dr. roy's everything grammar part i answers

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Answers only

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Introduction to the answers As a student, grammar can be boring. The answers the students

write should contain all the elements that are given in these

answers. The sequence is not as important as their understanding

of the reason each part of the sentence functions.

Following directions is also important.

You will find that =(is), a missing “is”, and just “is”. An = (is) the determiner and apple the noun. (is missing between apple and the)

This is ok in English. If you repeat a word too often it becomes

redundant. Leaving it out is often normal, as it is understood, and not

needed. I hope these answers will help you.

Dr. Paul R. Friesen

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Part I Nouns

3. He / waved to me.

Speaking = He (=) equals the subject and waved to me (=) equals the predicate.

4. A pencil / lay on the desk.

Speaking = A pencil (=) equals subject and lay on the desk (=) equals the predicate.

5. John / went to the game.

Speaking = John (=) equals the subject and went to the game (=) equals the predicate.

6. The fire / scorched the earth.

Speaking = The fire (=) equals the subject and scorched the earth (=) equals the

predicate.

7. Each boy / had a pencil.

Speaking = Each boy (=) equals the subject and (=) equals the predicate.

8. I / wanted a hat.

Speaking = I (=) equals the subject and wanted a hat (=) equals the predicate.

9. Our camp / was in the woods.

Speaking = Our camp (=) equals the subject and (=) equals the predicate.

10. They / lit the lamp quickly.

Speaking = They (=) equals the subject and lit the lamp quickly (=) equals the

predicate.

Sub. Pred.

Sub. Pred.

Sub. Pred.

Sub. Pred.

Sub. Pred.

Sub. Pred.

Sub. Pred.

Sub. Pred.

Unit The Basic Sentence

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11. His house / is up the street.

Speaking = His house (=) equals the subject and is up the street (=) equals the

predicate.

12. Jim / enjoyed the pancakes.

Speaking = Jim (=) equals the subject and enjoyed the pancakes (=) equals the

predicate.

13. Many friends / met at the concert.

Speaking = Many friends (=) equals the subject and met at the concert (=) equals

the predicate.

14. Dogs / bark.

Speaking = Dogs (=) equals the subject and barked (=) equals the predicate.

15. This house / is very dark.

Speaking = This house (=) equals the subject and is very dark (=) equals the

predicate.

16. Jerry / has given me his pencil.

Speaking = Jerry (=) equals the subject and has given me his pencil (=) equals

the predicate.

17. That boy / is my friend.

Speaking = That boy (=) equals the subject and is my friend (=) equals the

predicate.

18. Some days / seem very long. (to be)

Speaking = Some days (=) equals the subject and (to be) very long (=) equals the

predicate.

Sub. Pred.

Sub. Pred.

Sub. Pred.

Sub. Pred.

Sub. Pred.

Sub. Pred.

Sub. Pred.

Sub. Pred.

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19. She / cried easily.

Speaking = She (=) equals the subject and cries easily (=) equals the predicate.

20. A lamp / stood on the desk.

Speaking = A lamp (=) equals the subject and stood on the desk (=) equals the

predicate.

D N

2. Each girl seemed happy.

Speaking = Each = (is) the determiner and girl the noun.

D N D N

3. An apple stood on the table.

Speaking = An = (is) the determiner and apple the noun. The = (is) the determiner

and table the noun.

D N D N

4. Your hat is near the door.

Speaking = Your = (is) determiner and hat the noun. The = (is) determiner and

door the noun.

D N

5. Their ideas are good.

Speaking = Their = (is) the determiner and ideas the noun.

D N

6. These flowers smell good.

Speaking = These = (is) the determiner and flowers the noun.

D N

7. Our school is new.

Speaking = Our = (is) the determiner and school the noun.

Sub. Pred.

Sub. Pred.

Unit 2 Determiners

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D N D N

8. My brother told the story.

Speaking = My = (is) the determiner and brother the noun. The = (is) the determiner

and story and story the noun.

D N D N

9. Your coat is on a hanger.

Speaking = Your = (is) the determiner and coat the noun. A = (is) the determiner and

hanger the noun.

D N D N

10. My car went into the ditch.

Speaking = My = (is) the determiner and car the noun. The = (is) the determiner and

ditch the noun.

D N D N

11. That girl gave me an apple.

Speaking = That = (is) the determiner and girl the noun. An = (is) the determiner

and apple the noun.

D N

12. Either road will do.

Speaking = Either is the determiner and road is the noun.

D N D N

13. An orchard produced the fruit.

Speaking = An is the determiner and orchard the noun. The is the determiner and

fruit the noun.

D N D N

14. Its tail was a stub.

Speaking = Its = (is) the determiner and tail the noun. A = (is) the determiner and

stub the noun.

D N D N

15. Those deer are on the road.

Speaking = Those = (is) the determiner and deer the noun. The = (is) the

determiner and road the noun.

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D N

16. Our plans were very detailed.

Speaking = Our = (is) the determiner and plans is the noun.

D N

17. Any idea will help.

Speaking = Any is the determiner and idea is the noun.

D N D N

18. Those girls helped my mother.

Speaking = Those = (is) the determiner and girls the noun. My = (is) the determiner

and mother the noun.

D N D N

19. Each camper took his tent.

Speaking = Each is the determiner and camper the noun. His is the determiner

and tent the noun.

D N D N

20. The men wanted every board.

Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and men the noun. Every = (is) the determiner

and board the noun.

D N

21. All men are created equal.

Speaking = All = (is) the determiner and men the noun.

D N D N

22. Another boy took her book.

Speaking = Another = (is) the determiner and boy the noun. Her = (is) the

determiner and book the noun.

D N D N

23. Their book had many pictures.

Speaking = Their = (is) the determiner and book the noun. Many = (is) the

determiner and pictures the noun.

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D N D N

24. Neither boy wanted any help.

Speaking = Neither = (is) the determiner and boy is the noun. Any = (is) the

determiner and help is the noun.

D N D N

25. Her hat was on a hook.

Speaking = Her = (is) the determiner and hat is the noun. A = (is) the determiner

and hook the noun.

D N D N

3. My father came to our picnic.

Speaking = My = (is) the determiner and father is the noun. Our = (is) is the

determiner and picnic is the noun.

N D N

4. Trees give us some shade.

Speaking = Trees = (is) the noun because of its position as the subject. Some = (is)

the determiner and shade the noun.

D N

5. Many parks are quite clean.

Speaking = Many = (is) the determiner and parks the noun.

D N D N

6. The game was a pleasure.

Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and game the noun. A = (is) the determiner

and pleasure the noun.

N D N

7. Jim ran down the street.

Speaking = Jim = (is) the noun because if its position as the subject. The = (is) the

determiner and street is the noun.

Unit 3 Identifying Nouns

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D N D N

8. The men did their work.

Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and men is the noun. There = (is) the

determiner and work the noun.

N D N

9. Susan hid behind a tree.

Speaking = Susan is a noun because of its position as the subject. “A” is the

determiner and tree is the noun.

D N D N

10. A rock rolled down the hill.

Speaking = A = (is) the determiner and rock the noun. The = (is) the determiner

and hill the noun.

D N D N

11. Each day gives us some fun.

Speaking = Each = (is) the determiner and day the noun. Some = (is) the determiner

and fun the noun.

N D N

12. Cars sped down the road.

Speaking = Cars = (is) a noun because of its position as the subject. The = (is) the

determiner and road is the noun.

D N D N

13. A weasel crossed the creek.

Speaking = A = (is) the determiner and weasel the noun. The = (is) the determiner

and creek the noun.

D N D N

14. His cat chased the dog.

Speaking = His = (is) the determiner and cat the noun.

D N D N

15. My ball hit a window.

Speaking = My = (is) the determiner and ball the noun. A is the determiner and

window the noun.

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N D N

16. Tom lay inside our hammock.

Speaking = Tom = (is) a noun because of its position as the subject. Our is the

determiner and hammock the noun.

D N D N

17. Their cabin was among the trees.

Speaking = There = (is) the determiner and cabin the noun. The = (is) the

determiner and trees the noun.

D N D N

18. Your dog ran after the rabbit.

Speaking = Your = (is) the determiner and dog the noun. The = (is) the determiner

and rabbit the noun.

N

19. People stood quietly.

Speaking = People = (is) a noun because of its position as the subject.

D N D N

20. Every lamp stood on the floor.

Speaking = Every = (is) the determiner and lamp the noun. The = (is) the determiner

and floor the noun.

N N D N

2. Dogs and cats are our pets.

Speaking = Dogs and Cats are plural nouns because of the “s’ ending. Pets = (is) a

plural noun because of the “s” ending, and the determiner.

D N D N

3. The boxes lay on the floor.

Speaking = The = (is) the determiner, and boxes is a plural noun because of the “s”

ending. The = (is) the determiner and floor is a singular noun because of the missing “s” ending.

Unit 4 The Plural Endings of Nouns

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N D N

4. Lilies bloomed in the valleys.

Speaking = Lilies = (is) a plural noun because of the “s” ending. The = (is) the

determiner and valleys a plural noun because of the “s” ending.

N D N

5. Cows ate with the calves.

Speaking = Cows = (is) a plural noun because of the “s” ending. The = (is) the

determiner and calves a plural noun because of the “s” ending.

D N

6. The nights were long.

Speaking = The = (is) a the determiner and nights is a plural noun because of the

“s” ending.

D N D N

7. The boys served the food.

Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and boys is a plural noun because of the “s”

ending. The = (is) is the determiner and food is a singular noun because of the missing “s” ending.

D N D N

8. The women enjoyed the waltzes.

Speaking = The = (is) the determiner, and women is a plural noun because of the

plural spelling ( woman/women). The = (is) the determiner and waltzes is a plural noun because of the “es” ending.

D N D N

9. Some flies were on the tables.

Speaking = Some = (is) the determiner and lies is a plural noun because of the

plural determiner and the “ies” ending. The = (is) a determiner and tables a plural noun because of the “s’ ending.

D N D N

10. The axes stood in the corner.

Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and axes a plural noun because of the “es”

ending. The = (is) the determiner and corner a singular noun because of the missing “s” ending.

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D N

11. My teeth were clean.

Speaking = My = (is) the determiner and teeth is a plural noun because of its

form. (teeth/tooth)

N D N

12. Mary gave it to the children.

Speaking = Mary = (is) a singular noun because of its position as the subject. The

(is) the determiner. Children = (is) a plural noun because of the “ren” ending.

N D N

13. Classes passed in the hall.

Speaking = Classes = (is) a plural noun because of its position as subject and the

“es:” ending. The = (is) the determiner and hall a singular noun because of the missing “s” ending.

D N D N

14. The sheep are in the pasture.

Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and sheep = (is) a plural noun because of the

plural verb usage (are). The = (is) the determiner and pasture a singular noun because of the missing “s” ending.

N

15. Churches are built yearly.

Speaking = Churches = (is) a plural noun because of its position as the subject and

the “es” ending.

D N D N

16. The men are the bosses.

Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and men a plural noun because of its form

(man/men). The is the determiner and bosses a plural noun because of its “es” ending.

D N

17. His wishes came true.

Speaking = His = (is) the determiner and wishes a plural noun because of its position

as subject and the “es” ending.

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D N

18. Some ladies are waiting.

Speaking = Some = (is) the determiner and ladies a plural noun because of its

position and the “ies” ending.

N D N

19. John surrendered to his enemies.

Speaking = John is a noun because of its position as subject. His is the determiner

and enemies a plural noun because of the “ies” ending.

D N D N

20. The citizens paid the taxes.

Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and citizens is a plural noun because of the “s”

ending. The = (is) the determiner and taxes a plural noun because of the “s”.

ending.

Poss.N N

2. John's sister came with us.

Speaking = John’s = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe – s and sister =

(is) a noun signaled by the possessive noun John’s.

D Poss.N N

3. The men's hats were brown.

Speaking = The = (is) the determiner. Men’s = (is) a plural possessive noun because

of the apostrophe - s and the ending “s”. Hats = (is) a plural noun signaled by the possessive noun men’s and the “s” ending.

Poss.N N

4. Explorers' maps are available.

Speaking = Explorer’s = (is) a possessive plural noun because of the apostrophe and

the ending “s”. Maps = (is) a plural noun signaled by the possessive “Explorers” and the “s” ending.

Unit 5 The Possessive Endings of Nouns

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N D Poss.N N

5. Joe pulled the pony's mane.

Speaking = Joe = (is) a noun because of its position as subject. The is the determiner

and pony’s a possessive noun because of the apostrophe – s. Mane is a noun signaled by the possessive “pony’s.

D N Poss.N N

6. The class read Dickens' prose.

Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and class the noun. Dicken’s = (is) a possessive

noun because of the apostrophe – s. Prose = (is) a noun signaled by the possessive “Dicken’s”.

D Poss.N N

7. The mothers' tea lasted long.

Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and mothers’ a plural possessive noun because of

the apostrophe and the “s” ending.

Poss.N N D N

8. Tim's pencil is on the desk.

Speaking = Tim’s = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe – s. Pencil is a noun

signaled by the possessive noun “Tim’s”. The = (is) a determiner and desk a singular noun.

D N Poss. N N

9. Each class read the author's book.

Speaking = Each= (is) the determiner and class is the noun. Author’s = (is) a possessive

noun because of the apostrophe – s, and book = (is) a noun signaled by the possessive “author’s”.

D N Poss.N N

10. Some men pushed Jim's car.

Speaking = Some = (is) the determiner and men the plural noun because of the plural

form. Jim’s = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe – s. Car = (is) a noun signaled by the possessive “Jim’s”.

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D N Poss.N N

11. Our home is near Jack's house.

Speaking = Our = (is) the determiner and home the noun. Jack’s = (is) a possessive noun

because of the apostrophe – s. House = (is) a noun signaled by the possessive “Jack’s”.

D N Poss.N N

12. Any boy would like Tom's bike.

Speaking = Any = (is) the determiner and boy the noun. Tome’s = (is) a possessive noun

because of the apostrophe. Bike = (is) a noun signaled by the possessive “Tom’s”.

D N Poss.N N

13. That animal is Joan's cat.

Speaking = That = (is) the determiner and animal the noun. Joan’s = (is) a possessive

because of the apostrophe – s. Cat = (is) a noun signaled by the possessive “Joan’s”.

Poss.N N D N

14. Sally's picture is on the wall.

Speaking = Sally’s = (is) a possessive non because of the apostrophe – s. Picture = (is) a

noun signaled by the possessive “Sally’s”. The = (is) the determiner and wall a noun signaled by the determiner.

D Poss.N N

15. The man's wife is here.

Speaking = The = (is) the determiner. Man’s is a possessive noun because of the

apostrophe – s. Wife = (is) the noun signaled by the possessive “man’s”.

D N Poss.N N

16. Some girls rode in Jerry's boat.

Speaking = Some = (is) the determiner and girls a plural noun because of the “s” ending.

Jerry’s = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe – s. Boat = (is) a noun because of the possessive “Jerry’s”.

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D N Poss.N N

17. My father borrowed Tom's ladders.

Speaking = My = (is) the determiner and father the noun. Tom’s = (is) a possessive noun

and ladders a plural noun because of the “s” ending and signaled by the possessive “ Tom’s”.

Poss.N N D N

18. Harry's brother came with the men.

Speaking = Harry’s = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe – s. Brother = (is)

a noun signaled by the possessive “Harry’s”. The = (is) the determiner and men is a plural noun because of its form. (man/men)

D Poss.N N D N

19. The children's wagons were on the street.

Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and children’s a possessive noun because of the

apostrophe – s. Wagons = (is) a plural noun because of the “s” ending, and signaled by the possessive “children’s”. The = (is) the determiner and street is the noun.

D N Poss.N N

20. Our plans are based on Jack's ideas.

Speaking = Our = (is) the determiner and plans a plural noun because of the “s” ending.

Jack’s = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe – s. Ideas = (is) a plural noun because of the “s” ending, and signaled by the possessive “Jack’s”.

D N

2. The singer pleased nearly everyone.

Speaking = “Singer” is a noun because of the determiner “the” and the suffix “er”

D N D N

3. The author was a humorist.

Speaking = Author is a noun because of the determiner “The”. Humor is a noun

because of the determiner “a” and the suffix “ist”.

Unit 6 Noun Suffixes

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D N N

4. The Russians practice Communism.

Speaking = Russians is a noun because of the determiner “The”. Communism is a noun

because of the suffix “ism”.

D N

5. His weakness is evident.

Speaking = Weakness is a noun because of the suffix “ness” and its position as the

object.

D N

6. The preacher was very unhappy.

Speaking = Preacher is a noun because of the determiner “The” and the suffix “er”.

D N

7. Some differences are obvious.

Speaking = Differences is a noun because of its position as the subject and the suffix

“ence”. It is signaled by the determiner “Some”.

D N

8. His criticism seems unjust.

Speaking = Criticism is a noun because of its position as the subject, the suffix “ism”,

and signaled by the determiner “His”.

D N N

9. The soldiers were terrorists.

Speaking = Soldiers is a noun because of its position as subject and the determiner

“The”. Terrorists is a noun because of the suffix “ist”.

D N

10. The argument appeared useless.

Speaking = Argument is a noun because of its position as subject, the suffix “ment”, and

the determiner “The”.

D N D N

11. Some people appreciate your kindness.

Speaking = People is a noun because of its position as the subject. Kindness is a noun

because of the suffix “ness”.

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D N D N

12. Those officers caught the gangster.

Speaking = Officers is a noun because of its position as subject and the determiner

“Those”. Gangster is a noun signaled by the determiner “the’ and the suffix “ster”.

D N

13. My assistant will help you.

Speaking = Assistant is a noun because of its position as subject, the determiner

“My”, and the suffix “ant”.

D N D N

14. The man is a pantomimic.

Speaking = Man is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner

“The”. Pantomimic is a noun because of the determiner “a” and the suffix “ic”.

D N D N

15. Some annoyances bother the boys.

Speaking = Annoyances is a plural noun because of its position as the subject, he

plural determiner “Some”, the “s” ending, and the suffix “ance”. Boys a plural noun signaled by the determiner “the” and the “s” ending.

D N

16. His neatness was appreciated.

Speaking = Neatness is a noun because of its position as the subject, the determiner

“His”, and the suffix “ness”.

D N D N

17. Her sister ate a spoonful.

Speaking = Sister is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the

determiner “Her”. Spoonful is a noun because of the determiner “a” and the suffix “ful”.

D N D N

18. Your judgment will help the plan.

Speaking = Judgment is a noun because of its position as the subject, the determiner

“Your”, and the suffix “ment”. Plan is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

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D N N

19. The girls studied our government.

Speaking = Girls is a plural noun because of the “s” ending, its position as the subject,

and signaled by the determiner “The”. Government is a noun because of the suffix “ment”.

D N

20. One difference seemed clear.

Speaking = Difference is a noun because of the suffix “ence”, its position as the subject,

and signaled by the determiner “One”.

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Summary

Noun Signals

1. In basic sentences only, determiners tell us that the word following = a noun.

2. A noun will often occupy the subject position in a basic sentence.

3. Plural endings like s, es, and en often signal nouns,

4. An apostrophe (‘) or apostrophe - s (‘s) = a signal for a possessive noun.

5. Noun suffixes often signal nouns.

6. Although we have had no unit on this, remember that capitalized words also indicate nouns. Can you identify the nouns in the following nonsense sentences? 1. His fomps are by the tampster. Fomps / tampster 2. My libes walked over the turler. libes / turler 3. Some Moden gave me some roxes. Moden / roxes 4. Neither mabes are for either dirgdom. mabes / dirgdom 5. Our dasks seem near the enden. dasks / enden 6. Many moshences are by his stooner. Moshences / stooner 7. The blibism kept their orgful. blibism / orgful 8. Her keepness is a frug. keepness / frug 9. That morko walked by Dirneys. morko / Dirneys 10. Several koobes told about a drup. koobes / drup 11. A minnikin fell by your scrops. minnikin / scrops

12. All baktion are in your cares. baktion / cares

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D N D N Pron. D N

2. A girl sat on the swing. She sat on the swing.

Speaking = Girl is a noun signaled but the determiner “A” and its position as the subject.

Swing is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”. She is a pronoun replacing “girl”.

D N Pron.

3. The dog was lazy. It was lazy.

Speaking = Dog is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner “The”.

It is a pronoun replacing “dog”.

D N Pron. 4. The boys left early. They left early.

Speaking = Boys is a plural noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner

“The” and the sending “s”. They is the pronoun replacing “boys”.

N D N Pron. D N 5. Sharon is my name. I am a girl.

Speaking = Sharon is a noun because of its position as the subject. Name is a noun

signaled by the determiner “my”. I is a pronoun which replaces the noun Sharon. Girl is a singular noun signaled by the determiner “a.”

D N D N Pron. D N

6. A woman sat on the chair. She sat on the chair.

Speaking = Woman is a singular noun signaled by the determiner “A” and its position as

the subject. Chair is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”. She is a pronoun replacing the noun “woman”.

D N D N Pron. D N 7. My father helped the man. He helped the man.

Speaking = Father is a noun signaled by the determiner “My” and its position as the

subject. Man is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”. He is a pronoun replacing the noun “father”.

Unit 8 Identifying Subject Pronouns

IDENTIFYING SUBJECT

PRONOUNS G SUBJECT

PRONOUNS

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D N Pron. 8. The money is hidden. It is hidden.

Speaking = Money is a noun signaled by the determiner “The” and its position as the

subject. IT is a pronoun replacing the noun “money”.

D N D N Pron. D N

9. The items lay on the desk. They lay on the desk.

Speaking = Items is a plural noun signaled by the determiner “The” and its position as

the subject and the “s” ending. They is a plural pronoun replacing the plural noun “items”.

D N D N Pron. D N

10. My teacher came into the room. She came into the room.

Speaking = Teacher is a noun signaled by the determiner “My” and its position as the

subject . She is a pronoun replacing the noun “teacher”.

D N D N Pron. D N

11. The water dripped for an hour. It dripped for an hour.

Speaking = Water is a noun signaled by the determiner “The” and its position as the

subject . It is a pronoun replacing the noun “water”.

N D N Pron. D N 12. Joyce is my name. I am a girl.

Speaking = Joyce is a noun because of its position as the subject. Name is a noun

signaled but the determiner “my”. I is a pronoun replacing the noun “Joyce”. Girl is a noun signaled by the determiner “a”.

N D N Pron. N

13. Your name is John. You are John.

Speaking = Name is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the

determiner “Your”. John is a noun because it is a name. You is a pronoun replacing “name”.

D N D N Pron. D N 14. Some cars ran off the road. They ran off the road.

Speaking = Cars is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the

determiner “Some”. They is a noun replacing “cars”.

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D N Pron.

2. The ball hit him.

Speaking = Ball is a noun signaled by the determiner “The’ and its position as the

subject. Him is an object pronoun.

Pron. Pron. D N

3. We met them at the park.

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position. Them is an object

pronoun because of its position. Park is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

D N Pron. 4. The crowds applauded us.

Speaking = Crowds is a plural subject pronoun because of its position as the subject, the

“s” ending, and signaled by the determiner “The”. Us is an object pronoun because of its position.

N Pron. D N

5. Ellen saw me at the movie.

Speaking = Ellen is a noun because of its position as the subject. Me is an object

pronoun because of its position. Movie is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

Pron. Pron.

6. His acts displeased me.

Speaking = His is the subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Me is

an object pronoun because of its position.

N Pron. D N

7. Tom took him to the movie.

Speaking = Tom is a noun because of its position as the subject. Him is an object

pronoun because of its position. Movie is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

Pron. Pron. D N

8. I saw them at the game.

Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Them is an

object pronoun because its position. Game is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

Unit 9 Identifying Object Pronouns

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N Pron. D N

9. John sold us a ticket.

Speaking = John is a noun because of its position as the subject. Us is an object pronoun

because of its position as the object. Ticket is a noun signaled by the determiner “a”.

Pron. Pron. D N 10. She gave me some paper.

Speaking = She is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Me is an

object pronoun because of its position as the object. Paper is a noun signaled by the determiner “some”.

Pron. Pron. 11. It flew under him.

Speaking = It is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Him is an object

pronoun because of its position as the object.

Pron. Pron.

12. They laughed at her.

Speaking = They is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Her is an

object pronoun because of its position as the object.

Pron. Pron. D N 13. You showed me your book.

Speaking = You is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Me is an

object pronoun because of its position as the object. Book is a noun signaled by the determiner “your”.

N Pron. D N 14. The grocer sold me a steak.

Speaking = Grocer is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the

determiner “The” . Me is an object pronoun because of its position as the object. Steak is a noun signaled by the determiner “a”.

Pron. Pron.

15. He sat by me.

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Me is an


25

Pron. Pron. 16. She pushed us.

Speaking = She is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Us is an o


Pron. Pron.

17. It is for him.

Speaking = It is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Him is an object


Pron. Pron.

18. We ran after them.

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Them is an


Pron. Pron. 19. I told him about it.

Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. It is an object


D N Pron. 20. The picture looks like her.

Speaking = Picture is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the

determiner “The” . Her is an object pronoun because of its position as the object.

D N D N IP D N

3. Many children like a circus. Many like a circus.

Speaking = Children is a plural noun because of its position and form (child/children),

and signaled by the determiner “Many”. Circus is a noun signaled by the determiner “a”. Many is an indefinite subject pronoun because it is used alone and its position as the subject.

Unit 10 Determiner OR Indefinite Pronoun

26

D N IP

4. Any day is satisfactory. Any will do.

Speaking = Day is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner

“any”. Any is an indefinite subject pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.

D N D N IP D N

5. One person lay on the floor. One lay on the floor.

Speaking = Person is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner

“One”. One is an indefinite subject pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.

D N Pron. IP Pron. 6. Some boys helped us. Some helped us.

Speaking = Boys is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner

“Some”. Us is an object pronoun because of its position as the object. Some is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.

D N N IP D N

7. Few people attended the game. Few attended the game.

Speaking = People is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the

determiner “Few”. Game is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”. Few is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.

D N IP 8. Both bats were broken. Both were broken.

Speaking = Bats is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner

“Both”. Both is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.

D N IP 9. Some houses were painted. Some were painted.

Speaking = Houses is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner

“Some”. Some is an indefinite subject pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.

27

D N D N IP D N 10. Two balls floated on the water. Two floated on the water.

Speaking = Balls is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner

“Two”. Two is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.

D N IP 11. Each child walked in line. Each walked in line.

Speaking = Child is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner

“Each”. Each is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.

D N D N IP D N 12. Many fans were at the game. Many were at the game.

Speaking = Fans is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner

“Many”. Game is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”. Many is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.

D N D N IP D N 13. Some birds were on the lawn. Some were on the lawn.

Speaking = Birds is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner

“Some”. Some is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.

D N IP 14. Any reading appears satisfactory. Any appears satisfactory. Speaking = Reading is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner

“Any”. Any is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.

D N IP

15. Neither boy tried hard. Neither tried hard.

Speaking = Boy is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner

“Neither”. Neither is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.

28

D N IP

16. Another plane crashed. Another crashed.

Speaking = Plane is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner

“Another”. Another is an indefinite subject pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.

D N N IP N

17. All cats are animals. All are animals.

Speaking = Cats is a plural noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner

“All”, and the “s” ending. Animals is a plural noun because of its position as the object and the “s” ending. All is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.

D N DP

3. These pencils are sharp. These are sharp.

Speaking = Pencils is a plural noun signaled by the plural determiner “These” and the “s”

ending. These is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone.

D N D N DP

4. That road has many bumps. That is very true.

Speaking = Road is a noun signaled by the determiner “That”. Bumps is a plural noun,

because of the plural determiner “many” and the “s” ending. That is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone.

D N Pron. DP Pron.

5. This coat is mine. This is mine.

Speaking = Coat is a noun signaled by the determiner “This” and the. Mine is an object

pronoun because of its position as the object. This is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone.

D N DP

6. Those apples appear spoiled. Those appear spoiled.

Speaking = Apples is a plural noun signaled by the plural determiner “Those” and the “s”

ending. Those is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone.

Unit 11 Determiner or Demonstrative Pronoun

29

D N D N DP D N

7. This lake has many fish. This is my ball.

Speaking = Lake is a noun signaled by the determiner “This”. Fish is a plural noun

signaled by the determiner “many”. This is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone. Ball is a noun signaled by the determiner “my”.

D N DP

8. Those buildings are tall. Those are really tall.

Speaking = Buildings is a plural noun signaled by the plural determiner “Those” and the

“s” ending. Those is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone.

D N DP

9. That picture is unusual. That is unusual.

Speaking = Picture is a noun signaled by the determiner “That”. That is a demonstrative

pronoun because of its position and it is used alone.

D N DP

10. These books are dusty. These are dusty.

Speaking = Books is a plural noun signaled by the plural determiner “These” and the “s”

ending. These is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone.

D N DP

11. Those dresses are too large. Those are too large.

Speaking = Dresses is a plural noun signaled by the plural determiner “Those” and the “s”

ending. Those is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone.

D N DP D N 12. That movie was good. That is my house.

Speaking = Move is a noun signaled by the determiner “That”. That is a demonstrative

pronoun because of its position and it is used alone. House is a noun because of the determiner “my”.

D N DP

13. This page is torn. This is torn.

Speaking = Page is a noun signaled by the determiner “This” ending. This is a

demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone.

30

Part II Verbs Pron.V Pron. N 2. I go with him on Monday.

Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position. Go is the verb. Him is an

objective pronoun. Monday is a noun because of its position is the object.

D N V 3. The boy throws well.

Speaking = Boy is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner The”.

Throws is the verb.

N V N D N

4. Jane buys candy at the store.

Speaking = Jane is a noun because of its position. Buys is the verb. Candy is a noun

because of its position as object. Store is a noun signaled by the determiner the”.

Pron.V Pron. N

5. I do my work carefully.

Speaking = I is a subject pronoun. Do is the verb. My is an object pronoun signaling

work which is the noun.

N V Pron.

6. Jerry does his work well.

Speaking = Jerry is a noun because of its position as the subject. Does is the verb. His is

an object pronoun signaling the noun work.

Pron. V Pron. D N 7. You give me that book.

Speaking = You is a subject pronoun. Give is the verb. Me is an object pronoun. Book is a

noun signaled by the determiner “that”.

Unit 1 Identifying Verbs (1)

31

N V N Pron. N

8. Tom grows apples on his farm.

Speaking = Tom is a noun because of its position as the subject. Grows is the verb.

Apples is a noun because of its position as the object. His is an object pronoun signaling farm the noun.

D N V D N

9. The sun rises each morning.

Speaking = Sun is a noun because of its position as the subject signaled by the

determiner “The”. Rises is the verb. Morning is a noun because of its position as the object signaled by the determiner “each”.

Pron. V Pron. N 10. We write to them on Tuesday.

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position. Write is the verb. Them is

an object pronoun because of its position as the object. Tuesday is noun because of its position as object.

Pron.V Pron.N D N 11. I see your ball on the field.

Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. See is the verb.

Ball is an object signaled by the determiner “your”. Field is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

D N V D N 12 A deer walks near the fence.

Speaking = Deer is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner “A”.

Walks is the verb. Fence is a noun because of its position as the object and signaled by the determiner “the”.

D N V 13. Each boy sings well.

Speaking = Boy is a noun position as the subject signaled by the determiner “Each”.

Sings is the verb.

32

Pron. N V D N

14. Her brother walks by the church.

Speaking = Brother is a noun because of its position as the subject signaled by the

pronoun “Her. Walks is the verb. Church is a noun because of its position as the object signaled by the determiner “the”.

Pron. N V

15. My dog barks loudly.

Speaking = Dog is a noun because of its position as the subject signaled by the pronoun

“My”. Barks is the verb.

Pron. V D N

16. She tells that story.

Speaking = She is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Tells is the

verb. Story is a noun because of its position as the object signaled by the determiner “that”.

D N V

17. That man plays hard.

Speaking = Man is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by

the determiner “That”. Plays is the verb.

Pron.V N

18. I like pop.

Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Like is the verb.

Pop is a noun because of its position as the object.

Pron. V D N

19. We enjoy each meal.

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Enjoy is the

verb. Meal is a noun signaled by the determiner “each” and its position as the object.

D N V

20. Most children eat slowly.

Speaking = Children is a noun signaled by the determiner “Most”, and because of

its position as the subject. Eat is the verb.

33

Directions See if you can find six verbs to fill the position of the blank in this sentence. I __eat________ candy.

I __make________ candy.

I __buy________ candy.

I __love________ candy.

I __form________ candy.

I __throw________ candy.

Pron.V-ed D N

2. He broke the window.

Speaking = He = a subject pronoun, broke a past tense verb, window a noun signaled

by the determiner “the”.

D N V-ed D N

3. A bee stung the man.

Speaking = A = a determiner, bee a noun, stung a past tense verb, man a noun signaled


N V-ed D N

4. Father bought a tire.

Speaking = Father = a noun because of its position as the subject, bought a past tense

verb, and tire is a noun signaled by the determiner ”a”.

D N V-ed D N

5. The fielder caught the ball.

Speaking = The = a determiner, fielder a noun, caught is a past tense verb, ball a

noun because of the determiner “the”.


34

D N V-edD N

6. Each child drew a picture.

Speaking = Each = a determiner, child a noun, drew is a past tense verb, picture is a

noun because of the determiner “a”.

Pron.V-edDN

7. I ate the cake.

Speaking = I = a subject pronoun, ate a past tense verb, cake is a noun signaled


N V-ed D N

8. Jerry fell into the puddle.

Speaking = Jerry = a noun because of its position, fell is a past tense verb, and puddle is

a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

D N V-ed

9. Some players fought hard.

Speaking = Some = a determiner, players a plural noun because of its position and the

ending “s”, fought is a past tense verb.

D N V-edDN

10. Most people gave a lot.

Speaking = Most = a determiner, people a noun, gave a past tense verb, lot is a noun

signaled by the determiner ”a”.

D N V-ed D N

11. A ship went by the pier.

Speaking = A = a determiner, ship a noun, went a past tense verb, pier a noun signaled


D N V-ed

12. Many flowers grew slowly.

Speaking = Many = is a determiner, flowers a noun, grew is a past tense verb.

Pron. V-ed D N

13. We hopped up the steps.

Speaking = We = is a subject pronoun, hopped a past tense verb, step sis a noun

signaled by the determiner “the”.

35

Pron.V-edD N

14. I knew the poem well.

Speaking = I = a subject pronoun, knew a past tense verb, poem a noun signaled by

the determiner “the”.

N V-ed D N

15. John lay there an hour.

Speaking = John = ship a noun because of its position as subject, lay a past tense verb, hour

a noun signaled by the determiner “an”.

Pron. V-ed D N

16. She rose from the bed.

Speaking = She = a subject pronoun, rose a past tense verb, bed a noun signaled by the

determiner “the”.

D N V-ed D N

17. Several students knew about it.

Speaking = Several = a determiner, students a noun, knew a past tense verb, it a noun

signaled by the determiner “about”.

Pron. V-ed Pron.D N

18. They showed us the pictures.

Speaking = They = a subject pronoun, showed a past tense verb, us an object pronoun,

pictures a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

D N V-ed D N

19. The boys swam to the dock.

Speaking = The= a determiner, boys a noun, swam a past tense verb, dock a noun

signaled by the determiner “the”.

Pron. V-ed D N

20. They bought the house.

Speaking = They = a subject pronoun, bought a past tense verb, house a noun signaled


36

Can you now tell the difference between a past tense verb and the

present tense ?

V-ed = past

2. Grace wore a hat.

V = present

3. Grace wears a hat.

V = present

4. I get up early.

V-ed = past

5. I got up early.

V = present

6. She springs to the saddle.

V-ed = past

7. She sprang to the saddle.

V = present

8. Most parents pay taxes.

V-ed = past

9. Most parents paid taxes

V = present

10. Each boy wants the bicycle.

V-ed = past

11. Each boy wanted the bicycle.

V-ed = past

12. A thief stole the money. V = past 13. He tries hard.

37

V-ed = past

14. Judy took the bus this morning.

V = present

15. We dive with glee.

V-ed = past

16. We dived with glee.

V-ed = past

17. Tom took the car that night.

V = present

18. Tom takes it each day.

V-ed = past

19. Tom took it each day.

V = past

20. A thief steals the money.

Pron. Aux.V V 2. She can sing very well.

Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, and “can sing” is a verb phrase.

N Aux.V V-ed D N

3. Mother has bought the hat.

Speaking = Mother is a noun because of its position as the subject. “has bought” is a

verb phrase, and hat a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.


38

D N Aux.V V Pron.

4. The boy might catch us.

Speaking = Boy is a noun because of its position as the subject signaled by the

determiner “The”. “might catch” is a verb phrase, and us an object pronoun.

D N Aux.V V

5. Each boy does try hard.

Speaking = Boy is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the

determiner “Each”. “does try” is a verb phrase.

D N Aux.V V D N

6. The boys should draw the pictures.

Speaking = Boys is a plural noun because of its position as the subject, signaled by the

determiner “The”, and the “s” ending. “should draw” is a verb phrase, and pictures a plural noun signaled by the determiner “the and the “s” ending.

Pron.Aux.VVD N

7. He will eat the salad.

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. “will eat” is a

verb phrase, and salad a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

D N Aux.V VPron.

8. The men will hear us.

Speaking = Men is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the

determiner “the”. “will heart” is a verb phrase, and us an object pronoun because if its position.

N. Aux. V V D N

9. Sandy may know about the plans.

Speaking = Sandy is a noun because of its position as the subject. “may know” is a verb

phrase, and plans a plural noun signaled by the “s” ending and determiner “the”.

Pron. Aux. V V D N

10. I can prove that story.

Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. “can prove”

is a verb phrase, and story a noun signaled by the determiner “that”.

39

D N. Aux.V V

11. Most children must rise early.

Speaking = Children is a plural noun because of its position as the subject and its form

(child/children).“must rise” is a verb phrase.

Pron. Aux.VV D N

12. We shall tear the paper.

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. “shall tear” is

a verb phrase. Paper is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

N Aux. V V D N

13. Joe might write the letter.

Speaking = Joe is a noun because of its position as the subject. “might write” is a verb

phrase, and letter a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

N Aux.VV D N

14. Chris did write the letter.

Speaking = Chris is a noun because of its position as the subject. “did write” is a verb

phrase, and letter a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

Pron. Aux.VV D N

15. We shall eat our lunch.

Speaking = We is a noun because of its position as the subject. “shall eat” is a verb

phrase, and lunch a noun signaled by the determiner “our”.

N Aux.VV D N

16. Tom will sing for us.

Speaking = Tom is a noun because of its position as the subject. “will sing” is a

verb phrase, and us an object pronoun.

Pron. Aux.VV-ed D N

17. They have played all morning.

Speaking = They is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. “have

played ” is a past tense verb phrase signaled by the “ed” ending. Morning is a noun because of its position as the object.

40

D N Aux. VV

18. The skies could clear soon.

Speaking = Skies is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the

determiner “The”. “could clear” is a verb phrase.

D N Aux.V V Pron.

19. Our parents would want it.

Speaking = Parents is a plural noun because of its position as the subject, the “s” ending,

and signaled by the determiner “Our”. “would want” is a verb phrase, and it an object pronoun.

Pron. Aux.V V D N

20. We shall avoid the problem.

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. “shall avoid”

is a verb phrase, and problem a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

D N V-en D N

2. The men have taken their cars.

Speaking = Men is a noun indicated by the determiner “The”, its form (man/men) and

its position as subject, “have taken” is a past participle. Cars is a plural noun indicated by the determiner their and the “s” ending.

Pron. V D N

3. He has the pencil.

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun indicated by its position, “has” is a present tense

verb. Pencil is a noun indicated by the determiner “the”.

Pron. V-en D N

4. He has taken the pencil.

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun indicated by its position, “has taken” is a past

participle. Pencil is a noun indicated by the determiner “the”.


41

N V D N

5. Jim has the letter.

Speaking = Jim is a noun indicated by its position, “has” is a present tense verb.

Letter is a noun indicated by the determiner “the”.

N V-en D N

6. Jim has written the letter.

Speaking = Jim is a noun indicated by its position, “has written” is a past participle.

Letter is a noun indicated by the determiner “the”.

D N V D N

7. Some boys have the prize.

Speaking = Boys is noun indicated by its position signaled by the determiner “Some”.

“Has” is a present tense verb. Prize is a noun indicated by the determiner “the”.

D N V-en D N

8. Some boys have taken the prize.

Speaking = Boys is noun indicated by its position signaled by the determiner “Some”.

“Has taken” is a past participle. Prize is a noun indicated by the determiner “the”.

D N V D N

9. Each child has a book.

Speaking = Child is a noun indicated by its position and signaled by the determiner

“Each”, “has” is a present tense verb. Book is a noun indicated by the determiner “a”.

D N V-en D N

10. Each child has read a book.

Speaking = Child is a noun indicated by its position and signaled by the determiner

“Each”, “has read” is a past participle. Book is a noun indicated by the determiner “a”.

D N V D N 11. A man has the key.

Speaking = Man is a noun indicated by its position and signaled by the determiner

“A”, “has” is a present tense verb. Key is a noun indicated by the determiner “the”.

42

D N V-en D N 12. A man has taken the key.

Speaking = Man is a noun indicated by its position and signaled by the determiner

“A”, “has” is a past participle. Key is a noun indicated by the determiner “the”.

A Little Change --- Don’t get confused

N V

2. Joy does try hard.

Speaking = Joy is a noun because of its position as the subject. Does is a present tense

verb.

D N V D N 3. The men do the chores well.

Speaking = Men is a plural noun because of the “s” ending, its position, and the

determiner “The”. Do is a present tense verb. Chores is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

D N N-Aux V 4. The men do leave early.

Speaking = Men is a plural noun because of the “s” ending, its position, and the

determiner “The”. Do is a noun-auxiliary. Leave is the present tense verb.

Pron.V-ed D N 5. I did the lesson easily.

Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position. Did is a past tense verb. Lesson

is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

Pron. V-ed D N

6. I did learn the lesson.

Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position. Did is a past tense verb. Lesson


N V D N 7. June does the laundry.

Speaking = June is a noun because of its position. Does is a present tense verb. Laundry


43

N N-Aux V D N 8. June does rinse the clothes.

Speaking = June is a noun because of its position. Does is a noun auxiliary and rinse a

present tense verb. Clothes is a plural noun signaled by the determiner “the” and the “s” ending.

D N V D N 9. Several boys do the work.

Speaking = Boys is a plural noun because of its position and the “s” ending. Do is a

present tense verb. Work is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

D N N-AuxV D N

10. Several boys do loaf in the hall.

Speaking = Boys is a plural noun because of its position, signaled by the determiner

“Several”, and the “s” ending. Do is a noun auxiliary, and loaf a present tense verb. Hall is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

D N N-AuxV D N

11. Many birds did fly over the house.

Speaking = Birds is a plural noun because of its position, signaled by the determiner

“Many”, and the “s” ending. Did is a noun auxiliary in the past tense, and fly a present tense verb. House is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

Pron. N-Aux V D N

12. We do go in the afternoon.

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position. Do is a noun auxiliary, and

go a present tense verb. Afternoon is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

D N Be N

3. The boy is Tom.

Speaking = Boy is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner

“The”. Tom is a noun because of its position as the subject.


44

D N Be+V+ing D N

4. The boy is walking by the house

Speaking = Boy is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner “The”.

“is walking” is a present participle verb phrase. Tom is a noun because of its position as the subject.

Pron. Be D N

5. You are in my seat.

Speaking = You is a subject pronoun. Are is a present tense of the verb “to be”. Seat is a

noun because of its position as the subject signaled by the determiner “my”.

Pron. Be+V+ing D N

6. You are sitting in my seat.

Speaking = You is a subject pronoun. “are sitting” is a present tense verb phrase. Seat is a

noun because of its position as the object signaled by the determiner “my”.

Pron. Be 7. He was cold.

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun. Was is the past tense of the verb “to be”.

Pron.Be+V+ingD N

8. He was buying a hat.

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun. “was buying” is a past tense verb phrase. Hat is a

noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the determiner “a”.

D N Be D N

9. The men were in the garage.

Speaking = Men is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner “The”.

“Were” is the past tense of the verb “to be”. Garage is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

D N Be+V+ing D N

10. The men were going into the house.

Speaking = Men is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner “The”.

“were going” is a past tense verb phrase. House is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”.

45

Pron. Be D N

11. I am a teacher.

Speaking = I is a subject pronoun. Am is the present tense of the verb “to be”. Teacher is

a noun signaled by the determiner “a”.

Pron.Be+V+ing Pron.

12. I am teaching you English.

Speaking = I is a subject pronoun. “am teaching” is the present tense verb phrase.

English is an object pronoun.

Pron.Be D N

13. He is my friend.

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun because of its position. “is” a present verb tense, of

the verb “to be”. Friend is a noun signaled by the determiner “my” and its position as the object.

Pron.Be+V+ing Pron.

14. He is helping me.

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun because of its position. “is helping ” a present tense

verb phrase, of the verb “to be”. Me is an object pronoun because of its position as the object.

Pron. Be D N

15. We are in the house.

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position. Are is a present tense verb.

House is a noun because of its position signaled by the determiner “the”.

Sometimes we use other helpers with be.

D N Have+Be+V+ing D N 2. The men have been going each day.

N Have+Be+V+ing 3. Jim has been sleeping late.

D N Have-ed+Be+V+ing D N

4. Some boys had been trying for an hour.

46

Pron. N.aux Have+Be+V+ing 5. They could have been trying too hard.

N Have+Be+V+ing Pron.D N

6. John has been giving me some help.

D N Have+Be+V+ing 7. The divers will be leaving now.

D N Have+Be+V+ing 8. Some pupils have been talking.

D N Have-ed+Be+V+ing D N 9. Several girls had been drawing all period.

Pron. Have+Be+V+ingPron. D N

10. She has been telling us about it.

Pron. N-aux Have+Be+V+ing 11. You might have been going by now.

Pron. Have-ed+Be+V+ing D N 12. They had been singing the song.

D N Have-ed+Be+V+ing D N

13. Our dogs had been taking the meat.

Pron. N-aux Have+Be+V+ing Pron. D N 14. I could have been telling you a lie.

Pron. Have+Be+V+ing D N 15. He has been laying the bricks.

N Have+Be+V+ing D N 16. Jim has been stopping near the door.

47

Try to identify the verb forms in the sentences below. Draw a line to the correct form to match the symbol.

.

1. Jim sings well. V-ed

2. Jim sang well Aux.V

3. Jim can sing well. Have+en

4. Jim has sung well V

5. Jim does sing well. Be+V+ing

6. Jim is singing well. Have+Be+V+ing

7. Jim has been singing well. Aux.V

D N V-ed D N 8. The boys played for an hour.

Pron. V 9. He bowls frequently.

Pron. V-aux V

10. We shall walk rapidly.

N Be+V+ing D N 11. Jean is trying the problem.

Pron. V-auxV D N 12. He did want the present.

N V-aux+V-ed D N 13. Harry has drowned the ants.

Pron. V-aux +V 14. You may go now.

48

D N V-ed N Pron. 15. Our parents gave it to us.

Pron. V D N

16. I write every day

Pron. V

17. She smiles often.

Pron.Be+V+ing D N 18. I am writing the paper now.

N Have+Be+V+ing

19. Jerry has been going too.

Pron. V-aux. 20. You do talk quite loud.

Pron. V D N 21. He was my friend.

Pron. V D N 22. We have the supplies.

Pron. Have+V-en D N 23. They have ridden the horse.

D N Be+V+ing 24. Our helpers are stopping now.

49

Part III Prepositions

sub. V-ed 2. He jumped over the log.

Speaking = He is a simple subject pronoun, jumped is a past tense verb, and “over the

log” is a prepositional phrase.

sub. V-ed 3. The book dropped on the floor.

Speaking = Book is the simple subject signaled by “The”, dropped is a past tense verb,

and “on the floor” a prepositional phrase.

sub. V-ed 4. He sang for me.

Speaking = He is a simple subject pronoun, sang is a past tense verb, and “for me” is a

prepositional phrase.

sub. V-ed 5. Harry drove into the garage.

Speaking = Harry is a simple subject, drove is a past tense verb, and “into the garage” is

a prepositional phrase.

sub. V-ed 6. Judy sat near us.

Speaking = Judy is a simple subject, sat is a past tense verb, and “near us” is a


sub. V-ed 7. We dove off the board.

Speaking = We is a simple subject pronoun, jumped is a past tense verb, and “off the

board” a prepositional phrase.

Unit 1 Identifying Prepositions

50

sub. V-ed 8. They fought for their liberty.

Speaking = He is a simple subject pronoun, jumped is a past tense verb, and “for their

liberty” a prepositional phrase.

sub. V-ed

9. She smiled at him.

Speaking = She is a simple subject pronoun, smiled is a past tense verb, and “ at him” is a


sub. V-ed

10. The men walked for hours.

Speaking = Men is a simple subject, walked is a past tense verb, and “ for hours a


sub. V-ed 11. The boy with the candy was happy.

Speaking = Boy is a simple subject, was is a past tense verb, and “with the candy” is a


sub. V 12. The house near us is old.

Speaking = House is a simple subject, “is” a present tense verb, and “near us” a


sub. V-ed

13. The facts of the matter were obvious.

Speaking = Facts is a simple subject, were is a past tense verb, and “of the matter”


sub. V-ed

14. A deer stood amid the trees.

Speaking = Deer is a simple subject signaled by “A”, stood is a past tense verb, and

“amid the trees” a prepositional phrase.

51

sub. V 15. That road beyond us is long.

Speaking = Road is a simple subject signaled by “That”, “beyond us” a prepositional

phrase, “is” a present tense verb.

sub. Be +V-ed+ ing

16. Several boys were missing from school.

Speaking = Boys is a simple plural subject signaled by “Several”, were missing is a “to be”

past tense verb plus “ing”, and “from school“ is a prepositional phrase.

sub. V-ed

17. The robin in the nest flew away.

Speaking = Robin is a simple subject signaled by “The”, “in the nest” a prepositional

phrase, and flew is a past tense verb. .

sub. V-ed 18. The cover of the book was attractive.

Speaking = Cover is a simple subject, “of the book” a prepositional phrase, and was a

past tense verb. .

sub. V-ed P OP 2. They talked (to him).

Speaking = They is the simple subject pronoun, talked the past tense verb, and “to

him “ a prepositional phrase.

sub. V-ed P OP 3. The boys left with Gary.

Speaking = Boys is the simple plural subject, left the past tense verb, and “with Gary” a


sub. V-ed P OP

4. Some men laughed (at her).

Speaking = Men is the simple plural subject, laughed the past tense verb, and “at her“ a


Unit 2 More about Prepositions

52

sub. V-ed P OP 5. Each pole stood (near a house).

Speaking = Pole is the simple subject pronoun, stood the past tense verb, and “near a

house“ a prepositional phrase.

sub. V-ed P OP

6. Scott played (with Tom).

Speaking = Scott is the simple subject pronoun, played the past tense verb, and “with

Tom him“ a prepositional phrase.

sub. V-ed P OP

7. She walked (through the house).

Speaking = She is the simple subject pronoun, walked the past tense verb, and “through

the house“ a prepositional phrase.

sub. V-ed P OP

8. Ted ran through the store.

Speaking = They is the simple subject pronoun, talked the past tense verb, and “to him

“ a prepositional phrase.

There may be more than one prepositional phrase in a sentence.

sub. V-ed P OP P OP 2. They walked (over the hill) (to the mill).

sub.V-ed P OP P OP 3. She sat (by me) (near the door).

sub. V-ed P OP P OP P OP

4. Jim talked (to us) (from the front) (of the room).

sub.V-edP OP P OP

5. I left (for the game) (at dawn).

Now look for compound objects of the preposition.

53

sub. V P OP OP

2. Jack went (with him and me).

sub. V P OP OP

3. Mother looked (for shoes and a dress).

sub. V P OP OP

4. He read (about cowboys and cattle).

sub. V P OP OP

5. It depends (upon him and me).

sub. V P OP OP

6. It looked (like rain or snow).

sub. V P OP OP

7. We played against Tom and Bill.

sub. V P OP OP

8. I sat behind Sue and Jane.

In these sentences, watch for phrasal prepositions.

sub.V-ed P OP

2. I did it in spite of her.

sub. V-ed P OP

3. It happened because of him.

sub. V-ed P OP

4. He went by means of a car.

sub. V-ed P OP

5. They sat ahead of us.

sub. V-ed P OP 6. We left in spite of the weather.

54

Part IV Adjectives and Sentence Patterns

D N LV Adj.

2. The clouds (in the sky) are pretty.

Speaking = Clouds is the plural subject signaled by “The”, “are” is the verb, “in the

sky” a prepositional phrase. Are is in our list followed by pretty, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject clouds.

Pron. LV Be+en Adj. 3. She has been quiet (for a minute).

Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, “has been” is the verb, and “for a minute” a

prepositional phrase. “has been” is in our list followed by quiet, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject “She”.

Pron. V LV Adj. 4. It does smell good (to me).

Speaking = It is the subject pronoun, “does smell” is the verb phrase, and “to me” a

prepositional phrase. “Does smell” is in our list followed by good, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject “It”.

D N LV Adj. 5. The dress looks lovely (on you).

Speaking = Dress is the subject signaled by “the”, “looks” is the verb, and “on you” a

prepositional phrase. Looks is in our list followed by pretty, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject “dress”.

Unit 1 Identifying the Adjective

55

D N LV Adj. 6. That horn sounds awful (to us).

Speaking = Horn is the subject signaled by “That”, “sounds” is the verb, and “to

us” a prepositional phrase. Sounds is in our list followed by awful, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject “That”.

Pron. Be Adj. 7. He will be good (for an hour).

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, “will be” is the verb, and “for an hour” a

prepositional phrase. “will be” is in our list followed by good, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject clouds.

D N LV Adj. 8. The children are noisy.

Speaking = Children is the plural subject signaled by “The”, “are” is the verb. Are is in

our list followed by pretty, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject “children”. There is no prepositional phrase.

Note: Every sentence does not have a prepositional phrase

method to the sentences below.

D N V-ed Adj. 9. The food (on the table) was delicious.

Speaking = Food is the subject signaled by “The”, “was” is the past tense verb, and “on

the table” a prepositional phrase. Was is in our list followed by delicious, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject food.

N LV Adj. 10. Tom is handsome.

Speaking = Tom is the subject, “is” the verb, “Is” is in our list followed by handsome,

which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject Tom. There is no prepositional phrase.

D N LV Adj. 11. The picture (on the wall) is pretty.

Speaking = Picture is the subject signaled by “The”, “is” the verb, and “on the wall” a

prepositional phrase. “is” is in our list followed by pretty, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject picture.

56

D N LV Adj. 12. The problems seem hard.

Speaking = Problems is the plural subject signaled by “The”, “seem” is the verb. “Seem”

is in our list followed by hard, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject problems. There is no prepositional phrase.

N Be + en Adj.

13. Tommy has been ill (for a week).

Speaking = Tommy is the subject, “has been” is the verb, and “for a week” a

prepositional phrase. “has been” is in our list followed by ill, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject Tommy.

Pron. LV-ed Adj.

14. She remained quiet (during the class).

Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, “remained” is the past tense verb, “during the

class” a prepositional phrase. Remained is in our list followed by quiet, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject “She”.

Pron. LV Adj.

15. I feel good (in the morning).

Speaking = I is the subject pronoun, “feel” is the verb, and “in the morning” a

prepositional phrase. Feel is in our list followed by good, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject “I”.

D N LV Adj. 16. Some men look old (at thirty).

Speaking = Men is the plural subject signaled by “Some”, “look” is the verb, and “at

thirty” a prepositional phrase. Look is in our list followed by old, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject men.

D N LV Adj.

17. The problems could be hard (for us).

Speaking = Problems is the plural subject signaled by “The”, “be” is the verb, “for us” a

prepositional phrase. “Be” is in our list followed by hard, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject problems.

57

N Be-ed+en Adj. 18. Joe had been noisy (in the room).

Speaking = Joe is the subject, “had been” is the past tense verb, “in the room” a

prepositional phrase. Had been is in our list followed by noisy, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject Joe.

D N LV Adj. 19. Some girls appear selfish.

Speaking = Girls is the plural subject signaled by “Some”, “appear” is the verb. Appear is

in our list followed by selfish, which is a predicate adjective which, helps us understand the subject girls. There is no prepositional phrase.

D N LV-ed Adj. 20. The boys continued confident.

Speaking = Boys is the plural subject signaled by “The”, “continued” is the past

tense verb. Continued is in our list followed by confident, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject boys.

sub. LV PN

2. The boy (on the raft) is Jerry.

Speaking = Boy is the subject, “is” the verb, and “on the raft” a prepositional

phrase. “Is” is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by Jerry, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject boy.

sub. LV-ed PN

3. It was Judy (with me).

Speaking = It is the subject pronoun, “was” the verb, and “with me” a prepositional

phrase. “was” is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by Judy, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject boy.

sub. LV PN

4. Helen is the mother (in the play).

Speaking = Helen is the subject, “is” the verb, and in the play” a prepositional phrase. “Is”

is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by mother, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject Helen.

Unit 2 The Predicate Noun Pattern

58

sub. LV PN 5. That is Shirley (at the door).

Speaking = That is the subject, “is” the verb, and “at the door” a prepositional phrase.

“Is” is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by Shirley, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject “That”.

sub. LV+be PN 6. He will be the hero (of the hour).

Speaking = He is the subject, “will be” the verb, and “of the hour” a prepositional

phrase. “Is” is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by hero, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject “He”.

sub. LV PN 7. I am a player (on the team).

Speaking = I is the subject pronoun, “am” the verb, and “on the team” a prepositional

phrase. “Is” is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by player, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject “I”.

sub. LV PN

8. Those men are friends (of mine).

Speaking = Men is the plural subject, “are” the verb, and “of mine” a prepositional

phrase. “Are” is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by friends, a predicate noun that tells us about or refers to the subject “men”.

sub. LV PN 9. The boy continued (to be) my helper. (to be is understood)

Speaking = Boy is the subject, “continued” the verb. “Continued” is in the list of linking

verbs and is followed by helper, a predicate noun that tells us about or refers to the subject boy.

sub. LV PN 10. Harold seemed a stranger (to us).

Speaking = Harold is the subject, “seemed” the verb, and “to us” a prepositional phrase.

“Is” is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by stranger, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject “Harold”.

59

sub. LV-ed PN 11. I remained his friend (for years).

Speaking = I is the subject pronoun, “remained” the past tense verb, and “for years” a

prepositional phrase. “Remained” is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by friend, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject “I”.

sub. LV-ed PN 12. The car looked a wreck (to him).

Speaking = Car is the subject, “looked” the verb, and “to him” a prepositional phrase.

“Looked” is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by wreck, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject “car”.

sub. LV-ed PN 13. That was Jane (in the hall).

Speaking = That is the subject, “was” a past tense verb, and “in the hall” a prepositional

phrase. “was” is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by Jane, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject “That”.

sub. LV+Be PN 14. Joe will be a friend (of mine).

Speaking = Joe is the subject, “will be” the verb, and “of mine” a prepositional phrase.

“will be” is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by friend, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject “Joe”.

sub. LV-ed PN 15. Jim appeared a liar (to the man).

Speaking = Jim is the subject, “appeared” a past tense verb, and “to the man” a

prepositional phrase. “Appeared” is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by liar, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject Jim.

sub. LV PN 16. That man became a beggar.

Speaking = Man is the subject, “became” the verb. “Became” is in the list of linking

verbs and is followed by Jerry, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject “man”. There is no prepositional phrase.

60

sub. LV PN 17. She became the hostess (for the day).

Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, “became” the verb, and “for the day” a

prepositional phrase. “Became” is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by hostess, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject “She”.

sub. LV-ed PN 18. The cat (on the fence) was Tammy.

Speaking = Cat is the subject, “was” a past tense verb, and “on the fence” a

prepositional phrase. “Was” is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by Tammy, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject cat.

sub. LV-ed PN 19. Joe seemed a stranger (to them).

Speaking = Joe is the subject, “seemed” a past tense verb, and “to them” a prepositional

phrase. “Seemed” is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by stranger, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject Joe.

sub. LV-ed PN 20. The building appeared a success.

Speaking = Building is the subject, “appeared” a past tense verb. “Appeared” is in the

list of linking verbs and is followed by success, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject building. There is no prepositional phrase.

sub. LV PN 21. The dog became my pal (for the day).

Speaking = Dog is the subject, “became” the verb, and “for the day” a prepositional

phrase. “Became” is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by pal, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject dog.

sub. LV+en PN 22. The boy has been a neighbor (to me).

Speaking = Boy is the subject, “has been” the verb, and “to me” a prepositional phrase.

“Has been” is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by neighbor, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject boy.

61

Section 2

sub. LV Pron.

2. That was they (by the house).

sub. LV Pron. 3. The man was he by the car.

sub. LV Pron.

4. The man by the car was he.

sub. LV Pron. 5. That is he with my father.

sub.LV Pron. 6. It is they near the school.

sub. LV-ed Pron.

7. It was she on the stage.

sub. V Pron.

8. This is I.

sub. LV Pron.

9. It was they beyond the hill.

sub. V Pron. 10. This is he.

sub. LV Pron.

11. That was she in the kitchen.

sub. LV Pron. 12. It is they behind us.

62

sub. V-t DO 2. An accident caused the trouble for us.

Speaking = Accident is the subject, “caused” is verb, and “for us” is a prepositional

phrase. Caused is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object trouble.

sub. V-t DO

3. Jack threw a curve at me.

Speaking = Jack is the subject, “threw” is the verb, and “at me” is a prepositional phrase.

Threw is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object curve.

sub.V-t DO

4. He hit the ball across the field.

Speaking = He is the subject pronoun, “hit” is the verb, and “across the field” is a

prepositional phrase. Hit is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object ball.

sub. V-t DO 5. The fielder caught the fly.

Speaking = Fielder is the subject, “caught” is the verb. Caught is not a linking verb

because there is not a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object fly.

sub. V-t DO 6. Jim recited his piece at home.

Speaking = Jim is the subject, “recited” is the verb, and “at home” is a prepositional

phrase. Recited is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object piece.

sub. V-t DO 7. She studied her lesson at noon.

Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, “studied” is the verb, and “at noon” is a

prepositional phrase. Studied is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object lesson.

Unit 3 The Direct Object Pattern

63

sub. V-t DO 8. Father burned the papers.

Speaking = Father is the subject, “burned” is the verb. Burned is not a linking verb

because there is not a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object papers.

sub. V-t DO 9. Tom sold his bicycle to him.

Speaking = Tom is the subject, “sold” is the verb, and “to him” is a prepositional phrase.

Sold is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object bicycle.

sub. V-t DO 10. The boys built a dam across the pond.

Speaking = Boys is the subject, “built” is the verb, and “across the pond” is a

prepositional phrase. Built is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object dam.

sub. V-t DO 11. Some girls picked the daisies.

Speaking = Girls is the subject, “picked” is the verb. Picked is not a linking verb because

there is not a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object daisies.

sub. V-t DO 12. The men grabbed their axes.

Speaking = Men is the plural subject, “grabbed” is the verb. Grabbed is not a

linking verb because there is not a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object axes.

sub. V-t DO 13. He shot a deer in the woods.

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, “shot” is the verb, and “in the woods” is a

prepositional phrase. Shot is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object deer.

64

sub. V-t DO 14. The child found his mother.

Speaking = Child is the subject, “found” is the verb. Found is not a linking verb

because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object mother.

sub. V-t DO 15. Fred drove the nails.

Speaking = Fred is the subject, “drove” is the verb. Drove is not a linking verb because

there is not a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object nails.

sub. V-t DO 16. The maid served tea at night.

Speaking = Maid is the subject, “served” is the verb, and “at night” is a prepositional

phrase. Served is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object tea.

sub. V-t DO 17. She lost a dime at the store.

Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, “lost” is the verb, and “at the store” is a

prepositional phrase. Lost is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object dime.

sub. V-t DO 18. Tom tore his paper into shreds.

Speaking = Tom is the subject, “tore” is the verb, and “into shreds” is a prepositional

phrase. Tore is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object paper.

sub. V-t DO 19. Sue baked a cake for me.

Speaking = Sue is the subject, “baked” is the verb, and “for me” is a prepositional phrase.

Baked is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object cake.

65

sub. V-t DO 20. He threw the eraser to me.

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, “threw” is the verb, and “to me” is a prepositional

phrase. Threw is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object eraser.

Because pronouns can substitute for nouns, pronouns can substitute for nouns in the direct object position.

sub. V-t DO

2. A bee stung me (on my arm).

sub. V-t DO

3. He pushed us (into the water).

sub. V-t DO

4. Sue told them (about it).

sub. V-t DO

5. Joe grabbed him (by the collar).

sub. V-t DO

6. Mother told her (about it).

sub.V-tDO

7. I saw it (in the woods).

Notice that the verbs are most often past tense, when using the Direct Object.

sub. V-g I0 DO

2. She gave me an apple (at noon).

Speaking = She is the subject, gave the verb, at noon is a prepositional phrase. The verb

is not linking, but it is transitive with “apple” the direct object and me the indirect object.

Unit 4 The Indirect Object Pattern

66

sub. V-g I0 DO 3. The man (at the dock) showed us a boat.

Speaking = Man is the subject, showed the verb, at the dock is a prepositional phrase.

The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with “boat” the direct object and us the indirect object.

sub. V-g I0 DO 4. Father carved John a whistle.

Speaking = Father is the subject, carved the verb. The verb is not linking, but it is

transitive with “whistle” the direct object, and John the indirect object. There is no prepositional phrase.

Sub. V-g I0 DO 5. He told them the lesson (for the day).

Speaking = He is the subject, told the verb, for the day is a prepositional phrase. The

verb is not linking, but it is transitive with “lesson” the direct object and them the indirect object.

sub. V-g I0 DO 6. Mary wrote Jane a letter (about home).

Speaking = Mary is the subject, wrote the verb, about home is a prepositional phrase.

The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with “letter” the direct object and Jane the indirect object.

sub. V-g I0 DO 7. The usher found us a seat (in front).

Speaking = Usher is the subject, found the verb, in front is a prepositional phrase. The

verb is not linking, but it is transitive with “apple” the direct object and us the indirect object.

sub. V-g I0 DO 8. The girl (near us) gave me the book.

Speaking = Girl is the subject, gave the verb, near us is a prepositional phrase.

The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with “book” the direct object and me the indirect object.

67

sub. V-g I0 DO 9. Father bought Tom a suit.

Speaking = Father is the subject, bought the verb. The verb is not linking, but it is

transitive with “apple” the direct object and Tom the indirect object.

sub. V-g I0 DO

10. June gave her sister a dime (for pop).

Speaking = June is the subject, gave the verb, for pop is a prepositional phrase. The verb

is not linking, but it is transitive with “dime” the direct object and sister the indirect object.

sub. V-g I0 DO

11. We sent Sue a note (about the meeting).

Speaking = We is the subject, sent the verb, about the meeting is a prepositional phrase.

The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with “note” the direct object and Sue the indirect object.

sub. V-g I0 DO

12. The boy (near us) gave me a ball.

Speaking = Boy is the subject, gave the verb, near us is a prepositional phrase. The verb

is not linking, but it is transitive with “ball” the direct object and me the indirect object.

sub. V-g I0 DO 13. Harry gave Jim a push (into the water).

Speaking = Harry is the subject, gave the verb, into the water is a prepositional phrase.

The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with “push” the direct object and me the indirect object.

sub. V-g I0 DO 4. Hazel typed me a letter (of thanks).

Speaking = Hazel is the subject, typed the verb, of thanks is a prepositional phrase. The

verb is not linking, but it is transitive with “letter” the direct object and me the indirect object.

68

sub. V-g I0 DO 15. I told her the story (at night).

Speaking = I is the subject, told the verb, at night is a prepositional phrase. The verb is

not linking, but it is transitive with “story” the direct object and her the indirect object.

sub. V-g I0 DO 16. My father found me the job.

Speaking = Father is the subject, found the verb. The verb is not linking, but it is

transitive with “job” the direct object and me the indirect object. There is no prepositional phrase.

sub. V-g I0 DO 17. I have given him a picture (of me).

Speaking = I is the subject, have given the verb, of me is a prepositional phrase. The

verb is not linking, but it is transitive with “picture” the direct object and him the indirect object.

sub. V-g I0 DO 18. He owes me the money (for it).

Speaking = He is the subject, owes the verb, for it is a prepositional phrase. The verb is

not linking, but it is transitive with “money” the direct object and me the indirect object.

sub. V-g I0 DO 19. He gave me the painting.

Speaking = He is the subject, gave the verb. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive

with “painting” the direct object and me the indirect object.

sub. V-g I0 DO 20. The baker sold us a cake.

Speaking = Baker is the subject, sold the verb. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive

with “cake” the direct object and us the indirect object.

69

sub. VI Adv. 2. The chipmunk chattered (loudly).

Speaking = Chipmunk is the subject, chattered is the verb. There are no prepositional

phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb loudly.

sub. VI Adv. 3. Harry walked (in).

Speaking = Harry is the subject, walked is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb in.

sub. VI Adv. 4. We traveled (slowly).

Speaking = We is the subject, traveled is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb slowly.

sub. VI Adv. 5. Tom ran (quickly).

Speaking = Tom is the subject, ran is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The

verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb quickly.

sub. VI Adv. 6. Tom ran (fast).

Speaking = Tom is the subject, ran is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The

verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb fast.

sub. VI Adv.

7. The students danced (merrily).

Speaking = Students is the subject, stayed is the verb. There are no prepositional

phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb merrily.

Unit 5 The Adverb Pattern

70

sub. VI Adv. 8. They will leave (soon).

Speaking = They is the subject pronoun, will leave is the verb phrase. There are no

prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb soon.

sub. VI Adv. 9. She laughed (quietly).

Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, laughed is the verb. There are no prepositional

phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb quietly.

sub. VI Adv. 10. The boy stumbled (onward).

Speaking = Boy is the subject, stumbled is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb onward.

sub. VI Adv. 11. Many boys waited (patiently).

Speaking = Boys is the plural subject, waited is the verb. There are no prepositional

phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb patiently.

sub. VI Adv. 12. The sun rises (slowly).

Speaking = Sun is the subject, rises is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The

verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb slowly.

Note: Remember that the word lists in this book are only examples and

that usually there are many more words like them.

71

Now see how many adverbs you can write to fit in the blank below. The boy ran slowly The boy ran quietly quickly fast sweetly merrily now then soon never always often here there out in not quite too very almost partly

D sub. LV D N P OP 2. My father was the president (of the club). (predicate noun pattern)

Speaking = Father is the subject signaled by “My”, “was” is the verb, of the club is a

prepositional phrase. “was“ is in our list of linking verbs followed by president, a noun signaled by “the”.

D sub. P OP V-t D DO

3. The ship (at the dock) bumped our boat. (direct object pattern)

Speaking = Ship is the subject, “bumped” is a past tense verb, at the dock is a

prepositional phrase. “bumped“ is a transitive verb followed by boat, and signaled by the determiner “our”.

D sub. LV IO D DO P OP

4. A man told Tom the story (of the event). (indirect object pattern)

Speaking = Man is the subject, “told” is the verb, of the event is a prepositional phrase.

“Told“ is in our list of linking verbs followed by story, a predicate adjective.

Summary Pattern #6

72

D sub. VI Adv.

5. The pencil lay there. (adverb pattern)

Speaking = Pencil is the subject signaled by “The”, “lay” is a linking verb, followed by

there, an adverb.

D sub. VI Adv. P D OP

6. His dog trotted quietly (down the street). (adverb pattern)

Speaking = Dog is the subject signaled by the determiner “His”, “trotted” is a linking

verb, followed by quietly an adverb. Down the road is a prepositional phrase.

sub. V-g IO D DO P OP

7. He gave us a lecture (about safety). (indirect object pattern)

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, “gave” is the verb, about safety is a prepositional

phrase. “gave“ is a non- transitive verbs followed by us the indirect object. Lecture is the direct object.

sub. LV Adj. P D OP

8. Jean appeared happy (about our plans). (predicate adjective pattern)

Speaking = Jean is the subject, “appeared” is the verb, about our plans is a

prepositional phrase. “appeared“ is in our list of linking verbs followed by happy, an predicate adjective.

D sub. V-t D DO

9. Each boy took his book (to the library). (direct object pattern)

Speaking = Boy is the subject signaled by the determiner “Each”, “took” is a transitive

verb, to the library is a prepositional phrase. Book is a direct object adjective.

sub. LV D N

10. Jim was the leader (of the group). (predicate noun pattern)

Speaking = Jim is the subject, “was” is the verb, of the group is a prepositional phrase.

“Was“ is in our list of linking verbs followed by leader, a noun.

Pron. VI Adv. P OP 11. She walked gracefully (to him). (adverb pattern)

Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, “walked” is a linking verb, to him is a

prepositional phrase. Gracefully is an adverb.

73

D sub. LV PAdj.P D OP 12. The bread tastes good (to the boys). (predicate noun pattern)

Speaking = Bread is the subject, “tastes” is the verb, to the boys is a prepositional

phrase. “tastes“ is in our list of linking verbs followed by good, a predicate adjective.

Pron. V-t D DO P OP

13. We wanted the paper (by noon). (direct object pattern)

Speaking = We is the subject, “wanted” is a past tense transitive verb, by noon is

a prepositional phrase. Paper is a direct object.

sub. P OP LV P.Adj. 14. The girl (near me) is Susan. (predicate adjective pattern)

Speaking = Girl is the subject, “is” a present tense verb, near me is a prepositional

phrase. “is“ is in our list of linking verbs followed by Susan an adjective.

Pron. VI Adv. P D OP

15. We left early (for the fair). (adverb pattern)

Speaking = We is the subject, “left” is a linking verb, for the fair is a prepositional phrase.

Early is an adverb.

sub. V-t D DO P OP

16. Grace drove the car (to church). (direct object pattern)

Speaking = Grace is the subject. Drove is an intransitive verb, to the church is a

prepositional phrase. Car is a direct object.

sub. V-t DO P OP

17. Mother told Harold (about it). (direct object pattern)

Speaking = Mother is the subject, told a transitive verb, about it is a prepositional

phrase. Harold is a direct object.

Pron. LV P.Adj. 18. You look unhappy. (predicate adjective pattern)

Speaking = You is the subject, “look” is the verb. “look“ is in our list of linking verbs

followed by unhappy, a predicate adjective. There is no prepositional phrase.

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Pron. LV D N P D OP

19. He became the leader (of the boys). (predicate noun pattern)

Speaking = He is the subject pronoun, became a linking verb, of the boys is a

prepositional phrase. “became“ is in our list of linking verbs followed by leader, a noun signaled by “the”, a determiner.

sub. VI Adv. 20. June talked happily. (adverb pattern)

Speaking = June is the subject, talked a linking verb. Happily is an adverb. There is no


sub. V

21. Birds fly. (This can end up as any of the listed)

Speaking = Birds is a plural subject, fly is a verb. The object is assumed, but not stated or

written.

sub. V-g IO D DO

22. Sue gave me the information. (indirect object pattern)

Speaking = Sue is the subject, gave is the verb. “Me” is an indirect object. Information is

the direct object. There is no prepositional phrase.

Pron. LV D N P OP

23. He remained my friend (for years). (predicate noun pattern)

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, remained is a linking verb followed by friend. For

years is a prepositional phrase.

Pron. V-t DO P D OP

24. I pushed him (into the lake). (direct object pattern)

Speaking = I is the subject pronoun, pushed is a transitive verb, into the lake is a

prepositional phrase. Him is a direct object pronoun.

D sub. LV P.Adj.

25. Some trees seem tall. (predicate adjective pattern)

Speaking = Tress is a plural subject signaled by “Some”, seem is the verb. “Seem“ is in

our list of linking verbs followed by tall, a predicate adjective. There is no prepositional phrase.

75

D sub. VI Adv. 26. Some trees fell down. (adverb pattern)

Speaking = Trees is the plural subject signaled by “Some”. “Fell” is a linking verb, and

down an adverb. There is no prepositional phrase.

D sub. V-t D DO

27. The trees hit the ground. (direct object pattern)

Speaking = Trees is the subject signaled by ”The”. “Hit” is the verb. Ground is a direct

object. There is no prepositional phrase.

D sub. LV Adj.

28. The bread smells good (to us). (predicate adjective pattern)

Speaking = Bread is the subject signaled by “The”. Smells is a linking verb, to us is a

prepositional phrase. “Smells“ is in our list of linking verbs followed by good, an adjective.

D sub. LV D N P OP

29. Each boy took his pen (with him). (predicate noun pattern)

Speaking = Boy is the subject signaled by “Each”, took is a linking verb followed by a

noun pen, with him is a prepositional phrase.

Pron.LV P.Adj 3. She is lovely.

Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, “is” the verb, and there are no prepositional

phrases. “Is” is in the list of linking verbs followed by “lovely”, which describes the subject. “Is” is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.

Pron. VI 4. She is (in the pool).

Speaking = Man is the subject, is the verb. “in the pool” is a prepositional phrase. “Is” is

in the list of linking verbs but there is no predicate word after it, which describes or refers to the subject. “Is” therefore is not linking in this sentence.

Unit 6 When LINKing Verbs Don’t Link

76

D N LV P.Adj 5. The candy tastes good.

Speaking = Candy is the subject, “tastes” the verb, and there are no prepositional

phrases. “Tastes” is in the list of linking verbs followed by “good”, which describes the subject. “Tastes” is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.

D N VI D N 6. The boys tasted the candy.

Speaking = Boys is the subject, tasted the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.

“Tasted” is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it, which describes or refers to the subject. “Is” therefore is not linking in this sentence.

N LV D P.Adj.

7. Jim has been our chairman.

Speaking = Jim is the subject, “has been” the verb, and there are no prepositional

phrases. “Has been” is in the list of linking verbs followed by “chairman”, which describes the subject. “Has been” is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.

N VI

8. Jim has been (with me).

Speaking = Jim is the subject, has been the verb, and “with me” a prepositional phrase.

“Has been” is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. “Has been” therefore is not linking in

this sentence.

Pron. VI 9. They are young.

Speaking = They is the subject pronoun, “are” the verb, and there are no prepositional

phrases. “Are” is in the list of linking verbs followed by “young”, which describes the subject. “Is” is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.

Pron. LV 10. They are (in the kitchen).

Speaking = They is the subject pronoun, are the verb, and “in the kitchen” is a

prepositional phrase. “Are” is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. “Are” therefore is not linking in this sentence.

77

D N LV P.Adj. 11. The clock (on the wall) was large.

Speaking = Clock is the subject, was the verb, and “on the wall” is a prepositional

phrase. “Was” is in the list of linking verbs followed by “large”, which describes the subject. “Has been” is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.

D N VI 12. The clock was (on the wall).

Speaking = Clock is the subject, was the verb, and “on the wall” is a prepositional

phrase. “Was” is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. “Was” therefore is not linking in this sentence.

D N LV P.Adj

13. The boys feel happy.

Speaking = Boys is the subject, “feel” the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases.

“Feel” is in the list of linking verbs followed by “happy”, which describes the subject. “Feel” is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.

D N VI D N 14. The salesman felt the cloth.

Speaking = Salesman is the subject, “felt” the verb, and there are no prepositional

phrases. “Felt” is in the list of linking verbs but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. “Felt” therefore is not linking in this sentence.

Pron. VI 15. It sounds good (to me).

Speaking = Man is the subject, sounds the verb, and “to me” a prepositional phrase.

“Sounds” is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. “Sounds” therefore is not linking in this sentence.

78

N VI D N

16. John sounded the horn.

Speaking = John is the subject, “sounded” the verb, and there are no prepositional

phrases. “Sounded” is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. “Sounded” therefore is not linking in this sentence.

D N LV P.Adj. 17. The perfume smells good.

Speaking = Perfume is the subject, “smells” the verb, and there are no prepositional

phrases. “Smells” is in the list of linking verbs, followed by “good”, which describes the subject. “Smells” is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.

Pron. VI D N 18. He smelled the perfume.

Speaking = He is the subject pronoun, “smelled” the verb, and there are no

prepositional phrases. “Smelled” is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. “Smelled” is therefore is not linking in this sentence.

D N LV P.Adj 19. His father grew old.

Speaking = Father is the subject, “grew” the verb, and there are no prepositional

phrases. “Grew” is in the list of linking verbs followed by “old”, which describes the subject. “Grew” is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.

D N VI D N

20. His father grew some tomatoes.

Speaking = Father is the subject, “grew” the verb, and there are no prepositional

phrases. “Grew” is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. “Grew” is therefore is not linking in this sentence.

D N LV P.Adj 21. The weather continued cold.

Speaking = Weather is the subject, “continued” the verb, and there are no prepositional

phrases. “Continued” is in the list of linking verbs followed by “cold”, which describes the subject. “Continued” is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.

79

D N VI D N 22. The students continued the lesson.

Speaking = Students is the subject, “continued” the verb, and there are no

prepositional phrases. “continued” is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. “Continued” is therefore is not linking in this sentence.

Pron. VI D N

23. She turned the switch (on the stove).

Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, turned the verb, and “on the stove” is a

prepositional phrase. “Turned” is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. “Are” therefore is not linking in this sentence.

D N LV P.Adj

24. The weather turned cold.

Speaking = Weather is the subject, “turned” the verb, and there are no prepositional

phrases. “Turned” is in the list of linking verbs followed by “cold”, which describes the subject. “Turned” is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.

Pron. LV D P.Adj. 25. It could be the man.

Speaking = It is the subject pronoun, “be” the verb, and there are no prepositional

phrases. “Be” is in the list of linking verbs, followed by “man”, which describes the subject. “Be” is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.

N VI

26. Jerry could be outside.

Speaking = Jerry is the subject, “be” the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases.

“Be” is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. “Be” therefore is not linking in this sentence.

Pron. VI

27. He could be (in the house).

Speaking = He is the subject pronoun, “be” the verb, and “in the house” a prepositional

phrases. “Be” is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. “Be” therefore is not linking in this sentence.

80

Pron.VI P.Adj. 28. It was he (near us).

Speaking = It is the subject pronoun, “was” the verb, and “near us” is a prepositional

phrase. “Was” is in the list of linking verbs, followed by “he”, which describes the subject. “Was” is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.

D N VI

29. The men were (near us).

Speaking = Men is the subject, “were” the verb, and “near us” is a prepositional phrase.

“Were” is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. “Be” therefore is not linking in this sentence.

D N LV P.Adj.

30. The dog appeared hungry.

Speaking = Dog is the subject, “appeared” the verb, and there are no prepositional

phrases. “Appeared” is in the list of linking verbs followed by “hungry”, which describes the subject. “Is” is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.

D sub. VI D N Adv. 3. The boys left the house early. (modifies left)

Speaking = Boys is the subject, left the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The

verb is neither linking nor transitive. Early modifies the verb left.

sub. VI Adv. 4. John fell down (by the steps). (modifies fell)

Speaking = John is the subject, fell the verb, “by the steps” a prepositional phrase. The

verb is neither linking nor transitive. Down modifies the verb fell.

Adv. sub. VI 5. Quickly he ran (up the hill). (modifies ran)

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, fell the verb, and “up the hill” a prepositional

phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Quickly modifies the verb ran.

Unit 7 Adverbs Modifying Verbs

81

sub. VI Adv. 6. Mary worked rapidly (for her mother). (modifies rapidly)

Speaking = Mary is a subject, worked the verb, and “for her mother” a prepositional

phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Rapidly modifies the verb worked.

sub. VI Adv. 7. They talked (to each girl) quietly. (modifies talked)

Speaking = They is a subject pronoun, talked the verb, and “to each girl” a

prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Quietly modifies the verb talked.

Adv. D sub. VI D N 8. Slowly the dog scratched his ear. (modifies scratched)

Speaking = Dog is a subject, scratched the verb. There is no a prepositional

phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Slowly modifies the verb scratched.

D sub. VI Adv. 9. Our baby cried loudly (for an hour). (modifies cried)

Speaking = Baby is the subject, left the verb, and “for an hour” a prepositional

phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Loudly modifies the verb cried.

sub. Be+ing N Adv.

10. She is playing ball now. (modifies is playing)

Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, “is playing” a verb phrase. There are no

prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Now modifies the verb phrase “is playing”.

sub. VI Adv.

11. He laughed merrily (at the kitten). (modifies laughed)

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, laughed the verb. and “at the kitten” a

prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Merrily modifies the verb laughed.

82

Adv. sub. V-g Pron.D N 12. Then she gave them the ball. (modifies gave)

Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, gave the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Then modifies the verb gave.

sub. VI Adv.

13. I shall walk (down the hall) slowly. (modifies walk)

Speaking = I is a subject pronoun, walk the verb. and “down the hall” a prepositional

phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Slowly modifies the verb walk.

Adv. sub. V-g Pron. D P.Adj.

14. Quietly Jean gave them the candy. (modifies gave)

Speaking = Jean is the subject, gave the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. Them

is an object pronoun and candy a predicate adjective. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Quietly modifies the verb gave.

Adv. D sub. VI

15. Gracefully the deer loped (up the hill). (modifies loped)

Speaking = Deer is the subject, loped the verb, and “up the hill” a prepositional phrase.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Slowly modifies the verb walk.

sub. Adv. VI 16. Joe now seems hungry. (modifies seems)

Speaking = Joe is the subject, seems the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The

verb is neither linking nor transitive. Now modifies the verb seems.

D sub. VI Adv. 17. The rabbits ran fast (by me). (modifies ran)

Speaking = Rabbits is the subject, ran the verb, and “by me” a prepositional phrase. The

verb is neither linking nor transitive. Fast modifies the verb ran.

sub. VI Adv.

18. Sharon went leisurely (on her way). (modifies went)

Speaking = Sharon is the subject, went the verb, and “on her way” a prepositional

phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Leisurely modifies the verb went.

83

D sub.Adv.VID N 19. Soon he will be a man. (modifies be)

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, “be” the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Will modifies the verb “be”.

D sub. VI Adv. 20. The bird fell there (by the tree). (modifies fell)

Speaking = Bird is the subject, fell the verb, and “on her way” a prepositional phrase.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive. There modifies the verb fell.

Adv. sub. VI Pron. D P.Adj.

21. Quickly he gave him the pencil. (modifies gave)

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, gave the verb. There are no prepositional

phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Quickly modifies the verb gave.

D sub. VI Adv. 22. The plane flew (over us) swiftly. (modifies flew)

Speaking = Plane is the subject, flew the verb, and “over us” a prepositional

phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Swiftly modifies the verb flew.

sub. VI Adv. 23. I jumped down (on the ground). (modifies jumped)

Speaking = I is a subject pronoun, jumped the verb, and “on the ground” a prepositional

phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Down modifies the verb jumped.

Adv. sub.VI Pron. 24. Immediately she left us. (modifies left)

Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, left the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Immediately modifies the verb left.

sub. VI Adv. D N

25. Mary was often the chairman. (modifies was)

Speaking = Mary is a subject, was the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb

is neither linking nor transitive. Often modifies the verb was.

84

D sub. VI D N Adv. 26. The boxer hit his opponent hard. (modifies hit)

Speaking = Boxer is the subject, hit the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The

verb is neither linking or transitive. Hard modifies the verb hit.

sub. VI D N Adv. 27. He walked past the house rapidly. (modifies walked)

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, walked the verb. There are no prepositional

phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Rapidly modifies the verb walked.

Adv. D sub. VI Adv. 28. Suddenly the dog became friendly. (modifies became)

Speaking = Dog is the subject, became the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The

verb is neither linking nor transitive. Suddenly and friendly both modify the verb left.

Adv. sub. VI D N 29. Laboriously he copied the letter. (modifies copied)

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, copied the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Laboriously modifies the verb copied.

sub. Adv. VI D N 30. Bill gracefully rode the horse. (modifies rode)

Speaking = Bill is the subject, rode the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The

verb is neither linking or transitive. Gracefully modifies the verb rode.

Adv. sub. VI 31. Now he seems quiet. (modifies seems)

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, seems the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Now modifies the verb seems.

85

sub. LV Int. PA. 2. It was too thin.

Speaking = It is the subject pronoun, was the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.

Was in our list of linking verbs followed by thin, a predicate adjective. “Too” is an intensifier modifying thin, an adjective.

sub. LV Int. PA

3. Bob is quite handsome.

Speaking = Bob is the subject, “is” the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. “Is” is

In our list of linking verbs followed by handsome, a predicate adjective. “Quite” is an intensifier modifying handsome, an adjective.

sub. LV Int. PA

4. We shall be very happy (with it).

Speaking = We is the subject pronoun, “shall be” a verb phrase. “With it” is a

prepositional phrase. “Shall be” is in our list of linking verbs followed by happy, a predicate adjective. “Very” is an intensifier modifying happy, an adjective.

sub. LV Int. PA

5. She is too proud (for us).

Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, “is” a verb. “For us” is a prepositional phrase. “Is”

is in our list of linking verbs followed by proud, a predicate adjective. “Too” is an intensifier modifying proud, an adjective.

sub. LV Int. PA

6. The cake was very delicious.

Speaking = Cake is the subject, was the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. Was is

in our list of linking verbs followed by delicious, a predicate adjective. “Very” is an intensifier modifying delicious, an adjective.

sub. VI Int. Adv. 7. Sue felt very good (about it).

Speaking = Sue is the subject, felt the verb. “About it” is a prepositional phrase. Felt is in

our list of linking verbs followed by good, an adverb. “Very” is an intensifier modifying felt, an adverb.

Unit 8 Adverbs Modifying Adjectives

86

sub. LV Int. PA

8. Tom was quite healthy (for a boy).

Speaking = Tom is the subject, “was” a verb. “For a boy” is a prepositional phrase. “Was”

is in our list of linking verbs followed by healthy, a predicate adjective. “Quite” is an intensifier modifying healthy, an adjective.

sub. LV Int. PA

9. Darlene is very pretty.

Speaking = Darlene is the subject, “is” the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. “Is”

is in our list of linking verbs followed by pretty, a predicate adjective. “Very” is an intensifier modifying pretty, an adjective.

sub. LV Int. PA

10. We were unusually glad (about it).

Speaking = We is the subject pronoun, “were” a verb. “About it” is a prepositional

phrase. “Were” is in our list of linking verbs followed by glad, a predicate adjective. “Unusually” is an intensifier modifying glad, an adjective.

Sub. LV Int. PA

11. He is not cheerful (around us).

Speaking = He is the subject pronoun, “is” a verb. “around us” is a prepositional phrase.

“Is” is in our list of linking verbs followed by cheerful, a predicate adjective. “Not” is an intensifier modifying cheerful, an adjective.

sub. LV Int. PA

12. The water looked quite clear (to me).

Speaking = Water is the subject, “looked” a verb. “To me” is a prepositional phrase.

“Looked” is in our list of linking verbs followed by clear, a predicate adjective. “Quite” is an intensifier modifying clear, an adjective.

sub. LV Int. PA

13. It is too cold (in the room).

Speaking = It is the subject pronoun, “is” the verb. “In the room” is a prepositional

phrase. “Was” s in our list of linking verbs followed by cold, a predicate adjective. “Too” is an intensifier modifying thin, an adjective.

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sub. LV Int. PA

14. Jane has been unusually sad (about it).

Speaking = Jane is the subject, “has been” a verb phrase. “About it” is a prepositional

phrase. “Has been” is in our list of linking verbs followed by sad, a predicate adjective. “Unusually” is an intensifier modifying sad, an adjective.

sub. LV Int. PA

15. His clothes looked quite dirty.

Speaking = Clothes is the subject, looked the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.

Looked is in our list of linking verbs followed by dirty, a predicate adjective. “Quite” is an intensifier modifying dirty, an adjective.

sub. LV Int. PA

16. He seems extremely angry (with us).

Speaking = He is the subject pronoun, seems the verb. “With us” is a prepositional

phrase. Seems is in our list of linking verbs followed by angry, a predicate adjective. “Extremely” is an intensifier modifying angry, an adjective.

sub. LV Int. PA

17. The boy became really happy.

Speaking = Boy is the subject, became the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.

Became is in our list of linking verbs followed by happy, a predicate adjective. “Really” is an intensifier modifying happy, an adjective.

sub. VI Int. Adv. 2. Jim works quite fast.

Speaking = Jim is the subject, works the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The

verb is neither linking nor transitive. Fast is a “how” adverb modifying the verb works. “Quite” is an intensifier modifying the adverb fast.

sub. VI Int. Adv. 3. She skates unusually well.

Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, skates the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Well is a “how” adverb modifying the verb skates. “Unusually” is an intensifier modifying the adverb well.


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sub. VI Int. Adv. 4. He sang very well (in the play).

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, sang the verb. “In the play” is a prepositional phrase.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Well is a “how” adverb modifying the verb sang. “Very” is an intensifier modifying the adverb well.

sub. VI Int. Adv. 5. Pat jumped almost perfectly (over it).

Speaking = Pat is the subject, jumped the verb. “Over it” is a prepositional phrase. The

verb is neither linking nor transitive. perfectly is a “how” adverb modifying the verb jumped. “Almost” is an intensifier modifying the adverb perfectly.

sub. VI Int. Adv. 6. The boy (in front) reads too slowly.

Speaking = Boy is the subject, reads the verb. “In front” is a prepositional phrase. The

verb is neither linking nor transitive. Slowly is a “how” adverb modifying the verb read. “Too” is an intensifier modifying the adverb slowly.

sub. VI Int. Adv. 7. Some girls dance quite well.

Speaking = Girls is the subject, dance the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The

verb is neither linking nor transitive. Well is a “how” adverb modifying the verb dance. “Quite” is an intensifier modifying the adverb well.

sub. VI Int. Adv. 8. Tim talked almost constantly.

Speaking = Tim is the subject, talked the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The

verb is neither linking nor transitive. Constantly is a “how” adverb modifying the verb talked. “Almost” is an intensifier modifying the adverb constantly.

sub. VI Int. Adv. 9. A car sped very quickly (by us).

Speaking = Car is the subject, sped the verb. “By us” is a prepositional phrase. The verb

is neither linking nor transitive. Quickly is a “how” adverb modifying the verb sped. “Very” is an intensifier modifying the adverb quickly.

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sub. VI Int. Adv. 10. He listened (to me) very eagerly.

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, listened the verb. “To me” is a prepositional phrase.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Eagerly is a “how” adverb modifying the verb listened. “Very” is an intensifier modifying the adverb eagerly.

sub. VI Int. Adv. 11. Jim has eaten too quickly.

Speaking = Jim is the subject, “has eaten” a verb phrase. There are no prepositional

phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Quickly is a “how” adverb modifying the verb “has eaten”. “Too” is an intensifier modifying the adverb quickly.

sub. VI Int. Adv. 12. A squirrel dashed very fast (by us).

Speaking = Squirrel is the subject, dashed the verb. “By us” is a prepositional phrase.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Fast is a “how” adverb modifying the verb dashed. “Very” is an intensifier modifying the adverb fast.

sub. VI Int. Adv. 13. The tenor sang unusually well.

Speaking = Tenor is the subject, sang the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Well is a “how” adverb modifying the verb sang. “Unusually” is an intensifier modifying the adverb well.

sub. VI Int. Adv. 14. She read too slowly (for the part).

Speaking = She is the subject, read the verb. “For the part us” is a prepositional phrase.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Slowly is a “how” adverb modifying the verb read. “Too” is an intensifier modifying the adverb slowly.

sub. VI Int. Adv. 15. He proved the problem very easily.

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, proved the verb. There are no prepositional

phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Easily is a “how” adverb modifying the verb proved. “Very” is an intensifier modifying the adverb easily.

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sub. VI Int. Adv. 16. We went (to town) very unwillingly.

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun, went the verb. “To town’ is a prepositional phrase.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Unwillingly is a “how” adverb modifying the verb went. “Very” is an intensifier modifying the adverb unwillingly.

sub. VI Adv. N. 2. He jumped ten feet (over the brook).

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, jumped the verb, and “over the brook” is a

prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Ten feet” is an adverbial noun.

sub. VI Adv. N. 3. Our dog was worth fifty dollars.

Speaking = Dog is the subject, “was worth” a verb phrase. There are no prepositional

phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Fifty dollars” is an adverbial noun.

sub. VI Adv. N.

4. I saw him last week.

Speaking = I is the subject pronoun, “saw” a verb. There are no prepositional phrases.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Last week” is an adverbial noun.

Sub. VI Adv. N.

5. He met me last night (at the park).

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, met the verb, and “at the park” is a

prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Last night” is an adverbial noun.

sub. VI Adv. N. 6. She walked ten miles (to town).

Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, walked the verb, and “to town” is a prepositional

phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Ten miles” is an adverbial noun.


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sub. VI Adv. N. 7. He was there (in the house) that day.

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, was the verb, and “in the house” is a prepositional

phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “That day” is an adverbial noun.

sub. VI Adv. N.

8. We drove (over the roads) all morning.

Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, walked the verb, and “over the roads” is a

prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “All morning” is an adverbial noun.

Adv. N. sub.VI

9. Three times the car ran (around the track).

Speaking = Car is the subject, ran the verb, and “around the track” is a prepositional

phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Three times” is an adverbial noun.

sub. VI Adv. N.

10. John waited two hours (in the depot).

Speaking = John is the subject, waited the verb, and “in the depot” is a prepositional

phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Two hours” is an adverbial noun.

sub. VI Adv. N. 11. We shall go this afternoon (to him).

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun, “shall go” a verb phrase, and “to him” is a

prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “This afternoon” is an adverbial noun.

sub. VI Adv. N. 12. He sat quietly five minutes.

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, sat the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Five minutes” is an adverbial noun.

sub. VI Adv. N.

13. We backed up one inch.

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun, backed the verb, and there are no prepositional

phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “One inch” is an adverbial noun.

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Adv. N. sub. VI

14. Four days it rained.

Speaking = It is a subject pronoun, rained the verb, and there are no prepositional

phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Four days” is an adverbial noun.

sub. VI Adv. N. 15. The book was worth five dollars.

Speaking = Book is the subject, “was worth” a verb phrase, and there are no

prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Five dollars” is an adverbial noun.

sub. VI Adv. N.

16. The butter was worth sixty cents.

Speaking = Butter is the subject, “was worth” a verb phrase, and there are no

prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Sixty cents” is an adverbial noun.

sub. VI Adv. N.

17. We offered it (to him) five times.

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun, “offered” a verb, and “to him” a prepositional

phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Five times” is an adverbial noun.

sub. VI Adv. N. 18. His hat was worth ten dollars.

Speaking = Hat is the subject, “was worth” a verb phrase, and “to him” a prepositional

phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Ten dollars” is an adverbial noun.

sub. VI Adv. N. 19. She went (to town) this morning.

Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, “went” a verb, and “to town” a prepositional

phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “This morning” is an adverbial noun.

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sub. VI Adv. N. 20. I shall pay you next month.

Speaking = I is a subject pronoun, “shall pay” a verb phrase. There are no prepositional

phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Next month” is an adverbial noun.

sub. VI Adv. N.

21. It dropped six inches.

Speaking = It is a subject pronoun, “dropped” a verb. There are no prepositional phrases.

The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Six inches” is an adverbial noun.

sub. VI Adv. N.

22. You must walk two miles (during the day).

Speaking = You is a subject pronoun, “must walk” a verb phrase, and “during the day” a

prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Two miles” is an adverbial noun.

sub. VI Adv. N. 23. He will come (to me) tomorrow morning.

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, “will come” a verb phrase, and “to me” a

prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Tomorrow morning” is an adverbial noun.

sub. VI Adv. N. 24. Jim came last night.

Speaking = Jim is the subject, “came” a verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The

verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Last night” is an adverbial noun.

sub. VI Adv. N. 25. The car was worth ninety dollars.

Speaking = Car is the subject, “was worth” a verb phrase, There are no prepositional

phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. “Ninety dollars” is an adverbial noun.

94

Part V Adjectives and Sentence Patterns

Section 2

D Adj. N V D Adj. OP

2. A red sun disappeared below the distant horizon.

Speaking = Sun is the subject signaled by “A”, red is an adjective modifying “sun”,

disappeared the verb. “Below the distant horizon” is a prepositional phrase. “Distant” is an adjective modifying the noun horizon.

D Adj. N V D Adj. OP

3. A white cake sat on the round table.

Speaking = Cake is the subject signaled by the article “A”, sat the verb. White is an

adjective modifying cake. “On the round table” is a prepositional phrase. Round is an adjective modifying table, a noun signaled by “the”.

D Adj. N Aux.VVPron. 4. An ordinary man can do it.

Speaking = Man is the subject signaled by the article “An”. Ordinary is an adjective

modifying “man”. Can is an auxiliary verb, do the verb. “It” is an object pronoun.

D N LV D Adj. OP

5. Some poles were on the green grass.

Speaking = Poles is the plural subject, signaled by the plural article “Some”. Were

is a linking verb, and “on the green grass” a prepositional phrase. Green is an adjective modifying the object “grass”.

D Adj. N V-ed

6. Many little ants crawled away.

Speaking = Ants is the plural subject signaled by the plural article “Many”. Little is an

adjective modifying “ants”. Crawled is the past tense verb.

Unit 1 Adjective Position

95

Pron. V-ed D Adj. OP

7. We talked to the athletic boy.

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun. Talked is a past tense verb. “To the athletic boy” is

a prepositional phrase. Athletic is an adjective modifying “boy, the object.

D Adj. N V-ed Pron. 8. Each easy problem baffled him.

Speaking = Problem is the subject signaled by the article “Each”. Easy is an adjective

modifying problem. Baffled is a past tense verb and “him” an object pronoun.

D Adj. N V-ed D OP

9. A vivid color appeared on the screen.

Speaking = Color is the subject signaled by the article “A”. Vivid is an adjective about

color. Appeared is a past tense verb. “On the screen” is a prepositional phrase.

Pron. V-ed D Adj. N

10. We called the anxious parents.

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun. Called is a past tense verb. Parents is the object

signaled by the article “the”. Anxious modifies the object parents.

D N V-ed D Adj. OP

11. The puppy wobbled on the clean floor.

Speaking = Puppy is the subject signaled by the article “The”. Wobbled is a past tense

verb. “On the clean floor” is a prepositional phrase. Clean is an adjective modifying the object of the preposition “floor”.


12. He fell on the slippery ice.

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun. Fell is a past tense verb. “On the slippery ice” is a

prepositional phrase. Slippery is an adjective modifying the object of the preposition “floor”.

D Adj. N V-ed Adv.

13. The white snow fell slowly.

Speaking = Snow is the subject signaled by the article “The”. White is an adjective

modifying snow. Fell is the past tense verb, modified by the adverb slowly.

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D Adj. N V-ed NPred. 14. A large house stood there.

Speaking = House is the subject, signaled by the article “A”, and modified by the

adjective large. Stood is a past tense verb. There is a predicate noun.


15. He looked in the open door.

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun. Looked is a past tense verb. “In the open door” is

a prepositional phrase. Open is an adjective modifying the object of the preposition “door”.

D N V-ed D Adj. N

16. The man had a full stomach.

Speaking = Man is the subject signaled by the article “The”. Had is a past tense verb.

Stomach is an object signaled by the article “a” and its position, modified by the adjective “full”. Change your idea a little bit ~~~ Below are some adjectives in the post ¬ noun position. Watch where the commas are.

D N Adj. V-ed 1. The boy, afraid, retreated.

Speaking = Boy is the subject signaled by the article “The”. Afraid modifies “boy”, and

retreated is a past tense verb.

D N Adj. V-ed Pron. 2. A beast, unsightly, frightened us.

Speaking = Beast is the subject signaled by the article “A”. Unsightly modifies “beast”,

and frightened is a past tense verb. Us is an object pronoun, because of its position.

D N Adj. V P.Adj.

3. His accent, foreign, was strange.

Speaking = Accent is the subject signaled by the pronoun “His”. Foreign modifies

“accent”, and was is a past tense verb. Strange is a predicate adjective.

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D N Adj. V-ed Pron. 4. The idea, brilliant, amazed us.

Speaking = Idea is the subject signaled by the article “The”. Brilliant modifies “idea”, and

amazed is a past tense verb. Us is an object pronoun, because of its position.

D N Adj. V-ed Int. Adv.

5. Her gift, expensive, seemed too much.

Speaking = Gift is the subject signaled by the pronoun “Her”. Expensive modifies “gift”,

and seemed is a past tense verb. “Too” is an intensifier modifying the adverb much.

D N Adj. V-ed Pron.

6. The climb, dangerous, challenged me.

Speaking = Climb is the subject signaled by the article “The”. Dangerous modifies

“climb”, and challenged is a past tense verb. ”Me” is an object pronoun because of its position.

D N Adj. V-ed D N

7. The children, unhappy, refused the candy.

Speaking = Children is the subject signaled by the article “The”. Unhappy modifies

“children”, and refused is a past tense verb. “Candy” is the object signaled by the article “the” and its position.

D N Adj. V-ed D OP

8. The hikers, weary, rested after the trip.

Speaking = Hikers is the plural subject signaled by the article “The” and the “s” ending.

Weary modifies “hikers”, and rested is a past tense verb. “After the trip” is a prepositional phrase.

98

D NA N V-ed 3. The picture frame was painted.

Speaking = Frame is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”, and its position as the

subject of the sentence. Picture is a noun adjunct because it will fit into a noun position. Example: The picture was painted.

D Adj. N VI OP 4. The football coach talked (to us).

Speaking = Coach is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”, and its position as the

subject of the sentence. Football is an adjective modifying coach. There is no noun adjunct or appositive noun, because football does not fit into the noun position.

Pron. VI N D App.N D OP

5. I knew Tim, the boy (with the hat).

Speaking = I is a subject pronoun, knew is the past tense verb. Tim is a noun because of

its position as the object. Boy is an appositive noun, signaled by the determiner “the” and meaning the same thing as Tim, or adding to our knowledge of Tim.

N D NA VI OP

6. Rollo the clown ran (toward us).

Speaking = Rollo is the subject because of its position. Clown is a noun adjunct signaled

by the determiner “the”. Clown is a noun adjunct, because it can fit into the noun position. Example: The clown ran (toward us).

D NA N V-ed D N

7. A wall chart revealed the information.

Speaking = Chart is the subject because of its position and signaled by the determiner

“A”. Information is a noun because of its position as the object and signaled by the determiner “the”. Wall is a noun adjunct, because it can fit into the noun position. Example: A wall revealed the information.

Pron. VI Adj. OP

8. We went (to summer school).

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun, went is the past tense verb. There is no noun

adjunct, or appositive noun.

Unit 2 Noun Adjunct or Appositive

99

Pron. VI D OP D App.N

9. We talked (with the man), our teacher.

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun, talked is the past tense intransitive verb. Man is a

noun because of its position as the object of the preposition “with”. Teacher is an appositive noun, signaled by the determiner “our” and meaning the same thing as man, or adding to our knowledge of man.

D NA N V-ed 10. The freight train rumbled by.

Speaking = Train is the subject because of its position and signaled by the determiner

“The”. Freight is a noun adjunct, because it can fit into the noun position. Example: The freight rumbled by.

D N D App.N V-ed

11. His chair, a wreck, was thrown away.

Speaking = Chair is a subject signaled by the determiner “His”. Wreck is a an appositive

noun, signaled by the determiner “a” and meaning the same thing as chair, or adding to our knowledge of chair.

What is the predicate adjective test for the adjective and the subject position for the noun adjunct? The predicate adjective is in the predicate section of the sentence, and refers to the subject. The noun adjunct is in the subject part of the sentence and can replace the noun in the sentence.

D Adj. N VI OP 1. The handsome boy turned (toward me).

Speaking = Boy is the subject because of its position and signaled by the determiner

“The”. Handsome is an adjective, because it modifies the noun boy. Handsome cannot replace the noun, so cannot be a noun adjunct.

D NA N V-ed

2. The mountain top seemed quite high.

Speaking = Top is the subject because of its position and signaled by the determiner

“The”. Mountain is a noun adjunct, because it is in the subject section of the sentence and can fit into the noun position. Example: The mountain seemed

quite high.

100

Pron. V-ed D Adj. N

3. He borrowed my red pencil.

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun because of its position. Pencil is a noun signaled by

the determiner “my”. Red is an adjective because it modifies pencil. It is in the predicate section of the sentence, but does not refer to the subject, nor can it replace the noun.

N V-ed D NA. OP

4. Sue looked (at my stamp collection).

Speaking = Sue is a noun because of its position. Collection is a noun because of its

position as an object of the preposition and signaled but the determiner “my”. Stamp modifies collection and can replace it. It is therefore a noun adjunct.

D NA N V-ed D OP

5. A sweet taste was (in his mouth).

Speaking = Sweet is a noun signaled by “A” and its position. Was is the past tense verb.

Mouth is the object of the preposition “in” and signaled by the determiner “his”. Sweet modifies taste and can replace it. Therefore it is a noun adjunct.

D Adj. N V-ed D OP

6. The delivery boy came (to the door).

Speaking = Boy is a noun signaled by “The” and its position. Came is the past tense verb.

Door is the object of the preposition “to” and signaled by the determiner “the”. Delivery modifies boy, but cannot replace it. Therefore it is an adjective.

D Adj. N V V-ed

7. Your foolish actions are not wanted.

Speaking = Actions is a noun signaled by “Your” and its position. Are ~ wanted is a past

tense verb phrase. Foolish modifies actions, but cannot replace it. Therefore it is an adjective.

Pron. V-ed D NA. N D OP

8. We bought a gun rack (at the store).

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun. Bought is the past tense verb. Store is the object of

the preposition “to” and signaled by the determiner “the”. Gun modifies rack, and can replace it. Therefore it is an adjective.

101

Pron.V-ed D Adj. N

9. It was a desolate country.

Speaking = It is a subject pronoun. Was is a past tense verb. Desolate modifies country, a

noun signaled by the determiner “a”. Desolate cannot replace country so is an adjective.

N NA N V-ed N

10. The principle reason seemed sound.

Speaking = Reason is a noun signaled by the determiner “The”. Seemed is a past tense

verb. Sound is a noun signaled by its position as the object. Principle is a noun adjunct, because it adds to or can replace reason. (The principle seemed sound.)

102

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Bright brighter brightest Difficult more difficult the most difficult Majestic more majestic the most majestic Brown browner the brownest Tasty more tasty the most tasty Blissful more blissful the most blissful Fruitful more fruitful the most fruitful Wide wider the widest Costly more costly the most costly Shrill shriller the shrillest

Directions: Write the comparative and superlative degrees for these adverbs.

Soon sooner soonest Bravely more brave the bravest Merrily more merry the merriest Quickly quicker the quickest Slowly slower the slowest Freely freer the freest Loyally more loyal the most loyal Fast faster the fastest Sadly sadder the saddest Honestly more honest the most honest Truthfully more truthful the most truthful Wisely wiser the wisest Devoutly more devoutly the most devoutly Broadly broader the broadest

103

sub. LV PA D N 2. Jane seemed sad that day. Speaking = Jane is the subject. Seemed is a linking verb. Sad is a predicate adjective

applied to Jane. Day is a noun signaled by the determiner “that” and its position as object.

sub. V-ed Adv. OP

3. The boys drove later (to the farm).

Speaking = Boys is the plural subject signaled by the determiner “The” and the “s”

ending. Drove is a past tense verb modified by “later”, an adverb. Farm is a noun signaled by the determiner “the” and its position as object of the preposition.

D sub. V-ed Adv. OP

4. His house appeared old (to us).

Speaking = House is the subject signaled by the determiner “His”. Appeared is a past

tense verb modified by “old”, an adverb. Us is a noun signaled by the determiner “the” and its position as object of the preposition.

sub. V-ed Adv.

5. Jean sewed neatly.

Speaking = Jean is the subject, because of its position. Sewed is a past tense verb

modified by “neatly”, an adverb.

D sub. V-ed Adv. OP

6. The boy jumped high (over the fence).

Speaking = Boy is the subject signaled by the determiner “The”. Jumped is a past

tense verb modified by “high”, an adverb. Fence is a noun signaled by the determiner “the” and its position as the object of the preposition.

sub. V-ed Adv. D Pron. 7. Grace seemed happy about it.

Speaking = Grace is the subject because of its position. Seemed is a past tense verb

modified by “happy”, an adverb. “It” is an object pronoun signaled by the determiner “about”.

Unit 4 Adjective or Adverb

104

Pron.V-ed Adv. OP

8. It tasted delicious (to me).

Speaking = It is the a subject pronoun because its position. Tasted is a past tense

verb modified by “delicious”, an adverb. “Me” is a noun signaled because of its position as object of the preposition “to”.

D sub. V-ed PA OP

9. Our room continued cold (for an hour).

Speaking = Room is the subject signaled by the determiner “Our”. Continued is a past

tense verb. Cold is a predicate adjective, because it is found in the predicate side, and modifies the subject “room”. Hour is a noun, signaled by the determiner “an”, and its position as object of the preposition.

D sub. V-ed Adv. OP

10. The dog ran quickly (into the house).

Speaking = Dog is the subject signaled by the determiner “The”. Ran is a past tense

verb modified by “quickly”, an adverb. House is a noun signaled by the determiner “the” and its position as object of the preposition.

Pron. V-ed Adv. OP

11. She sang well (for us).

Speaking = She is the subject pronoun because if its position. Sang is a past tense

verb modified by “well”, an adverb. Us is an object pronoun as the object of the preposition.

D sub. V-ed Adv.

12. The student appeared confident.

Speaking = Student is the subject signaled by the determiner “The”. Appeared is a

past tense verb modified by “confident”, an adverb. The object is assumed.

Pron. V PA OP

13. He is glad (about the outcome).

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, because of its position. “Is” is a present tense

verb. Glad is a predicate adjective, because it is found in the predicate, and modifies the subject. Outcome is a noun signaled by the determiner “the”

and its position as object of the preposition “about”.

105

D sub. V-ed Adv. OP

14. His car veered sharply (to the left).

Speaking = Car is the subject signaled by the determiner “His”. Veered is a past tense

verb modified by “sharply”, an adverb. Left is a noun signaled by the determiner “the” and its position as object of the preposition “to”.

D sub. V-ed PA OP

15. My boots seemed new (to him).

Speaking = Boots is the subject signaled by the determiner “My”. Seemed is a past

tense verb. New is a predicate adjective, because it is found in the predicate and modifies the subject. Him is a noun because of its position as the object of the preposition.

D sub. V-ed Adv. Pron.

16. Your father walked quickly past me.

Speaking = Father is the subject signaled by the determiner “Your”. Walked is a past

tense verb modified by “quickly”, an adverb. Me is an object pronoun because of its position.

D sub. LV PA

17. Your father seems businesslike.

Speaking = Father is the subject signaled by the determiner “Your” ending. Seems is

a linking verb. Businesslike is a predicate adjective, because it is found in the predicate and modifies the subject.

Pron. V-ed Adv. OP

18. We swam bravely (up the river).

Speaking = We is the subject pronoun. Swam is a past tense verb modified by

“bravely”, an adverb. River is a noun signaled by the determiner “the” and its position as object of the preposition “up”.

D sub. V-ed Adv. OP

19. A deer walked slowly (to the fence).

Speaking = Deer is the subject signaled by the determiner “A”. Walked is a past tense

verb modified by “slowly”, an adverb. Fence is a noun signaled by the determiner “the” and its position as object of the preposition “to”.

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Pron. LV PA

20. It seemed inquisitive.

Speaking = It is the subject pronoun. Seemed is a linking verb. Inquisitive is a predicate

adjective because it is found in the predicate and modifies the subject.

D Adj. sub. V-ed Adv.

2I. The graceful deer walked away.

Speaking = Deer is the subject signaled by the determiner “The”. Graceful is an adjective

because it modifies “deer”. Walked is a past tense verb modified by “away”, an adverb.

Pron. LV D Adj. N

22. I saw a graceful deer.

Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position. Saw is a past tense linking

verb. Deer is a noun signaled by the determiner “a” and modified by “graceful”, an adjective.


23. A cold wind blew hard.

Speaking = Wind is the subject signaled by the determiner “A”, and modified by “cold”,

an adjective. Blew is a past tense verb modified by “hard”, an adverb.


24. The white snow drifted lazily.

Speaking = Snow is the subject signaled by the determiner “The” and modified by

“white”, an adjective. Drifted is a past tense verb modified by “lazily”, an adverb.

D Adj. sub. V-ed. D N

25. A brilliant sun shone that day.

Speaking = Sun is the subject signaled by the determiner “A” and modified by “brilliant”,

an adjective. Shone is a past tense verb. Day is a noun signaled by the determiner “that”.

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26. The swift sleds zipped along.

Speaking = Sleds is the subject signaled by the determiner “The” and modified by

“swift”, an adjective. Zipped is a past tense verb modified by “along”, an adverb.

Pron. V-ed Adv.

27. I ran fast.

Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position. Ran is a past tense verb

modified by “fast”, an adverb.

Pron. LV PA

28. I was moody.

Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position. “Was” is a linking verb.

“Moody” is a predicate adjective because it is found in the predicate and modifies the subject.

D sub. V-ed Adv.

29. That noise sounded harsh.

Speaking = Noise is a subject signaled by the determiner “That”. Sounded is a past

tense verb. Harsh is an adverb, because it modifies the verb.

D Adj. sub. LV PA

30. Some harsh noises are offensive.

Speaking = Noises is a plural subject signaled by the determiner “Some” and the “s”

ending. “Are” is a linking verb. Offensive is a predicate adjective, because it is found in the predicate and modifies the subject.

D Adj. sub. LV PA

3I. The blue rug looked dirty.

Speaking = Rug is the subject signaled by the determiner “The”. “Looked” is a linking

verb. Dirty is a predicate adjective, because it is found in the predicate and modifies the subject.

Pron. V-ed Adv. OP

32. We walked silently (over it).

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position. Walked is a past tense

verb modified by “silently”. “It” is a noun because it is the object of the preposition “over”.

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D Adj. sub. V-ed

33. The dim lights flickered.

Speaking = Lights is the plural subject signaled by the determiner “The” and the “s”

ending. Dim is an adjective because it modifies the subject. “Flickered” is a past tense verb.

Pron. V-ed Adv. OP

34. He ran swiftly (to school).

Speaking = He is a subject pronoun because of its position. Ran is a past tense verb

modified by “swiftly”. “School” is a noun because it is the object of the preposition “to”.

D sub. V-ed D Adj. OP

35. His book lay (on the clean floor).

Speaking = Book is the subject signaled by the determiner “His”. Lay is a past tense

verb. “Floor ” is a noun because it is the object of the preposition “on and signaled by the determiner “the”. Clean is an adjective and modifies the noun floor.

D sub. Adv. V-ed

36. The lion suddenly sprang.

Speaking = Lion is the subject signaled by the determiner “The”. Sprang is a past tense

verb modified by “suddenly”, an adverb.

D sub. V PA OP

37. Your pie smells delicious (to me).

Speaking = Pie is the subject signaled by the determiner “Your”. Smells is a present

tense verb. Delicious is predicate adjective because it is found in the predicate and modifies the subject. “Me” is a noun because of its position as object of the preposition “to”.

sub. LV Adj. 38. Peter seemed unhappy.

Speaking = Peter is subject. Seemed is a linking verb. Unhappy is a predicate adjective

because it is found in the predicate and modifies the subject.

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Pron. V-ed Adv. D N

39. We slid easily that day.

Speaking = We is a subject pronoun. Slid is a past tense verb modified by the adverb

easily. “Day” is a noun signaled by the determiner “that” and its position as the object.

~~ N V-g N D N N 2. Jean makes Joe some cookies (each week). ~~ sub. IO DO OP ~~ D N V-ed D N 3. The artist painted the picture. ~~ sub. DO

~~ D N V-ed D N D N 4. The boy found a puppy (by the lake). ~~ sub. DO OP ~~ N V-ed D N N 5. Bill washed the coat (with soap). ~~ sub. DO OP ~~ D N V-ed D N N 6. The man was a leader (of men). ~~ sub. DO OP

~~ N V-t N D D N

7. Father took the dog (into the woods). ~~ sub. DO OP ~~ N V-g N D N N 8. Linda wrote Sue a note (of thanks). ~~ sub. IO DO OP

Unit 5 Functions of Nouns

110

~~ D N V-g D N D N 9. My mother baked a cake that week. ~~ sub. IO DO ~~ D N V D N 10. Some kites sailed high (in the air). ~~ sub. OP ~~ D N V-g N D N

11. The usher found Mary a seat. ~~ sub. IO DO ~~ D N V-ed D N D N 12. The bird built a nest (in the tree). ~~ sub. DO OP ~~ N LV PN D N 13. John became president (of the class). ~~ sub. OP ~~ N LV D PN D N 14. Joe is the chairman (of the group). ~~ sub. DO OP ~~ N V-t D N D N

15. Jan hit the ball (over the fence). ~~ sub. DO OP ~~ N LV D PN 16. Susan became an actress. ~~ sub. DO ~~ D N V-t D N 17. Each boy took his book. ~~ sub. DO

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~~ D N V-t D N 18. The monkey learned the trick. ~~ sub. DO

~~ D N N LV PN

19. The boy (near me) is Tom. ~~ sub. OP DO ~~ D N V-g N D N 20. Our teacher read Jim the story. ~~ sub. IO DO ~~ N LV D PN

21. Tom was a friend. ~~ sub. DO ~~ D N LV D PN 22. The coach injured his leg. ~~ sub. DO ~~ D N D N V-t N 23. The boy (on the grass) is Tim. ~~ sub. OP DO ~~ D N LV D PN 24. Many games entertained the men. ~~ sub. DO ~~ D N V-t N 25. All people want peace. ~~ sub. DO ~~ N V-t D N D N 26. He told the man (about a path). ~~ sub. DO OP

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~~ D N V-t D N D N 27. The fish had a scar (on its side). ~~ sub. DO OP

writes - writer

v-t N

2. She writes to me often. I want to be a writer.

maker – make

N v-t 3. The maker of the toys is Tom. He will make me a toy.

abuse – abuse

N v-t 4. I've had enough of his abuse. The bully will abuse you.

(Special note ~ Be sure to note the change in the “s” sound.)

collide - collision

N v-t 5. A collision occurred there. The cars will collide there.

walk - walking

N v-t

6. I was walking down the hall. The walk was satisfying.

paint - paint N v-t 7. Jim mixed the paint. Jim did paint the wall.

amuse - amusement v-t N 8. This should amuse you. We paid for the amusement.

Unit 7 Contrasting forms

113

NOUN OR ADJECTIVE?

child – childish

Adj. N 2. The childish boy stayed after school. He acted like a child.

joy - joyous Adj. N 3. Our family knew no bounds to joy. It was a joyous affair.

messy - mess

N Adj.

4. It was a real mess. The messy table was cleaned.

happy – happiness

Adj. N 5. The happy children walked home. Their happiness seemed evident.

snow - snow N Adj.

6. Much snow fell that day. We climbed a snow hill.

mannish – man

N Adj. 7. Jerry was a tall man. A mannish boy came into the room.

fame – famous

N Adj. 8. His fame spread far A famous person lives there.

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VERB OR ADJECTIVE?

weaken – weak

Adj. V

2. The boy was weak. The strain will weaken the rope.

soft – soften

V Adj.

3. We should soften the bread. Our car was on a soft shoulder.

deepens – deep

V Adj.

4. That color deepens. He fell into the deep water.

brighten – bright

Adj. V

5. Jerry is a bright student. The sun will brighten the room.

hard – harden

Adj. V

6. The hard substance was rock. It will soon harden.

thick – thicken

V Adj.

7. Mother will thicken the gravy. It was thick gravy.

enlarge – large

V Adj.

8. A large house was on the lot. He will enlarge the picture.

shorten – short

Adj. V

9. That is a short rope. Jim will shorten the rope.

Unit 8 Contrasting forms (2)

115

ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB?

glad – gladly

Adj. Adv.

2. We were glad about the incident. He will gladly do it.

sad – sadly

Adv. Adj.

3. They sadly talked about it. It was a sad story.

politely – polite

Adj. Adv.

4. The polite lady appeared. They talked politely.

bright – brightly

Adj. Adv.

5. A bright sun shone on the roof. The sun shone brightly.

normally – normal

Adj. Adv.

6. We led normal lives. They talked normally.

idly – idle

Adj. Adv.

7. Idle hands get one into trouble. The boys sat idly in their chairs.

cheerful – cheerfully

Adv. Adj.

8. A cheerful smile is an asset. She smiled cheerfully at us.

immediate – immediately

Adv. Adj.

9. He did it immediately. He gave UB an immediate answer.

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ADVERB OR NOUN ?

seaward – sea

N Adv.

2. The ship went to sea. The ship went seaward.

afoot – foot

N Adv.

3. Tom's foot is hurt. It left him afoot.

ground – aground

N Adv.

4. We sat on the hard ground. The ship ran aground.

daily – day

N Adv.

5. We worked each day. We worked daily.

weekly – week

N Adv.

6. Every week was a bore. We tried weekly.

part – apart

N Adv.

7. My part was long. They drifted apart.

across - cross

N Adv.

8. Each boy bore a cross. They took the boat across.

nights – nightly

N Adv.

9. Some nights are dark. Sharon came nightly.

Unit 9 Contrasting forms (3)

117

ADVERB OR PREPOSITION?

about – about

N P

2. The boys moved about. The boys moved about the room.

up – up

N P

3. The boys looked up. They ran up the street.

before – before

N P

4. He notified us before. We left before noon.

in – in

N P

5. The girls slowly walked in. They passed in the hall.

down – down

N P

6. He threw the ball down the alley. He threw the ball down.

along – along

N P

7. The children tagged along. They walked along the shore.

up – up

N P

8. A plane flew up. A plane bounced up the runway.

down – down

N P

9. The sun went down in the evening. We traveled down the road.

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Part VII Phrases and Clauses

4. to me. = phrase 5. when she talks. = dependent clause 6. during the day. = phrase 7. after the ball game. = phrase 8. after the ball game was over. = independent clause 9. We went to the game. = independent clause 10. within the room. = phrase 11. while she was dancing. = dependent clause. 12. before the noon hour. = phrase 13. since the game began. = dependent clause 14. The game began. = independent clause 15. in the kitchen. = phrase 16. I went into the kitchen. = independent clause 17. after we went into the kitchen. = dependent clause 18. when he saw us. = dependent clause 19. which you know. = dependent clause 20. by him. = phrase 21. I know him. = independent clause

Unit 1 Phrase or Clause

119

2. I know the person. + He painted that picture.

= I know the person who painted that picture. Who painted that picture = an adjective or relative clause modifying person.

3. This is the picture. + It was the best.

= This is the picture which was the best. Which was the best = an adjective or relative clause modifying picture.

4. The judges will choose a man. + The man is strong and healthy.

= The judges will choose a man who is strong and healthy. Who is strong and healthy = an adjective or relative clause modifying man.

5. That is the person. + You know him.

= That is the person who knows him. Who knows him = an adjective or relative clause modifying person.

6. This book is good. + This book is for sale.

= This book which is for sale is good. Which is for sale = an adjective or relative clause modifying book.

7. Mary likes the book. + The book is about animals. = Mary likes the book which is about animals.

Which is about animals = an adjective or relative clause modifying book.

8. Jane gave it to Tim. + Tim really appreciated it.

= Jane gave it to Tim who really appreciated it. Who really appreciated it = an adjective or relative clause modifying Tim.

9. He is a pilot. + We can trust him.

= He is a pilot who we can trust. Who we can trust = an adjective or relative clause modifying pilot.

10. Here is the book. + I read it.

= Here is the book which I read. Which I read = an adjective or relative clause modifying book.

Unit 2 Complex Sentences

120

11. The man told us a story. + The man talked to us. = The man who told us a story talked to us.

Who told us a story = an adjective or relative clause modifying man.

12. The horse appeared tired. + The horse won the race.

= The horse which appeared tired won the race.

Which appeared tired = an adjective or relative clause modifying book.

2. We told nobody about it. + We knew it. (although) = Although we knew it, we told nobody about it. 3. It was a long ride. + We got home. (though)

= We got home, though it was a long ride.

4. We rode along. + Nothing happened. (until) = Nothing happened, until we rode along.

5. The children have gone. + The air is cooler. (because) = The air is cooler, because the children have gone.

6. He knew about it. + He told the teacher. (since) = He told the teacher, since he knew about it.

7. You buy me some oranges. + You go to the store. (after) = You go to the store, after you buy me some oranges.

8. You tell me about it. + You go. (lest) = You go, lest you tell me about it.

9. We stopped at Jim's house. + We left the game. (before) = We left the game, before we stopped at Jim's house.

10. Jim put it back. + He found it. (even though) = He found it, even though Jim put it back.

Unit 3 Complex Sentences 2

121

11. You will be happy. + You will hear about him. (so that) = You will hear about him, so that you will be happy.

Test yourself by writing the names and what they signal in the right columns.

NAME WORD SIGNALS? 1. who relative or adjective clauses 2. after subordinate clause 3. however compound sentence 4. and compound sentence 5. as subordinate clause 6. still compound sentence 7. accordingly compound sentence 8. while subordinate clause 9. but compound sentence 10. whom relative or adjective clauses 11. hence compound sentence 12. as though subordinate clause 13. if subordinate clause 14. yet compound sentence 15. so that subordinate clause 16. which relative or adjective clauses 17. or compound sentence 18. before subordinate clause 19. than subordinate clause 20. therefore compound sentence 21. nevertheless compound sentence 22. because subordinate clause 23. until subordinate clause 24. consequently compound sentence 25. since subordinate clause 26. though subordinate clause 27. moreover compound sentence 28. unless subordinate clause 29. although subordinate clause 30. that relative or adjective clauses (Two uses ) compound sentence

Unit 4 Sentence Signals Quiz

122

2. You will be sorry. + You stop now. (if)

= You will be sorry if you stop now.

3. The man carried the supplies. + They were necessary. (which) (that) = The man carried the supplies which were necessary.

4. He worked on the plans. + He left the room. (after) = He worked on the plans after he left the room.

5. I took the book. + It was the largest. (which) = I took the book which was the largest.

6. He stooped. + His back ached. (because) = He stooped because his back ached.

7. They walked slowly. + They arrived at the park. (when) = They walked slowly when they arrived at the park.

8. John is a person. + John likes apples. (who) = John is a person who likes apples.

9. This is the lesson. + It caused us trouble. (that) = This is the lesson that caused us trouble.

10. I shall tell you my name. + You don't know me. (because) = I shall tell you my name because don't know me.

11. It was the place. + It scared us. (that) = It was the place that scared us.

12. He ran so fast. + He became tired. (that) = He ran so fast that he became tired.

13. You must return it. + You have my hat. (although) = Although you have my hat you must return it.

14. He went into the house. + He could eat his lunch. (so that) = He went into the house so that he could eat his lunch.

15. He met a boy. + He was lame. (who)

= He met a boy who was lame.

Unit 5 Adjective or Adverb Clause

123

Adj. sub. V-t 4. A large boat arrived. “Large” = an adjective word modifier.

sub. Adj. V-t 5. A boat (with passengers) arrived. With passengers” = an adjective phrase modifier.

sub. Adj. V-t

6. A boat [which had passengers] arrived. “Which had passengers” = an adjective clause modifier.

Adj. sub. V-t

7. My little sister likes candy. “Little”= an adjective word modifier. sub. Adj. V-t 8. My sister (with the glasses) likes candy. “With the glasses” = an adjective phrase modifier.

sub. Adj. V-t

9. My sister [who likes candy] is here. “Who likes candy” = an adjective clause modifier.

sub V-t Adj. 10. We saw a small bird. “Small” = an adjective word modifier.

sub V-t Adj. 11. We saw a bird (with few feathers). “With few feathers” = an adjective phrase modifier.

sub V-t. Adj.

12. We saw a bird [which had a worm]. “Which had a worm” = an adjective clause modifier.

Adj. sub V-t 13. The football players practiced hard. “Football” = an adjective word modifier.

sub Adj. V-t 14. The players (on the field) practiced hard. “On the field” = an adjective phrase modifier.

sub Adj. V-t

15. The players [who practiced hard] came in. “Who practiced hard = an adjective clause modifier.

Adj. sub V-t 16. The lonesome boy walked slowly. “Lonesome” = an adjective word modifier.

Unit 6 Adjective modifiers

124

sub Adj. V-t 17. The boy (with the frown) walked slowly. “With the frown” = an adjective phrase modifier.

sub Adj. V-t

18. The boy [who frowned ] walked slowly. “Who frowned” = an adjective clause modifier.

sub. V 1. The boy gave Tom an apple. Simple sentence

sub V-g sub aux V-t

2. The boy gave Tom an apple, but he did not eat it. Compound sentence sub V-g 3. [After he gave Tom the apple,] he left. Complex sentence

sub V-g sub aux V-t

4. I know about his work because he told me. Compound Sentence sub V-g sub aux V-t

5. Mary knew the story, but she wouldn't tell it. Compound Sentence sub V-g 6. [When Bob went to the movies,] he came home late. Complex sentence sub. V

7. I have several pencils. Simple Sentence sub V-g sub aux V-t 8. When she was told, she wiped the silverware. Compound Sentence sub. V

Unit 7 Simple, Compound, or Complex

125

9. Jim expects the boys at noon. Simple Sentence sub. sub. V V 10. Bob and Ed ate and laughed. Simple Sentence

Note: Don't confuse compound constructions for compound sentences. sub V-g sub aux V-t 11. Do you like history, or would you prefer to shop? Compound Sentence sub. V 12. Bill thought about it for several hours. Simple Sentence sub V-g sub aux V-t 13. If I don't take the test now, she will fail me. Compound Sentence sub V sub V 14. We looked everywhere; however, we could not find her. Simple Sentence sub V sub V 15. My sister is crabby; my brother usually smiles. Simple Sentence sub V-g sub aux V-t 16. I gave him a bat, although I had another nearby. Compound Sentence sub V sub V 17. The ruler was on the floor, and the pencil was next to it. Simple Sentence sub V V 18. She opened the book and tore the pages. Simple Sentence sub V-g 19. [When she arrived at home,] she started the lunch. Complex sentence sub V-g sub aux V-t 20. He must trip the lever, or he must wait for another ten minutes. Compound Sentence sub V-g sub aux V-t 21. The janitor cleaned the room while I was in the hall. Compound Sentence

126

5. It is beyond me. + He does his work. (As subject ~ use how)

= How he does his work is beyond me.

6. Father wondered + It happened to us. (As DO ~ use what) = Father wondered what happened to us.

7. It is a mystery. + You stare like that. (As sub. ~ use why) = Why you stare like that is a mystery.

8. This is not good. + You choose for whomever. (As OP ~ use whom ) = You choose for whomever is not good.

9. The is + I cannot see. (As PN ~ use that)

= I cannot see that reason.

10. It is obvious. + He knows his lesson. (As sub. ~ use that)

= That he knows his lesson it is obvious.

sub. V 2. That he is my friend is true. There is no noun clause.

sub. V sub. V

3. The trouble is [that she is afraid]. Noun clause as the direct object.

sub. VI sub. VI

4. We know of [whom you speak]. Noun clause as the object of a preposition.

sub. V-ed sub. V-ed

5. He knew [that Tim was there]. Noun clause as the direct object.

Unit 9 Forming Noun Clauses

Unit 10 More Noun Clauses

127

sub. VI sub. VI 6. We knew [which it was]. Noun clause as the object of a preposition.

sub. V

7. How he does his work is a mystery. There is no noun clause.

sub. VI sub. VI 8. The present will be given to [whomever you want]. Noun clause as the object of a preposition.

sub. V-ed sub. V-ed

9. We saw [that he was old]. Noun clause as direct object.

sub. V-en sub. V-t

10. The difficulty has been [that he will not try]. Noun clause as direct object.

sub. VI sub. VI

11. Father wondered [what happened to us]. Noun clause as direct object.

sub. VI sub. VI 12. This is not good for [whomever you choose]. Noun clause as the object of a preposition.

sub. V

13. Why he does not do his work is a problem. There is no noun clause.

sub. VI sub. VI

14. The reason is [that I cannot see]. Noun clause as direct object.

sub. V

15. That he knows his lesson is a fact. There is no noun clause.

sub. VI sub. VI 16. I shall reply to [what you requested]. Noun clause as the object of a preposition.

sub. V

17. How he does it is easy. There is no noun clause.

128

sub. VI sub. VI

18. The mystery was [that she went at all]. Noun clause as direct object.

Part VIII Identifying and Expanding

sub. LV DO 2. I wanted [to watch]. [To watch] = an infinitive used as the direct object.

sub. V PN 3. His plan was [to watch]. [To watch] = an infinitive used as the predicate noun.

sub. Adj. V-t

4. His desire [to watch] was evident. [To watch] = an infinitive used as the adjective phrase.

sub. V DO 5. He hurried [to watch]. [To watch] = an infinitive used as the direct object.

sub. V 6. [To sing] is fun. [To sing] = an infinitive used as the subject.

sub. V-ed DO

7. I wanted [to sing]. [To sing] = an infinitive used as the direct object.

sub. VI PN

8. His plan is [to sing]. [To sing] = an infinitive used as the predicate noun.

sub. Adj. V-t

9. The idea [to sing] was good. [To sing] = an infinitive used as the adjective phrase.

sub. V-ed DO

10. We waited [to sing]. [To sing] = an infinitive used as the direct object.

Unit 1 Identifying Initiatives

129

sub. VI PN

11. He tried [to dance]. [To dance] = an infinitive used as the predicate noun.

sub. VI PN

12. Sharon's plan was [to dive]. [To dive] = an infinitive used as the predicate noun.

sub. Adj. V-t

13. Sharon's plan [to dive] appeared a failure. [To dive] = an infinitive used as the adjective phrase.

sub. LV PN 14. [To dive] is a real thrill. [To dive] = an infinitive used as the subject.

sub. V-ed DO

15. Jim went [to dive]. [To dive] = an infinitive used as the direct object.

sub. LV DO

2. She is trying [to do it].

~ [to do it] is used as the direct object and like the direct object pattern.

sub. Adj. LV

3. The desk [to be sandpapered] is here. ~ [to be sandpapered] is used as the adjective and like the direct object pattern.

sub. LV. DO

4. Terry is leaving [to go to town]. ~ [to go to town] is used as the direct object and like the direct object pattern.

sub. LV DO 5. Jim's object was [to give it to me]. ~ [to give it] is used as the predicate noun and like the direct object pattern.

Unit 2 Infinitive Phrases

130

sub. LV DO

6. [To jump high] was out of the question. ~ [To jump high] is used as the subject and like the adverb pattern.

sub. V-g IO DO

7. We worked [to obtain the provisions] for the trip. ~ [to obtain the provisions] is used as the adverb and like the indirect object pattern.

sub. V-t

8. [To sing loudly] was not allowed. ~ [To sing loudly] is used as the subject and like the adverb pattern.

sub. V-g IO DO

9. We wanted [to go to the show] in the evening. ~ [to go to the show] is used as the indirect object and like the predicate noun pattern.

sub. V-t PN

10. My hope is [to show Mary] a good time. ~ [to show Mary] is used as the predicate noun and like the indirect object pattern.

sub. Adj. V-t

11. The leaders [to be chosen that night]were in the room. ~ [to be chosen that night] is used as the adjective and like the direct object pattern.

sub. Adj. V-t

12. To explain several problems [to the class] would take much time. ~ [to the class] is used as the adjective and like the direct object pattern.

sub. V-g IO DO

13. The boys planned [to take a trip] into the mountains. ~ [to take a trip] is used as the indirect object and like the predicate noun pattern.

sub. V-t DO

14. Karen told us [to eat the apples] quickly. ~ [to be sandpapered] is used as the direct object and like the adverb pattern.

131

sub. V-t Part. DO

2. He caught the [bouncing] ball. Bouncing is a participle modifying ball.

sub. Part. V-t DO 3. The frog, [jumping], evaded us. Jumping is a participle modifying frog.

sub.V-t Part. DO 4. I saw the picture of the [sinking] ship. Sinking is a participle modifying ship.

Part. sub. V-t 5. The [sleeping] child stirred. Sleeping is a participle modifying child. sub. V-t Part. DO 6. They carried water to the [burning] building. Burning is a participle modifying building.

sub. V- t Part. 7. The boy, [running], fell on the sidewalk. Running is a participle modifying boy.

Part. sub. V-t 8. The [wrecked] car was towed away. Wrecked is a participle modifying car. sub. V-t Part. DO 9. He set up the [folding] chairs. Folding is a participle modifying chairs. sub. V-t. Part. DO 10. The teacher gave us our [graded]papers. Graded is a participle modifying papers. Part. sub. V-t DO 11. [Diving] frogmen recovered the money. Diving is a participle modifying frogmen. sub. V-t. Part. DO 12. He closed the [sliding] door. Sliding is a participle modifying door. sub. V-t. Part. DO 13. We found the [stolen] necklace. Stolen is a participle modifying necklace. sub. V-t. Part. DO 14. The wall [looked] painted. Looked is a participle modifying painted. sub. V-t Part. DO 15. They always wanted a [sailing] ship. Sailing is a participle modifying ship.

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sub. Part. V-t. 16. The players, [tired], lay down to rest. Tired is a participle modifying players.

Adv DO sub. V-t 2. [Having done his lesson], Jerry left. ~ [Having done his lesson] modifies the noun Jerry. This is the adverb pattern.

Adj. PN sub. V-t DO 3. [Hearing the story], we went home. ~ [Hearing the story] modifies the noun “we”. This is the predicate adjective pattern.

sub. PN V-t DO 4. The man, [being seen for the first time], impressed us. ~ [being seen for the first time] modifies man. This is the predicate adjective pattern.

IO sub. V-g DO 5. [Giving the book] to his sister, John ran out. ~ [Giving the book] modifies John. This is the indirect object pattern.

sub. Adj. V-t 6. The child, [playing by the brook], fell in. ~ [playing by the brook] modifies child. This is the predicate adjective pattern.

DO. sub. V-t 7. [Walking to school], she felt quite happy. ~ [Walking to school] modifies she. This is the direct object pattern. Adj. sub V-t Adv. 8. [Seeing the beautiful lake], we jumped in for a swim. ~ [Seeing the beautiful lake] modifies we. This is the predicate adjective pattern.

sub. Adj. V-t Adv. 9. Fred,[stopping by the house], waited patiently. ~ [stopping by the house] modifies Fred. This is the predicate adjective pattern.

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PN sub V-t 10. [Smiling broadly], she stepped into the room. ~ [Smiling broadly] modifies she. This is the predicate noun pattern. IO sub. Adv. V-g DO 11. [Taking the hot potato in his hands], he quickly dropped it. ~ [Taking the hot potato in his hands] modifies he. This is the indirect object pattern.

sub. Adj. V-t 12. Tom, [hearing the noise on the patio], went outside immediately. ~ [hearing the noise on the patio] modifies Tom. This is the predicate adjective pattern.

DO sub V-g IO 13. [Hurrying to the station], father forgot his suitcase. ~ [Hurrying to the station] modifies father. This is the direct object pattern. sub. Adv. V-t 14. The dog, [watching us quietly], lay by the door. ~ [watching us quietly] modifies dog. This is the adverb pattern. Adj. sub. V-t 15. [Reading the book], Judy relaxed in her chair. ~ [Reading the book] modifies Judy. This is the predicate adjective pattern. sub. DO V-t 16. The soldier, [carrying the flag high], marched proudly by. ~ [carrying the flag high], modifies soldier. This is the direct object pattern. sub. Adj. V-t 17. The boys, [drilled to perfection], performed very well. ~ [drilled to perfection], modifies boys. This is the predicate noun pattern.

sub. LV DO 2. I like [camping]. Camping = a gerund used as the direct object.

sub. LV OP 3. She told of his [singing]. Singing = a gerund used as the object of the preposition.

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sub. LV PN 4. My hobby is [fishing]. Fishing = a gerund used as the predicate noun.

sub. LV PN

5. His pleasure is [eating]. Eating = a gerund used as the predicate noun.

sub. LV DO 6. [Flying] seems difficult. Flying = a gerund used as the subject.

sub. LV DO 7. Joe tried [rowing]. Rowing = a gerund used as the direct object.

sub. LV PN 8. [Stealing] is unlawful. Stealing = a gerund used as the subject.

sub. LV OP

9. The artist lived by [painting]. Painting = a gerund used as the object of the preposition.

sub. LV DO 10. June tried [studying]. Studying = a gerund used as the direct object.

sub. LV PN

11. Her difficulty is [spelling]. Spelling = a gerund used as the predicate noun.

sub. LV DO 12. [Working] requires effort. Working = a gerund used as the subject.

sub. LV DO 13. They liked [working]. Working = a gerund used as the direct object.

sub. LV DO 14. [Fishing] takes patience. Fishing = a gerund used as the direct object.

sub. LV PN 15. Joe's problem is [writing]. Writing = a gerund used as the predicate noun.

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sub. LV OP 16. The teacher complained of his [running].

Running = a gerund used as the object of the preposition.

sub. LV DO OP

17. [Soaking] is good for some clothes. Soaking = a gerund used as the subject.

sub. LV DO 18. Their pastime was [golfing]. Golfing = a gerund used as the direct object.

OP IO sub. LV DO 2. [(By cleaning) my room] every day, I received an allowance.

Gerund phrase as a predicate adjective. Gerund phrase has the OP pattern.

sub. LV OP

3. We are not [good (at doing problems)]. Gerund phrase as a indirect object. Gerund phrase has the OP pattern.

sub. LV

4. [Singing loudly] is a lot (of fun). Gerund phrase as a subject. Gerund phrase has the Adv. pattern.

sub. V-g IO DO

5. Terry wanted [golfing as an activity]. Gerund phrase as a predicate adjective. Gerund phrase has the IO pattern.

Unit 6 Gerund Phrases

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sub. LV DO

6. I enjoy [playing ball (with the boys)]. Gerund phrase as a predicate noun. Gerund phrase has the DO pattern.

sub. LV OP DO

7. We did not know (of his coming) yesterday. Gerund phrase as a predicate adjective. Gerund phrase has the OP pattern.

OP DO sub. LV

8. (After [giving me) the ball], Jane walked away. Gerund phrase as a predicate noun. Gerund phrase has the DO pattern.

sub. LV DO

9. [Having a new car] was a novelty. Gerund phrase as a predicate noun. Gerund phrase has the subject pattern.

sub. LV DO

10. [Talking about people] is not wise. Gerund phrase as a predicate noun. Gerund phrase has the subject pattern.

sub. LV DO

11. [Flying a kite] is easy (on some days). Gerund phrase as a predicate noun. Gerund phrase has the subject pattern.

OP sub. LV 12. [(In taking our share)], we felt satisfied.

Gerund phrase as a predicate noun. Gerund phrase has the OP pattern.

sub. LV OP

13. He tried [diving quickly (from the board)]. Gerund phrase as a indirect object. Gerund phrase has the adverb pattern.

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sub. LV DO

14. [Being a leader] has its problems. Gerund phrase as a predicate noun. Gerund phrase has the DO pattern.

sub. LV PN 2. [To write] is not easy. To write is a infinitive used as the subject.

sub. LV PN 3. [Writing] plays seems hard. Writing is a participle modifying plays.

DO sub. LV 4. [Kicking the ball] (to left field), Jim then dropped back. Kicking the ball is a gerund used as the direct object.

sub. LV 5. He wanted [to get away] (from the blockers). To get away is an infinitive used as an adverb.

sub. LV 6. [Tackling] players helped (on each play). Tackling is a participle modifying players.

sub. LV Adj. DO 7. The coach tried [winning] plays. Winning is an participle modifying plays.

sub. LV Adj DO

8. His object is [to win] the game. To win is an infinitive used as the predicate adjective.

sub. LV

9. The [fumbling] fullback was tackled. Fumbling is a participle modifying fullback.

sub. LV Adv. DO 10. Joe liked [being] an end. Being is a participle used as an adverb.

Unit 7 Identifying Verbals

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sub. LV Adj. OP 11. He was (on the [winning] side). Winning is a participle modifying side.

sub. LV DO

12. [Playing] football is my delight. Playing is a gerund used as the subject.

sub. LV IO DO 13. We tried [to play] football every evening. To play is an infinitive used as an adverb.

sub. LV DO 14. [Running], the player dodged his opponents. Writing is a gerund used as a predicate noun.

sub. PN LV DO 15. The guard, [lunging forward], tackled the fullback. Lunging forward is a gerund used as a predicate adjective.

sub. LV DO

16. They played a [passing game] (in the first half). Passing game is a gerund used as a direct object.

sub. LV 17. [To get] to the goal line, Joe ran hard. To get is a gerund used as the predicate adjective.

sub. LV DO

18. [Diving] (across the line), he scored a touchdown. Diving is a participle modifying the prepositional phrase (across the line).

sub. LV Adj. DO

19. Our side was the [winning] team. Winning is a participle modifying team.

sub. LV DO 20. [Passing and tackling] won the game (for us). Passing and Tackling is a gerund used as the subject.

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Explain what your pre-modifiers are.

Write this on the lines below

(1) determiner (2) possessive noun (3) intensifier (4) adjective (5) participle (6) noun adjunct

Pre-modifiers expand the head-word nouns.

Assignment: Following the procedure above, try to e x p a n d a simple subject with

post-modifiers as indicated above. Write this on the lines below.

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Unit 8 Expanding the Simple Subject (1)

Unit 9 Expanding the Simple Subject (2)

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Assignment Using ideas from the constructions above, try to see how many different

additions you can make to a basic verb pattern. Write this on the lines below.

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Unit 10 Expanding the Predicate

dr. roy's everything grammar part i answers

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