unit we practise 24 phrasal verbs. Here, the meaning is different from the meaning of

the verb or the preposition alone. The two words together have a new meaning.

Example:VerbPrepositionPhrasal verb

hold, or have in the hand

opposite of lNexecute, perform

CARRY

OUTCARRY OUT

Here is a list of phrasal verbs with examples.

break down: Ihe bus has broken down; we'll get on: He got on the bus and wenttohave to watk. (people can break down too) Pimlico. (opposite: get off)

break off : She was spea king, but she broke get over lt took many months f or her to get

off suddenly when she saw the car. over her illness, but finally she recovered.

bring up (mention): "l'd tike to bring up the get on with: "Well,l must get on with my

subject of my salary, sir." work; l've got a lotto do."

bring up (educate): They brought up their give away: He gave away all his money to

children to speak French and ltalian. the poor, and now he has none.

call on: "l now call on the treasurer to give give up: She had to give up smoking, on

his report." doctor's orders.

carry on: "Don't stop; carry on with what you go on: "l'm talking too much." "No, go on, l'm

are doing." interested."

come across: By chance, she came acrossthe jacket she had been looking for.

come on: "Com e on! Hurry up!"

cut down: You drink too much coffee; you

should cut down the amount you drink.

cut out: He's stop ped drinking coffee; he cutit out completely.

could do with: "l could do with a glass ofwater; l'm terribly thirsty!"

do without: "You'll have to do without yourlunch today, because I didn't cook any."

let someone down: He promised to help me,

but he let me down: I got no help from him.

make up for: "lt's late; we'll have to make up

for lost time."

run out ol'. "Can I have some coffee?" "|msorry, sir, we've run out of coffee."

be run down: "l'm feeling run down." "You'need a rest, or a holiday."

take after: Children sometimes take aftertheir parents: but is it nature or nurture?

take over: When Dennis rettred, John tookover his iob.

68

Now you have to complete all these sentences or paragraphs with phrasal verbs from the boxes,

Make sure you use the right tense!

O Meetings

@

cut out do withoutbring up cut down

them .............. ?

"In my opinion they're a waste of time! I think we should .............. them ... altogether!"

"I don't agree.'We can't .. them. Lots of subjects are .. that I don't hear about

at any other time."

Speakers call on break offrun out of go on

The speaker .. .... suddenly when he heard the noise.

".............. !" said the chairman. "You haven't finished. And I hope you havent ... ideas

yet. I don't want to ..... the next speaker until you have finished."

o Father and Son take after take overcarry on bring uB

'When oldMr Sims died, his son Charlie ...... the shop, and. ..... with the workin the

same way. His father had ... him . ... well, and he .... his father in many ways.

@ A Broken Promise make up for break downget on with let down

Robert promised to help his friend Steve paint his room on Sunday morning, but unfortunately

Robert's car ...... , and so he ...... his friend although it wasnt his fault.

He phoned Steve. Steve said he would ..... the work, and they could ...... lost time the

following Sunday.

The Flu be run down get onget over come across give uP

I was walking in the park when I ... ... an old friend of mine.

"FIow you ....... ....... ?" I said.

"Not very we11," he said. "I had the flu last month and I've been feeling rather .....

"Oh detr,I'm sorry," I said.

"Dont worry," he said, "I'11 .............. it.""'W-e11, don't ... ;' I said, "you've got to keep fighting."

Buying a TV Set come on do withbreak down give away

"They're practically ... TV's down at Dixons," I told my friend Charles. "They're incredibly

cheap.""Oh really, I could ..... e new TV; this one keeps ..... :'"Well, ... :' I said, "what are we waitingfor?"

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uuE

35 Be over Put off (phrasal verbs - 4)

This unit is similar to the last one, We present and practise another 24 phrasal verbs. The

meaning is different from the meaning of the verb or the preposition alone. The two wordstogether have a new meaning.

Example:Verb BREAK = separate into parts

Preposition DOWN = opposite of UP

Phrasal verb BREAK DOWN = lose control (of feelings)

Here is a list of phrasal verbs with examples.

be over: The film was over at 10 pm, and go off (explode): There was a huge explosionthey left the cinema. when the bomb went off.

be in: "Hello, is John in, please?" "Yes, he is; let off: He was late to work, but his bossl"ll call him." didn't punish him; she let him off .

be on: "What's on this evening?" "There's a look uF (word): llooked up Aardvark in thelecture at 6." encyclopedia, and it was the first word on the

be out: "l'm afraid Peteris out. Can you call first page!

back later?" make out (document): He made out the bill

break down (weep): when she heard that and sent it to the customer'

she had lost her job, she broke down. make up (face): She had a shower, got

break up: They broke up when they each dressed and made up her face'

realised they had absolutely no interests in put someone up: "The hotel is full!" "Don't

common. worry, we'll put you up for the night."

call for: The head teacher called for silence. put off: 'We'd better put off the meettng until"l have an announcementto make," she told Charles comes back because we need him

the class. here."

call off: They called off the show because run someone down: "He's lazy." "Stop

they hadn't sold any tickets. running him down."

carry out: Ihey carried out the tasks they take off (plane): "Flight 703 will take off athad been given, and the boss was so pleased 7.30 pm."he promised to give them a rise' take up: when she stopped spea king, peter

do up: "Do up your shoes, Fred; they're not took up the same subject.laced up'" turn up (appe ar): Old'friends often turn up

find out: Years later, they found out what had when you least expect them."really happened' turn down (refuse): He offered to take themgo out (light): The lights went out in the home in his car, but they turned down hisdormitory every night at 10 pm. invitatton.

70

Now you have to complete all these sentences with phrasal verbs from the boxes. Make sure you

use the right tense!

O Game Cancelled! be on call offfind out put off

Itwas raining, so they .... the garme forhalf anhour, butthe rain gotworse andworse and

finally they . ..... the game ... altogether. "Too bad," said'Charlie. "I know! 'What

...... at the cinema this afternoon?" "I don't know, but I ... (soon) '............. !"

@ Two Unexpected Events go out look up

turn up be over

He was . a word in the dictionary when the lightand left him in darkness. He couldn't do any more.

His work .... for the day. At that moment the doorbell rang; his old friend Tjcm

unexpectedly!

@ Too Expensive! be out make outturn down carry out

"In order to .............. the work, we shall need an advance, so could you please ...... a cheque

for d500?"He didn't like the price, so he . their offer, and phoned a friend of his, who was an

architect. But unfortunately his friend

@ A Moment 0f Sadness do up break up

make up break down

She ... ..with her boyfriend a year ago, but when someone at the parry mentioned his name, she

...... After a few minutes she recovered, and went to the bathroom to .............. her face. It was

a mess.

Also she ...... her collar, which was unbuttoned.

Here are foui mini-paragraphs, with two phrasal verbs in each. take off go offcall for put up

A 'W.hen yet another terrorist bomb .... , the prime minister.. decisive action by the police.

B "My plane .. at 6.30 tomorrow morning. You live near the airport; do you think you could

me .. .... for the night?"

run dolvn take uplet off be in

"'W'here'sJohn? He ... .. never ...... ! I don't where he goes every evening!""I'm sure he's not doing anything wrong. Stop . ..... the poor man .............. ."

Victoria: "No'w, young Fred, I'd like to .... the subject of that broken window."Dennis: ".............. him .... , Victoria; he's only a kid."

7L

Look Taste Sound Srnell Feel (linking verbs)


Well, he loohs cheerful. He loohs lihe a cheerful boy.

In fact, sometimes he loohs lihe a cheerful puppy!

USE

A -We use these verbs to describe people and things:

LOOK TASTE SOUND SMELL FEEL (and BE)

B -We can use these verbs with an adjective:

That soup srnells delicious!I thought Susan looked very nice last night.The food tasted terrible, but the wine was good.

This silk blouse feels so soft!The music sounds beautiful.

C 'We can also use them with like and a noun:This place smells like a pigsty!Carol looks like a university student and she is.'What is this? It tastes like rice.This feels like wool. Is it wool?That sounds like a Mozart syrnphony.

D 'We can use BE in the same ways: E There are usually fwo possible questions:

That soup was delicious. etc. How do you feel?

This place is like a pigsty! etc. What does it feel like?

LIKE (verb) and LII(E (particle)Be careful of these fwo words. They look sirnilar, but they are not:Verb: 'W.hat does Fred like to eat? He likes ice-cream!

Aiberb: 'What is Fred like? He's like most thirteen-year-old boys.

O ln these sentences four of the underlined parts are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correctones, and rewrite the others.

1 This Die tastes like terrible.2 It looks like a piece of wood.3 It smells bad too.4 You look tired; in fact you look like a man who hasn't slept all night.5 This dress feels silk.

6 It feels like very expensive!

(like)

What

72

Mixed Bug

@ Complete these sentences with LIKE if necessary.

1 I can hear a noise; it sounds ...... John.2 The bed looks ...... comfortable;3 I wonder what it feels

4 This soup tastes ..... nothing I have ever eaten.

5 Father sounds ...... angry; have you upset him?

6 This chair looks ...... one we had at home when I was a boy.

Food and Drink@ Complete these sentences with an appropriate form of a verb from the box, and LIKE if necessary.

i smell taste iL __ |

2 No, it isn't. It ...... coffee, but it's actually dessert. 'Would you like to try some?

3 Yes, please. Hnrmmm, it ...... delicious.1 It .... .. the dessert we had at that restaurant last night.

A Thief In the Night

@ Complete these sentences with an appropriate form of a verb from the box, and LIKE if necessary.. ---- -- '-l

I Lqol lornL I.Did you see the thief last night, madam? Yeq I did.

1 'What ...... he ...... ?

2 He .. .... very respectable. He was wearing a dark suit.3 He .. .... a business man.4 And how about his voice? ...... he ...... a Londoner?5 No, he ...... Scottish. He had a Scottish accent.

At the Clothing Store

@ Complete these sentences with an appropriate form of a verb from the box, and LIKE if necessary.

1 Come and look at these blouses. This one ...... nice. look feel smell

2 Yes, but it .... .. one you've already got, doesn't it?3 Yes, but touch it. This one . ..... different.4 Yes, it .... soft.

5 Actually, it .... .. fine wool; it's so soft.

6 Yes, but hold it close to your nose. It .... .. funny.7 .What

does it ...... ?

8 It ...... a wet blanket!

It's a Mad, Mad'World!

@ At the fancy dress ball, John and Peter are wearing gorilla costumes. Unfortunately, a real gorillaescaped from the zoo the same evening. Complete Mary's dialogue with the gorilla and John.

M Hello John, you .. ... arnazingi you ...... just ..... a gorilla!G Glub bobble glob glug!M Ha ha ha! You ...... just ...... e gorilla ,ost (she smells him) You even ..... a gorilla!

(John walks in, dressed like a gorilla)M Hello Peter, doesn'tJohn ...... arnazing?

I I'm not Peter, I'm John.M No, no, this isJohn, he ..... . just .... a gorilla, doesn't he?

I He doesn't ..... one, he IS one!!!

J and M (running dway) .Pyaaaaaaaaaaaaaahhhhhhhhh!!!!!!

73

Review: passive, phrasal verbs and look, taste etc.

O Complete these sentences with a suitable linking verb and an adjective from the box.

2 'We had beef stew for supper last night, but I didn't like i ---it at all. It ....

3 I think I'11 buy this jumper. The wool ..... to the touch.

4 Have you seen this picture of the children on the beach?

They ...... very .... ! It must be all the fresh air and sunshine.

5 Your guitar ..... ! Is it out of tune or something?

ln Units 30 to 36, we presented the following:

PassiveFrench islwas spoken. The meeting islwas being arranged.It canlshould/musywill be done.

Linking verbsIt looks/tastes/sound s/smells/eels good!

Phrasal verbsput inltake out go inlcome output onltake off go uplcome downget on/get off take away/bring back

write downput down

run up drink up drive uP save uP

speak ou7write out die ouTwear out hand out/give out

go on carry on switch on what's on?

be inbe on

be outbe overbreak down (weep)

break down (go wrong)break offbring up (mention)

bring up (educate)

call forcall offcall on

carry 0n

carry outCOMC ACTOSS

come 0n

cut downcut outdo up(could) do withdo withoutfind outget onget on withget overgive awaygrve upgo off (explode)

g0 0ngo out (iight)

let someone downlet offlook up (word)

make out (document)

make up (face)

make up forput offput (someone) up

run (someone) downbe run downrun out oftake aftertake offtake overtake up

turn down (refuse)

turn up (appear)

74

@ Complete these six sets of sentences with a phrasal verb.

A 1 .............. your answers to these questions on a blank sheet of paper.2 The waiter came in and ...... the dirty plates3 'When

she heard the news of the accident she .. .... and wept.4 I think I'm eating too much; I really must ...... fatqr food.5 I ..... . an old friend of mine in the park today.

B 1 If you don't know what a word means, ...... it ...... in the dictionary.2 The bomb ...... and many people were killed.3 He .. .... his three children alone, because his wife had died.4 He suffered a heart attack, but he ..... it and went back to work.5 I don't who did this, but I'm going to .............. !

C 1 The plane ...... at 6.35 and flew across the Atlantic.2 I'd like to go out tonight; what ...... at the cinema?3 If you can't find a room at the hotel, we'll ..... you ...... for the night.4 -We

were standing at the gate waiting for a taxi, when a black car ..5 I could hear their voices, but the sound gradually ...... as they walked away.

D 1 If you ...... your money, you'Il be able to get a new car next year.2 He promised to help me, but he ..... me He didn't turn up at all!3 The thief turned to face me, and ...... a knife ..... of his pocket.4 Come on, let's ..... the work, or we'll never finish.5 If you ...... the number 11 bus here, it will take you to where you want to go.

E 1, .. .... your pullover if you're feeling hot.2 Sue, can you . ..... these papers ... , please? Itt one for each person.3 I haven't got time today; we'lI have to ...... the meeting ...... until tomorrow.4 You can borrow this book, but make sure you .... it .............. !

5 Look how tall Carol is growing! She ...... her mother.

F 1 I'm sorry to ... ... this subject Carol, but you haven't done your last assignment.2 I sent in a proposal, but they . ..... it3 Can you .. these plates ...... the table, Fred?4 As you were away for two days, you'lI have to .... the time you lost.5 can somebody ...... the light ..... , please? I can't see anything.

@ Complete these sentences with an appropriate form of the verb in the PASSIVE.

1 The opening . (arrange) for 6 pm yesterday, and the minister ...... (invite) toattend the ceremony.

2 "'W'here is my suitcase?" "The plane .. (unload) at this very moment, madam."3 Every morning the workers .. (take) to the factory by bus, and they ... 1bring)

back again in the evening.4 "'W'hat do you want me to do?" "Don't worry, you . ..... (give) your tasks shortly."

@ Rewrite these sentences, with the same meaning, in the PASSIVE.

1 Do you think they can finish the work today?2 You must not leave your suitcases in the aisles or doorways. .....3 They will hold the meeting at 10 am tomorrow mornrng4 You should not leave your bicycles in the driveway.

75

I want to go (verb * to-infinitive)

Look at the picture, and study the dialogue below.

Fred: I want to driae!Robert: Don't be silly, Fred,. You don't hnow uthat to do, and you don't hnous where to

go. Anyway, first you must learn how to driae.

O Now complete these sentences in the same way, using the verb given and HOW or WHERE if

necessary.

7

1 Carol wants ...... a concert planlst.

2 But she doesn't know ...... the piano!

3 Robert wants ..... some shirts.

4 But he doesn't know ...... them.

BEPLAYBIJYBUY

.'-r L).

USE

A Some verbs often have a second verb with them in the infinitives (to go etc.):

I want to sit down. He decided to go home.

Here is a list of verbs which often have second verbs:

expect agree intend offer deserve

hope aLrrarlge pretend refuse cant't afford

want decide forgetNotice the negative form of the second verb:

We decided not to wait for her.

B Some verbs often have a second verb with them, plus how, what, where etc:

I dont know 'WHAI to ilo.

Do you know WHERE to go?

Here is list of these verbs:

learn know understand as

C 'With the verb LEARI\, hou is usually optional:

I am learning (how) to speak French.

Robert learnt (how) to drive when he was 17.

D Notice the meaning of expect, hope and waitfor:I expect to see him at 6. (I am sure he is coming.)

I hope to see him at 6. (I want him to come, but I am not sure.)

If he's late, I'll wait for him. (I'11 stay there until he comes.)

E Notice the meaning of pretenil:Fred pretended to be asleep. (but he wasnt)

Carol pretended to enjoy herself. (but she hated every minute of it)

@

More About the Farnily

Now you have to put in the right forms of the two verbs in brackets in each sentence.

1 Victorra ... .. (arrange, take) her neighbourt child to school last week whenher neighbour was i11.

2 Carol ..... (forget, hand in) her essay, and her tutor was annoyed.

3 Robert ..... (decide, apply for) a job at Curry's, and he got the job!4 Sally the cat ..... (intend, eat) Ophelia the fish, but she failed!

5 Dennis ..... (agree, take) Fred and his friends to the cinema last Saturday.

6 -W-inston was a good dog, and he ... .. (deserve, take) for a nice run in

the park.

The Johnson Farnily: Plans and Expectations

You have to complete these sentences with appropriate forms of the verbs in the boxes.

1 Carol has her end-otyear exams in a month's time. She . ..... to study hard every day fora month, and she ...... to do well.

2 Carol ...... to drive last year; she had a driving lesson every Thursday. Also, her father..... to help her, and they used to go driving together for an hour every afternoon.

Robert .... to take him.4 Robert's friendJohn Simpson did not agree with the new tax, and he ... ... to pay it. He

.. to receive a visit from the police one of these days!

Sirnilar (and Sornetirnes Confusing) Verbs

Complete these two pairs of sentences with appropriate forms of HOPE/EXPECT.

Remember: I expect = "l believe it will happen.I hope = "l want it to happen, but l'm not sure it will."

1 Most children in England ..... . to go to primary school. But that is not true ofuniversiry; many young people ...... to go to universiry but only a few get there.

2 Robert was a very confident student, and always ...... to pass his exams. Carol is morenervous; she ... ... to pass, but shet not at all sure!

Complete these two pairs of sentences with appropriate forms of PRETEND and WANT.

1 Victoria ... ... to get Fred out of bed. He heard her, but he ... .. to be asleep.

2 On December 25th, when the children were little, Dennis ...... to be Father Christmas.He ... ... to make his children happy.

WI{ERE, 'WHAT and HOVComplete these sentences with WHERE, WHAT or HOW.

1 I'm sorry, I don't understand ..... . to do this.

2 'We must decide ...... to take with us on holiday.

3 Do you know ...... to go for lunch?4 If we're not sure, we can ask .. .... to do next.5 I want to learn ...... to use a computer.

o

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77

Afraid of flying (preposition * -irg)


"What's this for?""It's for cleaning my trumpet."

He's good at playingthe trumpet.

USE

A If a verb comes after a preposition, we always use the -ingforrn.He's good AT play ING. It s FOR clean ING.

B Here is a list of phrases with adjectives and preposltlons:OF She's afraid of flying.

I'm very fond of playing the piano.

I'm tired of watching this stupid programme.

AT He's good at swimmlng.I'm hopeless at sw1mm1ng.

ABOUT She was pleased about getting the tickets.

He was annoyed about not passing the test.

C Here are four prepositions which often take verb-ing:

BY By clirnbing through the window, Fred got into the house.

He made friends by being nice to people.

FOR Foy making short journeys in the ciry you can use the bus or the underground.

This little stove is for heating the food.

BEFORE Check the expiry date before taking the medicine.Before entering a room, always smile.

AFTER After waiting for a )rea\ he married someone else.

She bought the Renault after looking at a lot of second-hand cars.

Good English?

O ln these sentences, four of the underlined phrases are correct and four are wrong. Tick (/) the

correct ones, and rewrite the others.1 She is verv sood at cook.2 The small knife is for peeling potatoes.

3 He is afraid b). driving in Paris.

4 I was annoyed about not getting a place.

5 'We went home after to watch the game.

6 I'm not verv sood at sinsins.7 They used this knife for to cut the paper.

8 Shet fond of going to the movies.

78

@ Complete these sentences with the right preposition.1 He's not very good ...... painting!2 Shes fond ..... dancing, and she likes music.3 He drove back to the ciry .... . spending the weekend with friends.4 I'm hopeless . .... usmg a computer.5 Carol was pleased .... getting a place at college.6 ...... waiting for rwenfy minutes, he decided to leave.

7 'Whatt this brush for? It's . sweeping the floor, Fred!

8 Please knock .... entering.9 I'm not afrard ...... flying, as long as it's a big plane!

10 .. going on a long car journey, you should check the oil, the petrol and the tyres.

1,1, They got into the house .. climbing up a drainpipe.1,2 The doctor was fwo hours late, and the patients were annoyed ... having to wait.1,3 Robert is tired .. working in the same place.

1,4 He closed all the windows ..... leaving the house.

15 He got the information he wanted .............. asking the right questrons.

@ Read the first sentence; then add it to the second sentence as in the example.Example: You got the job.

You must be pleased

He makes paper aeroplanes.

He is goodI listen to music.

I am fondI travel in sma1l planes.

I am afrerdI can't dance!

I am hopeless

I ryp. dozens of letters every day.

I am tiredI got a bad result in the test.

I am annoyed

Starting Vith a Preposition

@ Write these sentences starting with the preposition given.Example: He had a shower, then he got dressed.

Before *4** /"144t1, /9.kJ.a a/*'two'

1 I had a good breakfast, then I left home.Before

2 He phoned the operator. He managed to obtain her number.By

3 You want to cut up vegetables. You can use this knife.For .

4 I waited for half an hour, then I went home.After

5 She made an extra effort. She got the work finished.By

6 I witnessed the accident, then I phoned the police.After

7 You want to drive around town. The Citycar is ideal.For .

8 He decided what he wanted to say, and then he phoned Carol.

'a[*il;"*ili 1;1,:

. .,, .,, q /6 ._.. ,.... tr, ,..a 6 t .,f'a.r,.

Before

79

M

40 I enjoy playirg soccer I like to play /playing soccer(to-infinitive/-ing)Look at the picture, and study the sentences below.

We want to go to the cinema.We enjoy going to the cinema.

Now complete these sentences in the same way, using the verbs given. Give two forms if possible.

1 Fred wants ..... / ...... football on Saturday. PLAY

2 Carol likes . ..... / ...... out on Sundays.

3 Robert enjoys ...... / ...... tennis.

4 He started ..... . / ...... French last week.

we rike { to.so \ ,o ,rr" cinema.t€otng )

GOPLAYSTUDY

USE

When we use two verbs together, the second verb may take one of several forms:

To-infinitiue: I want TO GO.-ingform: I enjoy EATING ice cream.

Either He started TO PLLY /PLAYING.A -We

use the 'to-infinitive'with some verbs

(See Unit 38)

B 'We use '-irg' with some verbs, like this:

They enjoy going to the cinema.

He dislikes waiting in queues.

Here is a list of these verbs:

dislike enjoy finish Practlsecart't stand stoP PostPone

C With some verbs, we can use 'to -' or '-irg' for the second verb, and the meaning is

approximately the same:

I like swirnrning.I like to switn.

Here is a list of verbs:

start hate likecontinue love

Good English?

ln these sentences, two of the verbs underlined are correct, two are wrong, and two have alternatives.

Tick (/) the correct ones, correct the wrong ones, and write the alternatives.

1 I'11 have to postpone seeing him until next week.

2 FIe started working at six.

3 She finished to cook lunch and left the house.

4 He continued to work until seven.

5 I r,vant to get this finished tonight.6 I can't stand to lislcu to that noise!

80

Verbs Plus -irg@ You have to answer these questions in a similar way to the example.

Example: Did you watch the news on TV last night?Yes, I enjoy ulilz(&fu taua 9^1V.

1 Have you played the piano today?

Yes, Ipractise .. everyday.2 Flave you fyped those letters yet?

Yes, I finished a few minutes ago.

3 Do you watch quiz programmes on TV?No, I can't stand

4 Do you still bite your nails?

No, I've stopped5 Are you going to play cards with us?

No, I dislike6 Have you andJaney moved house yet?

No, we've postponed . . . . . .; we can't afford the mortgage.

7 Has Fred had his shower yet?

B Have you cleaned the kitchen, Carol?

Justaminute, Muml Ihaven'tfinished ...yet.9 Have you washed Winston?

To, -ing Or -ing /to?

@ You have to complete each sentence with one of the verbs from the box, and you have to indicate ifthe next verb is to, -ing, or either. Look at the example:

continue practise

Example: She .. l'""*A-r,t to$ay/playing the violin for hours every day,

and she oo+'tr'fu*a....... to play/playing when everybody has gone to bed.

enjoy want

hope dislike

finish start

like can't stand

love hate

stop enjoy

postpone promise

like arrange

1 I . ..... to see/seeing Carol and Robert next week; Ialways ...... to meet,/meeting them.

2 Robert ...... to get/gettrns to the airport in good time;he .... .. to arrive/a:-:-lrng at the last minute.

3 She .. .... to type/qrping the letters at9.30 am, and

..... to type/qrping them at 1.1 o'clock.

4 I ..... . to see/seeing my friends, but I .............. towatt/warting for them for hours.

5 They ..... to eat/eating supper, but they ...... todoldoing the washing up afterwards!

6 I ..... . to .listen/listening to the guitar, so don'tto play/playing!

7 He ... ... to belbeing here at six o'clock yesterday, butthen he ... ... to meet,/meeting us until seven.

8 "I .... to see/seeing Peter andJoe; let's . ..... tohave/having tea with them on Sunday."

81

I want you to go (verb * object * to-infinitive)


He begged herto maruy him.

He wants herto marry him.

He told herto marry him.

"I want . !"))"He told

He ordered herto maruy him.

O Now complete these sentences in a similar way.

1 "Come with me!"2 "John, go away"3 "Now you can speak French." "I taught4 "Soldiers, stand up!" "He ordered

))

t"

Some verbs are commonly followed by an object (him, John, the table) and a to-infinitive:I taught hirn to speak English.He told rne (not) to go.


ask tel1 order remind invite teach forbid

B Some verbs can be used with or without an object:I would like Peter to go. I expect hitn to be there.

I would like to go. I expect to be there.


like expect prefer want

(See also Unit 38, verb * to-infinitive.)

With TEACH, you can also say HOW TO:I taught hirn to play the piano. I taught him how to play the piano.

Good English?

ln these sentences, two of the phrases underlined are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the

correct ones, and rewrite the others.1 I want that )rou go.

2 I taught him how to ride a bicycle3 They prefer to go by plane.

4 They invited to go to dinner with them.5 I {orbid }rou do that!

I

lcI

It_

@

82

Unscrambling Sentences

@ You have to put these words in the right order to make a good sentence.

1 "every manlhis dtty/ do/expects/Eng)and/to"

2 herself/wo rk/ the / she / to / prefers/do

3 night/me / to / the/ they / stay /asked

4 play /Frunces/ they /cards/like / wth/ to

5 expect/house/hour / tn/ to / an/ the / we /leave

He MeTo...@ You have to complete the second sentence to mean the same as the first, as in the example. Don't

forget to use an object.Example: 'Would you like to come for tea?

She invited . . . . . . . . . . . . .f .1.":.** .h. t.tut. . .

Do not leave the roomHe ordered...Do not leave the roomHe forbade ...

Can you help me move the piano?She asked

Don't forget to be at the concert hell, at 7 .1.5

She remindedPlease be quiet, you fwo.He told"This is how you cook vegetables."She taught ..... . (how)

I 'W'ant To . . . Or I W'ant You To . . .?

Now you have to complete the sentence in the same way as the first, using an object if necessary.

1 Can I have some orange juice, please?

I would like .

2 Flere is some orange juice for you.I would like .

3 Why don't you take the plane to Mallorca?I want

4 Can I take the plane to Mallorca?I want

5 Carol thinks she will be at the office by 9 am.

She expects ..6 Carol thinks R-obert will be at the office by 9 arn.

She expects ..7 She will be pleased if you pick her up by car.

She prefers ....

B She will be pleased to go by cx.She prefers ....

1

2

aJ

4

5

6

o

83

He said he liked her (reported speech - 1)

Look at these pictures, and study what Auntie Mabel says.

O Now complete these sentences in the same way with words from the box:

1 Carol said she ...... play the piano.

2 Fred said he ...... going to school.

3 Victoria said they ...... go to the cinema this evening.

4 Dennis said he ...... the shopping on Thursdays.

"I am goirtg to my dancing class.""I go on Fridays.""I can dance the waltz.""I may learn to dance the Tbiddle."

What did she say?

She said she was going to her dancing class.

She said she went on Fridays.

She said she could dance the waltz.She said she might learn to dance the Twiddle.

r ------I was did

l

could might

Reported speech is very cofirnon; we often need to repeat what someone else has said.'We can do it in two ways:

Compare sentences a and b:

Ia Fred said, "I am hungry."

2a Robert said, "I'11 be there."

1b Fred said he was hungry.

2b Robert said he would be there.

-When we start with HE SAID, as in sentences 1b and 2b above, we usually change the verb, like this:

When we report what someone said in the past, we sometimes change the verb, but not necessarily:

Robert: "I went there yesterday."

Robert said he went there yesterday.

Robert said he had gone there yesterday.

These tvvo sentences mean approximately the same.

Good English?

@ Look at the underlined parts of these sentences. Three of them are correct and three are wrong.Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others.

1 "I left at six."2 "They are leaving."3 "I may do it today."

4 "She'll come soon."

5 "I didn't enjoy the foodl'6 "I see her every daf'

He said he left at six.

He said they would leaving.

She said she might do it today.

He said she will come soon.

He said he hadn't enjolred the food.He said he would see her every day.

84

'What Fred Said. . .

@ Now you have to read these four things that Fred said, and report them by completing thesentences below.

1 Fred said .

2 He said

3 He said

4 And he also said

'What Robert Said. . .

@ Now you have to read these four things that Robert said, and report them by completing thesentences below.

1 Robert said

2 He said

3 He said

4 And he also said

What Carol Said. . .

@ Now you have to read these four things that Carol said, and report them by completing thesentences below.

1 96p'1 ulFE 1BAKED BEANs

I MAY 60 AND 5E E I7

1 Carol said .

2 She said

3 She said

4 And she also said

The Politician Said. . . (But Nobody Believed Him!)

@ Look at these statements by a very famous politician. Now complete the sentences below.

"I arn not, but definitely not, going to raise taxes.""I will fight to defend our currency!"

"I rnay expand the health service.""I believe in this countryt future!"

"I don't take bribes!"

He said heHe sard heHe said heHe said heHe said he

,:eLi

S

*1aiv*a\

85

She told hirn to goShe asked what the tirne was (reported speech - 2)

Look at the picture, and xts below.

"What is the tirne?" She asked him what the time was."I don't hnow." He said he didn't hnow."Go and see." She asked him to go arud see."Dort't be long." She told him not to be lortg.

O Complete these sentences in exactly the same way.

study the te

1 'Where is John?

2 'What's the answer?

3 Sit down.4 Wait here.

She asked him where .......He asked her whatHe told her ..

She told him .

A 'When we report questions, 'we make two changes.

1 We change the verb, as in other reported sentences (see Unit 42).

2 'We change the question into an affirmative, because rt's not a question any more:

Exampile: 'W.hat is the time?

He asked what the time was.

B 'W.hen we report imperatives, we make one change. The imperative changes to the infinitive.Example: Be quiet!

( asked

She ( him to be quiet.

I told

C 'We use She said. . . for reporting a statement (affirmative).-We

use He asked (her). . . for reporting a question (interrogative).-We

use She told hirn. . .

or She asked hirn. . . for reporting an order (imperative).

With TELL, we have to say who we tell: She told me. . .

With ASK, we sometimes say who we tell: She asked (*.). . .

'With SAY, we do not say who we tell: He said. . .

@ ln these six sentences, three of the underlined parts are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the

correct ones, and rewrite the others.1 She asked Robert where he was going.

2 She told him go home.3 They asked me what was the time.4 He told us to wait in the ha1l.

5 Mary askedJohn when would he be ready.

6 John asked me if I could help him.86

SAID, ASKED, TOLD . . . Plus Object?

@ Complete these sentences with SAID, ASKED or TOLD, and put in the person you are telling (me,

him, her etc.) if necessary.

1 John ...... he was leaving.

2 Peter ...... to wait for him.3 Sue . ..... what time the train would leave.

4 Brian ...... he was buying a new car

5 The policeman ...... to puIl my car over and stop.

'What Victoria Asked. . .

@ Victoria wanted to know what all the family was doing, so she phoned up and asked. You have to

report the questions she asked.

1 Victoria asked

2 She also asked

3 And she wanted to know4 And she asked

5 Finally she asked

Vhat Dennis Asked. . .

@ Dennis wanted to know what all the staff at the office were doing, so he phoned up and asked. You

have to report the questions he asked.

,JV'IAT DOES IHE T'1(l}E}l(*Epo ol r4olpAvs ?

1 Dennis asked

2 He also asked

3 And he wanted to know4 And he asked

5 Finally he asked

The Spirit Of the Sergeant Major!

@ ln the army, they tell peoBle what to do. They don't ask them; they tell them. Report these orders,and don't forget to change the pronouns.

1 BE QU|ET!2 STAND UP STRAIGHT!

3 PUT YOUR SHOULDERS BACK

4 DON'T MOVE!

5 PULL YOUR STOMACH IN!

6 DON'T LOOK AT ME!

The Sergeant Major told Private Snooks. . .

1,.2

3

4

5

6 87

Review: reported speech, to-infinitive and -irg(verb completnentation)

ln units 38 - 43, we presented the following:

Verb Gnot) + to-infinitive Verbs + -ing

promise agree dislike enjoy

deserve arrange finish Practiseoffer hope can't stand

can't afford refuse stop Postponedecide forget

Verbs + to - or -ing(same meaning) (different meaning)

start hate remember forgetlike lovecontinue

Verbs + object + to Verbs G obiect) + toask tell like exPectinvite teach prefer wantremind order

Verb + how/what/where + to Verb G how) + toknow understand teach learn

askPreposition + -ing

afraid of fond of tired of good at hopeless atpleased about annoyed aboutby for before after

[tlleaning of expect and hopeReported speech statements ;

Past tense "l went there yesterday."Robert said he went there yesterday.

Robert said he had gone there yesterday.

Questions: What is the time?He asked (her) what the time was.

lmperatives: Be quiet!

She told him/asked him to be quiet.

O Complete these sentences with the verb in brackets and to or -ing.

1 He promised ...... for us if we were late.

2 He finished ... ... the newspaper and put it down.3 "I hope ...... to Greece agern next summer."

4 I enjoyed ...... your cousin very much.5 They refused ...... me, so I reported them.

6 She dislikes .... .., but she has to do it.7 It was a nice day, and they decided .

8 Robert offered ..... for lunch.9 If you practice ...... English whenever you have the chance,

you will improve.

(wArr)(READ)(Go)(MEET)(HELP)(rYPE)(wALK)(PAY)

(SPEAK)

88

@ Three of these verbs must be to, five can be to or -ing. Complete them in two ways if possible.1 I started ..... tennis seriously when I was 12 years old. (PLAY)2 They agreed ..... half of the work. (DO)3 The children like .... TV but we limit them to an hour a day. (.W.ATCH)

4 "You didn't forget ..... the sandwiches, did you?" (BRING)5 I love ... to him; he speaks beautifully. (LISTEN)6 You can't afford ..... that; don't even think about it! (BUY)7 She hates ..... to loud music, especia\ if it is in a disco (LISTEN)8 If you continue ..... that, you'll get yourself in trouble. (DO)

@ ln these sentences, you have to insert a number of different "WH] words.A ln this set you have to insert WHAT or WHERE.

1 I'11 show you . ... to find the coffee

2 I don't understand ..... . this word means!

3 If you are going to be a receptionist, you must learn ...... to say.

4 Could I ask ..... you keep the coffee?

B ln this set you have to insert HOW. ln two of the sentences it is optional; put the word HOW

in brackets.1 My elder brother taught me .. .... to play football.2 He doesn't know ...... to do that!

3 She learnt ..... . to play the violin when she was six.

4 I don't understand .............. you arrive at the answer.

@ Complete each sentence with a phrase orpreposition from the box.

afraid of fond of beforegood at pleased about fortired of annoyed about by

89

o

1 You mustn't be ... bees; they won't hurt you.2 I think this cupboard is ...... storing old fiIes.

3 Her assistant was late for the third day in a row; she was .. that, and spoke to him sharply.

4 Carol is ..... . animals, and especially loves their cat.

5 You can get to the school .............. walking along this path.

6 She's very . ..... long distance running, and won the race ageln this year.

7 My daughter passed her exams, and we were very . ... that.8 You should wash your hands ...... eating.

9 "I couldn't finish because my pen broke." "I am ... listening to your excuses."

Complete these sentences with appropriate forms of EXPECT, HOPE or WAIT FOR.

Some alternatives are possible; the important thing is to see the possible differences in meaning.1 "-W'e've been ... John for half an hour; I .... he's not long."

"Het not usually late; I ...... he'll be here soon."2 "I ..... . I passed my exam!"

"Oh, I ..... .you will; you always do well. Are you the results now?""Yes, and I'm scared!"

Rewrite these as reported speech.1 "l will write your reference this afternoon." He said

2 "-Where is Fred?" She asked

3 "Turn left at the next corner." He told me

4 "I arn waiting for the doors to open." She said

5 "I left the house at four o'clock." (rwo alternatives) He said

6 "'W'here is Dennis going this eveniflg?" She asked me

7 Please don't open the window." He asked me

@

At In To Frorn (prepositions of place - 1)


f9,':t4 //

I

"Where's Mr Bowden ?"oHe's in the office."

"Where's Dad?"uHe's at the office."

He goes from his house tothe office by train.

c

A 'We use AT when we think of the place as a point on a map:

Dad's at the office (itt miles away; we don't think of it as a room).

The plane stopped at Bombay to refuel.-We

use AT when we think of the activity in a place:-Where were you? I was at a meetrng.

Carol is at universiry (she studies there).

I was at the cinema last night (watching a film).Carol was at Steven's (house) yesterday afternoon (enjoying themselves).

We usually use AT with these expressions (without THE):at home at school at work at unrversrfy

'We use IN when we think of the place "as a place":Mr Bowdent in his ofhce (it's the receptionist speaking; the office is close by).

The thief was hiding in the cinema (in the building).Dennis and Victoria live in Hampton.

-We usually use IN with these expressions (without THE):in hospital in town in prison in bed

-We usually use THE or A (or some other word like HIS etc.) with these expressions:

in the house (hall, theatre, kitchen, park etc.)

in my ofhceatthe/a station (bus, railway) or airport

-We use FROM and TO for movement:He drove from London to Manchester in two hours.

E HOME'W.hen we are going to "the place where we live", we say HOME without a preposition:

I'm going horne. Peter came horne yesterday.

But when we are already in "the place where we live", we use the preposition AT:I was at horne when he phoned. Let's stay at horne.

Good English?

Three of the phrases underlined in these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the

'0"':: on':'

:lo 'iT:'J:::yffir* no\M, and 'r1

stay at home

. 2 Peter's in hospital; he hurt himself at work.3 I'11 see vou in airport.4 "Yes, Mr Smith is at his oflice; it's along the ha11."

90

Points, .F :ies Or Places?

@ Put in AT or lN,possible.

and THE if necessary.lf THE is not necessary, don't use it. Some alternatives are

1 Peter was ... ... work this morning. He spent two hours ..... . his oflice, and then hewas . ..... Directors' meeting for an hour.

2 "Flow's John?" "FIet ...... hospital, I'm afratd. He was playing football ...... schoolwhen he felI down."

3 I caught my plane ...... Heathrow airport. I had to wait ...... airport for two hours,

4 I'11 meet you .... .. ticket office ...... statlon.5 I'm staying ..... . Sue's for the weekend. She lives . ..... Birmingham. I'm taking the

train at 3 o'clock; it stops ...... Oxford and Stroud.6 Simply Red is playing .... football stadium ...... 'W.imbledon next week. Would you

like to go with me?

7 "Is he still .. ... bed?" "No, het . .... kitchen making himself some breakfast beforehe goes to work."

8 John Maxell has been ...... prison for six months. He was caught stealing handbags.... alrport.

9 I saw a very good play ... ... theatre last night.10 I'11 be ...... town this afternoon, so I'11 meet you .. . office.11 Petert ...... universiry. He lives ... ... universiry hall of residence.

Going

@ Now you have to complete these sentences with FROM, TO or AT if necessary (plus THE ifnecessary). Some alternatives are possible.

1 "Shall we go .... cinema tonight?" "OK, I'11 see you . ..... box o{fice just beforethe show."

2 I think I'11 go ...... home. I want to stay ...... home this evening.3 -We

travelled ... ... Mexico City ..... Acapulco by bus, stoppirg .. .... Taxco onthe way.

4 If we walkway.'We can buy a newspaper ..... . newsagent's; we shall pass it as we walk ..... home

.... statlon.Every morning Victoria drives ..... her house .... the school where she works.She often buys food ...... corner shop on her way back ...... school in the evening."Does this train go .............. York?" "Yes, madam, and it stops ... Grantharn."

Home, Sweet Home

@ Now you have to complete these sentences with AT, FROM, or ( - ) (nothing).

1 It's nice to spend winter evenings ...... home.2 She drove ...... home after work and put her car in the garage.3 "I'l1be .... home al1 day tomorrow, if you want to drop in for a cup of tea and e bit of a

chat."

4 FIe went ...... home to the office by car5 Carol decided to go . home, because it was getting late.

6 "Goodbye, I'11 see you..... . home this evening.

6

7

8

91

tlnder Above Between Behind In front of (prepositions of ptace - 2)

Look at this picture of a page from a newspaper, and read the description below.

O Here is a picture of another page. This time you have to complete the text according to what you

see on the page.

Here is a page from a newspaper, in

three columns. The title of the article

is aboue columns 1 and 2, and there

is a subtitle under the title.

There is a photograph between

columns 1 and j, under the text in

column 2.

Here is another page from a

rnagazine. The title of the articleis .... .. column 2,btt thesubtitle isn't .

.... ; it'sthe text in column 1.

There is a photograph incolumn 3 ..... . the text and

...... an advertisement forsoap.

A The physical positions indicated by these prepositions are:

ABOVE

UNDER

'We also use these prepositions in other ways:

UNDER and OVER (less than and more than)

The boy is under 18 and the old man is over 65.

She is underweight (too thin) and he is overweight

In the photograph there is d woman

standing infront oJ a man. Behindthe man, you can see smoke and

Jlames.

In the picture there are twowomen, and . ..... them is a

small boy. . ..... them youcan see a house.

BETVEEN the women

IN FRONT OF the women

(too fat).

BEHIND and AHEADJohnny's falling behind with his work, but Sue is ahead.The French economy is behind Germany, but it's ahead of Spain.

USE

92

@

Hide-and-Seek

There are eight "people" hidden in this picture. They are Victoria, Dennis, Robert, Carol, Fred, UncleVictor, Winston and Sally. You have to complete the sentences on the left to say where they are.

73r.?l';i/

r\4 , \,.fIi :

'*1.)

1 Victoria is

2 Dennis is ....3 Fred is

4 Robert is ....

5 Uncle Victor is ....6 Carol is ....7 'Winston is ....8 Sal1y is ....

oMore Than Or Less Than?

Here is some information. You have to complete the sentences by saying if the prices, weights andtemperature are OVER or UNDER.

1 Sir, this luggage weighs ..... . 20 kilos; you'll have to pay. Madam, your luggage is all right:it's .... .. 20 kilos.

2 This sweateris cheap; look, it's... ..d10. Butthere are some expensive sweaters here;these are ... .. d50 each!

3 It was cold last night, ... 5o Centigrade; but today it'll be hot. They say it'll be ...30o Centigrade!

Tourist London

Here is a tourist map of a part of London. You have to complete the sentences, by saying where thebuildings are.

@

srr.1Affiln5IN THE

FI€LD5

1 Nelson's Column is .

2 Nelson stands

3 The four lions4 St Martint .....5 You can see the Coliseum6 The cafeteria .

7 There is a tourist bus

! V?")

'Yl.e enrQuARe

93

AT ON IN (prepositions of place - 3)

Look at these pictures, and study the texts below.

Look at this page.There isa photograph at the top onthe right, a graph at thebottom on the left, and abox in the middle.

There is a man in a turban in the bo,ckrowlat the bach.There is a woman in a hat in the frontrowlat the front.

USE'We

use AT with these expressions:

at the top at the frontat the bottom at the back

'We use ON with these expressions:

on the lefton the right

on one side

on the other side

'We use IN with these expressions:

in the front row in the back rowin the second row in the middle

A11 these expressions take OF if you add the place:

at the bottom of the street

at the front of the class

'We can say at the front or in the front.

Good English?

Three of the phrases underlined are correct, and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and

rewrite the others.1 He was standing on the lc of the plcture.2 She was sitting on the front row.

3 There are some more chairs at the back.

4 He is in middle, between his sisters.

5 Let's sit at the front.6 They were marching on the front of the column.

94

The President Visits the People

@ Complete these sentences with the prepositions AT, 0N, lN or 0F.A big crowd came to see the President when he uisited our uillage.

1 I was standing ..... the back, so I couldn't see very well.2 The President was sitting ...... the middle ...... the platform.3 ...... his right was the Minister ...... Justice.4 There was a tall woman ..... . the front row.5 ...... my left I could see the presidential guards.

There wds a big pister behind the President.

6 It said "Long Live Ruritania!" ...... the top.7 ...... the middle there was a picture of the President.8 ...... the bottom it said: "Together We'Will Solve Our Problems"9 ...... one side . ..... the platform there was a tank, and .. ... the other side

a militarv band.

'Wally's Classroorn

@ Complete these sentences according to what you can see in the picture. You will need to use itemsfrom the USE box on the previous page.

AI2aJ

4

5

Your Roorn

Now write five sentences about the room you are in, like this:1 At the back of the room, there are

2

3

4

5

B6

7

8

9

The Students

There is a girl with long blond hair sitting ........ .... 1n

There with short black hair sitting ........ .... inThere ..... with long black hair sitting ....... ..... rn

....... with glasses 1n ....

....... with a briefcase ......... ln .....

The Board

the board, it says: "My name is-Wally".itsays:2+ 2 = 5. Butit..... .......2+ 2 - 4.

... "Africa"

@

95

By In On At To (prepositions for travel - 4)

Look at these pictures, and study the dialogues below.

"We u)ent by train, and tlten we went inJohn\ car, but the car brolze down andwe finished the journey on foot."

"What time did you get to his house?""We arciaed at the station at 4 o'clock, butwe didn't get to the house until 8.30.'

'We use ON for walking:on foot

e

Means of transport'We use BY when we talked about transport in general:

by train by bus by Plane bY shiP

'We use ON when we talk about a specific bus or train etc:

on the 5.30 train on the plane on the ship

-We use BY and IN for cars:

by car (general) in my car/rn the car (specific)

T[avelling'We

use TO for travelling:walk to school drive to the office

Arriving'We use the following:

fly to Paris cycle to the cinema

get to a place arrive at a place arrive in a place

-We use arrive at if we think of the place as a point on an imaginary map:

They arrived atParrarna airport and changed planes.'We use arrive in if we think of the place "as a place":

'We arrived in London and made our way to the hotel.

D BE TO and GO TOThe difference berween these fwo verbs is: where is the person now? If the person is going

or is there now, then use GO; if the person is HERE (i.e., has come back), use BE:

Has he been to New York? (I know he is here now; has he gone and come back?)

Has he gone to New York? (is he in New York now?)

Good English?

ln the following sentences, three of the underlined parts are right and three are wrong. Tick (/) the

right ones, and rewrite the others.1 "Have you ever gpnelq New York?" "No, I haven't'"

2 She arrived to the hotei at six, and went to her room.

3 "Let's go by car!" "OK, do you want to come b)' m)t car?"

4 -We went to Halifax bY shiP.

96

Husband and Vife Go To Rotne

@ You have to complete these sentences with BE T0 or G0 T0. Make sure you use the right tense.

1 I . ..... Rome for my holidays next week!2 How exciting! ...... you ...... Rome before?

3 No, but I ..... . Florence, tnd I speak a little Italian.4 And . ..... you ...... Rome with your wife?5 Oh, she ...... Rome yesterday. She has friends there.

She .. .... Italy many times before.

Mixed B"g

@ You have to choose between AT and lN in these six sentences (sometimes you can use either, but

one is usually better than the other).

1 On the flight from Rome to San Francisco. we stopped ... ... Kennedy Airport in NewYork Ciry for fuel.

2 I was standing ...... the bus station rvhen I saw Brian.3 -We stayed ...... a lot of different hotels on our trip.4 The nicest one was in Cordoba, where -uve slept ...... a beautiful room rvith a view.

5 -We arrived ..... . the crossroads at midday, and waited.6 -We arrived ..... . London on the 15th, in time for the wedding.

Robert's African Journey@ Now you have to complete these sentences with appropriate prepositions. You can use AT, 0N, lN,

BY or T0.

Robert spent his long sununer holiday trauelling in A-frica.

1 First. he went ...... Cairo ..... . boat.

2 He arrived ..... . Cairo on 15thJuly, and from there he went ...... river steamer

...... 'Wadi Haifa, which is .... .. the Sudan.

3 ...... the steamer, he met two Australians who were going to go ...... Wadi Haifa..... Khartoum ...... foot, and he decided to go with them.

4 They started the journey, but it was a long way. An old bus came along the road, and theydecided to travel ...... Dagash ... ... the bus. They got .. .... Dagash late in the

evening. They spent the night ...... a cheap hotel.

5 They decided not to continue ...... foot, and they went ...... j..p to Atbarah. TheAustralians had been ...... Atbarah before, and had stayed ..... . a nice hotel there. Butthe hotel was full, so they went ..... another one.

6 In Atbarah there was a train, and they travelled ...... the trarr_ ...... Khartoum, whichthe Australians hadn't been ...... before. By this time they were tired, and they went back

...... Caito ..... . plane. It was a good journey.

7 When they were back ...... Cairo, they stayed at a small inexpensive hotel ...... thecentre of the town. The next day, they went ...... the pyramids. They went ...... bus,

but they did part of the journey ...... a camel! They travelled the lait few hundredyards ...... foot.

97

How long? For Frotn...to During Vhile (prepositions of tirne - 5)

Look at these sentences.

How long did you stay in Cornwall?How much time did you spend there?

We stayed there for a weeh.We stayed there the second time from Monday to Thursday.

We stayed there twice during the children's sutttmer holidays.We stayed there twice while the children u)ere on holiday.

O Now you have to complete each sentence with a word from the box.

1 I metJohn ...... I was having lunch in the canteen.

2 I usually work ...... nine ...... five.

3 I have been working here . ..... a year and ahalf .

4 I metJohn ...... my lunch break.

We can also use HOW MUCH TIME . . ? to ask a question about the time available or needed:

How much time have you gotldo you need? Half an hour.

'We use FOR to describe a period of time:'We

stayed there for three months.

We use FROM . . . TO to describe the beginning and end of a period of time:

We stayed there fromJune to August.

'We use DURING to describe an event or events which happened inside a period of time,

but not for all of the period:-We went there for the summer (we stayed the whole summer).-We went there during the summer (we were there for a perhaps a few days in summer,

but not the whole summer).

E DURING and VHILE are similar in meanrng.

However, DURING is a preposition, and takes a noun:. . .during the summer . . . during working hours

WHILE is a conjunction, and is followed by a subject and a verb:

. . .while I was waiting . . .while he was in the cafei:.-_

Good English?

@ Two of the underlined phrases are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones and

rewrite the others.1 I stayed during a week in Turin, from the 7th to the 1,4th.

2 How long time did you live in Spain? For many )zears.

3 'We saw plenry of sun during we were away.

'We use HOV, LONG. . .? to ask about length of time:How long did you stay there? For three months.

B

C

D

98

June

The Surnrrer

J"lv August

Robert 1 week Greece 2 weeks ItalY

Carol 2 weeks Greece 1 week Scotland

Fred 2 months summer camP (SPain)

Dennis & Victoria Staying home in Hampton (make 3 or 4 day trips)

Surnrner Breaks

Look at this table.

o Now complete the statements, using the information above and

prepositions from the box. for from toduring

@

1 Robert is going to Greece ... ... and Italy . ..... . He will be in Greece ..-...24th

......31stJuly, then go directly to ltaly.

2 Carol is going away twice. She is going to Greece ...... and Scotland She willbe in Scotland ...... 13th .. ....20th of the month. In all, she will be away

three weeks; two r,veeks ..... .J"ly and a week ...... August.

3 Fred is going to a camp in Spain ...... , ......2ndJrly . .....29th August.

4 ':"':: 1",15'i;:'ixl;:].1"

-i'iil?r;;.;,; ,T;il'

er' thev are pranning to so out

For, During Or Vhile?

You have to complete these sentences with FOR, DURING or WHILE.

1. a Robert was at university ...... three years.

b ...... his time there, he met all kinds of people.

c .. .... he was at universiry he met all kinds of people.

2 a Dennis and Victoria met a nice couple from Birmingham .. .... they were on holiday

in Dorset.b They met the couple ...... their holiday in Dorset.

c They were in Dorset ...... three weeks.

3 a (Jncle Victor fell asleep twice ...... the concert.

b The concert went on ... ... three hours and a half.

c .Auntie Mabei tried to stay awake ...... the musicians were playing.

A Business Trip To St Petersburg

Here is a conversation. You have to fill each blank with an appropriate word.

1, .. ... did you spend in St Petersburg?

2 I was there ...... ten days. It was a business trip.3 ...... did you come back?

4 Very recently. I've only been back ...... three days.

5 Did you do lots of business .... .. you were there?

6 ...... my stay I visited five factories. . ..... two of my visits, I signed good contracts.

7 -Well done! ..... time did you spend in each factory?

8 I stayed ...... half a day at most of them. 'We had to travel a long way . ..... one

factory ...... another. . ..... I was in one of them, the President-came on a visit.

9 Ho'uv exciting! ..... did he staY?

10 Oh, he just stayed...... half an hour. But. ..... he was there he said hello to us.

/A(U

99

In ink (prepositions and nouns - 1)

There are many expressions in English where we use a preposition and a noun together. Here is a

list of useful ones. They are in groups, and you will see that sometimes the meanings of the phrases

are connected. (See also Unit 51.)

USE

A IN a group / tearn / club / class.

FIe was in the tearn for the whole season.

IN ink / pencllDont sign the cheque in pencil; sign it in ink.

B IN stock OUT OF stockHave you got this kind of disk in stock?

No, I'm sorry it's out of stock.

IN trouble OUT OF troubleFIe was in trouble with his boss.

He did some extra work to get out of trouble.

C IN time (: with enough time; before the time agreed)

He arrived in tirne to catch the train.

ON time (: ,t the time agreed)

The lecturer arrived on tirne, and the class started punctually.

D ON a trtp / journey / flight'Wheret

Jane? Shet on a trip to Honolulu.

E ON purpose BY accidentShe didn't break the glass on purpose; she broke it by accident.

F BY sight / narne

I know her by sight but not by narne.

BY letter / post / rrLarl / fax / hand / phone

If a document is urgent, send it by fax; otherwise send it by postIf it's very urgent, you can send it by hand.

G FOR breakfast / lunch etc.'W.hat would you like to eat for lunch?

FOR good (: permanently, forever)

He's emigruting to Canada; he's leaving this country for good.

FOR sale

My car is for sale; does anybody want to buy it?

Also practised in these exercises:

on duty at home in a mess bY train

on business at school in trouble by heart

on holiday at the office in danger by mistake(from Level 1)

lnt.

rost.

1.

100

rarnily

e You have to complete these sentences with lN, 0N or BY.

1 Fred's ...... trouble with his teacher; he's never . time for class.

2 Carol broke a vase. I'm sure she did it .............. accident, but her mother's furious.

3 Fredt school is quite small, and the head teacher knows all the pupils .. name.

4 'When Carol was ... . the play, she had to learn her part ...... heart.

5 Robert sends urgent documents .... . fax, and sends the others .............. post.

6 'When Carol was .. ... holiday, she sent postcards to all the family.

7 'W-hen Fred is ..... . school, he has to wear the school uniform.

8 "Fred, your room is .... .. a mess; tidy it up!"9 Robert was ..... . the company football team last year.

@ You have to complete these sentences with lN, 0N, OUT 0F, BY or FOR.

1 The plane leaves at7.!5, so make sure you get to the airport .... . good time.

2 "They tell me you won't be here next week. Are you going .............. holiday?" "No, I'mleaving the company ...... good."

3 I think I'm going to have kippers . breakfast tomorrow mornlng.

4 He1lo, I'm looking for a copy of "Ordeal by Firing" by Deborah Wainwright. Have you any

...... stock?

5 Itt more fun to go .... .. a picnic .... a big group.

6 "Pry your debts and keep ...... trouble."

7 "-Would you like to go to 'Maximino's' ..-... e meal?"

8 Doctors in hospital are sometlmes .'.... drty fot 24 hours.

9 Robert sent the report to the wrong person ...... mistake.

10 'W-hen he worked in the mines he was often ."... danger.

1,1, "Is Mr Smith there?" "No, het . ..... the ofiice today."

1,2 I know him. ..... sight; we met ...... a trip in Germany.

@ Now you have to complete each space with a preposition from one box and a noun from the other.

stock train saleink home purpose

"Be careful!" "I'm sorry, I didn't do it ...... .""Do you have a book called 'The Adapted Mind'?" "I'm tfraid not, madam; it's ...... ."

Please write your answers

"Flouse Good price."The quickest way to go from Paris to Lyon is ........

I think I'11 stay ...... today; I'm not feeling well.

t2

3

45

6

trouble lunch dinnermistake the plane business

7 "Let's meet ...... at 1 o'clock at the restaurant."

8 'When you travel ...... , the company will pay your expenses.

9 I met Sue . ..... flying from London to New York.

10 .What would you like . this evening?

1,1 I picked up somebody else's suitcase

1,2 Fred, please try and keep ..... today!

in out of aton for by

uuE

51In public (prepositions and nouns - 2)

These prepositions and nouns are in groups, and you will see that sometimes the meanings of thephrases are similar or contrasting. (See also Unit 50.)

AT present/that time/the same timeAt that time he was the Director, and at present he is Chairman(you can't be both at the same tirne).

IN public /prlateSome people say you shouldn't comb your hair in public;you should only do that in private.

IN tears IN love'WITHShe was in tears, because she was in love with a man who didn't like her.

C IN a surt/a coat/a red blouse (: wearing)('WITH a suit/a coat/a red blouse : wearing or carrying)

Look at that man in a grey coat (wearing).Look at that man with a grey coat (wearing or carrying).

IN blackShe was speaking to a girl in black.

.WITH a suitcase / a htndbag

Look at that man with a suitcase.

\[/ITH brown hairlblue eyes

She was a lovely girl with brown hair and blue eyes.

Note: -We cannot say X in a suitcase, or X in brown hair

D IN person/ON the phone"John Parks would like to speak to you.""Is he on the phone?" "No, he's here in person."

ON foot (similar to by bicycle, by car etc.)

He usually goes to the office by car, but it's not far and he sometimes goes on foot.

ON dutyloFF drryYou must wear a jacket when you're on duty, but you can take it off when you're off duty.

FOR the first/second/last time-We went to Rome for the second tirne this year.

FOR the time beingYou can stay here for the tirne being, but not for good.

FOR example/instanceThere are some very smal1 countries in Europe; Luxembourg, for example.Red is FOR danger (: means, or indicates).-What's

an English word for ennui?

.W'ITH interest/pleasure/ dis gust/horror

I looked at the pictures with interest,/horror.

USE

102

Queen Victoria

O Complete these sentences with suitable prepositions.

1, .. .... that time the Queen was seldom seen ...... public. Her husband had died thatyear, and she spent much of her time . ..... tears, because she had been very much

...... love ...... him.2 People came many miles ...... foot to see her, but no one saw the Queen

person, except her loyal Scottish servantJohn Brown, who saw her .. .... private every day.

3 ...... the same time, the Industrial Revolution was transforming the country. Manypeople now travelled ...... train, and wealthy people were no'w " ...... the telephone".

The New Police Oflicers: the First Duy

@ Complete these sentences with suitable prepositions.

1 "Pay attention, everybody. Tomorrow you'll be ... ... drry ...... uniform ..

the first lme.2 "In six months you can start using police cars, but ...... the time being you'll patrol the

c1ry. ..... foot.3 "'Watch out for car thieves. .... .. example, if you see a young man trying the door

...... a car, ask him who the owner is.

4 "Your radio is .... . getting help; its NOT ...... ordering cofTee when you are

s ,;;;;; :Fxl:;Hiln: ::i'""', o,o you,re still a police officer, even if you,re not. uniform."

In Or \Vith?

@ Complete these sentences with suitable prepositions.

1 He reacted to the film about cannibalism . ..... disgust.

2 "Look at that girl dressed..... . white." "-Which one?" "The one over there, ...... a

white dress. That one, the one . ..... blue eyes."

3 "Hewas speakingto aman ...... ablue coat." "The one. ..... the hat?" "No, the one

...... the umbrella."4 Tiaditionally, many Chinese people dress ...... white for funerals, and they go to a happy

iion . ..... red.

Mixed Bug

@ Now you have to make up phrases by combining a preposition in the box on the left with a word orwords in the box on the right to complete the sentences.

rn 0nfor with

public horror dutysuitcase a suit personthe first time private brown hair

L "I'n ...... at the ticket counter from 8 am to 4 pm."2 Itt a formal reception; you'd better go ...3 A man ...... got on the bus; he put the suitcase down in front of me.

4 Politicians often say one thing ...... and something quite different5 'We had been to Milan once before, and we went last summer ....

6 "'What is she like?" "She a tall woman ...... and green eyes."

7 "Can we discuss this on the phone?" No, itt very hush-hush; I'd rather see you8 She stared ...... as the man slowlypulled a gun out of his pocket.

103

Aware of (adjectives and prepositions)

There are many expressions in English where we use an adjective and a preposition together.

Here is a list of useful ones. They are in groups, and sometimes you will see that the phrases in the

same group are related in meaning.

A aware OFPeople are much more aware of the environment today.

careful OFBe careful of the cars when you cross the street!

sure OFI am not sure of what I am doing; can you help?

full OFThis jar is full of rice.

B kind / nice / polite / rude OFIt was nice of you to help me.

It was rude of him to say that!

kind / nrce / pohte / rude TOYou should be nice to people when they visit you.

He was very rude to me, so I won't go back there!

C engaged / rnarcied TOShe is engaged to Peter, but they are not married.

Susan got married to John last year.

close TOShe was standing close to the door when I opened it

D surprised/shocked AT/BYI was surprised at (by) what he said.

E pleased/disappointed/annoyedWITHYou are pleased etc.

'W.ITH a person;

I was pleased with Simon; he did very well.pleas edl disapp ointe d / annoyed AB OUTYou are pleased etc. ABO(JT something:

I was pleased about what happened; thatt good news.

F sorry ABOUTYou can say: Sorry I'm sorry!

I'm sorry about what happened.

I'm sorry I said that.Also practised in these exercises:

good at good for aftaid of generous tobad at bad for fond of friendly toterrible at ready for suspicious of rude to

jealous of cruel to(from Level 1)

L04

O Here are six words and three prepositions. Put the most suitable word on the left, with a preposition

on the right, into each blank.

good married awareengaged full suspicious

1 Dennis is ... Victoria; they have been together for many years.

2 Robert is .... Sue, and they will get married later this year.

3 These desk drawers are ..... old papers; isn't it time you cleaned them out?

4 I am not . any serious problems still to be solved.

5 Some people are always ..... ...... strangers.

6 Robert is .... football; he plays for his company's team.

@ Here are six more words and three prepositions. Put the most suitable word on the left, with apreposition on the right, into each blank.

sure close goodgenerous afraid ready

1 Milk is ........ ..... babies.

2 'When I was a child I was . the dark.

3 I was standing ....... the President when the gun went off.

4 "Are you ...... ....... the answer to this question?" "No, I'm doubtful."5 "Are you . .... the next course?" "Ooh, I couldn't eat any more!"

ofto at

forof to

@ You have to complete the second sentence to mean approximately the same as the first, using the

word given.

1 Stop smoking!2 Don't throw your money away!

3 She'll be a good mother.4 Treat that dog nicely!5 I can't draw.

6 He treated me well.7 You were very kind! (ThaQ

8 I was not expecting what he said.

.! BAD

.! CAREFUL. FOND.! CRUEL. BAD. NICE.! NICE. SURPRISED

@ You have to complete each sentence with the most suitable word on the left and a preposition on

the right.

pleased annoyed disappointed

1 Dennis was ....... Carol, because she got a very good exam result..2 FIe was ....... the burglary because they lost their new video, TV and hi-fi.3 FIe was .... Robert's new job, which was a promotion.4 He was ..... his secretary Helen, because she could have been more helpful, but

he wasnt angry.

5 He was the Council, because they never answered his letters.

6 He was ....... Fred's exam results. Fred did his best, but the results weren't good!

with about

105

NE

53

e

Review: all prepositions

ln Units 45 to 52, we presented the following:These prepositions of place:

to from towards under abovebetween behind in front of

These prepositions of time:how long? for from to during

These and other similar expressions: These verbal expressions:at the top at the front get to arrive at arrive in

on the left on one side be to go toin the front row in the middlein frontby train by caron the train in my caron foot in/on time

on duty at home in a mess by heart for lunchon business at the office in trouble by mistake for goodon holiday at present in danger by sight for saleon a trip at the time in pencil by nameon purpose in private by post

out of trouble in tears by handout of stock please abouTwith

surprised al/byaware of engaged tocareful of close to

Completethan one

these sentences with appropriate prepositions from the box (sometimes there is morepossibility).

above under in front of behind between

1 Your shoes are on the floor the bed.2 you and me, I don't like this class very much!3 'We can't see the plane; it's flying the clouds.4 The duck was swim*irg along the river with five little ducklings .. her.

5 Look, there's Susie; shet hiding ...... ...... the door.6 She was standing in the street . the cinema.7 The library is on the first floor. The director's office in on the second floor

the library.8 You can't see my house from here; it's .... ....... those trees.

9 I'11 buy it if the price is .... ....... ten pounds!0 I want a hanging lamp ... that table.

1 She was sitting ..... ....... her brother and her sister-in-1aw.2 There was a black car parked ...... ...... the restaurant.3 Adrian is in the front row and Richard is sitting .... him, in the second row.4 The teacher stood .... the class and showed them a big picture.5 "-W-here are my gloves?" "They're on that chair, .. my coat."

6 "That's me in the middle of the photo, ... John andHarcy."7 If it's . ten pounds, I cerr't buy it.8 The conductor stood . the orchestra and raised his arms.

9 I parked the car .... a black Ford Sierra and a white Jagaar.

106

0 I'm sorry my pencil had rolled

@ Complete these sentences with AT, 0N, lN or 0F.

A 1 In the family photograph there were five people. ... ... the five, four were smiling.

There were two people ..... . the left, two were ...... the right and Dennis was

...... the middle between the others.

2 There were three people in the back row: Carol was ..... the left, Fred was ..

the right, and Robert was ...... the middle.

3 -Winston was sitting on the floor ...... front ...... everyone.

B 1 Look atpage 3 of the newspaper. .... .. the top . ..... the page there is a title:

FOREIGN NE'WS. .... .. the middle ...... the left there is a big photograph ..

Bill Clinton.2 ...... the bottom ...... the page there is an advertisement for very expensive Swiss

watches.

3 ...... one side . ..... the advertisement there is a short article, and . ..... the

other side there is a picture .... .. Lady Thatcher.

@ Now you have to fill in the blanks with prepositions (BY, lN, ON) or verbs and prepositions

(ARRIVE ATlN, BE T0, G0 T0).1 They decided to go to Manchester ...... train. They ...... the railway station at7 arn,

...... good time for the train. Lt7.15 am the train left, exactly ... ... time.

2 "Shall we have breakfast .... the ttarrt?" said Mr Simpson.

3 "-What a good idea! Have you ever ...... Manchester before?"

4 "No, I haven't. My wife ...... Manchester last year'"

5 The train Manchester at 8.45 am, and a young man from the office met them at

the station.

6 "Shall we go ...... taxi?" asked Mr Simpson.

7 "No, we can go ... ... my car," said the young man, "unless you prefer to go ---... foot.

Iti not far."

@ Now you have to complete these expressions with 0N, AT, lN, BY FOR, OUT 0F, T0, WITH or ABOUT.

1 Fred's ...... trouble; he hasn't done his homework.

2 Phone me this evening; I'11 be .... home.

3 "I'ryrsorry, Mrs'W'illiams. Fred didn't hit you ...... purpose; he did it ...... accident."

4 This House is . .... Sale.

5 If you send the documents . ..... post, they won't get there until Monday. I'11 deliver them

..... hand.

6 "Are you in Cyprus ...... business or ..... holiday?"

7 Robert was .. .... universiry for three years.

8 "I'm sorry, madam. I'm afraid the book you asked for is ...... stock. I'm sorry

that."

9 "Let's ask that woman over there ..... . the briefcase."

10 I know her . ..... sight, but not ...... name.

1.1. You should fil1 in the form ..... ink, not . ..... pencil'

t2 "'W-here's Victoria?" "She must be ... ... the ofiice, but I'm not sure -..... hel4

movements today."

13 I'11 buy you the new CD if it s .....- stock.

t4 You have to learn this ... ... heart before tomorrow.

15 Fred's room is usually .... a mess.

t6 I think we should have our meetit g .... . prlvate.

17 ...... present we only have three people working here'

18 "I'm falling ...... love ... you." "I'm pleased """ that'"

1,9 The little boy was ...... tears because he couldn't find his ball.

20 ..... that time Carol was only 13 years old.

107

A The Sorne (articles - 1)


He bought a n, appleand sofite banaruas.

))

Unfortunately the apple had a maggotirt it and the bananas were rotten.

e Now complete these sentences with A, THE or SOME.

In the garden there was . .... pear tree and ...... apple trees. ..... pear tree was

in flower.I looked up and saw .. .... teacher and ...... young students walking by

teacher was a woman about 35 years old.

@ lnthese sentences, five of the parts underlined are correctandfourarewrong. Tick({) the correctones, and rewrite the others.

1 I saw man and a woman outside; a ryLet was about 50.

2 He was carrvins some book and an overcoat.

3 Is that a tiser? No I think it's the lion.4 I have to buy some shirts and a pair of shoes.

-

the answers? Tip: is Washington a city or a state (or both)?

city capital state country continent island

Peru is ..... . in South America.Europe is ....

..... between Holland and France is Belgium.Sio Paolo is .... biggest ..... in Brazll.Corsica is ...... in the Mediterraflean.Texas is ..... . American ....

Asia is ...... biggest .... in the world.Edinburgh is ..... . of Scotland.

.. of Washington is on the West Coast of the USA.St Helena is .............. where Napoleon died.

Stockholm is .... of Sweden.Luxembourg is .... smallest .... .. in the European I.Jnion.Barcelona is .............. in Spain, but it is not ...... of the country.

- and an Acrihopping - and an Accident

@ You have to complete these sentences with A(N) or SOME.

My husband and I went shopping in the High Street today to buy ...... clothes for ourholiday. He bought .............. T-shirts and ...... straw hat, and I bought ..... blouse,

..... skirt and .. . comfortable shoes. 'We are planning to go for ..... longwa1ks, and I shall need . comfortable pair of shoes. It sometimes rains in Scotland, so

we are taking ..... umbrella and .. extra shoes.

There was ... ... accident in the High Street when we were there. .... lorrytransportirg ..... cows to market crashed into .. . house on the corner of Potter'sRoad. people were standing there, and they saw the accident. One of them said:"I saw children standing on the corner. Then I heard ..... noise and saw

...... 1orry going too fast." The cows were not hurt, but ... of them rarr away downthe road. ..... man and .. ... boys stopped the cows and brought them back.

1.

2aJ

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1,1,

T2

t3t4

@ This is a story about two people who went to visit the Komodo dragons. Complete each blank withA(N), THE or SOME.

dragon is .... animal in fairy stories which breathes fire. They don't exist, butthere are ...... animals like dragons which live on .. island called Komodo.

Douglas and Mark went to visit ...... Komodo dragons. They took ..... small boatfrom Labuan to Komodo island ..... boat was quite small, and .... journey took 4hours. There were chickens on the boat, and .............. small boys who'looked after

. boat.

They arrived at ..... . island in the afternoon, and soon saw ...... small dragon.It ate one of chickens! Later they saw big dragons in ...... field nearthe village. .............. dragons ate ..... goats and ..... other smal1 animals. Mark andDouglas didn't enjoy the experience!

109

o

A Sorne A.y (articles - 2)


Now complete these sentences with A, SOME or ANY.

1 There's ..... . tiger in the cage, with ...... tiger cubs'

2 Are there .... clients waiting for us?

3 FIe doesn't have ..... time to spare.

4 And I haven't got ... .. minute!

I'ue got a cahe, sonte biscuitsand son.e coffee. Haue you got(some) any milh?No, I hauen't got any milh.Didn't you bring (some) any?No, and I didn't bring a cup.

A 'We use A(N) with singular nouns: a book an animal

We use SOME/ANY with 1) plural nouns: some books any apples

2) uncountable nouns: some time any milk

Note:-We cannot count MILK (for example), so MILK is an uncountable noun.'We can count BOTTLES, so they are countable, and can be singular or plural.

B 'We use SOME in afErmative sentences, and ANY in interrogative and negative sentences

@ut see C below).. Here are some examples:

We bought sorne rnilk. Have you got any (sorne) rnoney? We haven't seen any planes.

C -We usually use ANY in interrogative sentences, but not if we expect the answer "yes":

Would you like sorre coffee? ("Yes, please.")

Can you show me sotale sweaters? ("Yes, here they ere.")

D Here is the same information in a table:

srngular plural uncountable

ffirmatiue a book some books some time

Interrogatiue a book? any (some) books? any (some) time?

I'{egatiue (not) a book (not) any books (not) any time

E -We use "a" with professions and activities:

John Smith is a pianist. ( X John Smith is pianist.)

ln these sentences, two of the phrases underlined are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the

correct ones, and rewrite the others.1 I haven't got any Pen.2 Would you like some cream in your coffee?

3 I haven't got some coffee Yet.

4 Flave you got anlr free time this week?

5 John is dentist.110

@ First you must choose between A and ANY.

1 I don't want .... sandwich, and I don't want ..'. tea either!

2 I need something to write on. Have you got ... old pieces of paper, or .....notebook?

3 Did you bring ...... food? I haven't had ...... bite to eat all day!

4 There isn't.. .... grass and there aren't . trees, and soon there won't be .....

single inhabitant left.5 "Flave you had ..... letters fromJane?" "No, I haven't heard ... word from her in

over two weeks."

6 "Is there .. money left?" "No, there isn't . ..... penny."

7 "Do you have . ..... children?" "Yes, I have ...... son and . daughter."

@ Now you have to complete these sentences with A, SQME or ANY in the dialogue between Dennis

and Victoria.

D Victoria, I'm just going to the shops. Do you need anything?

V Yes, Dennis. Buy .. bread, please. Oh, and we don't have ... tomatoes.

D OK. And I'11 buy ... coffee too.

V Thereb . coffee in the cupboard, isn't there?

D There's a coffee jar here, but there isn't . ... coffee in it. What about sugar?

V I bought .... sugar the day before yesterday.

D I want to buy ..... mushrooms.

V There aren't ...... mushrooms in Sainsbury's; I looked this morning.

D Oh. And we haven't got '..... milk.V 'What would you like for supper tonightD I could grill ...... sausages and fry .... potatoes'

V But there aren't ...... potatoes left, are there?

D You're right. I'11 buy ...... potatoes and a lettuce.

V 'Will you be long?

D 'We11, I'11 have to go to the cash point before I go shopping for food; I haven't got ......

money.

phone calls hospital stamps restaurant umbrella

1 Please put . ..... on this parcel for me.

2 "It's rainiflg." "It doesn't matter; there's ...... in the ha11."

3 I'm working as a waiter in ... .. at the moment.

4 Do you mind not making .............. ? I'm waiting for Dennis to phone.

5 Carols is not feeling at all well, but I'm tfrard there isn't . .... in this town.

trains parking spaces food milk books

6 I d like ...... in my coffee, please.

7 Here are .............. for you to read.

8 The railway station is closed today. There aren't .... on Sundays.

9 Let's park here; I can see ......

t0 Don't leave ...... in the fridge when you go away.

It7

Trees The trees 'W'ood The woods (articles - 3)


Water is good for you.

e Complete these sentences with THE or (-) (nothing).

1 I like ...... hotels, but ...... hotel we stayed at was bad.

2 ...... music last night was lovely, didn't you think?

3 I can't stand ...... cats, but I love .. ... dogs.

Notice the difference between these pairs:

USE

\a "People who live in glasshouses shouldn't throw stones."

1b "The people who live in the big house own the red car-"

PEOPLE INGENERAL

THE PARTICULARPEOPLE

2a I love children.

3a She doesn't like rnusic.

3b I couldn't stand the rnusiclast night!

GLASSHOUSESIN GENERAL

THE PARTICULARHOUSE

This means "a11 children", or

"All music", or "music in general"

No/ "a11 music"

SPECTFICthe childrenthe music

"children in general".

2b I'rn taking the children "My children", or "certain

to school. children", not"alL children"

GENERALchildren

@

PlurallUncountable music

(For Countable and lJncountable, see Unit 55.)

Good English?

ln these sentences, four of the phrases underlined are correct and five are wrong. Tick (/) the

correct ones, and rewrite the others.1 -Women

are different from men.

2 The doctors who work in this hospital are the nice people.

3 -Women in the play were wonderful actresses.

4 "Did you see man who came to see Julia?"5 The eagles are the beautiful birds.

STONES INGENERAL

112

oNo Article In

Complete these

These Sentences!

sentences with words from the box. Don't use THE.

but . ..... in this class are very difficult to manage.had for breakfast was too strong. I hate ...... in the morning anyway;

@

L__lu 9 | eglqo_Ler_

! ug.' marriage good weather

1 For many young people ...... is still an important aim; very few people want to live alone.2 'Where there is ..... , a country will never progress as it should.3 People who come to England from the tropics dream about ...... !

4 ...... can bring great benefits, but it's also a danger.

Food and DrinkHere are some sentences about food and drink. You have to complete each sentence using THE ifnecessary.

1 You make ...... cheese from milk.2 "Can you pass ...... sugar, please? I want some for my cofTee."

3 You usually have ...... pasta in an Italian meal.4 Isn't it true that ...... bread is made in a bakery?5 "Can you pour ...... wine while I serve the vegetables?"

6 In many parts of Asia, ...... rice is the staple food.7 "Can you get ...... cheese out of the fridge?"B "'W'here do you keep ...... bread? I want to make a sandwich."9 In large amounts, ...... sllgar is bad for you.

10 "I'11 do the stir fry if you boil . ..... rice."

General and Specific

You have to use each word twice, once with THE and once without.

coffee music children

1

2

but I didn't like at the concert last night.

I classes tyres__ U.okt

...... on rt)r cx need changing. But ...... are very expensive!These are.. .... I need to read this month. I can'tlive without.............. !

usually start in September, but ...... you're taking don't start until October.

Putting Back the Articles

@ ln this passage, the word THE has been taken out. You have to put it back six times in passage A,and five times in passage B.

@

I usually like...... we

I prefer tea.

I often listen

LJniversiry students usually buy books,I have asked five students: students instudents in Literature Department buy

Terrorism is becoming more commonperhaps most important reason is thatimportant reason is that people wantelected by people who live there.

but number of books they buy depends on course.Maths Department don't buy many books, butdozens.

these days. Reasons for this are complicated, butpeople are hungry in some pa(ts of world. Another

freedom. They want government of a country to be

to

4

5

6

A

113

The blind The French Big ones (articles - 4)

"I'd like a green one andtwo red ones, please."

Good English?

Three of the underlined parts of these sentences are correct and four are wrong. Tick (/) the correct

onttl.::o i:-iite

thel'nTi. r"rr*, need good education, especiany the verlr youns ones.

----\-

o

2 There's an old bus coming." "Is it a big?" "No, it's a small."

3 "Bry two second-hand ones and 1eewone."

USE

SINGIJLARA (+adjective) *noun : A + adjective + ONE : adjective

Things: It's a big truck. It's a big one Itt bigPeople: She's a nice girl. She's nice

the poor

PLURALAdjective f noun = Adjective * ONES = adjective

Things: They're big trucks. They're big ones. They're big.People: They're nice girls. They're nice.

THE * adjective'We use "the blind" to mean "a11 blind people" (plus plural verb).

Also: the deaf the disabled the handicapped the injured

the unemployed the living the dead the young

the oldNATIONALITIES

the rich

"Nationality words" are sometimes adjectives only:

Adjective: Shet French. (Shet a French woman.)

Also: English Spanish Portuguese Swiss

Sometimes they are both adjectives and nouns:

Adjective: She's Italian. Noun: They're Italians.

Also: Russian(s) Italian(s) Mexican(s) African(s)

, To describe the nationaliry in general, we use the adjective (if there isn't a noun) or the noun

(if there is one):The English eat a lot of beef. People say that the ttalians love going to the opera.

Notice the verbs: they are always plural.

@ Rewrite these sentences twice, as

Example: They're big books1 Thatt a large house.

2 She's a tall girl.3 This is an old picture.4 Those are nice flowers.

5 He's an interesting man.

6 Those boys are fast runners.7 They're good apples.

8 He's a cute little baby.

in the example.

'* ",*,,*

: : : : :: : :....'......'

*,,,",*,.

. . . . . . . . . . : : . . : . . : . : . . . .

:::::::::::::::::

@ You have to use each of these words twice, once with THE, and once without.

rich deaf blind poor od y0ung

Louis Braille, who was ..."Braille".

2 I was invited to go to a disco, but I'monly 18. FIe's

3 Auntie Mabel is ..... , and

subtitles for ..

ln some countries .... are looked...... you have to live alone.

Peter Craddock is a millionaire. Hehasn't got a penny! This is unusual.

a system of writing for .... called

Discos are for .... . John went; he's

to television; programmes should have

in many places if you are

who is ...... . She

don't mix with

4

5

@ You have to completeif necessary.

6 .... have changed the named of Stalingrad to St Petersburg.

7 .... make more electronic goods than any other country.8 In 1955, ........ . decided not to join the European LJnion.9 .... form the largest population in the world.

1L5

each sentence with a word from the box. Use THE, and make the word plural

European German AmericanBritish French

1 .... are slowly developing a single economic communify.2 are the only people in the Common Market who live on an island.

3 are said to make the best food in the world.4 In 1991, ...... .... knocked down the walI which divided their country.5 have the largest economy in the world.

Japanese Swiss ChineseNorwegian Russian

The Alpt Lake Victoria Argentina (articles - 5)

This unit is about geographical names. Some kinds of names never take an article, some kinds

always take an article and some kinds sometimes take an article.

]ood English?

Four of the underlined parts of these sentences are correct, and four of them are wrong. Tick (/)the correct ones, and rewrite the others.

1 I live in South of England, in London

....... 2 Mount Fujiyama is in the Far East

Andes are in the South America.The Rhine flows through the Germany.

USE

A 'WORDS'WHICH HAVE NO ARIICLEContinents, cities and towns do not take articles:

Asia Rome HamPtonAfrica Edinburgh Stratford

Lakes and mountains do not take articles:

Lake Victoria Mount Everest

Lake Michigan Mont Blanc

Windermere Aconcagua

B 'WORDS WHICH HAVE AN ARTICLEOceans, seas, rivers and mountain ranges take articles:

The Atlantic The Thames The AlPs

The Baltic The Nile The PYrenees

The Pacific The Danube The Andes

Canals, channels and tunnels take articles:

The English Channel The Panama Canal The Simplon TunnelThe Channel Tunnel

Many unique items take articles:

the world the sun the stars the earth the moon the sky

C WORD ORDERNotice the different word order in these three names taken from the lists above:

Lake Victoria The Atlantic Ocean The River Nile

D WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS WHICH MAY FIAVE AN ARIICLEMost nations do not take an article, but a few do:

France India The United States ("the I-JSA")

Braztl. China The United Kingdom ("the LIK")Argentina Mexico etc.

Regions of the world, and regions in countries, sometimes take an article; it depends on how

you say the name:

South East Asia The Middle East-Western Canada The Far East

Southern Africa The South of England

Northern France The West of Canada

South Africa The Highlands/MidlandsWest Germany The Lake Distrrct

Groups of islands take an article, but single islands do not:

The British Isles Mallorca

The West Indies Iceland

1 The main religion of .............. Middle East is Islam.

2 . 'Western Canada has a much milder climate than . ..... East.

3 The fast growing economies in .. world are in .. South East Asia.

4 ...... Higtrlands are in .... .. north of .... .. Scotland.

5 Poets like to talk about ...... sun, .............. moon and . stars.

6 ...... Lyons and .. Marseilles are cities in .............. France.

7 ..... Aconcaglra is the highest mountain in ... ... South America.8 ... Jamaica is an island in ...... West Indies.

9 .... Pyrenees lie berween ..... France and ..... Spain.

@ You have to complete each sentence with a name from the box, and THE if necess ary (you need to use

THE seven times in the 12 sentences).Lake Michigan ThamesAlps Mount Everest

1 SirEdmund Hillary andTenzing Norgay climbed..... . for the first time in1953.2 Switzerland is a small country in ...

3 .. flows from Hampton Court to London.4 Chicago is on the edge of ........

5 is in Llganda, Kenya andTanzanua.

Brussels AndesSeine Lake Victoria

6 The mountains of South America are called

7 The river in Paris is called8 The capital of Belgium is called

United Kingdom United StatesRussia Pacific Luxembourg

9

10

1,1

1,2

il. i;;;;i ...,,,ii,tr:Tfffl:'::* ::i::: i:1 t.'-'"'

London is the capital of ....

@ Now you have to complete these sentences with words from both boxes in the right order, and THEif necessary. lake isles

river seaocean channel

North VictoriaAtlantic EnglishNile BritishMediterranean

1.

2

aJ

4

The "chunnel" is a tunnel which goes under ...... from Britain to France.

. , which consist of two big islands, Britain and Ireland, and several smaller islands, issurrounded by water.

...... is befween Britain and Norway.

...... flows from the Sudan through Egypt, and comes out in ..... . It has its originin a big lake, called .....We flew over ..... from London to New York.

Lt7

118

THE and OF with names of institutiofls, streets etc. (articles - 6)

For the use of articles with countries, cities, rivers, oceans etc., see Unit 58.

When we talk about a famous institution (a museuffi, o newspaper, a theatre), or a city street or amonument, there are several ways of doing it: with or without THE, and with or without 0F. Here are

the most common ways, with examples.

With ciry streets etc., the most common way is to give the name and the description, and no article:

Streets etc: Fifth Avenue Trafalgar Square Oxford Street

Cavendish Road -Waterloo Bridge Tower Bridge'We don't normally use the article with roads and streets, but we must use the wordroad or street etc:

Oxford is a ciry.

Oxford Street is a road in London.However, in London and New York etc., there are some famous exceptions to these rules:

The Mail; The Strand; Broadway

Parks and markets:

Public buildings:

Universities:Shops and banks:

Bridges:

For theatres, cinemas,

sometimes omitted):The Festival Hali The Royal Opera House

The Drury Lane Theatre The Coliseum (theatre)

The Odeon (cinema) The Barbican HallThe Royal Albert Hall

lJote with cinemas and theatres, we sometimes omit the word cinerna/theatre.

But if you're not sure, use it!

C 'When the first word is an adjective (or sometimes a noun used as an adjective), we use THE:The British Museum The National GalleryThe'White House The Ford FoundationThe Eiffel Tower The Smithsonian

D We usua\ use THE with political parties, organisations, newspapers, nagazrrres etc:

Hyde Park Covent Garden Camden MarketWestminster Abbey Buckingham Palace'Wembley Stadium Kings Cross (station)

Lancaster LJniversity Oxford (Jniversiry

Harrods National-Westminster-Waterloo Bridge Tower Bridge

concert halls etc., use THE, a name and a description (the description is

The Labour ParfyThe Republican Parry

The Daily MailThe New York Times

The Royal Sociery of . . .

The National Association of . . .

The National GeographicThe Readert Digest

(But notice: Time, Newsweek, Options, Cosmopolitan, Hello)

'We use THE * noun * of * noun for a few famous places:

The House of Commons The Tower of LondonThe Museum of Mankind The Bank of England

For universities, we can also say (or usually write):The Universiry of Lancaster The University of Oxford

oVhere Are They?

Here are some notes made by Robert to say where the places are. Write out the notes in full, as in

the example.

Self rid ges/Oxford StreetRoy. Soc. Arts/Adam St.

Hse Commons/Parliament Sq.Nat Galle ry /Trafalgar Sq.

T b g";dkl" l'l rur,o"n h b^ P,r^+til.l. Sl,'ruZ.

//n\9/

@ Each of the phrases is given in short form, for notes. Write out the complete form in the blanks.1 I walked across (Trafalgar Sq) to ....... (Nat.

Gallery). On my way I bought a copy of ..... ... (Time$.If you go to Washington, you must visit.. ....... fltrhite House) and

...... (Nat Art Gallery). And you should read

(Time) or .... ...... (New York Times) to keep up to date with the news.

l:]:: :: ll i**.;u;; '**'r London)' vo" w,l see

4 .... (Nat Assoc Teachers) has its ofhces in ...

(Lambeth St), next door to the ofEces of .... ...... (Liberal Party).

Giving Directions

Look at the map, and complete these directions.

Tourist Excuse me, could you tell me the way to Buckingham Palace, please?

Londoner Yes, it\ a long way. Do you want to walk?

Tourist Yes.

Londoner Right. You go over ..... .. and you come to a big street calledYou walk along there, passing a theatre on your right, called

;;;;; i;;;J;;,;;;;;;,L";"1*:H;':T:::i:1 o;;.;;right you will see .. .... . 'Walk

across the square, and yo, *ill ,..an archway on your left. Walk through the arch, and you are in a wide avenue called

. At the end you will see

you are near the palace, you.will see ...... ......... on your left.

@ Now write a new set of directions to go from the Aldwych Theatre to The National Gallery.

'r€r

\;*-:-

3}16E|EN

L19

Singular, plural and uncountable nouns

A Most nouns formcup cups

A few nouns formbus buses

their plural with -s:tree trees house houses

their plural with -es or -ies:sandwich sandwiches

A few nouns ending in -f form their pluralknife knives wife wives

Here is a list: Hfe lives leafhalf halves scarf

opportuniry opportunities

with -ves:

leaves shelf shelves

scarves thief thieves

'We can count many things: a house two houses

There are also many things we cannot count: music X two musics

Here is a list of nouns which are usually uncountable in English. Read the list carefully, because

some of the words may be countable in your first language:

accommodation furniture information nature trafficage hair love news travel

beaury health luggage paper weather

food homework marriage permission work

Some nouns are always plural:e.g. clothes: His clothes are expensive. stairs: The stairs up to my room are very steep.

Here is a list:

congratulations savings tropics (kind) regards (many) thanks

These nouns arc always plural:People: The people were waiting. Police: The police are always busy.

They have singular equivalents:

person > people

A few nouns have a finaI -s, but are singular:e.g. The news is good this week. Aerobics keeps you healthy.

Here is a list:news aerobics economics mathematics physics politics

Some nouns are normally plural because they exist in pairs:e.g. These trousers need washing. 'Where are my glasses?

Here is a list (th.y are all things you wear except one):

trousers jeans tights leggings shorts pyjamas glasses sunglasses scissors

Here are some of the ways we use these words:

Cloth (singular or plural) : a piece of material often used to clean something

I need a cloth to wipe up the milk I dropped.Clothes (plural only) : things we wear

"'W'ear some nice clothes; we're going to a parqr."

Clothing (uncountable) : clothes in general

Modern clothing is different from what it was 50 years ago.

120

Singular, Plural and LJncountable

O ln each of these sentences, one of the words is plural and one is uncountable. Complete eachsentence with the two words, making them plural if necessary.

1 I need several ...... of (paperlsheet)2 Itt tiring to make so many ...... , but unfortunately foreign ...... is part of my job.

Qourney/ travel)3 Can you all hand in your ...... ? I hope you've done the three ...... I asked you to do.

(homework/exercise)4 ...... seems to be getting more popular; I've been to three ...... this month!

(wedding /narnage)5 Most of the people at football matches are .. .... , but in cinemas the ...... is mixed.

(public/man)6 You need ...... to visit the factory, but itt not diffrcult; you go to the office and ask for a

(permit/permission)7 Lookatthosetwo. ..... andthatcoffeetable; the.. .... intheroomisverynice.

(armchair/furniture)B There are several ...... available at the bottling company, so if you're looking for

you should go and see them. (oblwork)

@ Complete these sentences with MUCH or MANY or the correct verb form from the two given.

1 .. .... congratulations on your success!

2 I didn't study ...... mathematics at school.3 -We

sent him . ..... kind regards.4 There isn't . ..... news today; nothing has happened.5 Economics .... (islare) a very difficult subject.6 His savings .... .. (was/were) lost in the stock market crash.7 I think her clothes .... .. (is/are) quite unusual.8 Politics ..... (play/plays) alarge part in his life.

@ Replace the part in brackets in each sentence with a word from the box, making it plural if necessary.

I information thief food accommodation i

i lrggag1 manner traffic half i_ __l

1 We are looking for ...... (a place to stay).

2 The . ..... (p.ople who stole the TV) broke into the house during the night.3 The . ..... (quantiry of vehicles) made it difficult to drive across the ciry.4 I wonder if you could give us some ...... (facts that we need)?5 'When

they were joined together, the two ...... (parts) of the picture made one.6 'We found plenry of .... .. (things ro ear) in the fridge.7 I was very pleased with his .. .... (behaviour ar the table).8 He brought a lot of ..... . (suitcases and brgr).

@ Complete each sentence with a word from the box, without changing it.

cloth clothes clothingpoliceman polircewoman

l..ipohce itt-

I

1 Men's ...... has usua\ been different from woment.2 I need a ..... to dry these cups with.3 You don't wear the same ..... in the evening as you do in the office.4 'When we had a break-in, the .. .... were there in two minutes.5 You can always recognise an English .... .. ; they wear distinctive helmets.6 A .... was hurt during the arrest; she is still in hospital.

121

uuE

61A little A few A lot of Plenty of Not.Not. . .ranany (quantifiers - 1)

. .nluch

"Loolt, there's not much tea and not manysandwiches. There isn't going to be enouglt."


He has a little moruey, She has plenty of money, and she hasapd he has a lot of friends! a few friends (but she doesn't lenow it).

O Now complete each sentence with a suitable phrase from the box.

1 He had . ... luggage; he took six suitcases with him!2 'We had .... rain yesterday, but not much.

3 Can you bry . ... cokes?'We need two or three more.

4 He lives in a big house with .... rooms.

Now look at the picture, and study the comments of the two people.

@

"There's a little tea and a fewsandwiches; would you like some?"

Now complete each sentence with a suitable phrase from the box.

L

1 There are .. .. envelopes left; we can't send the letters.

2 'Wait a minute, here are .... more envelopes.

-We'11 manage.

3 "-Would anyone like some more coffee? There's .... here in the pot.

But I'm afratd there is .... milk, so you may have to drink it black."

USE

We use A LOT OF or PLENTY OF for large amounts or numbers:

He listens to a lot of music. (uncountable or countable; see lJnit 60)

He's got plenty of records.

In questions we often use MLICH or MANY:Have you played much tennis lately? Did you visit many places while you were there?

-We use A LITTLE for smail amounts (but enough):

He has a little money and he manages quite well. (uncountable)

I like to have supper with a few close friends. (countable)

-We use NOT . . .MUCH or NOT . . . MANY for small amounts (and not enough):

not much a littlenot many a few

'We didn't have rnuch time and we didn't finish. (uncountable)

Not rnany people came to my pa;tf , it was a flop. (countable)

122

A Little Or a Few?

@ Complete these sentences with A LITTLE or A FEW.

1 She only speaks ... ".. words of English.2 'With ...... 1uck, they'll be here on time.3 "...... knowledge is a dangerous thing." (old proverb)4 "-W'hat's she like?" "I've only seen her .. .... times."5 LJncle Victor retired ...... years ago.

6 He finishes the job with ...... help from his friends.

Much Or Many?

@ Complete these sentences with (NOT)...MUCH or (NOT)...MANY.

1 It was a quiet d^y; . ..... people came into the shop.2 Has there been ...... snow this winter?3 "There are .. .... cars on the.road today; it's very quiet."4 'We will ..... see ...... sun this afternoon; it's going to rain.5 "Did you see ...... camels when you were in Egypt"?6 I don't think we've got .. .... time; it's already late.

Mixed Bug

@ Make sentences using the word in brackets, and PLENTY 0F, NOT MANY or NOT MUCH.

1 'We can only stay here for another hour.

(time) We .

2 We may have difficulry finding somewhere to stay.

(hotels) There3 I don't think we can make a meat stew.

(meat) There4 Don't buy anything at the supermarket.

(food) -We .

5 I don't think Carol can do the job.(experience) She

6 I don't know why he hasn't asked her out!(opportunities) He's had

7 I can't make a Spanish omelette./o.'.'5) I ....\- bb.

A Foolish Young Man

@ Complete these sentences using suitable words from the box. Use A LOT 0F only if you cannot useanything else. r=

1 'When Uncle Victor was young, he won d5,000 in a lottery. That was ... .. money tohim, but it didn't do him ...... good!

2 FIe went to the Riviera, where he found that .. .... people soon became his close friends.However, these new friends consumed ... ... food and drink, and they didn't paybills because they didn't have . ..... money. His friends paid . ..... bills, but Victor paidmost of them.

3 But he didnlt have. ..... time to think about that. There were ...... parties to go to,and Victor didn't have . ..... worries, although he did sometimes think about the future.

4 After three weeks he had spent ...... money, but he sti1l had . ..... of it left. Henoticed, however, that now he only had . ..... friends. That is life (sometimes)!

123

All of Most of None of (quantifiers - 2)

Look at the picture, and study the text below.

Most people leaue home when they are 78 years old.I dont agree; most of the people I know stay with theirparents until they are in their twenties.

Put the four phrases in the box into the right blanks in these sentences,

1 My students are all Italian; ...... them are English.

2 .... parents love their own children.

3 ...... our friends haven't got children; the majority are still single.

4 ...... babies cry a lot and others don't.

USE

A 'We can use these words in a general way without OF:All drivers must report to reception.Most people go to the cinema from time to trme.

Sorne dogs bark a lot; others don't.A few dogs bite people; most don't.He's got no money (general only).He hasn't got any money.

B 'We can also use these words in a specific way, with OF THE, MY etc:

A11 (o0 the people I spoke to wanted to come.

Most of these rnen are willing to work.Sorne of your plants need watering.A few of his friends took him out for the evenlng.

None of rny friends wrote to me (specific only).I didn't send postcards to any of rny friends.

C NO or NONE : NOT . . . Af{Y. We use no in general sentences , and none of the inspecific sentences.

Good English?

@ Three of the underlined parts in these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) thecorrect ones, and rewrite the others.

1 Most people get married.2 Manlr mlr friends are French.

3 A few of houses in my street are for sale.

4 A few birds stay in Europe in the winter.5 He's got anlr clothes to wear!

6 He has been a student all his life.

omost ofnone of

mosts0me

... British people speak English, although a small number are speakers of other languages.".............. men are mortal." (proverb)".............. dogs are allowed in this shop."There were ..... people present at the lecture, but the room was nearly empty.

. men are between 1m 50 and 7rn 90 in height.

. men are more than l-m 90 in height.

@ Complete the second sentence using the words underlined in the first sentence, and 0F etc.

1 Most like chocolate.Yes, that's true. ... I kn like chocolate.

2 All office workers are punctual.I don't agree. .. I know are sometimes late!

3 All Scotsmen wear kilts.Thatt nonsense! ...... ..... I know wear trousers, except perhaps when they godancir g.

4 Most complain about their bosses.

Yes that's true. . ... rn my company complain about the boss from time to time.5 Some women wear skirts and some wear trousers.

Yes, that's true. ...... ln my ofhce wear skirts and ....... ....... wear trousers.

The Hampton Police Force has a total of 223 officers. Study this table.

@

Sex

Height

Ag,

Men total1.8783 over 5'9"89 516'r _ 5'9',15 under 5'6"

'Women

tall 31.

medium 5

over 60s0-6035-5020_35

under 20

total36over 5t6tt

5r3il _ 5r6il

under 5'3"

(all officers)15

631,45

Now complete these sentences according to the information given in the table, using NO/NONE, AFEW, SOME, M0ST or ALL, and 0F (THE).

1, .............. ofEcers are men, but . .... them are women.2 . men are tall. and . .... them are of medium height. men are

under 5t6".3 ... women are tall, and .............. them are medium height ....... them are

under 5'3".4 officers are over 60 years old.5 over 50 years old.6 between 35 and 50 years old.7 between 20 and 35 years old.8 under 20 years old.

125

uuE

63 Sornebody Anythirg Everywhere (quantifiers - 3)


I'm sure there's sotnebody here.Hello, is anybody at home?I thiruh eaerybody's gone out.

Now study these two dialogues.

"Can I haue something to eat?" "I can't find my glasses anywhere."nNo, there isrt't anything left. "They must be somewhere."They'ue eaten eaerythirtg." nNo, they aren't. I'ue loolzed euerywhere."

O Now you have to complete these sentences, using one of the words in the box for each blank.

1 I've left my pen . ..... ; I can't find it2 Have you got ...... ? Money, ticket, passport?

3 "'Watch what you say; there are spies ...... !"4 Is .... .. driving to Hampton? I need ...... to give

everywhere anybodysomewhere somebodyanywhere everything

me a lift.

Like SOME and ANY, we use SOMEBODY etc. in afTirmative sentences and ANY.WHEREetc. ln negatlve sentences. In questlons we usually use ANY-, except when \,ve are offeringsomething, when we use SOME-:

I'm not going anywhere. Would you like sornething to eat?

Can you see anybody?

-We use SOMEBODY etc. for people:

I think sornebody is coming - I wonder who? There are enough seats for everybody.I don't want to see anybody tonight

-We use SOMETHING etc. for things:

I need sornething to do. Everything I do is wrong!I don't want anything else to eat.

-We use SOMEWHERE etc. for places:

Let's go sornewhere different for our holidays! There are papers everywhere!I don't want to go anywhere! Let's stay at home.

Good English?

ln these sentences, two of the underlined words are correctones, and rewrite the others.

1 Would you like something to drink?

2 I don't want an)rbod), else to eat.

3 FIe didn't want to see somebodlr.

4 You can find shopkeepers everlzwhere.

and two are wrong. Tick (/) the correct

126

@

Mixed Brg

@ Complete these sentences with SOMEBODY EVERWHERE etc.

1 She's very nice; .............. likes her. 'Why would ...... want to harm her?

2 ...... there must be a place where people like me; here, ..... I say is wrong!3 I don't know I swear; ..... must have told you I know something, but I don't!4 I've looked ..... . , but I can't find my boots

5 Could you give us ... ... to drink please?

Two Burglar - One Of Thern Nervous!

@ Now you have to complete this conversation with SOMEBODY EVERWHERE etc.

Burglar 7 Is there ...... in the house? I don't want to break in if there's .............. there.

Burglar 2 No, don't worry. (they enter the house). There isn't . ..... here. And there isn't

...... to steal, either.

Burglar 7 'Wait a minute! I've found ..... under the bed. It's a suitcase.

Burglar 2 Is there ...... in it?Burglar I No, it's empry. The whole room is empry. I've looked ....... and I can't find

...... to steal.

Burglar 2 'Well, look ...... different. There must be some moneyBurglar 7 Shhh! I think I can hear .... .. in the kitchen!Burglar 2 I was in the kitchen fwo minutes ago; there isn't ... . there. Oh!!Policeman Good evening gentlemen.

-Were you looking for .... in particular?

Advertising For "superstore" (Do You Believe It?)

@ Now complete these sentences using SOMEBODY EVERWHERE etc.

1 You can buy .... you want in "Superstore"!

2 ... is welcome in "Superstore"!

3 There are "Superstores" ...... you go!

4 Every second of the d^y, . ..... is buying ..... in "Superstore"!

5 There's isn't a better store than "Superstore" ...... !

6 Itt "service with a smile" in "Superstore". We make .... happy!

Finishing Sentences

@ Now complete the second sentence to follow the first. Use SOMEBODY EVERWVHERE etc. in each.

1 I don't know what to do.-We11,

you'd better think ..... to do!

2 This room is absolutely full of books.

There are

3 There isn't a place to park.I can't.

4 The house is empry.-Where has ......... ?

5 I don't know who to give this to.'We11, please .......... !

6 Don't leave the office in a mess!

Put . . place!

7 Somebody has moved all my things!

Now I don't ...... is!

8 I've got to do this alone.I don't. help me.

127

,S S' and OF (possession)

Look at the picture, and study the phrases below.

Now complete these sentences with 'S, S' or 0F THE.

1 The roof . ..... house is leaking.

2 Let's have breakfast atJohn '..... cafe.

3 He goes to an excellent boy . ..... school.

4 I'11 see you in half an hour ...... time.

The legs of the tableFred's legs

The boys' headsTbo hours'work

o

We use 's for singular and s'

the student's place

For irregular plurals, rve use

a childt coat-We

use 's especially forthe man's leg

'We use of for things:

people:

for plural:the students' places

's for singular and plural:the children's coats

Not: X the table's leg

the door of the carthe leg of the table

Here are some examples of "human groups": companies, organisations, societies, cltles,

governments, countrles.'With these, we can use 's or of:

this country's resources the resources of this countrythe institute's aims the aims of the institute

-We use 's or s' for periods of time:

three months' effort a weekt holiday

We often use 's for the names of shops, restaurants

Jim's cafe Luigit the nern'sagent's

No/e: Apostrophe 's is only used in two ways in English:

1 For possession, as in this unit.2 For contractions: he's she's it's (is/has) Let's (let us)

3 It is not used in these cases:

Not: X my sandwich's X this is your's X it's tail

Good English?

@ ln these sentences, three of the underlined phrases are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the

correct ones, and rewrite the others.1 The women's clothes have been washed.

2 The coat of Sa11), is in the cupboard.

3 France public transport is very good.

4 He took six weeks' holiday.

5 The back seat of mlr car is full of papers.

6 The room's door is open.

128

Mixed Bug

@ You have to complete these sentences using 'S or S'.1 Let's go to Peter....... place for an hour or so.

2 The boy....... bedrooms are in such a mess!

3 Can you tell me the way to the gentlemen....... toilet?4 Careful, don't catch the baby....... fingers in the door!5 This is the best girl....... school in the town.

Can You tlse 'S or OF?

@ a) Rewrite the underlined part of these sentences using 0F ,f you can.b) Which sentences cannot be rewritten?

t Japant hi$qy is very diff,erent from rhat of Europe.2 We had better prepare a list of the Societlz's members.3 Johnt children are delightful.4 I wish I knew what the @ are.

5 The driver's coat was caught in the door.6 Londont Bolicemen are the envy of many other cities.

Carol's Friends' Addresses

@ Complete each sentence with the two words or phrases given in brackets, using'S, S'or 0F.Be careful of word order!

1 Carol was checking the list of .. (her friends/addresses)2 She noticed that .. (Susan/address) was wrong.3 The . . (street/name) was spelt wrongly.4 The . . (house/number) was wrong too!5 Carol went to ... ....... (her parents/room).6 She wanted to ask her mother for .. (her friend/address)7 But the .. (her room/door) was shut. She knocked.B Her mother said: "Don't open the door; I've got .. (Fred/new puppy)

in here!"9 Carol could hear the .. (, p,rpp),/sound) as he ran about the room.

She opened the door slowly.10 "oh, look!" said her mother, "He's got .. (father/slippers)!"

Selecting the Right Phrase

@ Now you have to choose the right pair of words from the box for each sentence, then write them inusing the correct form

a weekAolidaythe house/back

three days/work the children/bedroomthe company/intentions

1 You can park your car at the ..

2 Before working for Smith and Son Ltd, we need to find out .

3 I'il pay you d200 for4 .. is in such a mess, I can't even open the door!5 I'm tired; I need

her new dress,/colour Carol/boyfriend three weeklimecitylmiddle the schoo/facilities

6 -We drove into the .. and had lunch.

7 I can't see you this week, but I'11 see you in8 .. was pale pink.9 The sports fieids are large, and in general . are good.

10 "-What is the name of .... ..... ?" "I think it's Stephen."

129

Mine Myself Yours Yourself (possessive, reflexive and ernphatic)

and study the dialogue and sentence below.

"Are these yours?"oNo, they're not mine;they're Peter's."

He wanted to open the tin. himself,but he cut himself doing it

O Look at this table, and complete them with the words given in the box.

A 'We use rnine etc. like this:

Those are tnine. Are these yours?Those trainers are tnine. Are these trainers yours?

Notice the word order in the questions.

B 'We use rnyself etc. with reflexive verbs:

Did you hurt yourself when you fell down?

I shook hands and introduced rnyself.C 'We also use rnyself etc. for emphasis:

I did the work rnyself (nobody else did it).She carried the boy upstairs herself (nobody helped her).

Notice that rnyself etc. goes at the end of the sentence.

D 'We use each other when both people do the action:We understood each other (he understood me and I understood him)They helped each other (he helped hea and she helped him).

hersour

myselfyours

themselvesourselves

his

theirsherselfhimself

I

YouHe

SheItWeYouThey

meyou

himheritUS

youthem

myyour

mineyourself

hsherits

oursy0urs

itself

y0urtheir

yourselves

@ ln these sentences, three of the underlined phrases are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the

correct ones, and rewrite the others.1 This is my bathing costume; where's )rours?2 She bought myself a very nice watch.

3 They want to wash themselves.

4 I liked him and we understood ourselves. .

5 She tried to do the work herself.

6 Is this book )zour?130

oW'hose Property Is It?

Rewrite these sentences in

Example:

Are these your books?Are these your (books)?

1 a Is this my pen?

b Is this my (pen)?

2 a Is that their house?

b Is that their (house)?

3 a Are these your shoes?

b Are these your (shoes)?

4 a 'Was that her passport?

b 'Was that her (passport)?

5 a Are these our tickets?

b Are these our (tickets)?

two different ways, as in the example, using MINE etc.

@ sentence, as in

O Complete these sentences with MYSELF etc., or EACH OTHER.

1 I'm sure history sometlnles repeats ....2 "Did you like .... ?" "Yes, we made friends at once."3 I asked .... a big question: "Can I do it?"1 We thought we'd be bored, but we enJoyed ...

5 They spoke to ... . on the telephone.

6 "FLed, be careful not to cut .... w'ith that knife."7 The two dogs clinrbed or-rt of the river and shook .....8 'We saw .... last week and had a cup of coflee together.9 She prides ..... ....... on always getting her work done.

10 "Have you two met?" "No, we don't know .... ."

Reflective Or Emphatic?

@ Now you have to 1) select a suitable pronoun (MYSELF etc.) for each sentence, and 2) mark whereit goes in the sentence, as in the example.

Complete these sentences MY MINE etc. The personal pronoun is

the example.Example: He left his coat and took ..f*.t.... by mistake1 What did you do r,vith ...... pen?

2 Is that your coat? No, it's.

3 -We don't know where we ieft ...... sandwiches.

4 This is your ticket, Sue, and this is John.5 The boys took ...... rucksacks with them.6 -We

nor,v have two towel racks at home: "His and

7 "Don't w-orry, Jane; I've got ...... handbrg."

1 "Shall I help?" "No, I can do it ."

2 "Be careful not to cut ."

3 "Don't wor.ry, Mum. I can cut it ."

4 They carried the heaw suitcased upstairs

5 "I'm going to give a holiday ."

6 I think they can finish that job7 "Help to some more food ."

8 She car, save trouble with this machine9 "I delivered the parcel ."

given for each

(yor)(D

(h.)(*.)(yor)(they)

" (she)

(yor)

137

Review: nouns I

ln Units 54 -65, we presented the following:

a/the disk a book some books some timesome/the disks a book? anylsome books? anylsome time?

not..a book not..any books not..any timechildren/the childrenmusic/the music

the young the old the rich the poor

Names of countries, towns, places, street, buildings, institutions, newspapers etc. with orwithout THE

a lot of plenty of all customers all (of) your friendsa little a few most people most of these friendsnot...much not...many some friends some of your friends

a few friends a few of his friendsno friends none of my friendsnot...any friends not...any of my friends

Nouns with 'S and S'; nouns with 0FCountable and uncountable, singular and plural nouns.

Mixed B.gO Complete these sentences with A, THE, SOME or ANY.

1 "Have you got ...... money?" "No, I haven't got ...... money, but I've gottime.

.W.ill that help?"

2 "I'd like ...... apple and . ..... pears, please. You can put . ..... apple in this brg."3 I've bought you ...... shoes." "But I don't need ...... shoes."

4 Today we've got .. .... new cashier. ...... previous cashier left to get married.5 "Haveyou got ...... tapes?" "I've got.. .... CD's, but I haven't ...... tapes. I

borrowed ...... CD's from Charlie."6 He needs ...... pen and . ..... paper, but he doesn't need ..... books.

@ Now you have to complete these sentences with THE and a suitable word from the box. Read all thesentences before starting the exercise.

1, ... ... are more physically active than .

blind unemployed youngpoor rich old deaf

2 .... can use hearing aids; ...... need guide dogs.

3 ...... need government help, while ...... can look after themselves.

4 It is hard to find enough jobs for

@ Now you have to complete these names of countries, towns etc. with THE if necessary.

1, ... . Egypt is a large country in ... ... Middle East.

2 ...... Avon is a river in ... ... England. It runs through ..... Stratford.3 ...... Panama Canal is in ...... Panama. It joins ...... Atlantic and

Pacific oceans.

4 ...... Brighton is on ...... south coast of ...... England.5 ...... sun always shines in ... ... North Africa!

132

@ Now complete these names of streets and buildings with THE if necessary.

1 ... ... Covent Garden is near ... Royal Opera Flouse.2 ...... Selfridges is a big department store; it's in ..... Oxford Street.

3 ......-Westminster Abbey is near ...... House of Commons and'Westminster Bridge.

4 A man from ...... National Gallery went to ... ... Buckingham Palace to evaluate

the pictures.

5 Times" is an English newspaper published in ... .. London, and

Time is a news rnagazine published in ... ... United States of America.

@ Now complete each sentence with a suitable word or words from the box. Read all the sentencesbefore starting the exercise.

1 We'd better hurry; we have ..... got ...... time.2 ...... Italians eat pasta every day.

3 "Canyou iend me d5?" "I'm sorry, I have ......got ...... money."4 There were ...... people in the cinema; it was practically empry.

some of the all thenone of the all

5 "My baby is crying!" "That's normal; ..... babies cry from time to time."6 "You can fool all of the people ..... . time. . ." (old saying)

7 I don't think anybody is going to the dance; ...... people I spoke to are going.8 ...... students who have finished the examination may leave.

a lot of a littlemost of the some

9 "-Would you like a drop of lemonade? There's .. .... left in the bottle."10 I can give you ...... cake, if you like.11 "...... men go to football matches on Saturday afternoons in England."12 "Do you think so? .. ... men in my family stay at home and watch football on TV"

@ Now complete these sentences with S, ES, 'S, S'or 0F.

1 In two year ...... time, he'll have obtained his degree.

2 The handle .... .. this suitcase is broken.3 I'd like to buy two ham sandwich ...... , please.

4 Germany ...... economy was deeply affected by the reunion of East and West.5 He sells clock ...... and watch6 I think they sell men . ..... clothes here, and women ... ... clothes upstairs.

7 There is a student... ... cafeteria at the corner ...... the street.

8 She's got some lovely cloth ...... ; I really like what she wears.

Singular Or Plural?

@ Complete these sentences with lS or ARE.

1 The news on crime ...... bad, but the police ...... doing their best to keep itunder control.

2 I think your new trousers . ..... nice, but the cloth ..... not very good qualiry.

3 Politics .. sometimes a frustrating subject.

4 "A lot of people ...... waiting to see you, doctor."5 "Your luggage ...... in the hall, madam."

133

not many not anymost not much

Older The rnost interesting (cornparison of adjectives - 1)


Victoria is slim,but Carol is a lot slimmer

The sofa is the most comfortableof the three chairs

(she's slimmer than her mother) !

O Now complete these sentences with comparative or superlative forms of the adjectives in the box.

i fast beautiful i

i - g-gmfgi-t1|. tgrL- -l

1 Lewis is tall, but Uncle Victor is .... .. Lewis.

2 Sit here; this is ...... chair in the room.3 John wins all the races; het . ..... runner in the school.

4 I think Paris is .... .. London, but it's a matter of opinion.

This unit is about using adjectives to compare items.

USE,iA One syllable adjectives. We use -er and -est for the comparative and superlative:

i

Victoria is tall, but Dennis is taller. Also: long short tall big small fat thin etc. i

This jacket is OK, but I prefer the bigger one.

She's the tallest girl I know.-We often use THAN to complete the "-er" comparison:

Uncle Victor is older than Auntie Mabel.

B Adjectives ending in -y. -We

use -er and -est for the comparative and superiative:

Jane is intelligent, but Sue is prettier. ALso: easy early prety silly tidy untidy etc.

Frances is the prettiest of the three girls.

C Three syllable adjectives. 'We use MORE and MOST for the comparative and super-lative:

FIe was more intelligent than I expected. Also: beautiful intelligent interestingThis is the most interesting book I've read for years. comfortable.

D Ail adjectives ending in -ed or -ing. -We

use MORE and MOST for the comparative andsuperlative.

Dracula was more frightening than Frankenstein.Brian was the most excited of all of us.

Also: boredAnd: boring

interested embarrassed excited amused frightened etc.interesting embarrasing etc.

Notice the meaning difference between -ed adjectives and -ing adjectives:The film was slow and boring; I was rrlore bored than usual.

I_______l

Good English?

@ Three of the underlined parts of these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) thecorrect ones, and rewrite the others.

1 Het the biggest bo). in the class.

2 This is the more interesting book I have read.

3 She is the most intelligent person in the office.

4 You are rnore experienced than me.

5 Carol is taller that Fred.6 This is easlrer than I thought.

134

@a@ Complete these sentences with the comparative or superlative of the adjective,MOST, -ER, -lER, -EST and THAN as necessary.

1 The Victoria Falls is one of sights in the world. (arnazing)2 Asia is ..... Europe. (big)

3 The Ukraine has ... climate Russia. (temperate)

4 The Atacama desert is one of ..... . and ..... places in the world. (hot, dry)5 Southern Spain has a dry climate, but Lybia is .... .. . (d.y)6 New Guinea is one of .... .. places in the world. (wet)

using MORE,

1 Robert's room is .... Carolt; infact itt the ... room in the house. (tidy)2 Carol is ..... Fred. (ta11)

3 Dennis is ..... person in the family. (faQ

4 The ..... . room in the Johnson's house is the living room. (comfortable)5 Robert usually gets up .... Carol. (.r.ly)6 TheJohnson's house is not very tidy, but they think comfort is ..... appearance. (important)

@ Complete each sentence with a comparative or superlative form of one of these adjectives.

bad tall small crowded early expensive

1 You're 1ate. I thought you d be here2 Fred is tall for his age, but Carol is .... .. and Robert is ....3 Bed and breakfast places are cheap; hotels are usually4 Fred: "I hate broccoli, cabbage is .............. and spinach is .... .. of all! [Jgh!"5 These shoes are too large. I need a .............. s1ze.

6 There arerr't many people here. I expected it to be ...

@

Complete these sentences with the adjective given, in either -ing or -ed form.

1 I was very ..... . when I read that story. It's a .... book. (boring/-ed)2 The ending of the story is unusual and ..... . I was very ..... ! (surprising/-ed)3 'W.hen

Carol went to'W.imbledon with Robert, she felt very . .... . Tennis is ansport to watch. (exciting/-ed)

4 It's ...... to watch the news on TV I am always ...... in world affairs. (interesting/-ed)

Complete these sentences with a comparative or superlative form of the adjective in brackets. Useeach adjective twice.

TheJohnson family went skiing last winter. It was ...... going to the beach. Fred was..... of all (exciting/-ed)

Carol fell down when she was dancing. It was ...... thing that has ever happened to her.She has never been ..... in her 1ife. (embarrassing/-ed)Fred thinks Chemistry is .............. subject on the curriculum. He gets ...... in Chemistryclasses in Mathematics. (boring/ed)Carol thought Peter was . ... than his friend Simon, but Sarah was . . by Simon.(amusing/ed)"I think Spanish is ..... . subject in school, but Simon is ..... . in French,"(interesting/ -ed)

135

As big as Not as big as (cornparison of adjectives - 2)

Look at the picture, and study the dialogue.

"Da,d, is Auntie Mabel old?"'Yes.""Is she as old as Uncle Victor?"oNo, she's not as old as your Uncle Victor.He's 92, and she's only 70.'

O Now complete these sentences with VERY NOT, AS or ONLY.

1 "Is a hippopotamus ...... big, Dad?" "Yes, it is."

2 "Is it ...... big ...... an elephant?"

3 "No, hippopotamuses are ... big .. .... elephants; they ...... weigh

about 4 tons."

@ Three of the underlineel parts in these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correctones, and rewrite the others.

1 Peter is the same age as Susan.

2 Finish the work as quicker as )rou can.

3 "It wasn't as bad as you expected, was it?"4 Fred is as big like his cousin.

5 Come and see me as soon as you can.

6 Your new house is the samelha! the old one.

136

@ First you have to complete these sentences with AS or THAN.

1 The test was not as difficult ...... I expected it to be.

2 But it was longer ...... I thought.3 -When we got the results, I did as well ...... Peter.

4 I did better ..... George.

5 But I didn't do ...... well . ..... Joanna.

@ Now rewrite these sentences with NOT AS . . . AS, using the same adjective and keeping the samemeaning.

General De Gaulle was taller than'Winston Churchill.-Winston ChurchillTea is usually cheaper than coffee in England.CoffeeMoscow is generally colder than London.London

@ Now rewrite these sentences with NOT AS . . . AS, keeping the same meaning, and using theadjective in brackets.

Example: Fred is younger than Carol. (old)

1 Carol is shorter than Robert. (ta11)

2 Victoria is slimmer than Dennis. (plump)3 Dennis is more hardworking than LJncle Victor. (lazy)

4 Sally is faster than'Winston. (slow)

@ A Complete these sentences appropriately, as in the example.Example: Southern Spain is dry, but it's not .. .../4i*1,il,44" the Sahara Desert.

1 It can be hot in Naples, but it's not . . Central America.2 It's cold in St Petersburg, but it's not ..... lceland.

Now write four sentences of the same kind, using this information:1 Germany - snowy - Switzerland2 Northern France - foggy - London3 'Wales - wet - Zaire4 British Columbia - warm - California

@

@

Combine these two sentences into one, using THE SAME . . . AS in each sentence.Example: You ordered a salad. I ordered a salad.' . . . .l on"/uzllL.n.W.".qnf+-. .

1 Dennis arrived at7.30. Victoria arrived at7.30.2 Robert is 24. His friend Peter rs 24.

3 Your dress is green. My dress is green.

4 He took the 8.10 train. Susan took the 8.10 trarn.

5 Your coat is blue. My coat is identical.

Rewrite these five sentences, using one of the expressions from C in the USE box on the previouspage in each one.

1 Mother likes hearing from you, so please write whenever it is possible for )zou.2 You car looks like a new car now that you've washed and polished it.3 Come to the parry at the earliest time possible.

4 We understand that you are not experienced on computers, but do the workto the best of ).our abiliry.

137

5 We would aooreciate a resDonse to our request at vour earliest convenlence.

Faster and faster The sooner the better (comparison of adjectives - 3)

Here are some other ways in which we use adjectives and adverbs to compare items.

lusEjA faster and faster

-We can use two comparative adjectives to show that something is getting steadily bigger

(or smaller):The noise in the disco got louder and louder.Food is becoming rnore and rnore expensive as time goes by.

B the sooner the better-We

can use this structure to say that the second adjective changes as a result of the first adjective

being more (or less):

The older I get, the happier I am. The rnore you earn the lalore you spend.

C more than less than :,-We

can use MORE/LESS THAN without an adjective:

This coat cost rrore than d50! This one was amazingly cheap; we paid less than {5.

D good bad oldGOOD and BAD have irregular comparative forms:

GOOD BETTER THAN THE BEST (of all)

BAD WORSE THAN THE .WORST

(of all)

Your work is better than mine; rn fact itt the best in the whole group.

Behave yourself'! You're worse than a child!

We also use BEST in some common expresslons:

Let's hope for the best (:..g. let's hope the bus arrives).

I'll do/try my best (: ..g. I'11 do the job as well as I car).

All the best! (= Goodbye, I hope everything goes well).Vith best wishes (used at the end of a letter).

OLD has two comparative forms:1 OLD OLDER THAN THE OLDEST (of all)

-We use this one for most meanings, with or without a noun:

John is older than me. Your car is older than me! (Jncle Victor is an older man.

2 OLD . MY ELDER BROTHER THE ELDEST DAUGHTER-We

use ELDER and ELDEST to show difGrences in age within a family. -We

use these

words with nouns only, and without THAN:Robert is Carolt elder brother. He is the eldest boy in the family.

-We cannot say: X He is elder than Carol.

Good English?

Three of the parts underlined of these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the

correct ones, and rewrite the others.1 At midday the room got hotter and hotter 4 My brother is elder than me.

2 He waited for more than two hours. 5 Susan is stronger as Mary.

3 She is growing taller the taller every day. 6 This is mlr eldest son.

o

138

Bigger and Bigger

@ You have to choose the right adjective from the box, and put it in, as in the example.

diffi(ult hard good interested thin fast bad

Exarnple: As the years went on, I found the work !Yf.d.y.f. difEcult.

1 He drove ...... until she told him to slow down.2 As I get older, I find climbing the stairs

3 'We had a wonderful parry last night. It started well, and it got ..

4 Poor Fred didn't do well at Chemistry last year. He started badly, and his grades got.............. I

5 She ate less every day, and every day she got ..

6 He became ..... . in her, and started to telephone her every day.

Better Or'W'orse?

@ Complete these sentences with BETTER, BEST, WORSE or WORST. Use THAN and THE if necessary.

1 John slept well last night, and he is . ..... today, thank you.2 The weather is really bad; it is .... .. it was previously.3 Let me do the job; I'11 do it ..... Michael will.4 These buses are always late; this must be ... ... bus company in the world.5 The food is not very good, but itt ... ... you'll find in this town.

The Bigger They Corne, the Harder They Fall

@ Now you have to fill the blanks with an appropriate form of an adjective from the box.

bie soon old busy small

Example: T/,4 k-/-, a job is, the more interesting it is.

1 ... ... the parcel is, the cheaper it is to send.2 ...... we finish this job, the sooner we'll get paid.3 ...... he is, the happier he is.

4 ...... the house is, the more it will cost.5 ...... I get, the younger I feell

The Ages Of Brothers and Sisters

@ Complete these sentences with OLDER, ELDER, OLDEST or ELDEST, and THAN if necessary.

1 I have three children, and my ..... son is eighteen years old.2 My brothers are ...... me; I am the youngest in the family.3 I also have an ...... sister; she is three years ...... me.4 Of my three children, the .. .... is Luke.

More Than Or Less Than?

@ Now you have to match the two halves of the sentence, and fill the blanks with MCRE THAN orLESS THAN.

1 It's been ...... 5 years . . . A ....... in my little car.2 'we paid ...... dl for this book . . . B ....... itt a way of life.3 This is ...... a hobby . . . C ....... since I last saw him in 1987.4 You can't fit ... .. four people . . . D ....... in fact they stayed for a fortnight.5 They stayed here for ...... a week . . . E ....... if I work fast.6 I can do that in .... .. two days . . . F ....... it was amazingly cheap.

139

Big Quickly (adjectives and adverbs - 1)

A

C With most other verbs, weIt is raining heavily.

'We use adjectives after verbs like BE or LOOK: Peter looks healthy. Susan is clever.Also: sound taste smell feel (Not: X This tastes deliciously.)

'We also use adjectives after GEI in sentences like these:

The road suddenly got wider. Look at Fred; he's getting talIer every day!

It usually gets cold in October.Also after GO, in sentences like these:

This food has gone bad. The milk has gone sour.

She went white with fear. (Not: X The milk has gone badly.)

Also after BECOME, in sentences like these:

In the 50's and 60's Japan becarne rich.The course becornes more difficult as it advances.

use adverbs:

She ran quickly to school.

Please speak loudly and clearly.(Not: X She sings good. X He ran slow.)

D Most adverbs go after the verb, and after the object (if there is one):

She plays welI. She plays the violin well.A few adverbs ("frequency adverbs") go before the main verb and after the verb BE:

He has often come to see us. He is usually early. Also: never always

E 'We often form adverbs from adjectives by adding -1y:

FIe was generous. He gave money generously.

F Some words are both adjectives and adverbs without changing:He has a fast car. (adjective) He drives fast. (adverb)

Also: first second etc. next early right hard last late wrongA group of these words end in -ly:

He buys a daily paper. He goes there daily.Also: weekly fortnightly monthly yearly

G Note on'WELL and GOODWELL is sometimes an adverb (: "in a good way"): He did the work well. She plays well.It is also sometimes an adjective (: "healthy"): I am well, thank you. She looks well.'We use GOOD as an adjective: He's a good worker.We also use GOOD to tell somebody they have done something well: "I've done it!" "Goodll'

O Four of the underlined phrases in these sentences are correct and four are wrong. Tick (/) the

correct ones, and rewrite the others.1 He went h"ppy to the ofiice.2 It's settins warm this week.

-

3 He did ver). well his work.4 He did the work good.

5 I need a monthly magazine.

6 They often came to see me.

7 That music sounds nicel)..

8 I'm sorry, I did this wrong.

140

Mixed Bug

@ Complete each sentence with a word from the box, changing the word to an adverb if necessary.

1 He spoke French2 I'd better eat less; I'm getting .....3 The sun was shining, so they strolled home4 Your new stereo equipment sounds ......

5 Your blue suit looks very .

6 The girls were playing ...... in the garden.7 She was very embarrassed, and went bright ...... !

8 'When you're enjoying yourself, the time goes ...

9 Oh dear, I'm afraid the butter has gone10 He always gave ...... to the poor.1,1, Listen to -Winston

barking! Het getting very .

12 She was a fast runner, and she won the race ..

@ Mark the place in the sentence where these adverbs normalty go.

1 Carol comes to visit us

2 She likes playing the violin3 Robert has arrived late at his office4 He enjoys his work5 "I love you !" he declared6 He has treated me very well

@ ln some of these sentences,an adverb.

you must put in a word from the box as an adjective, and in some as

i last wrong right late next early hard

red nice i

I

lYt:f_ lllry _ :

i- --.*it.o _. g;;;.ui- -l

L__ i3:v_!4__ __ _ _i

i o.rutifui iri _-

Ii fluent stow j

L __-.,___ )

SOMETIMESLOUDLYNEVER

VERY MUCHPASSIONATELY

AL'WAYS

I

Adjective or adverb?1

2aJ

4

He obviously enjoyed the partfi he arrived .... , and he stayedMichael earns his money; he's a ..... . worker."This is the ...... time I sha1l wait for you if you're late. ...... time,I'11 leave you here."

@ Complete these sentences with G00D or WELL, and say whether the word is used as an adjectiveor an adverb.

1 "How are you, Dennis?" "I am . , thank you."2 I think Dennis is a very ..... cook.3 Fred answered the question .....4 At the end of the day, his teacher said: ".............. done, Fred!,,

@ Complete these sentences with an expression of time (see F in the USE box on the previous page),and say whether the word is used as an adjective or an adverb.

1 They deliver the milk2 He buys a .............. sports magazine.3 In this office we pay salaries

4 I like to read a ...... newspaper.5 You'll have to come to the clinic for your treatment .....6 Wages are usually paid ..

(every day)(published every 7 dayg

(12 times a year)(sold every morning)

(every 2 weeks)(every 7 days)

141

Still Already Yet Just (adjectives and adverbs - 2)


Haue you typed the letters I gaue you?I hauen't started yet.I'm still doing it.I'ue just finished.I'ue already finished.

O Now complete these sentences with YET, STILL, JUST or ALREADY.

1 I'm ...... waiting for you to give me back my money.

2 Peter andJohn have . ..... heard the results of their test.

3 He hasn't ironed my shirts

4 "Where'sJim?" "F{e's here; het . ..... arrived."

USE

A -We use ALREADY to emphasise that something has happened or is happening, and sooner than

we expected:'When

is Robert leaving? He's already left.'We only had lunch an hour ago, and he's already hungry!

See also Unit 11 for form of present per{ect.

B -We useJUST for something which happened a few moments before or at the time of speaking

(see also Unit 12):

The president has just walked in. (2 seconds before) I'm just coming! (now)

C 'We use STILL for an event which continues at the time of speaking:

Has he finished his lunch? No, he's still eating rt.

I haven't spoken French for many years, but I can still speak it.

D 'We use YET in questions and negatives only:

Has he done the work yet? He hasn't done rt yet.

E WORD ORDER-We

always putJUST or STILL before the main verb and after the verb BE, like frequency adverbs

(see also Unit 12): I just saw him. I've just seen him. I can still see him. He'.s stil1 there.

We usually use ALREADY in the same way, but not always:

He's already finished the job (he's finished the job already).-We

usually put YET at the end of the sentence: He hasn't finished yet.

Good English?

@ Three of the words underlined in these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the

correct ones, and rewrite the others. (Tip: lt may be the wrong word, or it may be in the wrong

position in the sentence.)1 She has finished alread), all the work. 4 I've done everything yg!

2 I haven't had a chance to see mv boss )ret. 5 FIave you alread), had lunch?

3 I'm still waiting for an answer to my question. 6 t:US! have seen Peter! Het over there!

142

@ You have to complete these sentences, using STILL, YET or ALREADY.

1 HasJohn left .. ? No, he's . ..... here.2 Isn't she quick! She's ..... finished all the cleaning.3 I can't understand this ... . I need to check the manual.4 Is Peter ...... there? No, he's . ..... left.5 I can't see the runners They're .... hidden behind the trees.6 "I'm only halfway through my lunch and you've ...... finished!"

Now you have to unscramble these sentences. Make sure you put STILL, YET, ALREADY and JUSTin the right place in the sentence.

1 arrive d/I/ don't/yet/has/Marylthink

2 driving/you/ old/ are/ car/that/st1ll/?

3 y et / her / h. /, ; ;; i;' i i ii^' r''"^'r' r, t' i^i';

4 ro oml de c oratirg/ fi rstlfi nishe d / the / just/ they've

@

@ You have to respond to these sentences as in the example, but this time using ALREADY.

Example: "-What time is the plane due to land, please?"

"Hb larfu.ll"(land)

(finish)

(leave)

(win two medals)

(start)

(be 2t)

1 Sue won't get the job done in time.Well, the fact is, she ........... !

2 If we hurry we'Il catch the train.I'm afraid not, sir, it ....... ............. !

3 "If he continues like this, he'll win a gold medal.""Didn't you know? He ....... !"

4 "I suppose your little boy will be starting school soon.""Soon? He .. ........ !"

5 "You'll soon be 2l years old, won't you?""Oh, come on, LIncle, I ... ......... !"

Five of the sentences in these dialogues are incomplete. Complete them, putting in the missingwords and the tense of the verbs.

1 "Have you moved to your new house?""No, I:re / one / the / I / sttll,/ old/ rn.I'11 be moving next week."

2 "'When will you start painting the office?"" tt/ men/ abeady / the / parnt." ...."'We hope they'll finish the work some time next week."

3 " get/Peter / office / to /yet/hts?" . . . .

"No, come/he /yet/not." ......" inl Susan / her / y et / offtce / b e? ""Yes, shet sitting there talking to a client."

143

The watch she gave

Study the sentences below.

C)Oo.

She must be the nicest person

Itue euer met.(OR; She must be the nicest

person who/that lbe euer met.)

She must be the nicest person

who/that euer liueil.

me (relative clauses - 1)

This is the watch she gaue me(OR; This is the watch that she

gane me.)

This is the watch that was Uingon my ilesk.

O Now complete these sentences with WHO or THAT. lf there is more than one alternative, put all of

them. There are four possible answers:.ryUOIHAT), (THAT), WHO/-HAT or THAT.

Example:Most of the people h"l'"/il4a)--.... I know have left.

1 You must report anything looks unusual'

2 These are the people amuse her most.

3 PeterJones is a man I dislike.

4 That's the coat .. I want.

Relative clauses tell you more about the noun:

A man . 'Which man? The man WHO CAME TO DINNER . . .

The fi.lm.'Which film? The film (THAT) I SAW LAST NIGHT . . .

A -We often use WHO for people, but we can also use THAT:People who/that live in new houses look after them.

'We use THAT for "non-PeoPle":There are many things that are wTong with this cornpany.

B We must use WIIO/THAT when it is the subject of the relative clause:

It was Simon who/that did it.I went to a parry that lasted until 2 atn-

It ts common to omitIVHO/THAT when it is the object of the relative clause:

I d like to introduce some people I rnet in Greece-

That was one of the things I'll never forget-

@ In the underfined parts in these sentences, one is correct, three are right but also have other

alternatives, and two are wrong. Tick (/ the correct ones, rewrite the wrong ones, and write in

the alternatives.1 This is the book thatJohn gave me.

2 Flere are tvvo men want to go to the football match.

3 John and Sarah were the two people that I invited.

4 'Where is the mug that was on this table?

5 I spoke to the woman who was sitting in front of me.

6 Thecat@wasfat.

144

@ You have to complete each sentence with the right sentence from the box. Make changes, but don'tuse WHO or THAT.

we met a girl. You left the keys here. You saw a woman.I know a man. I have always loved the song. lt needs water.

1 You must give the plant the water2 The girl ... was quite nlce.3 'We found the keys

4 I'll speak to a man5 That's a song6 The woman ... is my elder sister.

@ Complete these sentences, but this time you must use WHO or THAT. Again, make changes.

1 Students .... .. will not be admitted.2 I work for a company3 The woman ....... . was ta1l and slender.4 She didn't recognise the man ..5 I saw a young man with a beard6 I don't like films

He was playing the guitar.The company sells insurance.

The woman came into the room.The man came up to her.

Films are too violent.Students arrive late.

@ Join these pairs of sentences together, using WHO or THAT if necessary.1 He is the only person. He can help us now.

2 The man had broken into the house. The man was arrested a few minutes later.

3 The man *r, ori, t6 ,.r., old. Th;y rr..rr.a , -"n.

4 Who owns the bracelet? It's lying on the table.

5 pi,, i, ;;-.""; , rrr.r', ,..rr;rii; ;; , iorrg it-..

6 A report has been produced. We are very pleased with the report.

7 w.;r; ,r.., pi.rr.a *l; rh. *o-rrr. Th. *o-r, rr^ u.., ,pporrr.a io ,rr. p;rr.

8 She wears the finest clothes. Money can buy the finest clothes.

g Th";; p.opt. *rr, ,rr. ir* .rrrrg.a. rh. p.op; ;; ,,rn r.a r.o- th. .ff..t, "rir-ri,

.;;;.10 Anyone may be in danger. Anyone lives in this area.

1,1 Look, ,hr;i irr. gtri. Sh. -rrrtJ *t.nr.i;onrrror.

1,2 Your health is the thing. The thing matters most of all.

Vhich /That 'W'here (relative clauses - 2)

Look at the pictures, and study the sentences.

These are the thingswhichlthat annuse her most.

These are the peoplewholthat amuse her most.

I'll show you where he worhed.

She asked for a rlewspdper.Is this the newspaper sheasked for?

O Now complete these sentences with wHlCH, WHERE or nothing (-)' Use (-) if possible'

1 Do you know.............. he comes from?

2 I would like to speak to the man . ..... you came with.3 This is a company ..... makes big profits.

4 That's the man ...... I would like to meet-

USE

A We often use WHICH for THAT when we are talking about "non-peop1e":

USE

A We often use WHICH for THAT when we are talking about "non-peop1e":

I heard something yesterday THAf/WHICH made me cry; the company

THAI/WHICH looks after our machines has gone broke!

B We use WHERE in relative clauses when we are talking about places:

Thatt the chwrch where they have lunchtime concerts.' This rs the place where she was born.

Notice that "THE PLACE" is often omitted:This is where she was born. ("the place" is understood)

Be careful when it is a question: 'We say: Do you know where he comes from?Not: X Do you know where does he come from?

C Prepositions usua\ stay with the word that comes before them in the simple sentence:

I gave my keys to a rnan That's the man I gave my keys to. (. . . keys to . . .)

I am looking for a man. Is that the man you're looking for? (. . . looking for . . .)

Notice the difference between these two pairs of sentences:

The girl spoke to me. Thatt the girl who spoke to me.

I spoke to a gir1. That's the girl I spoke to.

@ One of the underlined parts of these sentences is correct and four are wrong. Tick (/) the correctones, and rewrite the others.

1. Japan is the country which has the biggest credit balance.

2 Do you know where does she live?

3 This is the man which came to see me.

4 There are the people with who we went.

5 I d like you to meet the people I am working with.

@ Complete these sentences with WHICH, WHERE or nothing (-). Use (-) if possible. (Notice that youcan always use 'that' in place of "which".)

1 Today this is all ... ... we have time for.2 The thing .."... interested me most was her fluency.3 That is the hotel ..... we are staylng.4 The UNO is the organisation ... ... tries to keep peace in the world.5 The car ...... I like best is the Renault.6 Salzburg is the town ...... Mozart was born.7 Tennis is the game ...... he plays most.B "This is .... .. I live."9 The most flexible company is the one . ..... will do best.

Joining and Cornpleting Sentences

@ Now join these pairs of sentences together. Do not use relative pronouns.

1 That's the magazine. FIe's been looking for the rnagazine.

2 You should use words. You are familiar with words.

3 i;; ;.;;r; ;;"il, ;;; ;;;i'il i ;;il ;; ;;wh:

4 The house is on the corner of the street. I live in the house.

s i;.;.;;il ;;. ;,;;'.;;i; iri"; ;i;;;;i.@ Now you have to complete each sentence. Do not use relative pronouns.

1 This is the town2 The job .... is very hard.3 -We

need to take care of the house4 Peter was the only man5 I spoke to the woman6 The orchestra . ... is the best in Europe.7 Did you like the young man .. .......... ?

@ Now join these pairs of sentences together, Use WHO/-HAT, WHICH/I-HAT, WHERE or (-).

1 This is the universiry. I studied.

2 The first person will get the prize. The person gives the right answer.

3 il; ;;-;; ;';;;; ;;;h. ;;;;.; iil;,,i.a, *";;;4 The shop sells postcards. I am looking for a shop.

s ir,r,l,rr. r,"'pl,ri. i iia ;; ;.;t;t;;.6 Coke is a drink. You can buy Coke anywhere.

7 i;. ;t'i r, i;; H;;, ;;t"; ;; -;;;; " *;;i8 I want to see a film. A film has a hrppy ending.

A rnan wea ring/ calledloutside (relative clauses - 3)

Look at the picture below, and st

2 The woman ... ... the kitchen wants to talk to you.

3 There's a car ...... in front of my house.

4 Can you hear a baby ...... ?

udy the th

l{$il,

ree phrases.

IA man wearing a blaehcoat and hat

A man called laa nouich

A man outside myhouse

crypark

O Now complete these four sentences with an appropriate form of a word from the box,

1 Look, there's a man ...... on the sofa.

tn

sit

@

USE

Here are three differen-t ways of giving more information. Each way is similar to a relative clause, but

part of the relative clause is absent.

A -We often use the -irg form alone, without the other words:

I met a man wearing a black coat and hat.

(I met a man who was wearing a black coat and hat.)

We often use the -irg form to give more information about what someone or something is

(or was) doing:There's a man sitting in the corner.Is there anybody waiting to see Dr Smith?

There's a door leading to the bathroom.B We often use the -ed form alone, without the other words:

I met a man called Ivanovich.(I met a man who was called Ivanovich.)

'We use the -ed form to say what was done (the meaning is passive):

The cars rnade in Japan were the best

(The cars which were rnade . . .)

The child hurt in the car crash soon recovered.

(The child who was hurt . . .)C We often use the prepositional phrase alone, without the other words:

I met a man on the same Plane as me.

(I met a man who was on the same plane as me.)

There was a dog in the back seat of the car.

(There was a dog which was i, . . .)

Good English?

Three of the underlined phrases in these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the

correct ones, and rewrite the others.1 Three men in a flat usually make a mess of it.2 The money stealing from the bank was never recovered.

3 The man seen running away was probably the criminal.4 I saw a man walking down the road.

5 The woman was under the tree was my slster.

6 There was a young girl sat on a charr.

148

SorneoneCorning...@ Put an -ing clause in the first sentence, using the information from the second sentence.

1 I can hear someone. Someone is shouting outside in the street.

2 I've got a brother. He works for British Airways.

3 i i".f..a round ,rrd ,r* ,"-.U"a, Somebody *r, follo*irr* ;..

4 Yesterday I received a letter. The letter invited me to an o1d friendt wedding.

5Ae1";1-o:o,l'.,orh1r1an..::,,.o.;.:*;".yfoodsul,uJ,.

SotneoneCalled...@ Put an -ed clause in the first sentence, using the information from the second sentence.

1 We supply video recorders. The video recorders are made inJapan.

2 This bookseller sells books. The books are printed in other languages.

3 rrrt ,riglrt r # rn old i,rtrr, fii-. rfr. m- *rr .rri.a ':ur.r.t. Thievesl'.

4 'When I got home I saw a car. The car was parked in my drive,uvay.

5 The two boys founa , .rrr, ,.glr,.r. I; ;r, ;;.i;" r.o.,. , .r.r.by;;;rrr;r;

Sorneone In the . . .

@ put one (or two) prepositional phrases in the first sentence, using the information from the secondsentence.

1 The rescue services give help to peopie. The people are in danger"

2 The man asked the boy to help him. The man was on the roof and the boy was in the garden.

3 ffr.r.t a shop *h... ,or'.rn buy a t r--.. ,"a ,afr. in. ,fr"p i, ,.;.r; ,fr. ,,r*,

4 The man is taller than the girl. The man is at the front, the girl is behind him.

5 Th. t*o do:;"r; **. air.,rrrirrg, pr,t.rr,. irr., *.re in the *rra.

Mixed Bug

@ lnsert an -ing clause, an -ed clause or a prepositional clause into each of the following sentences,using the information given in brackets.

1 The house is being repaired (it was damaged in the storm)

2 'W'ait! I can see a cat! (it's under your car)

3 r -.ria rr.r. r, ,tr.- u.ll! (it rang trrtr,.r,iry

4 There was a rnan. (he stood there and looked at me)

5 Th. ;;y n^ u.., returned. (ro-.body ;;"i; t, r"* *..t .ra)

149

Review: sentences - |

ln Units 66 -74, we presented the following items:

Mick is taller (than Jill). She's the thinnest girl I know.

She arrived earlier than usual today.

Dracula was more frightening than Frankenstein.

Brian was the most excited of all of us.

The weather isn't as bad as it was yesterday.

as soon as you can faster and faster the sooner the betterhope for the best look nice get cold go bad become rich

The man who/that came to dinner . . .

The things that/which are wrong with this company . , .

Some people (who/that) I met in Greece . . .

The things (thatlwhich) I'll never forget . . .

That's the church where they have lunchtime concerts.

I met a man wearing a black coat and hat. I met a man called lvanovich.

I met a man on the same plane as me.

Cornparisons

Complete each sentencefrom the box.

o

1.

2

with the comparative, superlative, or "AS... AS..." form of an adjective

comfortable pretty intelligent silly

That chair is rather hard. Sit here; you'Il be ...

Sally is clever, but she's short and plump. Shet not. ..... the other girls, but she's

girl in the class.

3 "You're crazy! That's ...... thing I've ever heard!"

4 This is ...... book I've read this year.

5 Mary is very smal1 for her age. She is .... .. the other girls, and they are all her.

6 Have you had ...... cake ...... you want?

@ Write in the possible ways of filling eac.h blank. There are either one, two or three possibilities in

each case. The five possible forms are WHO, WHICH, THAT, WHERE or nothing (-).

1 The man . ..... I spoke to was smoking a cigar.

2 South Korea is the country ...... has grown most in the two years.

3 This is the town ...... I spent my youth.4 I need to see the people ..... . are waiting.

5 I am very pleased with the flat ..... I have rented.

6 The man ...... came to see you last week is here again.

7 The company ...... produces most will employ most people.

8 This is the place ...... we arranged to meet.

9 The woman ... ... you interviewed yesterday is the best person for the job.

interesting

150

oExpressions

Complete each sentence with an expression from the box.

did their best as good as new go badthe sooner the better faster and faster

1 "'When should we eat

if you leave it."2 He drove ... until he crashed.

3 The mechanics . , and a month later the car was

The 'Week's Filrns: the Critics' Choice

@ Look at this chart, then complete the sentences below with comparative and superlative forms ofG00D and BAD.

* '( The Day of Judgement*** DesertWind**** The Golden Eagle. The Missing Link:k * * The Roman Tragedy

Key* = AWFUL (poor)** = BEARABLE (fair)*** = G00D**** = UNMISSABLE (excellent)

1 The Day ofJudgement is .... .. The Missing Link, but it's ...... Desert'Wind.2 Desert\Yind is .... .. The Day ofJudgement, but it's ...... The Golden Eagle.

4 The Missing Link is awful. Itt .. .... film of the week. It's even ...... The Day ofJudgement, and that's bad enough!

5 A Roman Tiagedy is .... .. The Day ofJudgement, and it's much ...... The Missing Link.

YET, STILL OT ALREADY?

@ Answer each question three times, in the same way as the examples, using YET, STILL or ALREADY.

I

I

Examples; Has he finished the work? No', h.k-w't41/'',1L1f4'. ./"4t"1 .. .: ..:..

fu*:4-. .

Has Fred finished dressing? No,I thinkYes,

Has Dennis done the No,washing up? I think

Yes,

Have the boys finished playing No,Monopoly? I think

Yes,

Describing People and Things

@ You have to complete each sentence with a word from the box.

1 The radios ...... in Japan are the best.

2 There's a man ...... a pile of papers waiting for you outside.3 I saw a girl ...... a pair of beautiful red shoes.

4 The people .... .. under the awning won't get wet.

ILi with standingIi wearing made

l

151

uuE

76

752

Questions (questions and answers - 1)

"YES/NO" QUESTIONS-We

make questions by putting auxiliaryHe has done it.You can do it.

If there is no auxiliary, we use DO,She likes the theatre.

She went to the cinema.

USE

the verb before the subject:Has he done it?Can you do it?

DOES or DID:Does she like the theatre?

Did she go to the cinema?

Vhat did you have?

I can see Mary.FIe arrive d at 6 arn.

It's got one bedroom.

COUNTABLE and UNCOUNTABLE items:

Two.

Theret plenfy.price of something:

80p a pound.

"'\x/'FI-" QUESTIONSWe make questions with a question wordverb before the subject:

'We had a ptzza.

Also: 'Who can you see?

Vhen did you arrive?

.WHAT C OLOUK / SIZE / TIME

(usually starting with and then put the auxiliary

-We use 'WHAT with a noun to ask some questlons:

Vhat colour is your new skirt?

Vhat size shoes do you take, madam? (or: What is your size?)

What tirne are you leaving? (or: At what time are you leaving?)

-WHAT and WHICH

-We use VHAT if the question can have almost any answer:

Vhat is your name? (could be any name)-We use VHICH if the question can only have one of two or three answers:

There are three names here: Sue, Leonora and Fran.

\ffhich is your name?

HOW OLD/TALL/BIG,We often make questions with HO.W' and an adjective:

How big is your flat?

F HOW MANY/MUCH-We

use these words to ask questions aboutHow many sisters have your got?

How rnuch milk is there?'We often use HOW' MUCH to ask about the

How rnuch are the tomatoes?

G HO\V OFTEN-We use HO.W' OFTEN to ask about thefrequency of events:

How often do you play football? Twice a week.

H HO\Vand-WHAf...LIKE-We use

.W'HAT . . . LII(E to ask for descriptions of people, places etc.

Vhat is John like? Het talll clever/friendly etc.

oGood English?

Two of the underlined parts of these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the correctones, and rewrite the others.

I Who is your wife? Very well, thank you.2 'What

is she like? She's shorr and lively.3 FIow many )rears is Fred? Het thirteen.4 How much time have you got?5 How much people came to the parry? About 20 or so.

SorneoneCorning...Complete each question with the right word from the box. Use each word once.

1 .. .... are you doing? I'm puttlng on my coat.2 ...... are you going? -fo see someone.

@

3 ...... are you going to see? My girlfriend.4 ...... are you going to see her? Because I like her!5 ...... are you coming back? About 11, I think.6 ...... are you going to get there? By bus.

whenwhat

wherewho

whyhow

Mixed Bug

@ Complete each question with the right word or phrase from the box. Use each phrase once.

t.----.j ho* often how old i1 .. will the game start? At 2.30 pn. i what colour what time i2 ... do they play? Every Saturday afternoon. I what . . . like hOw big i3 ... is the pitch? It's22 yards. L---"-- --- i

4 .... clothes do the players wear? They wear white.5 .... is the game? Oh, it's hundreds of years old.6 .... is the game ...... ?'We11, it's slow, but the English like it!

@ Complete each of these sentences with HOW MUCH or HOW MANY.1 ... ...... elephants did you see in the safari park? About three.2 .... time have we got? About half an hour.3 . is this coat? It's d45, sir.

4 ... times must I tell you not to do that? OK, OK.

Anna and the Prince

@ Read these passages, and then complete the questions below.A Many yedrs ago, there was a beautiful princess called Anna. She was born in Park, and she liued in a palace

- with a biggarden. Anna was '1B years old, 1m 70 tall, had longblonde hair, and she went riding euery day.

1 .. ....? Anna2 .......? Beautifulandintelligent3 ....; .......? Paris4 .......? Apalace5 .......? 186 .......? lrn7O7 .......? Blondeg .......? Everyday

B One day, she went out riding. She felt maruellous in her red coat. Suddenly, she saw a handsome young manon a white horse, and shefollowed him. Princesses dre sometimes uery silly.1.. ....? Marvellous2 .......? Aredcoat3 .......? Ayoungman4 .......? Handsome5 .......? Shefollowedhim6 .......? Sitly

153

Yes, I have He did So/Neither atn I (questions and answers - 2)

When we respond to a question or a statement, we often give a "short" answer. ln this unit we study

three kinds of answers. Most of them use these auxiliary verbs:

am rs are was were

have has had

do does did can could may might

wilt would shall should

USE

A ANSWERS TO "YES/NO" QUESTIONS (see also Untt76)All "yes/no" questions start with an auxiliary verb.

1 Sometimes we answer "yes":

Did Susan arrive on time? Yes, she did. Will you be here? Yes, I will.

2 Sometimes we answer "no":Did Susan arrive on time? No, she didn't. -Will you be here? No, I won't. etc.

B ANSWERS TO "'WTfO" QUESTIONSThe answers to "'W'ho" questions are often like this:

'Who is coming with me? I arn''Who will help me with this? Fred will.

C AGREEING'We can agree with afiirmative or negative statements, like this:

I can sing. So can I. I don't play the piano. Neither do I.

D GIVING AN OPINION: I THINK SO/I HOPE NOT'W.henwe answer a"yes/no" question, we sometimes want to give an answerwhich is not

exactly YES or NO.

1 "Close to YES"'W.ill Fred pass his exam? I hope so (- I want this to happen).

Is Dennis coming home early? I think so (: I believe this will happen).

I expect so (- I think so).

2 "Close to NO"Do you think Robert will be late? I hope not (= I don't want this to happen).

Will Victoria go out before breakfast? I don't think so.

3 "Close to SORRY"Have the shops closed? l'rn afraid so. Are the shops open? l'rn afraid not.

@ Four of the underlined parts of these sentences are correct and four are wrong. Tick (/) the correctones, and rewrite the others.

1 Have you telephoned Sue yet? No. I didn't.2 Can you do this for me? Yes. I can.

3 Is it six o'clock yet? I think so.

4 I enjoyed that very much. Neither did I.5 Do you want to see this film? Yes. I want.

6 -Will you have to work all night? I don't hope so!

7 WillJohn accept the post? I'm afraid not.

8 She'll be here tomorrow. So willJohn.

154

Answering YES,/NO Questions@ Here are eight questions. Answer them, using an auxiliary verb.

1 Can Peter help us tomorrow? Yes, ............................ .

2 Did they get here on time? No, ............................ .

3 Has the car come back? Yes,

4 Does he come here every day? Yes, ............................ .

5 Are Fred and Carol ready to go yet? No, ............................ .

6 Was the weather nice in Wales? No, ............................ .

7 Should I post the letters today? Yes, ............................ .

8Ifyouhadthemoney,wouldyougotoParis?Yes,............................!

An3wering "VT{-" Questions@ Answer these questions briefly, using an auxiliary verb.

1 Who was 6rst home this evening? Dennis ...............2 Who left all their books on the table? Carol .................3 Who is ready for supper? We ...................................... !

4 Who is going to cook the supper? Mum .................5 Who can lay the table? I ........................6 Who will do the washing up afterwards? Fred ...................

Agreeing

@ Now you have to agree with these statements, as in the examples. Make sure you use the rightauxiliary verb.

Examples Jane loves musicals comedies. So ....!/".1..............

Peter didnt go to the party. Neither...l#.[-.......

1 I'll go again romorrow. ............................. I.2 Peter didn't like the show. ............................. Jane.3 I'm having a good rest this weekend. ............................. we.4 Fred must study harder. ............................. Tim.5 I dont like peanut butter. ............................. I.6 He won't speak to her after what happened. ............................. I.7 We prefer classical music to pop. ............................. we.8 I have seen that film already. ............................. I.

Close To *YES,/NO/SORRY"

@ Read the question, then answer using a word in the box.

think hopeexpect be afraid

1 .Will Carol get here in time for the show? (probably)

2 Can rve book a table for tonight please? (sorry)

3 This bus looks rather old; will it crash? (we don't want that)4 'Will

Fred be able to carry that huge rucksack? (doubtful)5 Will I need an operation, doctor? (sorry, yes) .

6 'Will everyone we invited come tonight? (doubtful)

7 Will Robert pass his accountancy exam? (we want him to)

155

Didn't she? Are you? (Questions and answers - 3)

Study this text and the two examples in the USE box.

USE-We

use QUESTION TAGS to confirm something about which we are not sure. Imagine,

for example, that your friend said he was coming to see you, but it's getting late and he doesn't

arrive. You think there has been a mistake. You phone his house, and you say:

Robert, you are coming round, aren't you?

You did say 6 o'clock, didn't you?

FORM

A -With auxiliary verbs in affirmative sentences, we form question tags like this: !

She is waiting for us, isn't she?

He can do it, can't he?

B 'With auxiliary verbs in negative sentences, we form question tags like this:

He hasn't done it, has he?

They didn't eat that, did they?

C 'When there is no auxiliary verb in an affrrrnative sentence, we form question tags like this:

1 Present tense

She likes you, doesn't she?

2 Past tense

You saw him, didn't you?

D The subject of the tag is always a pronoun:

Sue is coming, isn't she?

That tree is very tall, isn't it?

E -We use question tags for two slightly different purposes. They are always written in the same way,

but can be pronounced in two difterent ways. Some writers distinguish them by using a question

mark with one and a ful1 stop - or even an exclamation mark - with the other.

First purpose

This is pronounced with a RISE at the end, like a question. We are doubtful about something,

and we want you to confirm it:You are coming, aren't you?(The speaker thinks you may be coming, but she is not sure; she wants confirmation.)

Second purpose

This is pronounced with a FALL at the end, like a statement. 'We have an opinion about

something, and would like to knou'yours:This is a superb view, isn't it!

I

(The speaker has a strong opinion, and wants to share it with you and find out yours.) i_ __l

Good English?

O Three of the underlined parts of these sentences are correct and three are wrong. Tick (/) the

correct ones, and rewrite the others.1 You're coming tonight, isn't it?

2 'W'e're having a great time, aren't we!

3 That was a good throw, wasn't it!

4 Marv is comins tonisht. is he?J9

5 Simon didn't like the film, did he?

6 They liked me, aren't they?

156

Packing For a Trip

@ Dennis and Victoria are going away on holiday together. They are checking before they leave.Complete each sentence with a suitable question tag.

Victoria You collected the tickets, ............ ?-We've got the passports, ............ ?

You'l1 lock up the back door, ............ ?

You told the police we're going away, ............ ?

Dennis You've packed my bathing costume, .... ........ ?

You picked up my suit from the laundry, ... ......... ?

We bought some extra toothpaste, .... ........ ?

You told the newspaper boy, ............ ?

lr'ictoria You can carry the suitcases downstairs, ............ ?'We can't catch a bus to the station, ..."........ ?

You'll phone for a cab, . ........... ?-We

haven't forgotten anything, .... ........ ?

Dennis You won't leave the front door open, ............ ?

You gave Robert the hotel's phone number, ............ ?

You didn't leave your handbag upstairs, ............ ?-We're going to enjoy ourselves ...... ?

Mixed Bug

@ Now complete these dialogues with suitable question tags. You may want to say them aloud, anddiscuss different ways of saying them.

1 That was a wonderful dinner,Yes, you always eat well atJane's.

2 -We need to leave at 9 to be there at 11.

Do you think so? It doesn't take two hours to get to Brightofl, ..

3 I always enjoy watching Helen play tennisYes, shet a wonderful player, .......

4 Oh dear, I'm so busy today.

But you'll get my letters ryped,5 I really enjoyed our trip to Paris.

Yes, we had a wonderful time,6 John will be here,

-Well, I'm not sure. He keeps changing his mind.

Staternent Or Question?

@ Finally, you have to read these sentences, add a question tag, and say in your opinion whether theyshould have a question mark at the end or not. You will need to practise saying them aloud. Someof them can be said in two different ways, with slightly different meanings. Which do you think theyare?

1 It's a lovely day today,

2 You're enjoying the concert, ...

3 She won't miss the train,4 He's tall for his age, .

5 That was an exciting race, .

6 He won't buy a new car now .......7 He did well in his test,

157

If you Bo, I'll go (conditional - 1)


)

"Are you scared?""Are you going to jump?"*OIt if you ju*p, I'll iump." "Ooooeeeeaaaahhhh!!!!"

O Now complete each sentence with a verb in brackets, in the present or future tense.

1 If I finish in time, I ..... . (g") with you.

2 If you ...... (not, drive) faster, we'll be late.

3 If Peter ...... (phone) me, I'11 tell him the news.

4 If you hurry up, I (wait) for You.

-We use this form when there is a real possibiliry of the event happening; itt not imaginary.

Flere, we show three ways of saying this:

1 Future: If you go, I'11 go. (definite)

You can also say: If you go, I may go. (possible)

If you go, I can go. (permission)

If you go, I must go. (obligation)

2 General (always true):If you heat water to 100"C, it boils.

3 Imperative (telling people what to do):If the door is locked, ring the bell.

Wb can say all these sentences in reverse:

1 I'11 go if you go.

2 'Water boils if you heat it to 100"C.

3 Ring the bell if the door is locked.

Good English?

Look at the parts underlined in these sentences. Seven of the parts are correct and three are wrong.

Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others.

1 If you will knosk on the door, they will let you in.

2 I will explain if you listen carefully.

3 If he comes, I talk to him..4 If I am tired, I usually go to bed.

5 Come and see me if vou will have tirne.

'Yes!"c<a 7 ,ttICS!

158

@

General Tiuths

@ Now complete these sentences with the present tense of an appropriate verb from the box.

1 If I get a headache, I usually ...... a couple of aspirins.

2 A person's pulse rate generally . ..... if they take strenuous

3 If people ...... dirry water they usually fall i11.

4 Children ...... cold easily if you don't wrap them up well

Cornrnands

Now you have to complete these sentences using the imperative

1 .. .... up if the President speaks to you.2 If the red light switch off the machine.

3 Stay in bed if your temperature .

4 If I'm late, . ..... for me.

Real Possibilities

You have to complete these sentences with the appropriate formUse WILL, MAY, CAN or MUST.

1 If you eat less, you . ..... weight.2 You . . .... with me if you want to.

3 If you want to get rid of that cough, you ...... smoking!4 IfJohn goes, I ..... too, but I'm not sure.

exerclxe

rn wrnter.

or the present tense.@

@

@

@

rncrease

Ii wait showI rise standII

of a verb from the box.

Mixed Bug

Complete each sentence with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets. Use WILL, MAY CAN

or MUST if necessary.1 If you want a ticket for the concert, you. ..... (g.t) one today2 ...... (you, promise) to do the work if I .. .... (help) you?

3 ...... (wait) here if you ...... (want) to see the President.

4 If you ...... (not, be) wel1, you . . .. (g") to the doctor.5 Students ...... (learn) fast if the teacher ..". . (b.) competent.6 If you ...... (follow) the instructions, you ...... (not, get) 1ost.

7 If you ...... (d") your homework now, you . ..... (watch) TV later.

8 If I ... ... (have) time I ...... (phone) you this evening, but I'm not sure.

9 You . ..... (hear) all about our plans if you ...... (attend) the meeting.10 If you ...... (read) the manual, you . ..... (understand) how the computer works.

Completions

Finally, you have to complete the second half of each sentence, using the word in brackets - andyour imagination!

1 If the plane is cancelled, .. .... (bus).

2 The sea freezes if .... .. (belorn, -5"C)3 I shall be very annoyed if .... .. (late)

4 Fred, if you get lost in the store, ...... (assistant)

5 -We'11 never get to Leeds if .... .. (car)

6 If you say that again, ...... ! (scream)

7 If Susan likes him ....... (marry)B Arrest those men if ...... ! (trouble)

159

If you went, I would go (conditionals - 2)


IFONLY...!

If I had the chance,I would be a great dancer.

(If pigs had wings,they would fly.)

O Now complete these sentences in the same way, with the verbs given in brackets.1 If Dennis ...... (take) more exercise, he would lose a bit of weight.

2 I would be a great pianist if I ... ... (practise) eight hours a day.

3 If you asked Sue, she ...... (give) yo, a good reference.

4 Fred ...... (plry) for his school team if he were a better football player.

USE

A -We use this structure for imaginary events. The verbs are in the past tense (or "would") because

the events are imaginary, not because they take place in the past. The time is usually the

lmagrnary present:

If I were you, I wouldn't do that.(This is imaginary; I'rn not you.)

IfJohn came to work early, we wouldn't have this problem.(This is imaginary;he doesn't come early.)

B -We can say the sentences in reverse:

I wouldn't do that if I were you.'We wouldn't have this problem ifJohn came to work early.

C 'We say If I were you, not: X If I was you

IfIwereyou...If you were . . .

Ifhe/shewere...etc.

@ Complete each sentence with the correct form of the verb in brackets.1 This soup (taste) better if it had more salt in it.2 If you (speak) to the waiter more politely, he would be quicker.3 Ifshe really tried, she .............. (easily, pass) the exarn.4 Ifyou (see) her now, you would hardly recognise her.5 I .............. (go) for a swim if the weather were a little warmer.6 Do you thinl< he would lend me d10 if I .............. (ask) him nicely?7 Ifhe dressed better, the manager ............,. (think) better ofhim.8 I would write to them ifl (have) their addres.

Carol's Dreams

Carol has a happy hJe, but sometimes she dreams oJ the things she would do if she could.

@ Fill in the verbs given in the sentences below, as in the example.Example: -lf I ...!!14..... (be) taller, I .....!'!.4U.4f1*..... Gpply) for a job as a model."1 "If I .............. (have) more spare time, I .............. (take) French classes."

2 *l .............. (get) a good result irr my final examinarion if L............. (make) more of an effort."3 "If I .............. (play) the piano for an hour every day, I .............. (oon, be) a good player."4 *l .............. (sometimes, go) away for the weekend if I (have) a car."

5 "lf L............. (have) more money, I .............. (go) to a Greek island for a week."

Cwendoline is a mess. Bwt shefeels she could do better, and be happier, if she only got organised!

@ Using the information given, write out complete sentences as in the example.Example: get up earlier / have time for exercises in the morning..U.! .frL *l:. .&, ! y,n*U /a,n |yy Ip. 1 .1411yn11 .b.U*. nfu,.l. .

1 catch an earlier bus / get to work in good time.

2 get to work in good time / not have arguments with the boss

3 take a short lunch break / keep up to date with the work

; i;;;;;;.;;;iJ, /;;;;";. i;;;;;;5 learn how to use the computer / not delete files by accident

; il;; i. ,r,. u.;;l i;;;i;;; i ;;;;;;; ;;;;#;;Cwendoline is also worried ab;owt her priuate life. She wishes she could change some of her habits.

Using the information given, write out complete sentences.1 go to bed earlier / feel fresher in the morning

2 do exercises in the morntng / feel a lot healthier

3 not eat so many biscuits / lose some weight":"""'

4 not drink so much coffee / not feel so nervous

5 drink more water / look better

6 eat more green vegetables / have a better skin

@

161

If/Unless/As long as (conditionals - 3)

Read these dialogues and think about them.

He I'll pay the mortgage tomoruow if you lihe!She What with? We're broke. You would pey the mortgage if

we had any money, but we hauen't!

He We'll go to Greece in July if you want to!She We'll go to Greece as long as you'ae got a job-

He What?She I said: we won't go to Greece unless you'ae got a job!!

USE

A You can compare two kinds of conditional sentence:

1 The real sittation:I'll go to the cinema with you if you want to go.

(This will really happen if . . .)

2 The imaginary situation:I would go with her if she wanted to go, but she doesn't'

(This is imaginary; Lt probably won't happen.)

Flere are some more examples:

If I have dl.Oleft at the end of the week, ['ll buy a pullover in the market.

(This is a real possibiliry.)

I'll post the letters tonight if I finish them.

(He'11 probably finish them.)If I had d20,000,I would buy a house for my parents.

(This is imaginary; she hasn't got d20,000.)I would post the letters tonight if I had any stamps.

(This is imaginary; he hasn't got any stamps.)

B AS LONG AS, IF ANd UNLESS1 AS LONG AS is more emPhatic than IF:

I'11 help you if you like.I'11 only help you as long as you promise to be quiet!

2 AS LONG AS = not . . . unless

Look at these pairs of sentences; they mean approximately the same.

I'11 go with you as long as you change your clothes = I won't go with you unless you

change your clothes.

I'11 do it as long as you ask me nicely : I won't do it unless you ask me nicely.

Good English?

O Fourteen words or phrases are underlined in these sentences. Ten of them are correct and four ofthem are wrong. Tick (/) the correct ones, and rewrite the others.

1 l'm leaving now unless you want me to stay.

2 You'Il be all right as long as you drove carefully.

3 I would see him if I can.

4 The tea would taste better if it would be hotter.

5 I won't so if vou want me to.

@

Dauid is 16 years old, and he thinks he can do anything. His mother is more realistic!

Complete David's statements with an appropriate form of the verb in brackets.

1 I . ..... (pmr) the exam if I study!2 I'11 be a guitarist in a rock band if I .. .. (practise) every day!

3 If I ...... (win) the lottery, I'11 go to Mexico!4 L............. (d") a paper round if I get up early!

5 If I get a job, L..... (earn) a lot of money!6 If I earn a lot of money, I ..... . (b"y) a motor bike.7 I ...... (become) a racing driver if I buy a motor bike.

Now you have to write his mother's opinion on each of David's statements. The first one has beendone for you.

1,

2aJ

4

5

6

7

He un^^!."[p*u.il" e.e/;t+h 4 k 4LrJ;nl, l,^,1/." bo*'L.

o

won't practise.won't win.doesn't.won't get ajob.but he won't.but I hope he won't.

@ You have to complete each sentence with UNLESS or AS L0NG AS.

1 You cert't go out .... you tidy up your room.2 OK, I'll lend you dl} ...... you promise to pay it back absolutely no later than next Monday.3 "Carol, you can borrow rrry cer you drive very careful7y," said Dennis.4 You are not allowed to park here . .... you are a member of the staff.

5 "I'm leaving .... you want me to stay."

6 "You can go out .... you're back by six at the latest, Fred."7 You can't smoke here .. you open a window.

@ Complete these sentences with appropriate forms of the verbs inLONG AS.

brackets, and lF, UNLESS or AS

1 It would be easier to read your writing .... you ... (write) in ink.2 you want to inspect this house for sa1e, I .............. (have to) get permission from the

owner.3 ..... I ... (g") now I shall miss my trarn.4 ..... you ...... (follow) the instructions you wouldn't have these problems.5 The dog .. (not bite) you ...... you move.6 ... I weren't so busy I ...... (go) to the shops with you.7 Robert says it's a long journey, but he will come .............. he can stay the night.8 I ..... . (keep) out of his way ...... I were you; he's in a bad temper.9 If you ..... (g") to the doctor he would give you something to take for it.

10 You .. .... (never,get) better you go to the doctor.1,1, Carol will get you some cash .. ... she ...... (g") to the bank.1,2 He'l1 never get in . he ... .. (have) a ticket.

163

And But So Before After 'When (Linkers - 1)

This unit is about the way we join sentences together with LINKERS:

USE

A AND-We

use AND to join words:Crime and Punishment bread and buttertwo shirts, a pullover and a jacket

'We do not use a comma when we join two wolds with AND:X John, and Mary

-We also use AND to join sentences:

Fred went home and watched TVFred went home, and Carol spent the evening with him-

B BUT'We use BUT to join sentences when the second sentence is a contrast with the first:

Fred went home to watch television, but the TV was broken.Carol wanted a coke but there wasn't any in the fridge.

CSO'We use SO to join sentences when the second sentence is a consequence of the first:

It was raining > She opened her umbrella.It was raining, so she opened her umbrella.She didn't like the film > She walked out of the cinema.

She didn't like the film, so she walked out of the cinema.

D BEFORE/AFTER-We

can use these words as prepositions:after lunch before six o'ciock after the meetlng

'We can also use them to join two sentences:

He had a shower ) He had breakfas

He had a shower before he had breakfast.

He had breakfast after he had a shower.

E \VHEN-We

use WHEN to join two sentences in time. The two actions may happen at about the same

time, or at two difGrent times:1 'W.hen the time of the two sentences is (more or less) the same, we use the same tense for both:

I arrived (at 6 am). He left (at 6 am).'When I arrived he left.

2 'When the time of the two sentences is different, we use different tenses:

I arrived (at 6 am). He left (at 5.30).'When I arrived he had (already) left.

(See also Punctuation, Unit 84.)

USE

Good English?

O Two of the underlined linkers in these sentences make good sense, but two of them do not. Tick (/)the ones that make sense, and rewrite the others.

....... 1 "I'11 see you 14hc! you get back. Robert."

....... 2 Victoria gave Fred an ice-cream 24{ he didn't like rt.

....... 3 Fred cleaned his teeth after he had breakfast.

....... 4 Robert was tired, lgg he went to bed.

164

Fred, Carol and the Jurnping Frog

@ You have to complete these sentences, using each word in the box ONCE.

and and so when

Fred likes animals. One d^y, . ..... he was walking home from school, Fred found a frog...... took it home. He didn't know where to put it, ... ... he put it in the washbasin in

the bathroom. He knew Carol would come home about six, . ..... he wanted to scare her.

and and so so so after but

into Carolt bedroom. It jumped onto the rvindow sill, ...... it couldn't get out, ..... itjumped onto the bed ...... hid under the pi1low. The frog was tired it went to sleep.

and and after before but

Carol came home at six o'clock, ...... went into the bathroom to wash her hands ......they had supper. Fred listened at the door, ...... he didn't hear anything. ...... Carol leftthe bathroom, Fred went in .... .. saw that the window was open. "Oh, he's jumped out of thewindow," said Fred to himself. "'What a pity!"

and but after when so

They all sat down for supper, and ...... they were having supper, Robert came home....... they finished eating, Carol felt tired ..... she went upstairs to bed. Caroi pulled out

her nightgown from under her pillow; the frog woke up ... ... jumped onto the floor....... Carol wasn't scared; she liked frogs.

and and when so after

Carol guessed that Fred had put the frog there, ...... she took the frog ...... put it in Fredtbed. . .... half an hour, Fred went up to bed. . ..... he pulled back the sheet, the frogjumped up ... ... landed on Fred's face.

and when so

6 Fred screamed; Robert thought he was hurt, ...... he ran into Fredt bedroom ....... hesaw the frog on the floor he laughed..... . said: "Fred! You're not scared of a little frog, are

you?"

@ Join these sentences with the words given in the box, making any changes necessary (the last onehas three sentences). There are some alternatives, but try to use each word once.

Sam asked Carol to meet him outside the college at 6pm. She agreed.

c;;;i ;;i;; ri;; 6 ;; o id: S;- Jia"'f ;;;i*

but and after so but

3 Sam arrived. She had left.

4 Sam asked her again. She was annoyed with him. She refused.

165

As soon as Vhile Since Until (Linkers - 2)

Look at these pictures of people saying something. Who is saying what?

O Put the correct number in the box for each picture.

1 Would you like somecoffee u:hile you wait?

2 Stay there until I comeback.

3 I'ue been sitting heresince 4 o'clock!

@ Now you have to complete these sentences using a word from the

1 He's been waiting ...... lunchtime.2 -We

can leave ...... the taxl comes.

3 I listen to mttsic ..... I work.4 Can you wait for me .. .... I return?

since whileuntil as soon as

USE

A SINCE-We

use SINCE when we refer to the beginning of a period of time which starts at a time in the

past (yesterday,last week, 4 o'clock, 1.991) and finishes now-

Compare: I have lived here since 1992 (and I iive here now).

I lived here from 1991, to 1,992 (and now I live somewhere else).

Because the period of time is from past to present, we usually use the present perfect tense

with SINCE: I have been driving a car since 1987.(Not: X I drive a car since 1987.)

B UNTIL'We use UNTIL to refer to the end of a period of time. You could say it is the "opposite" ofSINCE: It is 5 o'clock now.

He has been here since 4 P^.He will be here until 6.1,5.

C AS SOON AS-We

use AS SOON AS when we want to describe one event starting immediately after another:

They ran out of the house as soon as they heard the explosion. (immediately)

D \VHILE-We use-WHILE to describe fwo events happening at the same time:

She washed the car while John cleaned the windorvs."I'11 make some phone calls while you get dressed."

Good English?

@ Two of the underlined parts of these sentences are correct and two are wrong. Tick (/) the correctones, and rewrite the others.

1 "I'11 wait here while ).ou come."2 Fred can clear the table while ).ou wash the dishes.3 He is living here since December.4 Let's get away on holiday as soon as we can.

1 There have been a lot of changes you left.2 I was alone here ..... Mason arrived.3 We have had trouble with the house ... we bought it.4 'We'11 wait for you . ... 8 o'clock.5 They stayed in the cafe . ..... the rain stopped.6 The house has been much happier ...... my mother came back.7 Fred had to wait at his friendt house ..... his father came to pick him up.8 They've been sitting here .... .. I came in!9 Food has been short .... the war began.

10 They talked quietly to each other the concert started.

@ Now you

1. Can you help me with this . ..... you're waiting?2 I'11 see you ..... I'm free.

3 He crept out of the room ...... his morher felI asleep.

4 I'11 phone you . I arrive.5 I read two chapters of this novel .............. I was waiting for the train.6 You can do this job for me .. ..,. you're on holiday!7 They took offtheir wet clothes .... .. they got into the house.8 Finish this work .............. you can.9 They worked together on the house: he painted the ceilings ...... she washed the floors.

10 Robert got his driving licence ... he reached his seventeenth birthday.1,1, I'll sit in the waiting room ..... you're seeing the doctor.1,2 It was a cold night, and Carol got home she could.

Would you like a drinkThe children ran out of the classroom .......They stayed in Southern ItalyThey have been friends

Let's wait here .

Dennis has loved VictoriaHe handed in the reportDennis cooked the supper .....

A...hefinishedit.B . . . Victoria laid the table.C... myfatherarrives.D . . . the first day he met her.

AB

CD

. the bell rurrg.

. the weather got warmer.. you wait?. they were ten years old.

B1,

2

J

4

"167

Punctuation and capital letters

USE

A We use CAPITAL LETTERS with these words:

1 Names of people and their titles, towns, countrles etc:

Ms Jones Paris India

2 Names of languages and nationalittes, both nouns and adjectiues:

She's French. That's a French car. He speaks French.

3 Days and months (but not seasons):

Tuesday Thursday Sunday March July December

(But: spring, summer, autumn, winter)

4 Names of shops, companies, famous buildings etc:

Harrods Woolworths Kelloggs Panasonic The British Museum

5 Titles of films, books, newspapers, rnagazines, chapters etc:

Gone W* The Wind The New York Times

6 Street, road, avenue etc., if it is part of the name: Oxford Street Camden Road

B -We use PUNCTUATION to help people unCerstand what we write. It helps to show where one

phrase or sentence ends and the next one begins.

1 The two most important items are COMMAS (,) and FULL STOPS (.).'We use COMMAS to separate a phrase from the rest of the sentence:

You can ieave your bag here, but don't be 1ong.

-We use FULL STOPS to separate sentences:

The suitcases are all ready and packed. I think we should leave now.

I waited for an hour, but no one came. I didn't know what to do.

2 Here are the other main punctuation marks.

QUESTION MARK. 'We always use this at the end of a question:

How are you? 'What's your name? He's nice, isn't he?

APOSTROPHE.-We use this when we want to show ownership (see also Unit 64):

This is John's. A girls' school.

QUOTATION MARKS (quotes). 'We use these to show that somebody is speaking:

"Excuse me," he said. "'What's the time, please?"

COLON. -We use this to introduce a list:

The boat leaves on the following days: Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays.

SEMI-COLON. 'We use this to join two sentences which are closely connected

(it's almost like a full stop).-We went to the station together; we were very interested in continuing the conversation.

EXCLAMAIION MARK. 'We use this for something surprising:

Look at that! My goodness! Be careful!

BRACKETS. 'We use these for information which is not really part of the sentence:

Last month flune) u'e went away for a week.

168

e Put in the capital letters needed in these short passages.

1 robert and carol went to the cinema last thursday.2 it was spring, and it was a lovely day.

3 they went to see a film called jurassic park.1 summer courses for foreign students run for four weeks in july and august, starting on

mondays.

2 french and spanish students prefer july, and there are more korean and japanese students inaugust.

3 they usually visit the tower of london or buckingham palace.

4 the course finishes on a sunday afternoon.5 the director is dr dean, and the director of studies is ms susan bletchley

@ Look at these punctuation marks. What are their names? Put the correct letter under each one.

A

B

a

r)

a) exclamation markb) quotation marksc) brackets (USA: parentheses)

d) full stop (USA: period)e) colon

@ Complete each sentence with capital lettersmay be some differences of opinion!

r)

s)h)

i)

semi-colonquestion markcommaapostrophe

where necessary, and the punctuation given. There

1 we went to greece for a week which was very nice but it rained! (TWO COMMAS)2 i enjoyed meeting peter and sue very much peter was very nice and she tried to be

helpful. (ONE FULL STOP, ONE COMMA)3 Carol was on time for once she's always late so we started to play unfortunately I lost

every game. (BRACKETS, ONE FULL STOB TWO COMMAS)4 we wondered if you were coming did you get our message. (ONE SEMI-COLON, ONE

QUESTION MARK)

@ Now you have to complete these passages with appropriate punctuation and capital letters. Someparts are spoken, one phrase can go in brackets, and there are some lists (use a colon). There areseveral alternatives, and probably some differences of opinion!

1 robert and carol went to the shops

shirts and a pair of shoes and carolhome quite late

and they bought a lot of items robert bought twobought a sweater a blouse and a necklace they got

2 the last time that i saw robert was early july he still had long hair when are yougoing to the hairdressers i asked him don't you like it he said well not much i repliedthen he asked me for the name of a hairdresser and i gave him the name of one myown i hope he goes

3 john and i were walking down oxford street when a stranger came up and spoke to us

excuse me he said can you tell me where I can buy some film for my camera johnand I looked at each other im not sure I said perhaps you could try in selfridges no idont think they sell film there said john look theres a camera shop over there ori theother side of the street'why dont you try there the stranger thaqked us and walkedacross the street

Spelling

ln this unit we will help you with some of the problems of English spelling.

BEFORE FINAL -SW'e use -S for fwo reasons:

J to make words plural2 for verbs with HE/SHE: he makes, she goes etc.

These spelling rules are the same for both.1 Most nouns and verbs simply add an -s:

cat cats coke cokes dog dogs mile miles

coat coats bake bakes head heads time times

2 Words ending in sibilants add -es:

gas gases box boxes catch catches

sandwich sandwiches

3 Words ending in a vowel + y simply add an -s:

d^y days say says (but: said)

way ways pay pays (but: paid)

Words ending in a consonant + y, change to -1es

fly flies country countries4 Words ending in -f or -fe usually change to -ves:

wife wives knife knives scarf scarves

leaf leaves shelf shelves thief thieves

Note: some words do NOT change:

chief chiefs roof roofs safe safes

For other irregular plurals, see Unit 60.

For spelling of 's or s', see LInit 64.

BEFORE -ED, -ING, -ER and -EST1 'With most words, simply add the ending:

walk -ed walk -ing old -er o1d -est2 'With words ending in -e, drop the -e:

believe believed believing fine finer finest

3 'With words like these, with short vowels, double the final consonant:

fat fatter fattest sit sitting drop droppedNote: dinner (rhymes with "thinner") = food

diner (rhymes with "miner") : aL eating place (or a person who is dining)SHEPHERD, SHIP, SHEEP and SHAPE: pronunciation and spelling of /e/, /r/, /t:/ and /er//e/ canbe speltwith "e" (set, met, bet) , or"ea" (bread), or "ie" (friend) or"a1" (said) or evenaa ,, / \a (any//i/ tsusuallyspeltwith"i" (sit,bit).Butnotice thttasilent"e" attheendchangesthepronunciation to /ar/:

sit (but: site) mill (but: mile)bit (but: bite) fil1 (but: file)

/i:/ can be spelt with "ee" (sheep, feet) or "ea" (seat, meat) or "ie" (field, piece)

/er/ canbe speltwith "a" (date, cake, Cambridge) or "ay" (way, pay) or "ea" (break)

CAT, CUT, COT and CAUGHT: pronunciation and spelling of /ie/, /t/, /o/ and /o://ae/ is usua\ spelt "a" (cat, bad, sand, Saturday)

/tt/ canbe spelt "u" (sun, Sunday, funny) or "o" (son, Monday, month, love) or "o11" (country,

enough)/o/ canbe spelt "o" (cot, pot, doll, knowledge) orsometimes "ott" (cough)

/o:/ canbe spelt "ou" (bought, brought) or"a:u" (caught) or"a" (talk, chalk)

O Make all

1,

2

aJ

4

5

6

7

8

nouns and pronouns plural in these sentences,A baby doesn't eat a sandwich!

r;;il;;il;;;;;;;;;;-,""';""':""The dentist examined the child's tooth.

He kept the fly in a box.

The man comes from a different countrv...............

There was a safe in the office and the thief opened it.

other necessary changes.(2 plurals)

(3 plurals)

(3 plurals)

(3 plurals)

(2 plurals)

(4 plurals)

@ Write out these words with ending given. Be careful of the spelling.mlne -1ng float -ed big -est

funnv -er swlm -lng happy -er

call -ed play -ing wonder -ed

The mant wife put the tie in the suitcase. (4 plurals)

The chief of the tribe had a different belief. (3 plurals)

run -lng

sad -est

rude -est

making all

@ Put these words in lists with the same vowel sound. (Iip: you have to put six words in each list.)

say leave friend eight fillsaid sit set break ceilingmean win paid bread people

date seat fieldbridge raise any

dinner Thames live

/I/ shrl

@ Put these words in lists with the same vowel

/ e/ well / er/ wart

sound. (Iip: you have to put six words in each list.)

cough mat bought colourtalk collar bad call manpot born fat country sad

mad waterknowledgedog love

doll monthdoor Sunday

does

/ae/ cat / tt/ cut /o/ cot'""'::*;

17L

Review: sentences - 2

ln Units 76 - 83, we presented all the following items:

WHERE WHAT WHO HOW WHEN WHY BECAUSE

WHAT COLOUR WHAT SIZE WHAT TIME

WHAT WHICH (colour do you prefer, the blue or the red?)

HOW TALL HOW OLD HOW BIG HOW MANY HOW MUCH

HOw OFTEN / WHAT . . . LIKE?

Yes, he has. Yes, she did. Yes, I will, etc.No, he hasn't No, she didn't. No, I won't etc.I am . . . Fred will . . . etc.

So can l. Neither do l.

I hope so. I think so. I expect so.

I hope not. I don't think so. l'm afraid so. I'm afraid not.

isn't she? can't he? has he? did they? right?aren't you? isn't it?

lf you go, I wlll/may/can,/must go.

lf I were you, I wouldn't do that.l'll help you as long as you promise to be quiet.

l'm leaving, unless you want me to stay.

There are no review exercises for Punctuation and Spelling (Units 84 and 85).

Conditions

Here are a number of conditional sentences for you to complete.A First, complete these sentences with lF, UNLESS or AS LONG AS.

(Tip: use AS LONG AS if the condition is emphatic.)1 I don'twan't to go by myself; I shan't go ... . you go.

2 You can come to the concert .... you like.3 .... you pay me in good time, I'rn willing to do the work; otherwise, I'm not.4 He'll never understand your probLem .... you explain it to him.5 A11 right, Fred, you can come with us ... .you don't make a lot of noise.

5 I wouldn't do that .... I were you.

B Now you have to complete each sentence with an appropriate form of a verb from the box.

I

I explain say phone wash read boil go have I

1 If you're going handle food, ..... your hands.

2 If England ..... a warmer climate, attitudes would be different.3 If water is heated, it ..... ..... at 100"C.

4 If I met her at aparty,I...... ...... "he11o".

5 You would save money if you .... by bus.

6 "If I ever go to New York, I ...... ...... you."7 .... the instructions carefully if you want to use this program.B "Ifyou .... the job to me properly, I wouldbe able to do it."

o

172

@ You have to fill the blanks with words from the boxes. You can use each word once.

when where after before until

Peter moved to Sweden in November 1,991, .. that, he had lived in France ...... he was

a hotel manager. He stayed in France for 10 years, ...... 1,991,. A few weeks ...... he arrivedin Sweden, he went to Linkoping to visit the Kroner Hotel. Flowever he arrived, hefound that the hotel was closed for the month ofJanuary.

but so as soon as while since

He decided to wait for them to open. he was ,uraiting, he phoned some other hotels,.. most of them were closed. .. the Kroner Hotel opened, on 1st February Peter went

to see the manager. He wanted to make a good impression, .............. he wore his best suit! To hisdelight, he was given a job, and he has been working there the day he went for the interview.

@ Now you have to complete these dialogues with suitable words and phrases; they are all questionsand answers.A Robert has just come backfro* Toronto, where he spent a month on bwsiness Dennis went to the airport to

meethim. . .

Dennis: 'Welcome back, son!

Robert: Thanks, Dad! .... people came to meet me?Dennis: Just me. .. luggage have you got?

Robert: Two suitcases.

Dennis: Have you got everything?Robert; Yes, ...Dennis: Right, let's go home.

B Thry arriue home.

Victoria: 'Welcome home, darling!Robert: Thanks, Mum. ....... are Carol and Fred?

Victoria: They're fine! . was the flight?Robert: Boring but OK.

C Robert: Mum, I met a girl in Toronto.

Robert: She's ta1l, with blond hair.Victoria: ... is she?

Robert: She's 22.Victoria: Is she nice?Robert: 'We11, ... , and I hope you do too!

Victoria: Is she coming to England?Robert: I'm not sure, butVictoria: .... is she coming?Robert: Mryb. next month. At least .

Fred: Did you buy me a pistol in Canada, Rob?Robert: No, ..... ...... , Fred. I don't think Mum would like that very much.

Victoria: Anything more to tell me about that girl?Robert: Like what?

Victoria: Any plans?

Robert: 'We11, we've discussed

Can you guess what the girl and Robert discussed?

Here are the tenses of the English verb, with outline notes:

The present sirnpleShe works

Points to watch out for:o 'We

use -S after helsheDifferent ways of adding -s:

walk -s walks /s/ bry -s buYs /z/catch -es catches /tz/ try y -ies tries /z/

o We use DO/DOES to form the negative and interrogative:

He doesn't take sugar

Do you like coffee?

The past sirnpleShe worked

Points to watch out for:o We use DID to form the negative and interrogative:

She didn't hear what you said

Did you enjoy the film?o The different past tense forms:

See Appendix 3

The present continuous (progressive)She is working

The past continuous (progressive)She was working

The present perfectShe has worked

The past perfectShe had worked

The future:willpresent,/futuregoing to

The passiveIt is madeIt was made

She will workShe is workingShe is going to work

L74

2 I-Ise of the Tenses

This is a simple account of the way we use the tenses at this level. As always when we are talkingabout language, "it is more complicated than that"!

THE PRESENT SIMPLE 9-We

mostly use the present simple when we don't see a time limit for what we are describing. 'We use

it for permanent or regular events, or for things which are always true, like these:1) She works for Dillons bookstore.2) They usually go to the cinema on Monday nights.3) -Water

boils at 100oC at sea level.

THE PAST SIMPLE-We

use the past simple for events that started and finished in the past, like these:

4) Julius Caesar came to England in 55 BC.5) They delivered the new furniture last week.

Past tense verbs often have an advert of tirne:last week, 5 years ago, yesterday etc

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS oT PROGRESSIVEThis tense contrasts with the present simple: we mostly use the present continuous when we knorvthat the activiry is short-liyed, or happening now, or anyway has a time limit on it, like these:

6) Nick is studying Italian these days.

7) You are reading this Appendix.

THE PAST CONTINUOUS oT PROGRESSIVE'fhis tense contrasts with the past simple. 'Whereas we use the past simple for events which arefinished, we use the past continuous for events which are not finished, like these:

8) I was getting dressed when the phone rang. (I was interrupted)9) I was writing my report last night. (I didn't finish)

THE PRESENT PERFECTThis tense is a "linking" tense: it joins past time to present time. It may be an event which started inthe past and goes on to the present, like these:

10) She has worked here since 1992.11) I have known her for years.

Or it may be an event which happened in the past, but has an eflect on the present, like these:12) I've read that. (I don't need to read it again)13) She s passed her First Aid certificate. (so we can offer her the post)

THE PAST PERFECTThis tense is "before-the-past". If we need to make clear that one thing happened before another inthe past, then lve use this tense, as in these sentences:

14) I had finished my work when the manager came back.15) Robert had gone out with a few other girls before he met his present girl-friend

175

THE FUTI.IREThere are different ways of talking about the future, depending on what we want to say.

1 WILL'We use this form especially for predictions, or expressing certainry:

o \d/s will all die one day.

. Fred won't drive his father's car; he's too young.

2 Present continwows '-We

use this especially for plans and programmes. It suggests that the arrangements were made in the

past, in sentences like these:. Class three is piaying football on'Wednesday afternoon.. I am leaving at 10 on Tuesday next.

3 Coing to

This is another "linking" tense. Just as the present perGct links the past and the present, so GOINGTO links the present and the future, in sentences like these:

' I'm going to be an engineer when I grow up.

But note: 'We often use the three different future forms indiscrimately, so students should not

spend much time worrying about which one to use. People will usually understand

any of the three.

THE PASSIVE-We

use the passive when the grammatical subject is not important, and we want to emphasize

something else, e.g. the time or the place or the grammatical object, in sentences like these:

. He was hurt in the accident last year.

. (This car was) made in England.

. English is spoken here.

. The floor can be laid in fwo days.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES'When we use IF in a sentence, 'we use some of the tenses to express difltrent times from those they

usually express. Here are the most common kinds of conditional sentences:

I will go IFUTURE] if I have time. IIMAGINARY FUTURE]I would go [CONDITION] if I had time. IIMAGINARY PRESENT]I would have gone [PAST CONDITION] if I had had time. [IMAGINARY PAST]

776

I

I Vhen Do 'W'e LJse Contractions?

SPEAKING'When we are speaking, most Etrglish speakers use contractions most of the time. It doesn't matterwhat background we come from, or which country; it doesn't matter which region we come from,how educated we are, or what our social background is.

1) Hello Jim, are you all right?2) Yes, I am! I've got a new job and I'm moving to Bath.

EMPHATIC SPEAIilNGSometimes, if we want to say something particularly forcefully, we don't use contractions.Here are fwo examples:

3) (parent to child) "I do not want you to open the door while I am out."4) (political speech) "-We h'ave always been true to our promises; we will not raise taxes."

VERY INFORMAL SPEECHSometimes, when we are speaking quickly and informally, the contraction becomes the elision'of a

word. Here are some examples:5) Hi, Jim, all right? (: are you al1 right?)6) Dunno. (: I don'know)7) Know what I mean? (: do you know what I mean?)

As a student, you will want to understand what is happening when native speakers use these forms,but you should be careful about using them yourself. Very informal speech is difficult to handle in a

language until you are close to being a native speaker!

WRTTING-When

we are writing, we sometimes use contractions and sometimes not. -When we are trying towrite in a friendly, informal style (as in this Appendix, for example), we use quite a lot ofcontractions. People vary in their sfyle, but many writers in popular rnagazines seem to use

contractions a lot with negatives, but they don't use them so much in affirmative sentences. -We

are

not sure why, but it seems to be the case.

But if we are writing formal prose, for example in an academic article or a formal business letter,then we use contractions much less, if at all.

777

These words are contracted:

* Don't forget that we only1 Contraction of is:

2 Contraction of has:

3 Possessive:

use 's in these three ways:

Itt a boy!He's gone.

the girl's coat.

There are usually fwo ways of contracting BE with NOT:

He isn't'We aren't

You aren'tThey arerr't

I'm notHet notWe're notYou're notThey're not

'When we say "irregular" verbs, we simply mean verbs that do not form their past tense and past

participle with -ED. They include many of the most common verbs in English, so it's useful to knowthem.

There arc 130 or so of these verbs which are regularly used; we give 61 rn Books 1 and 2.

A Here are the verbs, first in a list in alphabetical order:

beginbitebringbuildbrycatchcomeCoSt

cutdodrinkdriveeat

findflyforgetgetglve

go

grownhave

hearhidehitknowlearn

leave

lendlose

make

beganbitbroughtbuiltboughtcaughtcame

CoSt

cutdiddrankdroveate

foundflewforgotgotgave

wentgrownhadheardhidhftknew-

learnt(learned)

leftlentlostmade

begunbitreobroughtbuiltboughtcaughtcomeCoSt

cutdonedrunkdriveneaten

foundflownforgottr,agotglvengonegrownhadheard

hiddcr.',

hitknownlearnt(learned)

leftlentlostmade

meanmeetpay

putread

riderlngrlserunsay

see

sel1

send

shineshut

smg

s1t

sleep

speak

spend

stand

take

teach

tellthinkthrowunderstandwakewearw1nwrrte

meantmetpaidputread

rodetangrose

tansaid

saw

soldsent

shoneshutsang

sat

slept

spoke

spentstoodtooktaughttoldthoughtthrew-stoodwokeworewonwrote

meantmetpaidputread

riddenrungrlsenrunsaid

seen

soldsent

shoneshutsung

sat

slept

spoken

spentstoodtaken

taughttoldthoughtthrown-stoodwakenwornwonwrltten

B Here are the same verbs, this time divided into easy-to-remember groups:

1 "Almost regular"

SET 1: have hear make pay say

SET 2: build learn lend send spend

2 "ItJo change"

cost cut hit put shut

Examples: hear, heard, heard

build, built, built

179

Example: put, put, put

3 "The uowel changes" xample: get, got, got

find get meet read shine s1t wl

4 "The uowel changes I -t" xample: leave, left, left

leave lose sleep mean

5 "The uowel changes + -d" xample: seII, sold, sold

sell tell stand understand

6 "--ght" Example: bring, brought, brought

bring bry catch teach think

7 "The uowel changes twice": to /e/ or /ei/, and then to /x/Example: begin, began, begun

begin come drink ring run smg

8 "The uowel changes twice, and you add -en or -i " Examples: drive, drove, drivenbreak, broke, brokenfly, flew, flown

SET 1: drive ride rise wrrteSET 2: break speak wake

SET 3: fly grow know throwOTHERS: bite eat forget glve s :e take wear

9 "Euerything changes!'

Example: go, went, gone

go be

,

o KEY T0 B00K TWO o

UNIT 1

1 A 1 Is Susan 2,/ 3 is she 4,/B 1, ./ 2 Does George have 3 did you have

4'We don't have 5

C 1am 2,/ 3,/ 4is

2 1 isn't . . . is 2was. . . is 3 was . . . was 4 are5is...was 6is...isn't...is1 Did . . . have 2had. . . had 3 Did . . . have4had. . . do.. . have 5 did. . . have 6had. . . had7 Did. . . have

thave 2had 3was 4was...were...had5did...have 6had...was 7had...had. .was8 Were t had. . . was 10 had 11 were12wx.. . was./is 13 had. . were l4had1a Is this your 1b it isnt2a 'W.here did you have 2b I had lunch at home3a Are the Pyrenees in Spain 3b They are partly in Spain4t Are you having a good time? 4b I always have fun atyour parttes

UNIT 2

thad 2,/ 3O(havegot) 4Ihave 5./ OIhave1 Have . . . got. . . didn'thave . . . had2Has. . .got. . . hasn't got. . . has got3 didn't have . . . had. . . will . . .have4 Has . . . got . . . willhave5 hasn't got . . . will have6had...has...got7 Have. . . got . . . haven't got . . . has got8 had. . . have got. . . will. . . have

1 to have . . . haven't got 2have got . . . have3'have... haven'tgoi 4have... haven'tgo 5 don'thave

UNIT 3

Do . work J'::i: wodon't work

1 doesn't go . . . works 2 Does . . . study 3 live

1 Do you speak 2./ 3 I dont go 4 ,/ 5 She lives 6,/A 1 swims 2live 3 weighs 4 eats 5 drink 6 haveB 1 A polar bear doesn't swim in very hot water

2 don't live 3 doesn't weigh4 Doesn't/Does . . . drink 5 don't eat 6 dont have

1 doesn't 2,/ 3 ,/ 4 don't 5 don't 6 doesnt

1 works 2 play 3 Does . . . live . . . does 4 belong5 do. . . do. . . goto 6works Tdoesn'tgo.. .plays8 Do . . . belong . . . do 9 do not belong 10 plays11 do not live

UNIT 4

is not studying . . . is studying 2 areyou doing? . . .

am changing 3 am not going

1 I am not studying 2,/ 3 are you going4 does this sweater cost 5 ,/ 6 cows eat

1 is wearing 2 is wearing 3 are not wearing4 is following 5 is searching6 are watching. . . is waiting . . . is sitting 7 are carrying8 are not cerrytng 9 are ca;Iryrng

1 are . . . doing 2 tmfollowing . . . is taking . . . is going3 are .. . doing 4 arn searching 5 am waiting . . . is sitting

1 are . . . doing 2 am readirg . . . is playing 3 is making4 is watching 5 is having 6 is . . . doing . . . is sleeping7 Are... having

UNIT 5

I lare...standing 2xnwaiting 3Doesn't. .come4 walks

2 1 He is watching 2Do you want 3,/ 4,/ 5 I walk6'/1aH 1bD 4aE 4bC2aI 2bF 5a G 5b B3a A 3bJ

1 makes . . . is expanding . . . are building 2 sells . . . isincreasing . . . is dropping 3 do . . . work . . . is asking4 is making. . . are asking. . . wants

isplaying... plays. . are... doing... amcooking...Docook... cooks. . amcooking. . arecoming...want...are. . cooking. ..like. . . do. . .know. . . Do. . . know. . . means. . . do. . . do. . . go

UNIT 6

1 1Did... cook... didn'tcook... cooked 2Did... irondidn'tiron... cleaned 3Did... cook... did

4washed... did 5Did... cook... didn'tcook...ironed 6Did...wash... did 7Did... clean... did...washed 8cooked...did

2 1 Did she go . . ../ 2./ 3 ,/ 4 didyou watch

brought cut lent shonebuilt found lost shutcaught hit sent won

1 played . . . lost . . won 2 found. . . cut3 brought . . . gave . . . sent 4 built . . . hit 5 shut

1 did you sit 2 did you go Did she enjoy it 4 did it finish

1 didn't see . . . didn't get 2 didn't arrive . . wasn't3 couldn't . . . didnt know 4 couldn't . . . didn't have

I2

2

3

4

5

6 5

6

181

nz

3

4

UNIT 7

A Did.. . have. . . caught. .wasn't Btook. .. slept. . .

didn't sleep . . . was C did . . . cost . . . didn't cost . - . paid

. . . spent DDid. . .have. . .lost. . .found Edid.' .

stay... made... told... didn'thave Fdid.. ' do...went. . . Did. . . spend. . . didn'tspend. . . didn'thave . . .

bought GDid. . . go. . . got. . . Did. . . meet. . . spoke

bit flew hid rose

broke forgot rode sang

fell grew rar,g threw

1flew...sang 2rang 3broke 4rode...Gil 5bit6threw Trose 8grew thid...forgotThe fat lady ate a huge amount of foodThe exam candidate knew the answer to question number 2The driver drove his taxi all day yesterday

The small boy thought he could jr-p across the stream

The runner ran 100 metres in 10 seconds

The dentist took out my tooth last Tuesday

The police caught the thieves fwo days ago

The teacher taught psychology from 1985 to 1992The porters carried the luggage to the bus

The pilot flew the helicopter over the ciry

1 am learning 2 txtght 3 are you wearing 4 atn selling

5 didn't understand 6 meant 7 learnt 8 sold

knew. . . didn'tknow. . . Did. . . know. . . did. . . wanted

. . . didn'twant. . . Did. . . want. . . didn't

1 a shark bit him 2 Sheila was driving 3 were having

lunch 4 walked in 5 were swimming in the lake

6 We were watching 7 The sun was shining8 she made several mistakes 9 carne

1 were driving to Manchester when the car broke down2 broke his leg while he was mountaineering 3 rwisted her

ankle when she was practising karate 4 were cooking lndianfood when the cooker exploded 5 fell down a hole when he

was walking in the park 6 got cramp when she was

swlmflung

1 were . . . already living . . . arrived 2 siled. . . defeated

3 was sitting . . . fell 4 was hunting . . . hit5 went . . . began 6 was walking . . . killed

UNIT 10

l brought. . . forgot. . . bit 2won. . . built. . . sent

3 flew. . . sang. . . broke . . . fell 4found. . . lent. . - lost

. . . threw S trla . . . caught . . . climbed

A goes . . . didn't go . . . had. . . is going. . . is walking. . .

isn't workitg. . . is carrying. . . doesn't wantBfound...wrote... sent...doesn't... do. . are '.. says

...wantC doesn'thave . . . shone . . . got. . . rode . . . rang. . . didn'tanswer. . . heard. . . was coming. . . went. . . found. . .

didn't you open . . . rang . . . was listening . . . didn't hear

was walking. . . saw. . was standirg. . . are you doing. . .

amworking. ..started. . . feel . .. work

doyoudo... work. . amiooking... saw... didyou go

. . went . . . didyou study . . . studied. . . Didyou get . . . got

. . . didyoudo. . . left. . . came . . . stayed. . . slept.' .

bought . . . put . . am not staying . . . moved . . . atnstaying .

. . share. . . have. . . didyou apply. . . want. . . prefer

are looking . . . do you want. . . want . . . Do you speak. . .

speak . . . Do you understand . . . understand . . . don't know. . . means . . . thought . . . know . . . studied . . . didn't learn

. . . don't you go

UNIT 11

1 t has packed 2ha;sn't changed 3 Has Carol washed

4 has washed

UNIT 8

1 was cooking 2 was chasing 3 were leaving4 was swimming

1, ./ 2 I was sitting 3 ,/ 4 They were not doing5 I didn't understand 6'W'ere you waiting

1 was teaching History 2 was having a break3 was teaching English Literature 4 was having lunch5 was supervising games

1 was listening to 2 were getting off 3 was getting on4 were looking up 5 was waiting for 6 was lying down7 was putting on 8 was climbing in

5 1 was standing . . . thought 2 was just leaving . . . began

3 was sittng . . . took 4 was wearing . . . learnt5 asked . . . didn't know 6 said . . . didn't understand7 was driving . . . offered 8 spent . . . gave

9 brought . . was watching

UNIT 9

1 1 were you doing . . . rang 2 wasraining . . . went3was climbing... heard 4waswatching... came

2 1, ,/ .. . didn't know 2 ./ .

4 liked 5 was driving . . . ./

L82

bitten eatenbroken foundbrought flownbought forgottencaught givencut growndone hiddendrunk lent

t has given me 2,/1 She has lost it 2 He hasn't ridden it yet 3 She has

brought home a pizza. 4 He has broken it 5 He has won it6 He hasn't seen it yet

riddenrungseen

senttakenwonwrltten

3 I saw 4 He hasn't done 5 ,/3

4,/ 3 ,/ .. . was listening

I2

3

1 I've seen it 2 I've rung it het bitten 4 He's grown5 I've flown 6 I've done it

1 Has . . . drunk . . . hasn't eaten2 has hidden . . . have found3 have . . . forgotten . . . have bought4 has caught . . . have . . . given . . . has taken5 has written . . . hasn't sent

UNIT 12

l just 2 for 3 since 4 how long

1 for three months 2 ,/ 3 sinceJanuary 4 ,/ 5 how long

for 2for 3since 4since 5for 6since Tfor 8since9 since 10 for

A 1 for 6 years 2 since 1945 3 for about 500 years4 since 1789

B 1 srnce 1.776 2 for about 2000 years 3 since 18604... about50years

1 for 3 years 2 since tea-time 3 since 9 o'clock4 for 50 years

t has just started 2 just finished 3 just heard 4 just told5 have just left

UNIT 13

1 2 (present) 3 (past) 4 (past) 5 (past/presenr)6 (past/present) 7 (past) 8 (past/present) 9 (past)10 (present)

2 t have lived 2 ,/ 3 Did you see 4 ,/ 5 have written6r/pp 1a have never been p 1b went 2a p never met2b pp have seen 3^ pp Have you done 3b pp did you do4a p lived 4b pp has lived 5a p have you seenpp 5b have never seen

t has sung 2 played 3 have lived in Hampton 4 has livedin their present house all his 5 went 6 has studied 7 took

haven't seen . . . saw . . . started . . . have been . . .just started. .washe... worked didn'tlike... hashebeen... hasworked . . . did he get . . .answered

UNIT T4

t had taken 2 had eaten 3 had done 4 had. . . drunk

t had finished 2,/ 3 hadn't seen 4 arrived 5 ,/t had already made 2had already Ieft 3 hadn't got4 had already come 5 had made 6 had already had

t had never been late 2hed already left3 had already eaten 4 had never driven

1 got 2 had already fyped 3 returned 4 had gone5 came 6 had already left

6 1forgot... went 2didn't catch... hadalreadyleft3 had already started . . . sat 4 didn'thave . . . had left

UNIT 15

1 1 used to climb 2 doesn't climb 3 used to play

2 1 used to 2,/ 3 didn't used ro 4 used to 5 ,/3 1 Didyou usedto . . . used to . . . didn'tused to . . . didn't

usedto . . . used to . . . did. . . usedto . . . didn't usedto

1 Forty years ago everyone went to New York by ship2 Forq years ago people went everywhere by bus 3 Forryyears only wealthy people played golf 4 Forty years ago onlya few people went abroad for their holiday 5 Forry years agovery few cars on the streets of London 6 Forty years mostwomen didn't have jobs 7 Forry years ago many peopledidn't work from home

1 used to go . . . go 2 didn'tused to go . . . go 3 didn'tusedtodrive... drive 4usedtostudy... go 5 didn'tusedtostay... do 6usedtowear. . wear 7 didn'tusedto wear . . . wear 8 didn't used to work . . ere

UNIT 16

I2

3

1 am leaving 2 stated 3 is opening 4 is going

1 is leaving 2 are you doing 3 ,/ 4 ,/ 5 are going

1 is seeing the director at 9.30 am 2 is going to a concert3 is having supper with Sam and Mary 4 he is going toCinema with Carol tt7.30 prn 5 is studying for exam 6 isgoing to Disco withJane at 9.00 pm 7 he is going with hisparents to Church at 11 xn1 leaves . . . arrives 2 begins . . . finishes 3 have4 stop . . . start 5 opens . . . closes

1does... begin 2are... pianning 3 aregoing 4stxt5 am working

6 are. .doing...start...Are... . . leaves. . . working

UNIT 17

1 are you going to 2 trn not going to do 3 arn going to4 is going to

1, ,/ 2 am not going to 3 ,/ 4.What are you going to5-W.here are you going to

1 am going to 2 tm going to 3 arn going to4 em going to

1 are you going to 2 are you, going to4 arc you going to

1 am going to get wet 2 are going to

1

2

3

3 are you going to

be late 3 are going

183

to crash into the mountain 4 is going to bite him 5 'm not

going to sweep it up 6 is going to break down 7 xe gorng

to win 8 Are you going to miss your plane 9 is going to

cross the road 10 is going to PlaY

UNIT 18

1 1 will do 2 will rain 3 will take 4 will begin

2 1 will write to Professor Smith 2 wil. buy some coftte and

biscuits 3 will post them 4 will do them 5 will send it

3 1 Shall I 2l'll. retd 3 I'11 get 4 I'11 give

4 1 I don't think wilt 2I don't think will 3 I'm sure will4 I don't think will happen 5 I think will happen

UNIT 19

1 1 Look 2Don't worry 3 Listen 4'Wait

2 1 let's 2letrne 3 Let's 4 Let me

UNIT 21

has. . . gone. . . studied. . . did. . .

did. . . allow. . . thought. . . wonder

. says . . . wants . . . will sPend

. applied . . . is waiting. . .

UNIT 23

I2

3

1 could 2 rnanaged to 3 couldn't

1 passed 2,/ 3 could swim 4./

1 couldn't manage to drive 2 couldn't manage to finish3 couldn't manage to read 4 couldn't manage to walk

3 A2,4,7 B3,5,8 C1,5,9

4 L Don't burn 2Be 3 Don' touch6 Hold1 Read 2 Don't touch 3 Answer6 Mix1 Don't write 2Keep 3 Stop 4 Don't walk 5 Fasten

6 Don't enter

1 Let's 2letme 3 don't 4let's 5 don't 6 Don't . . . let

me 7 don't

1. rang 2'Will . . . sell 3 is studying 4 was watching5 will have 6 is chasing 7 had. . . had 8 had lost 9 Did. . . see 10 Do . . .like 11 goes l,2rnet 13 spend

14 was . . . leaving 15 is having 16 Did . . . play 17 ate

going to 18 was playing 19 will start 20 was driving21. stys 22had. . . died 23 are. . . wearing 24hdforgotten 25 Don't go

1usedto... doesn't 2Do... usedto... don't 3 usedto

... doesn't 4usedto... don't 5usedto... doesn't

1 a They like c Don't they like 2 a She has seen

b She didn't see 3 b He didn't go to the disco

c Does he go to the disco

t have worked 2 is watching 3 have lived 4 xe playrng

5Is...talking 6Have...heard 7 are -..buying 8iswartrng

1'Wait 2 Are. . . inviting . . . wrote 3'm going - . . ue...playing 4Don'tsit 5 Have... seen...'mgoing.. '

Wouta . . . tlt. 6 is taking 7 is . . . having 8 does . . . like

9 are going to ask . . . is going out 10 \Mill work . . . wants

4 Don't fall 5 Look

4 Put 5 Don't wash

184

1 managed to pay his bills 2 rnanaged to walk home3 managed to persuade him to help 4 rnanaged to find thering I had dropped 5 managed to persuade him to wait

1could... managedto 2mantgedto... could 3 could. . . managed to 4 rntnagedto . . . could 5 could . . .

managed 6could... managedto 7 rnenagedto... could

1 could 2 managed to 3 could 4 managed to 5 could6 managed to 7 could

UNIT 24

1 won't 2 rnay 3 should 4 will

1 will not be 2 won't work 3 ,/ 4 may be 5 ,/6 / won't drown

1 will be 2 won't 3 will 4 won't 5 won't 6 will1 may 2 will 3 should 4 will 5 should 6 rnry

1 will arrive at 2.15 2 won't arrive late; she is alwayspunctual 3 should be all right now 4 shouldn't have anymore trouble with it 5 may rain, so take your umbrella6 should be enough for your expenses 7 shouldn't be latetoday; he's usually on time 8 won't cry; he never does

will. . . should. . .'Will. . won't. . . should. . . maynot...should...wont

UNIT 25

1 don't have to 2 have to 3 should

1, ,/ 2,/ 3 had to finish 4 haven't got to wear

1 dont have to 2 have to 3 should 4 have to 5 don'thave to 6 should 7 should

1 You don't have to have a shower after the game 2 Youshould wear football boots 3 You don't have to keep quietall the time 4 You have to obey the rules 5 You don't haveto stay for the party afterwards 6 You should play as well as

you can

1 He should work 2 should arrive 3 doesn't have to stay4 should be 5 doesn't have to work 6 has to do

1 You have to close the front door! 2 You don't have todraw the curtains 3 You should switch the lights off 4 youdon't have to feed the cat: I'11 Ged her later 5 You have to(should) take your key with you 6 You should do yourhomework before you go out

UNIT 26

1 1 can't 2 can 3 don't have to 4 shouldn't 5 should6 should

1 should be 2 ,/ 3 shouldn't do 4 have to be 5 ,/6 dont have to wear

A t have to 2 can't 3 should 4 can't

can 2 have to 3 shouldn't 4 have to 5 can'tcan't 2can 3should 4must 5shouldshould 2can 3shouldn't 4can'tshould arrive on time 2 can bring chocolates 3 you't have to wear a suit 4 can't talk

UNIT 27

1. can 2 must 3 can't 4 caLn't 5 must

1 'What

can that 2 ,/ 3 ./ 4 it must be 5 that must be6./\can't 2must 3must 4must 5can't 6ctn't...must7 must 8 can't 9 must

1 ctn 2 It must 3 can't 4 can 5 [t must 6 it can't be7 can it 8 can't 9 it must

1 earth can it 2 It must 3 it can't 4 it must be 5 must6 it must 7 can't

1 'What

can that noise be? 2'Who can that be? 3'Whatcan those animals be? 4lt carrr't be the radio; we don't haveone. it must be the television.

UNIT 28

1 like to come with me? Yes, I'd love to 2 I sit next to youYes, of course, you can 3 tell me how to get to StrattonStreet? Yes, certainly 4 like a lift? Yes please, thanks 5 havea packet of envelopes? Yes, madam, they're over there 6 liketo come round to lunch next Wednesday? Thank you, I'mafraid I can't

1 Can I borrow a pen? A1l right, but don't lose it! 2 CanIleave early today? All right, but just today 3 Would you liketo come for the weekend? How nice! 4 Would you like a

cup of coffee? Yes, I'd love one 5 Could I look at the flat onSaturday morning? Yes, certainly, madam 6 Could I borrowyour umbrella? Yes, I don't need it this morning

1 Would you like to sit down? Yes, thank you 2 Would youlike to come to Brighton with me today? No, I can't 3 Canyou tell me how to start my computer? Yes, I can 4 May Iborrow your pen? Yes, of course you can 5 Would you likesome help? Yes, thank you 6 Would it bother you if Iparked my car here? No, not at all

UNIT 29

1

2

3

4

1. can't 2 could 3 managed to 4 couldn't

1 rnay. . . may 2 should . . . may 3 will 4 won't

7 can't 2 don't have to wear 3 shouldn't 4 must

1 must be 2 must be 3 can't be 4 must be 5 could . . .

I'm afraid not 6,7 &.8 open

A can. . . be. . . mustbe. . . Please. . . Thankyou. . .

B Wouldyoulike . . . Could I have . . . don't . . . can. . .

BCDE

t2

I2

3

4

5

I2

3

185

Would you like to . . . you don't have to . . . will .' can't

. . . Canwe . . . I'mafraidnot. . . I wouldlike . . . can't .

must. . . don'thave to . . . cenyou. . can't. . . I have. . .

carrL... Yes, itwillbeallright... don'tthink. . can... has

to . . . of course . . . Can . . . Yes, you can

6 1 couldn't . . . rnarruLged to . . . shouldn't . . must . . . will. . . don'thaveto .won't. . .haveto. . . must. . .

managed to . . . couldn't. . . Can . . . managed to

UNIT 30

1 1, ,/ 2 it is not made 3 Are the plants being watered?

4./ 5 The windows are closed 6,/

2 1is unlocked 2The lights are switched on 3 Theanswerphone is switched off 4 The windows are opened

3 1 closed 2 was switched on 3 were switched off 4 was

locked

4 1 Cattle 2 cars 3 gold 4 wheat 5 are manufactured6 are grown 7 xe rcarred 8 is mined 9 is manufactured10 are grown 11 is mined 12 xe reared

5 The Jupiter Symphony was composed by Mozart2 . . . played by Kenneth Branagh 3 . . . were sung by KiriTe Kanawa 4 .. . was written by Margaret Mitchell5 . . . was built by 14th century Medieval craftsmen

UNIT 31

t 1. should be 2 should be 3 can. . . be 4 should be

2 1 ,/ 2 can be built 3 ,/ 4 ,/ 5 could be cured

3 1 be woken 2 be found 3 be repaired 4 be carried5 be finished 6 be sent 7 be held 8 be obtained9 be told 10 be expected

4 1 was made 2 cotld be stolen 3 will be held 4 were built5 was repaired 6 should be mended 7 should . . . have

been painted 8 were brought 9 are spoken 10 has been

5 1 should be exported . . . will be sold 2 should be exported3 should be sent 4 should be dismissed 5 will be

6 will be 7 willbe

UNIT 32

I 7a offb on 2t tp b down 3a away b back 4a tn b out

21away 2up 3off 4out 5off 6rn 7rn 8down9 in 10 away 11 off l2back 13 up 1.4 on 15 down16 out 17 away 18 in

3 1leave...on 2getol 3getoff 4scratch...off

4 1 come in 2 ttke. . . out 3 walked out 4 put. . . in

5 1 going up 2 climbed up 3 walked down 4 Get down

6 !ranawry 2cxneback 3put...away 4droveback

186

UNIT 33

l lstickout 2Put. .on 3packup 4copy...down

2 1 turn . . on 2 share out 3 take down 4 Do up

3 lgaveout 2brcak...down 3wenton 4rub-..out

4 1 died out 2 write down 3 is on 4 tan up

5 1Switch... on 2larnreadingout 3 cut... down4 walked up

6 1 swam up 2 shouted out 3 is .' . on 4 burned down

7 1 wake up 2 stretch out 3 save up 4 carry on

8 put . . . on 2 worn out 3 drank up 4 pulled down

UNIT 34

1 1cut... down... cut... out... dowithout...broughtup

2 broke off. . . Go on. . runoutof. .' callon

3 tookover... carriedon. .brought... up... tookafter

4 broke down. . . let. . . down. . . make up for. . . make up

5 cameacross... are... gettingon. . rundown ' '. getover...glveup

6 giving away. . . do with. . . breaking down. . . come on

UNIT 35

1 1putoff. .. called... off... is on. . willfind. .. out

2 lookingup . . . went out. . . was over. . . turnedup

3 ceruyout. . . make out. . . turned down . . . was out

4 broke up . . . broke down . . . make up . . . didup

5 A wentoft...calledfor Btakesoft-...put...up C is

. . .in. . . running. . . down Dtakeup. . .Let. . . off

UNIT 36

1 1 tastes terrible 2,/ 3 ./ 4 ,/ ,/ 5 feels like silk

6 looks like it's very expensive

21like 2very 3like 4like 5very 6like

3 1 smells 2 smells like 3 tastes 4 tastes like

4 1 did he look like 2 looked 3 looked like 4 Did he

sound like 5 sounded

5 looks . . . lookslike . . . feels . . . feels . . . feels like . . . smells

. . . smell like . . . smells like

6 look. . . look. . . like . . . look. . . like . . . smelllike. . .

look. . . looks . . . like . . . look

UNIT 37

1 1 smells delicious 2 ttsted disgusting 3 feels soft4 look . . . healthy 5 sounds terrible

2 A 1'Writedown 2took...away 3brokedown4 get off 5 came across

B 1look...up 2wentoff 3broughtup 4gotover5 find outC ltookoff 2ton 3put...up 4turnedup 5randownD lsaveup 2Let...down 3took...out 4getonwith 5 get onE lTakeoff 2hmd...out 3put...oft 4bring...back 5 takes afterF lbrrngup 2turned...down 3put...on 4makeup(for) 5put. .on

1 was arranged . . . was invited 2 is being unloaded 3 arctaken . . . aLre brought 4 will be given

1 Do you think the work can be finished today?2 Your suitcase must not be left in the aisles or doorways3 The meeting will be held at 10 am tomorrow mornlng4 Your bicycles should not be left in the driveway

UNIT 38

1 1 to be 2 how to play 3 to buy 4 where to buy

1 I arranged to take 2 forgot to hand in3 decided to apply for 4 intended to eat 5 agreed to take6 deserved to be taken

l intends. . . hopes 2learnt. . . offered3 wanted . . . agreed 4 refused . . . expects

1 expect . . . hope 2 expected. . . hoped

1'wanted . . . pretended 2 pretended . . . wanted

t how 2 what 3 where 4 what 5 how

UNIT 39

I 1 at cooking 2 ./ 3 of driving 4 ,/ 5 after watching6,/ 7 to cut 8./1 tt 2 of 3 tfter 4 tt 5 about 6 After 7 for8 before 9 of 10 Before 11 by 1.2 about 1.3 of14 before 15 by

1 at making paper aeroplanes 2 of listening to music3 of travelling in small planes 4 at dancing 5 of typingdozens of letters every day 6 at getting a bad result in the test

1 I left home, I had a good breakfast 2 phoning the operatorhe managed to obtain her number 3 cutting vegetables youcan use this knife 4 waiting for half an hour I went home5 making an extra effort she got the work finished6 witnessing the accident I phoned the police 7 drivingaround town the Citycar is ideal 8 phoning Carol hedecided what he wanted to say

UNIT 40

1 1 to play 2 going/to go 3 playing 4 studying/to study

1, ,/ 2 (to work) 3 cooking 4 (working) 5,/6listening

1 playing the piano 2 typing them 3 watching q;jzprogrammes on TV 4 biting my nails 5 playing cards6 moving house 7 having a shower 8 cleaning it9 being washed

1 want to see . . . enjoy meeting2 hopes . . . dislikes arriving3 started to type/typing . . . finished ryping4 like to see/seeirg . . . cafl't stand waiting for them5 love to eat/ erting . . . hate to doldoing6 enjoy listening . . . stop playing7 promised to be . . . postponed meeting8 like to see/seeirg . . . arcarrge to have

UNIT 41

1 1 you to come with me 2John to go away3 you to speak French 4 the soldiers to stand up

2 1 I want you to go 2,/ 3 ,/ 4 They invited him to go todinner with them 5 I forbid you to do

1 England expects every man to do his dury 2 She prefers todo the work herself 3 They asked me to stay the night4 They like to play cards with Frances 5 We expect to leavethe house in an hour

1 me not to leave the room 2 me to leave the room 3 meto help her move the piano 4 me to be at the concert hall at7.1.5 5 us two to be quiet 6 us how to cook vegetables

1 to have some orange juice please 2 you to have someorange juice 3 you to take the plane to Mallorct 4 to ta,ke

the plane to Mallorca 5 to be at the ofhce by 9 am6 Robert to be at the office by 9 am 7 to be picked upby car 8 to golgoing by car

UNIT 42

1 lcould 2was 3might 4did

1, ,/ 2 He said they were leaving 3 ./ 4 He said shewould come soon 5 / 6 He said he saw her every day

t he was going out withJimmy 2 he would be home by six3 he might go and see LIncle Victor 4 he could walk(because) it's not far

t he wanted to go to that concert 2 he didn't like bakedbeans 3 he had told Fred not to wait 4 he would see

everyone later on

1 she enjoyed the film 2 she might go and see it agaLrr,

3 she didn't see Mike at the office 4 she wouldn't take thecar; she could walk

was definitely not going to raise taxes

4

5

6

187

would fight to defend our currencymight expand the health servicebelieved in this countryt futuredidn't take bribes

UNIT 43

1 1 John was 2 the answer was 3 to sit down4 to wait here

2 1 ,/ 2 to go 3 the time was 4 ,/ 5 he would 6 ,/

3 1 said 2 asked me 3 asked 4 told me 5 ordered me

1 what Fred was doing 2 when Robert would be home forsupper 3 what time Dennis could come and pick her up 4

how much milk Carol bought 5 what the cleaning lady hadto do

1 what Susan was doing 2 what the messenger did onMondays 3 who made c.offee for the staff 4 who wouldtake the letters to the post 5 when Brian could finish thereport

1 to be quiet 2 to stand up straight 3 to put his shoulderback 4 not to move 5 to pull his stomach in 6 not tolook at him

UNIT 44

1 1 to wait 2 readrng 3 to go 4 meeting 5 to help6 ryping 7 to walk 8 to pay 9 speaking

1. to play/playing 2 to do 3 to watch/watching 4 tobring 5 to listen/listening 6 to buy 7 to listen/listening8 to doldoing

A lwhere 2whtt 3what 4whereB 1(how) 2how 3(how) 4how

l,afraid of 2 for 3 annoyed about 4 fond of 5 by6 good at 7 pleased about 8 before 9 tired of

l waitingfor... hope.. . expect2hope. . . expect . . . waiting for

t he would write your reference this afternoon 2 whereFred was 3 to turn left at the next corner 4 she was

waiting for the doors to open 5 he left the house at fouro'clock he had left the house at four o'clock 6 whereDennis was going this evening 7 not to open the window

UNIT 45

1 t home . . . r/ 2 r/ . . .,/ 3 at the airport 4 in his office

1*... in.. . atthe 2tn...at 3 at... atthe... inthe4inthe...atthe 5at...in...at 6atthe...in7 in...inthe 8in...atthe gatthe 10in...atthe1,1, at .. . in the

ltothe...atthe 2 ...at 3from...to ...at4 frorn. . . to the . . . at the 5 at the . . . from . . . to the

UNIT 46

1 above . . . underthe title . . . above. . . above. . . LJnder. . .

between...behind

2 1 behind the tree 2 wder the car 3 hidden above thegar.a.ge 4 behind the computer 5 between the two cars

6 in front of the mirror 7 behind the tree 8 under a chair

3 1 over . . . under 2 under . . . over 3 under . . . over

4 1 in front of the National Gallery 2 above the square 3 xeunder the statue of Nelson 4 is between the NationalGallery and South Africa House 5 behind St Martin's in theFields 6 is under the church 7 is behind South AfricaHouse 8 in front of the National Gallery

5 1 behind ahead 2 a,head 3 behind 4 a.head 5 behind

UNIT 47

1 1 ,/ 2 in the front row 3 ,/ 4 in the middle 5 ,/6 at the front

21.at 2in...of 3On...of 4in 5On 6at 7lr,8At 9On...of. .on

3 A l inthesecondrow... themiddle 2rsa girl ... ontheleft... thethirdrow 3 isaboy... ontheright... thethird row 4 There is a boy . . . sitting on the left . . . thefirst row 5 There is a boy . . . sitting on the right . . . thefirst rowB 6 At the top of 7 On the left of the board . . . should say

8 of Africa on the right of the board . . . it should say

9 At the bottom of the board it says: I am your

UNIT 48

1 been to 2 aruled at . . . / 3,/ .. . in my car 4,/1 am going to 2 Htve. . . been to 3 have been to4 arre .. . going to 5 went to . . . has been to

3 1at 2at 3in 4in 5at 6at

41to. by 2tn. by...to...in 3On...to...in..by 4to...in...to...in 5on. .by...to...in..to 6in...to...to...to. by 7rn...in...to

by. .on...on

UNIT 49

6 from .

4 la;t 2

..to 7atthe...from 8to

(-) 3(-) 4 frorn 5 (J 6 at

tt

I2

7

2

3

1while 2frorn...to 3for 4during

1 for aweek . . .,/ 2 How long . . . / 3 while

l duringJuly. . . duringAugust. .. from. . . to2 durrngJuly . . . during August . . . from . . . to .

188

for

4 forthe summer . . . for . . . during

4 la for b During c 'While

2a while b during c for3a during b for c while

5 1 How long 2 for 3'When 4 for 5 while6During. .. On THowmuch 8for. . . from. . . to. . .'!7hi1e 9 How long 10 for . . . while

UNIT 50

11in. .on 2by 3by 4in...by 5by...by 6on7rn 8in 9in

1in 2on...for 3for 4in 5on...in 6outof7 for 8 on 9by 10 in 11 in 12by. . on

1 on purpose 2 out of stock 3 in ink 4 for sale 5 bytrain 6 at home 7 for lunch 8 on business 9 on theplane 10 for dinner 11 by mistake 12 out of trouble

UNIT 51

A 1 Of. .on...on...in 2on...on...in3in...ofB 1At...of...In...on...of 2At...of3 On. . . of . . on. . . of

1 by. . . arrivedat. . . in. . . on 2on 3beento4 went to 5 arrived in 6 by 7 rn . . . on

1in 2rt 3on...by 4for 5by...by 6on. .on7at 8outof...about 9with 10by...by 11in...in 12 tt .. . about 13 in 1.4by 15 in 16 in t7 Lt18 in . . . with . . . about 1.9 in 20 At

UNIT 54

1a... some... The 2a... some... The

L arnxt. . .,/. . . theman 2 abook . . ../3,/...alion 4,/r/1 the capital 2 a cowtry 3 a continent 4 The country5 the . . . cify 6 an island 7 an .. . state 8 thecontinent 9 the capital 10 The State 11 the islandl2thecapita,l 13 the... country 1.4acity... the capital

1some. .some .a. .a. .a. .some. .some...r...4n. .some2an...4. .some ...t...Some. .some. .a.a. . . some. . . A. . some

14...an. .some. .an 2the...a...The...the...some . . . some . . . the 3 the . . . a. . . the . . . some .

a...The. .some...some

UNIT 55

I 1. a. . some 2 any 3 any

1 a pen 2 ,/ 3 any coffee 5 a dentist

1.a...arly 2any .a 3any. .a 4any...any...e5any...t 6any...z Tany .a...asome...any. .some...some ...ar]y. .some. .some...4ny...Lfly. . some. . some...any. . some...any

1 some stamps 2 an umbrella 3 a restaurant 4 any phonecalls 5 a hospital 6 some milk 7 some books 8 anytrains 9 some parking spaces 10 any food

UNIT 56

1 (-) . . . the 2The 3 (-) . . . (-)1,,/. . . r/ 2,/. .. nicepeople 3Thewomen . . .,/4 the man 5 eagles . . . beautiful birds.

1 marriage 2 hunger 3 good weather 4 nuclear power

1(-) 2the 3(-) 4(-) 5the 6(-) Tthe 8the9 (-) 10 the

1 children. . . the children 2The coffee. . . coffee3music... themusic 4Thefyres... tyres 5 thebooks. . . books 6 Classes . . . the classes

I2

1At...in...in..3At. by. .on

1on...in...for4for...for. .on

lwith 2in...in.4in...in

. in... with 2on... in... in

2for...on 3For...of5on...in. . with 3in. . .in. . .with

1 on duty 2 in a suit 3 with a suitcase 4 in public . . . inprivate 5 for the second time 6 with brown hair 7 inperson B with horror

UNIT 52

I 1 married to 2 engaged to 3 full of 4 awue of5 suspicious of 6 good at

1 good for 2 afraid of 3 close to 4 sure of 5 ready for6 generous with

1 Smoking is bad for you! 2 Be careful of throwing yourmoney away! 3 She is fond of children 4 Don'be cruel tothat dog! 5 I'm bad at drawing 6 He treated me nicely7 Thtt was nice of you! 8 I was surprised at what he said

1 pleased with 2 annoyed about 3 pleased about4 annoyed with 5 annoyed with 6 disappointed about

UNIT 53

1 lunder 2Between 3above 4behind 5behind6 in front of 7 above 8 behind 9 under 10 above11 between 1.2 rn front of 13 behind 14 in front of15 under 16 between 17 above 18 in front of19 befween 20 under

4a

4,/2

3

I2

3

4

189

1

2

University students usua\ buy books, but the nurnber ofbooks they buy depends on the course. I have asked fivestudents: the sttdents in the Maths Department don't buymany books, b:ut the students in the Literature Departmentbuy dozens.Terrorism is becoming more common these days. The

reasons for this are complicated, but perhaps /he mostimportant reason is that people are hungry in some parts

of the world. Another important reason is that people wantfreedom. They want the government of a country to be

elected by the people who live there.

UNIT 57

1the...the 2a...a...one 3ones ...a...one1 Theyoung . . .,/ 2,/. .. abigone. . . asmallone3 ,/. .. a new one

1 That's a large one . . That's large 2 Shet a tall one . . .

She's tall 3 This is an old one . . This is old 4 Those are

nice ones . . . Those are nice 5 He's an interesting one . . .

Het interesting 6 Those are fast ones . . . Those are fast

7 They're good ones . . . They're good 8 He's a cuteone...He'scute

1 blind . . . the blind 2 theyoung . . . young 3 deaf . . .

thedeaf 4theold. . . old 5 rich. . . poor. . . Therich...thepoor1 The Europeans 2The British 3 The French 4 theGermans 5 The Americans 6 The Russians 7 The

Japanese 8 The Norwegians 9 The Chinese 10 TheSwiss

UNIT 58

1 the South ofEngland . . . / 2,/ . . .,/ 3 The Andes. . . South America 4 r/ .. . Germany

lthe 2(-)...the 3the .(-) 4The...the...(-) 5the...the...the 6(-) ...(-) ...(-) 7(-)... (-) 8(-)...the eThe ... (-)... (-)1 Mount Everest 2 the Alps 3 The Thames 4 LakeMichigan 5 Lake Victoria 6 the Andes 7 the Seine8 Brussels 9 The United States . . . Russia10 Luxembourg 11 the Pacific 72 the United Kingdom

1 the English Channel 2The British Isles 3 The North Sea

4 The Nile . . . the Mediterranean . . . Lake Victoria5 the Atlantic Ocean

UNIT 59

1 1 Selfridges is in Oxford Street.2The Royal Society ofArts is in Adam Street.3 The House of Commons is in Parliament Square.

4 The National Galley is in Tiafalgar Square.

1. Trafalgar Square . . . the National Gallery . . . The Trmes2The 'White House . . . the National Art Gallery . . . Time. . . The New York Times.3 The Tower of London . . . Tower Bridge.4 The National Association of Teachers . . Lambeth Street

. . . the Liberal Party.

'Waterloo Bridge . . . The Strand . . . The Adelphi . . .

Charing Cross . . . Tiafalgar Square . . . The National Gallery. . . The Mall . . . Buckingham Palace . . . St. J'ames's Park

Open

UNIT 60

1 1 sheets . . . paper 2 jownies . . . travel 3 homework . . .

exercises 4 Marrtage . . . weddings 5 men . . . public6 permission . . . permit 7 armchairs . . furniture8 jobs. . . work

21Many 2rntch 3many 4much 5is 6were Tare8 plays

1 accommodation 2 thieves 3 traffic 4 information5 halves 6 food 7 manners 8luggage

1 clothing 2 cloth 3 clothes 4 police 5 policeman6 policewoman

UNIT 61

t 1. a lot of 2 ahttle 3 a few 4 plenty of

2 1 not many 2 afew 3 a little . . . not much

3 lafew 2altttle 3Alittle 4afew 5afew 6alittle

4 1 not many 2 rnach 3 not many 4 not . . . much5 many 6 much

1 do not have much time 2 are not many hotels 3 is notmuch meat 4 have plenty of food 5 doesn't have muchexperience 6 plenty of opportunities 7 don't have many eggs

l alotof ... much 2rntny...alotof . . . many... much. . . afew 3much. . . many. .. many 4alotof . . .alittle...afew

UNIT 62

1 none of 2 Most 3 Most of 4 Some

1, ,/ 2 Many of my friends 3 A few of the houses 4 ,/5 not got any clothes 6./

lMost 2Ail, 3No 4tfew 5Most 6Afew

1 Most of the people 2 A11 the oIIice workers3 All the Scotsmen 4 Most of the workers 5 Some of thewomen...some

1 Mostofthe. . . some of 2 Some ofthe. . some of. . .Afew 3Most...tfew...Noneof 4No 5Afeware 6

Some are 7 Most are 8 None are

I2

3

4

190

2

3

UNIT 63

1 somewhere . . anywhere. 2 everything 3 everywhere4anybody...somebody

1, ,/ 2 anythrng 3 anybody 4 ,/1 everybody . . . somebody 2 Somewhere . . . everything3 anything . . . somebody 4 everywhere . . . anywhere5 something

anybody . . . somebody . . . anybody . . . anything . . .

something . . . anything . . . everywhere . . anything . . .

somewhere . . . somewhere . . . somebody . . . anybodysomething

5 1 everything 2 Everybody 3 everynvhere 4 somebody. . . something 5 anywhere! 6 everybody

6 1 of something 2 books everywhere 3 park anywhere4 everybody gone to 5 give it to somebody 6 everythingback in its 7 know where anything 8 want anybody to

UNIT 64

1 1 of the 2John's 3 boys' 4 hour's

2 1 ,/ 2 Sallyt coat 3 The public transport of France 4 ./5 ,/ 6 The door of the room

3 1 Peter's 2 boys' 3 gentlemen's 4 baby's 5 girls'

1 The history ofJapan 2 members of the Sociery3 (cannot be rewritten) 4 plans of the government5 (cannot be rewritten) 6 The policemen of London

t her friends' addresses 2 Susant address 3 name of thestreet 4 number of the house 5 her parents' room 6 herfriendt address 7 door of the room 8 Fredt new puppy9 sound of the puppy 10 father's slippers!

1 back of the house 2 the company's intentions 3 threedays' work 4 The children's bedroom 5 a weekt holiday6 middle of the city 7 three weeks' time 8 The colour ofher new dress 9 the school's facilities 10 Carol's boyfriend

UNIT 65

1 myself . . . yours . . . his . . . himself . . . hers . . . herself . . .

our . . . ourselves . . . theirs . . . themselves

2 1, ,/ 2 rne 3 ,/ 4 each other 5 ,/ 6 yours

1'(a) Is this pen mine? (b) Is this mine?2 (a) Is that house theirs? (b) Is that theirs?3 (a) Are these shoes yours? (b) Are these yours?4 (a) Was that passport hers? (b) Was that hers?5 (a) Are these tickets ours? (b) Are these ours?

1 -y 2 his 3 our 4 yours 5 their 6 hers 7 your

1 itself 2 ea,ch other 3 myself 4 ourselves 5 each other6 yourself 7 themselves 8 each other t herself 10 eachother

6 1 No, I can do it myself 2Be carefil not to cut yourself3 I can cut it myself 4 They carried the heavy suitcasesupstairs themselves 5 I'm going to give myself a holiday6 I think they can finish that job themselves 7 Help yourselfto some more food 8 She can save herself trouble with thismachine 9 I delivered the parcel myself

UNIT 66

1 some/any. . . any. . some 2an.. . some. . . the3some ...ar-y 4t... The 5any... some. .. any. ..some 6a...some...any1 Theyoung. . . the old 2The deaf . . . the blind3 The poor . . . the rich 4 the unemployed

l Egypt. . . the Middle East 2The Avon . . . England. . .

Stratford 3 The Panama Canal . . . Panama . . . the Atlantic. . . the Pacific oceans 4 Brighton . . . the south coast . . .

England 5 Thesun... NorthAfrica!

1 Covent Garden . . . the Royal Opera House2 Selfridges . . . Oxford Street3 Westminster Abbey . . . the House of Commons .'W'estminster Bridge4 the National Gallery . . . Buckingham Palace

5 "The Times" . . . London . . . Time . . . the United Statesof America

1 not . . . much 2 Most 3 not . . . arry 4 not many5 all 6 some of the 7 none of the 8 All the 9 a litt1e10 some 11 A lot of 12 Most of the

1 years' 2 of this 3 sandwiches 4 Germany's5 clocks . . . watches 6 men's . . . women's7 students' . . . of 8 clothes

1is...are 2xe...is 3is 4arc 5is

UNIT 67

1 1 taller than 2 the most comfortable 3 the fastest

4 more beautiful

2 1 ./ 2 the most interesting 3 ,/ 4 ,/ 5 taller than6 easier than

1 the most arnazing 2brgger than 3 a more temperate . . .

than 4 the hottest . . . driest 5 drier 6 the wettest

1 tidier than . . . tidiest 2 taller tha;n 3 the fattest 4 mostcomfortable 5 earlier than 6 more important than

1 earlier 2 talTer. . . the tallest 3 more expensive4 worse . . . worst 5 smaller 6 more crowded

1 bored . . . boring 2 surprising . . . surprised!3 exciting . . . excited 4 interesting . . . interested

1 more exciting . . . the most excited 2 the mostembarrassing . . . more embarrassed 3 the most boring . . .

more bored . . . than 4 more amusing than . . . moreamused 5 the most interesting . . more interested

4

5

191

1 1very 2as...as 3notas. .as

2 1 ,/ 2 as quickly as you can 3 ,/6 the same as

UNIT 68 5 "I love you!" he declared passionately6 He has always treated me very well

4lwrong 2early...late 3hard 4last Next 5 right!

5 1 well (adjective) 2 good (adjective) 3 well (adverb)

4 Well (adverb)

6 1 daily (adverb) 2 weekly (adjective) 3 monthly (adverb)

4 darly (adjective) 5 fortnightly (adverb) 6 weekly (adverb)

UNIT 71

1 1still 2just 3yet 4ilretdy

2 1 already finished 2,/ 3,/ 4 ahetdy 5 ,/6 have just

3 1yet....still 2akeady 3yet 4still ...already5yet...still 6aheady

1 I don't think Mary has arrived yet 2 Are you still drivingthat old car? 3 He hasn't yet asked her to marry him4 They've just finished decorating the first room

t has already finished it 2 has already left 3 has aheady

won two medals 4 has already started 5 am aheady 2L

1 No, I am still living in the old one2 The men are already painting it3 Has Peter got to his office yet?

No, he hasn't come in yet.Is Susan in her ofiice yet?

UNIT 72

1 that 2 who/that 3 (who /thtt) 4 (that)

1 (thaQ 2 who/that want to go to the football match3 who/that I invited 4 ./ 5 who/that was sitting in frontof me 6 that sat on the mat

1 it needs 2 we met 3 you left here 4 I know 5 I have

always loved 6 you saw

1 who arrive late 2 that sells insurance 3 who came intothe room 4 who came up to her 5 who was playing theguitar 6 that are too violent

1 He is the only person who/that can help us now 2 Theman who/that had broken into the house was arrested a fewminutes later 3 They arrested a man who/that was only 16

years old 4'Who owns the bracelet that is lying on thetable? 5 Julia is someone I haven't seen for a long time6 We are very pleased with the report that has been produced7 We are very pleased with the woman who/that has beenappointed to the post 8 She wears the finest clothes (that)

money can buy 9 Those people who/that have sufferedfrom the effects of this crime want the law changed10 Anyone who/that lives in this area rr.;ay be in danger11 Look, that's the girl who/that married MichaelJohnson1.2 Your health is the thing that matters most of all

. .only

4asbigas 5./

3

4

1as 2than 3as 4than 5as...as

was not as tall as General De Gaulleis usually not as cheap as tea in Englandis generally not as cold as Moscow

1 Carol is not as tall as Robert 2Yrctorra is not as plump as

lJncle Dennis 3 Dennis is not aslazy as lJncle Victor4 Sally is not as slow as'Winston

A 1 as hot as 2 as cold as

B 1 Itb snowy in Germany, but it's not as snowy as

Switzerland 2It can be foggy in Northern France, but ittnot as foggy as London 3 Wales is wet, but itt not as wet as

Zaie 4 British Columbia is warm, but it's not as warm as

California

1 Victoria arrived at the same time as Dennis 2 Petq is thesame age as Robert 3 My dress is the same colour as yours4 Susan took the same train as him 5 My coat is the same

colour as yours

1 as often as you can 2 as good as new 3 as early as youcan 4 as best as you can 5 as soon as possible

UNIT 69

1, ,/ 2 ./ 3 taller and taller 4 older than me5 stronger than 6 ,/1 faster and faster 2 harder and harder 3 better and better4 worse and worse 5 thinner and thinner 6 more andmore interested

1 better 2 worse than 3 better than 4 the worst5 the best

1 The smaller 2 The sooner 3 The busier 4 The bigger5 The older

5 leldest 2olderthan 3elder...older 4oldest

6 1 morethan. . . C 2lessthan.. . F 3morethan. . .B4morethan. . . A 5 morethan. . . D 6lessthan. . . E

UNIT 70

t happily 2 ,/ 3 He did his work well 4 well 5 ,/6./ T mce 8,/1 fluently 2 fat 3 slowly 4 beautiful 5 nice 6 happily7 red 8 quickly 9 bad 10 generously 11 excited12 easrly

1 Carol sometimes comes to visit us

2 She likes playing the violin loudly3 Robert has never arrived late at his office4 He enjoys his work very much

t2

192

7

2

UNIT 73

1 where 2 (-) 3 which 4 (-)1, ,/ 2 where she lives? 3 who/that came to see me4 we went with 5 who/that I work with

1 (-) 2 thtt/which 3 where 4 that/which 5 (-)6 where 7 (-) 8 where 9 thatlwhich

1 That's the rnagtzine het been looking for2You should use words you are familiar with3 The people I talk to usually speak English4 The house I live in is on the corner of the street5 The people I live with are very friendly

(Suggested answers) 1 I come from 2I trarned for3 we live in 4 I could talk to 5 you were talking about6 he plays for 7 I introduced you to?

1 This is the university where I studied 2 The first personwho/that gives the right answer will get the prize 3 Theyasked a woman who/that didn't know the answer 4I arnlooking for a shop which/that sells postcards 5 That's thehospital where I did my training 6 Coke is a drink (th"Qyou can buy anywhere 7 He is going to marry a girlwho/that is French 8 I want to see a film which/that has a

hrppy ending

UNIT 74

1 sitting 2 in 3 parked 4 crying?

1, ,/ 2 The money stolen 3 ,/ 4 ,/ 5 The womanunder the tree 6 a young girl sitting

1 I can hear someone shouting outside in the street2I've got a brother working for British Airways3 I looked round and saw somebody following me4 Yesterday I received a letter inviting me to an old friend'swedding5 A plane carrying emergency food supplies landed at 5.30

1 'We supply video recorders made inJapan 2 This

bookseller sells books printed in other languages 3 Lastnight I saw an old Italian film called "Bicycle Thieves"4'W'hen I got home I saw a car parked in my driveway5 The two boys found a cash register stolen from a nearbyrestaurant

1 The rescue services give help to people in danger 2 Theman on the roof asked the boy in the garden to help him3 There's a shop across the street where you can buy a

hamrner and nails 4 The man at the front is taller than thegirl behind him 5 The two doctors in the ward werediscussing a patient

1 The house that was damaged in the storm is being repaired2 Wait! I can see a cat under your car 3 I could hear analarm bell ringing insistently 4 There was a man standingthere looking at me. 5 The money stolen by somebody lastweekend has been returned.

UNIT 75

1 1 more comfortable 2 x pretl1 as . . . the most intelligent3 the silliest 4 the most interesting 5 thinner than . . .

taller 6asmuch. .as

2 1 who/that/ (-) 2 which/thtt 3 where 4 who/that5 which/that/(-) 6 who/that 7 which/that 8 where9 who/that/ (-)1 The sooner the better . . . go bad 2 fxter and faster3 did their best . . as good as new

1 better than . . . not as good aslworse than 2 better than. . . not as good aslworse than 3 the best 4 the worst5 better than . . . better than

t he hasn't started yethet still getting dressedhe's already dressed

2 he hasn't started yetheb still doing ithe's already done it

3 they haven't started yetthey are still playing itthey have already finished playing

61made 2with 3wearing 4standing

UNIT 76

1 1 How 2 ,/ 3 How old 4 ./ 5 How many people

2 1 What 2'Where 3'What 4'Why 5'When 6 How

1 -What time 2 How often 3 How big 4'What colour

5 How old 6'What . . . like

1 How many 2 How much 3 How much 4 How n;a;rty

A1 'W.hat was her name? 2What was she like? 3-Where

was she born? 4'W'here did she live? 5 How old was she?

6 How tall was she? 7 What colour hair did she have?8 How often did she go riding?B 1 How did she feel? 2'What was she wearing? 3'Whodid she see? 4'What was he like? 5'W.hat did she do?6'W.hat are princesses like sometimes?

UNIT 77

1 1No, Ihaven't 2./ 3,/ 4SodidI 5Yes, Ido6 I hope not 7 ,/ 8,/

2 t he can 2 they didn't 3 it has 4 he does 5 they aren't6 it wasn't 7 yor should 8 I would

1 was 2 did 3 are 4 is 5 can 6 will

1 So will 2 Nor did 3 So are 4 So must 5 Nor do6 Nor will 7 So do 8 So have

1 I expect so 2I'rn afraid not 3 I hope not4 I don't think so 5 I'm afraid so 6 I don't think so

7.We hope so

1

2

4

5

3

4

193

3

4

5

6

7

2

l2

UNIT 78

1 1 aren't you 2 ,/ 3 ,/ 4 isn't she 5 ,/ 6 didn't they

2 didn'tyou . . . haven'twe . . . won'tyou . . . didn'tyouhaven'tyou... didn'tyou.. . didn'twe. .. didn'tyoucan'tyou . . . can we . . . won'tyou . . . have wewillyou... didn'tyou... didyou. . aren'twe

3 1 wasn't it 2 does it 3 isn't she 4 won't you 5 didn't we6 won't he

4 1 isn't it 2 aren't you? 3 will she? 4 isn't he? 5 wasn't it?6 will we 7 didn't he

UNIT 79

1 I'11 go 2 don't drive 3 phones 4 I'11wait

lknock ...,/ 2,/ ..../ 3,/ ...willtalk 4,/ ...,/5 ,/ .. . have

1 take 2 increases 3 drink 4 catch

1 Stand 2 shows 3 rises 4 watt

1 will lose 2 crn come 3 must stop 4 rnay go

1 can get 2 Will you promise . . . help 3 Wait/You mustwait... want 4aren't... mustgo 5will learn... is

6 follow . . won't 7 do . . . ca;rtwatch 8 have . . . may

phone 9 will hear . . . attend 10 read . . . will understand

UNIT 80

1 took 2 practised 3 would give 4 would play

lasked ...,/ 2,/ .../ 3,/ ...wouldask 4,/ ...,/5got...,/1 would taste 2 spoke 3 would easily pass 4 saw

5 would go 6 asked 7 would think 8 had

t had . . . would take 2 would get . . . made3 played . . . would soon be 4 would sometimes go . . . had5had...wouldgo

1 If I caught an earlier bus, I would get to work on time2 If I got to work in good time, I would not have arguments

with the boss

3 If I took a short lunch break, I would keep up to date withthe work4If I kept my desk tidy, I would not lose letters5 If I learnt how to use the computer, I would not delete files

by accident6 If I listened to the boss's instructions, I would not make so

many mistakes

1 If I went to bed earlier, I would feel fresher in the morning2If I did exercises in the morning, I would feel a lot healthier3 If I didn't eat so many biscuits, I would lose some weight4 If I didn't drink so much coffee, I wouldn't feel so nervous5 If I drank more water, I would iook better6 If I ate more green vegetables, I would have a better skin

UNIT 81

t 1,/...,/...,/ 2,/...,/...drive 3will ...,/(/ ... could) 4,/ .../ ...were 5,/ ...unless . - -,/

2 1 wili pass 2 practise 3 win 4 will do 5 will earn

6 will buy 7 I will become

3 2 He would be a guitarist in a rock band if he practised, buthe doesn't 3 If he won the lottery he would to to Mexico,but he won't win 4 He would do a paper round if he got upearly, but he doesn't 5 If he got a job he would earn a lot ofmoney, but he won't get a job 6 If he would earn a lot ofmoney, he would buy a motor boke, but he won't 7 Hewould become a racing driver if he bought a bike, but I hopehe won't

4 1 unless 2 as long as 3 as long as 4 unless 5 unless

6 as long as 7 unless

51if...wrote 2lf ...will haveto 3Unless...go4If . .. followed 5 will not bite . . . unless 6If . .. wouldgo 7 as long as 8 would keep . . . if 9If . .. went10 will never get . . . unless 11, if .. . goes 12 unless . . .

has

UNIT 82

1,,/ 2bttt 3./ 4so

1 when.. . and. .so...and 2fufter. ..so...and...but . . . so . . . and. . . so 3 and. . . before . . . but. . .

After. . . and 4when. . . After. . . so. . . and. . .But5 so . . . and. . . After. . .When. . . and

6so...'When...and1 Sam asked Carol to meet him outside the college at 6 pmand she agreed2 CarcI waited from 6 to 6.30 but Sam didn't arrive3 Sam arrived after she had left4when. . . After. . so. . . and. . .But5 Sam asked her again but she was annoyed with him so she

refused

UNIT 83

I2

3

From left to right: 3,2, 1.

1 since 2 as soon as 3 while 4 until

1 until you come 2 ,/ 3 He has been living here since

4./1 since 2 :ur;rtll 3 since 4 until 5 until 6 since 7 until8 since 9 since 10 until

1 while 2 as soon as 3 as soon as 4 as soon as 5 while6 while 7 as soon as 8 as soon as 9 while 10 as soon as

11 while 12 as soon as

A 1 while C 2 as soon as A 3 untilB 4 since DB 1 until C 2 since D 3 as soon as A 4 while B

I2

194

UNIT 84

Carol ...Thursday

bridge ceilingwln meandinner peoplelive field

mat monthbad colourman Sundayfat countrymad does

sad love

set datebread breakThames raise

a;ny paid

cough boughtdoll watercollar callknowledge doorpot borndog talk

1 A 1 Robert2It3 They. . .Jurassic Park

B 1 Summer. . .Jr1y. . . August. .

2 French. . . Spanish . . .Jrly. .

. . . August3 They. . . Tower. . . London. .

4The...Sunday

. MondaysKorean. . .Japanese

. Buckingham Palace

5 The . . . (Director) . . . DrDean. . . (Director) . . .

(Studie$ . . . Ms Susan Bletchley.

2 h) d) s) 0 b) e) f) a) c)

3 1 We went to Greece for a week, which was very nice, but itrainedl2 I enjoyed meeting Peter and Sue very much. Peter was verynice, and she tried to be helpful.3 Carol was on time for once (she's always late), so we startedto play. (Jnfortunately, I lost every game.4 We wondered if you were coming; did you get ourmessage?

4 1 Robert and Carol went to the shops and they bought a lotof items: Robert bought fwo shirts and a pair of shoes andCarol bought a sweater, a blouse and a necklace. They gothome quite late.

2 The last time that I saw Robert was ear\July. He still hadlong hair. "When are you going to the hairdressers," Iasked him. "Don't you like it?" he said. "'W'e11, not much,"I replied. Then he asked me for the name of a hairdresserand I gave him the name of one (my own). I hope hegoes.

3 John and I were walking down Oxford Street when a

stranger came up and spoke to us. "Excuse me," he said"Can you tell me where I can buy some film for mycamera?" John and I look at each other. "I'm not sure," Isaid. "Perhaps you could try in Selfridges." "No, I don'tthink they sell film there," saidJohn. "Look! There's a

carrlera shop over there on the other side of the street.Why don't you try there?" The stranger thanked us andwalked across the street.

UNIT 85

1 Babies don't each sandwiches!2 The boys told us good stories.3 The dentists examined the children's teeth.4 They kept the flies in boxes.5 The men came from different countries.6 There were safes in the offices and the thieves openedthem.7 The men's wives put the ties in the suitcases.8 The chiefs of the tribes had different beliefs.

mining. . . floated. . . biggest. . . runnirg. . .

funnier . . . swimrning . . . happier . . . saddest . . .

called . . . playing . . . wondered . . . rudest . . .

fill leave friendsit seat said

UNIT 86

1 A lunless 2if 3Aslongas 4unless 5aslongas 6ifB 1 you must wash 2had 3 boils 4 would say 5 went6 will phone 7 Read 8 explained

2 A Before...where...until ..B'While . . . but. . . As soonas

3ABC

.after...when..so. .slnce

..I have . . .Howmany... HowmuchHow...How...'What. . . like . . . How old. . . I thinkso . . . I hope so

. When. . . I hopeso . . I didn't. . .???

say

eight

195

First published 1995 byPhoenix ELICampus 400, Spring Way

Maylands Avenue, Hemel Hempstead

Hertfordshfue, HP2 7EZA division of Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd

@ Text,John Shepherd, 1995

@ International Book Distributors Ltd, 1995

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission ofthis publication may be made without permission or inaccordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs

and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence

permitting limited copying issued by the CopyrightLicensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London,W1P 9HE.

Typeset in Bembo.

by Microset Graphics Ltd., Basingstoke

Printed and bound in Great Britainby The Devonshire Press Ltd, Torquay, Devon

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

British Librery Cataloguing in Publication Dara

A catalogue record for this book is available fromthe British Llbrary

ISBN 0 13 238767 0 (with key)

ISBN 013 238759 X (without ke,

54321,1999 98 97 96 95

level has a Teacher's Book, which contains an introduction on languaning. Then for each unit there are suggestions for the presentations a

lists cf common errors, more detailed notes on the,grarnmar

multilevel english grammar programme- level 2 (with answers)

Documents