muhammad moazzam khan importance of: inland waters and lakes marine fish species impact of...
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IMPORTANCE OF INLAND WATERS, LAKES AND MARINE FISH SPECIES AND THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THESE. ALSO, THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FISHING AND THE HOW IT ALL AFFECTS THE LOCAL COMMUNITIESMuhammad Moazzam Khan
PRESENTATION CONTENTS
Importance of: Inland waters and lakes Marine fish species
Impact of climate change on these. Impact of climate change:
on fishing and how it all affects the local communities
FISHERIES RESOURCES
Inland Fisheries Marine Fisheries Aquaculture
STREAM/RIVERS
LARGE RIVERS
R I VE R
INDUS
RESERVOIRS
DAMS
NATURAL LAKES
AQUACULTURE
INLAND RESOURCES
Inland (million hectare) Rivers 3.19 Dams/Canals 0.15 Lakes 3.14 Indus Delta 0.38 Flood area 1.00 Farms 0.06 Total 7.92
FRESHWATER FISHERIES
Dominated by Cyprinids Indian major carps Exotic carps
Other species include catfish, snakeheads, spiny eels,
Sindh has most surface water bodies including natural lakes, dhands, seepage areas, therefore, has high production.
FRESHWATER FISH: LOCAL SPECIES
Rohu: Labeo rohita
Thaila: Catla catla
Morakhi: Cirrihinus mrigala
FRESHWATER FISH: LOCAL SPECIES
Catfish: Mystus seenghala
Wallago: Wallago attu
Catfish: Rita macracanthus
Snakehead: Channa marulius
Spiny eel: Mastacembelus armatusFeatherback: Chitala chitala
FRESHWATER FISH: EXOTIC SPECIES
Grass carp: Ctenopharyngodon idella
Silver carp: Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
Common carp: Cyprinus carpio
Nile tilapia: Oreochromis niloticus
FISH PRODUCTION (INLAND)
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 -
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
SINDH PUNJAB Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa, Gilgit Baltistan DAMS
FISH PRODUCTION (INLAND)
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 -
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa, Gilgit Baltistan DAMS
DELTA/ESTUARY
ARABIAN SEA
PAKISTAN’S COAST LINE
EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE
EEZ – 200 NM240,000 SQ KM
EXTENDED EEZTOTAL >300,000 SQ KM
21
MARINE FISHERIES
Dominated by pelagic (surface dwelling) and demersal (bottom dwelling) and shellfishes
Demersal are most common food fishes
Pelagic includes large and small pelagic
Large pelagic Tuna, mackerel, billfish
Small pelagics Sardinellas, anchovies, scads
Shellfish includes shrimp, crabs, lobsters, squids, cuttlefish, jellyfish
MARINE FISHING ZONES
Zone I - 0 -12 n. miles-Provincial jurisdiction (Reserved for traditional small scale fishermen of Sindh and Balochistan Province)
Zone-II (Buffer Zone) 12-20 n. miles Federal Jurisdiction No restriction on fishing by traditional small scale fishermen
Zone III - 20- 200 n.miles Federal Jurisdiction (exploited by deep sea fishing vessels, stern trawlers, and tuna long liners) No restriction on fishing by traditional small scale fishermen
COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT MARINE FISHES OF PAKISTAN
COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT SHELLFISHES OF PAKISTAN
1947
1949
1951
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
MARINE INLAND TOTAL
FISH PRODUCTION OF PAKISTAN
MARINE FISH PRODUCTION
1947
1949
1951
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
SINDH BALOCHISTAN E.E.Z
EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FISH
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FISH
When the surrounding water warms up, metabolism speeds up
Digest food more rapidly, Grow more quickly Have more energy to reproduce. But fish need more food and more oxygen
to support this higher metabolism. Warmer fish tend to mature more quickly, This speedy lifestyle is often a smaller
body size and a smaller brood.
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HABITATS OF FISH
Expansion and/or contraction of suitable habitats
Shifts in the distribution of fish stocks through
Changes in migratory circuits that connect life stages
Affecting successful completion of the life cycle
Affecting successful recruitment
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FISHERIES
Climate is now recognized as a major factor affecting the productivity of key species in world fisheries.
Following changes in commercially and ecologically important marine fish species at organismal-level & population-level
Growth reproductive success Mortality Habitat
IMPACTS OF DECLINE OF FISH STOCKS ON OTHER IMPORTANT MATTERS
Declines in fisheries will have massive impacts on Commercial fishing, Tourism Biodiversity.
POSSIBLE ADAPTATIONS OF FISH DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE WARMING
The extent of climate-driven changes will be mediated by the capacity for individual species (or populations) to adapt to changes in important abiotic and biotic factors.
Adaptations could include
changes in the important life history events (e.g., migration, spawning)
and/or
physiological changes (e.g., thermal reaction norms of key traits such as growth, increased tolerance to lowered pH/ocean acidification).
OTHER IMPACTS As global warming continues, the pressure on
fish populations will increase due to following Overfishing Pollution habitat loss
Although slightly warmer water could be
tolerated by man, its effect on fish and aquatic ecosystems, and ultimately on the global food supply and economic stability, could be severe.
CLIMATE CHANGE PUTS FISH ON THE RUN Many fish that cannot find a local
solution are already heading towards the poles as the water becomes too warm.
Naturally, when fish find themselves in hot water, they head out in search of cooler locales.
As global temperatures rise, some fish may be able to shift locally – by moving deeper or by heading upriver towards cool headwaters.
PROBLEMS FACED BY FISH DUE TO MIGRATION TO WARM WATERS
Fish that can tolerate heat will become much more common.
The fish that stay around will also have to deal with new species that enter in to their niche
HOW WILL FISHERIES CHANGE?
Fisheries resources may become less predictable as extreme weather hits more often.
Events like the El Niño might cause a greater impact on warm water fisheries and reef fisheries.
Many fisheries resources will permanently shift location as water temperatures rise.
Large, commercial fleets that can follow the fisheries may not be as strongly affected as local, small-scale fishermen,
Small scale fishermen will have to adapt their gear and methods, travel further, and fish longer to continue providing enough food for their families and local markets.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND COASTAL COMMUNITIES
The ozone layer, which protects us
from harmful
radiation, is part of the stratospher
e.
The Layers of the Atmosphere
Diagrams adapted from: http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/science/faq/page5.html
Natural greenhouse effect Enhanced greenhouse effect
The Greenhouse Effect
CLIMATE CHANGE: CAUSESARTH’S CLIMATE TO CHANGE?
• Changes in the atmosphere• Natural processes
– Volcanoes – Tectonic plate movement– Changes in the sun
• Human activities – any activity that releases “greenhouse gases” into the atmosphere
Global Climate Change
44
Combined annual land-surface air and sea surface temperature anomalies (C°) 1861 to 2000 relative to 1961 and 1990. Two standard error uncertainties are shown as bars on the annual number.
Global Mean Temperature(140 year record)
45
1,000 Year Temperature and Instrumental Data
Year
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1 .0
Nort
hern
Hem
isp
here
an
om
aly
(°C
)R
ela
tive t
o 1
96
1 t
o 1
99
0 m
ean
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
CLIMATE CHANGE
• Global warming refers to the gradual increase of the Earth’s temperature because of energy trapped by the Earth’s atmosphere
• The retention of the heat by the atmosphere is called the greenhouse effect.
• Greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are increasing
• GHGs affect the climate system• World average temperature has risen relatively
fast over the past 30 years• Sea-level rise is gradually accelerating• Many temperature-sensitive systems/processes
have changed over the past two decades
HOW THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT WORKS• Heat, in the form of short wave
infrared radiation is received by the Earth from the sun
• This heat is reflected back out into space in the form of long-wave infrared radiation.
• As long as this energy input-output exchange is in equilibrium, we stay the same temperature (globally)
• If something alters it, we either heat up or cool down.
PERMANENT GASES
Permanent gases in the atmosphere by percent are: Nitrogen 78.1% Oxygen 20.9% (Note that these two permanent gases together comprise
99% of the atmosphere) Other permanent gases:
Argon 0.9% Neon 0.002% Helium 0.0005% Krypton 0.0001% Hydrogen 0.00005%
VARIABLE GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Variable gases in the atmosphere and typical percentage values are: Water vapor 0 to 4% Carbon Dioxide 0.035% Methane 0.0002% Ozone 0.000004% CFC’s (not naturally occurring)
GREENHOUSE GASES
Several gases act as heat sinks in the atmosphere CO2
CFCs Methane Water vapor
WHAT ARE GREENHOUSE GASES?
Gases that cause the “greenhouse effect!”
Global Climate ChangeDavid D. Houghton
52
Indicators of the Human Influence on the
Atmosphere During the Industrial Era
(a) Global atmospheric concentrations of three well mixed greenhouse gases
(b) Sulphate aerosols deposited in Greenland ice
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxideSulphur
RELATIVE CONCERNS OVER GREENHOUSE GASES
CO2 is the largest concern, being the largest constituent of the atmosphere
Methane holds more heat, but because it is chemically more active, its atmospheric duration is about 10 years
CFC’s hold much more heat, and last a very long time, but still are a smaller portion Also being reduced due to Montreal
protocol
ATMOSPHERIC CO2
Atmospheric CO2 is believed to have been about 280 ppm (parts per million) in the pre-industrial age.
This figure is based on estimates of carbon sinks and flux, along with the geological record. (ice core samples, bubbles in amber, etc)
CO2
The most plentiful greenhouse gas Results from
Combustion of fossil fuels Gas best fuel Oil medium Coal worst
Based on ratio of carbon to hydrogen in the molecules
Burning of vegetation/deforestation Reduced uptake in plants/deforestation
MAUNA LOA CO2 OBSERVATIONS
The data on atmospheric CO2 collected by Keeling at the Mauna Loa observatory is said to be the most widely seen data set in the world.
It was started in 1955 CO2 was at 313ppm then It is at 375ppm now (2002), an increase of
16.5% in 47 years
THE KEELING CO2 DATA
METHANE
Sources Coal mining Oil production Organic decomposition Animal digestion
Resident in atmosphere about 10 years
CFCS
Nasty little gases – only anthropogenic CFCs do not occur in nature – the Fluorine
bond is to strong to break naturally. CFCs come from
Refrigerants Styrofoam, foaming agents Cleaning electronics Spray propellants
WATER VAPOR
Hu
go A
hle
niu
s, U
NEP/G
RID
-Are
nd
al
ICE CAPAT
ARCTIC CIRCLE
2000
1970
ICE ON KILIMANJARO
Global average temperature
Global average sea level
Northern hemispheresnow cover
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Temperature rise Precipitation Soil Moisture Changing Habitats Sea Level Rise
TEMPERATURE RISE
Estimates are in the 1.5° to 4.5° C Every degree C is equal to about 100 miles of
latitude. Rising temperature means rising AC usage,
which means rising CO2 consumption, accelerating greenhouse effect
CHANGES IN PRECIPITATION
Changing Patterns of rainfall/drought Extreme Precipitation events
Droughts Storms - flooding Snowfall Hurricanes
In a warmer world, more hurricanes, longer season, and more powerful storms
SOIL MOISTURE
Increased temperature means a decreased spoil moisture unless precipitation increases
CHANGING HABITATS
Changes in habitat Migration patterns Ecosystem changes
Changes in species populations can ripple through an ecosystem.
SEA LEVEL RISE
Thermal expansion of water Arctic Ice pack Glaciers Western Antarctic
THERMAL EXPANSION OF WATER
Water molecules get larger as they get warmer.
Sea level rises about 1cm per .1° C Hence sea level has risen about 10cm
since 1900, along with a global mean sea level temp rise of about 1°
Thus sea level may rise by 15-45cm due to thermal expansion
GLACIERS
Almost all glaciers have receded in last century
Possible that increased precipitation may cause increased glaciations on South poleGlacial Retreat: Thinning of
the tongue during the 1990s accelerated and as of 2001 a lake started to form in front of it (right image). The ice became buoyant and rapid break-up of the snout is now underway
COMPUTER MODELS
WHY SHOULD WE CARE?
Sea-level rise projections : a few inches to a few feet
•2 ft: U.S. would lose 10,000 square miles•3 ft: Would inundate Miami•Affects erosion, loss of wetlands, freshwater supplies•Half of the world’s population lives along coasts
SEA-LEVEL RISE OVER COMING CENTURIES FOLLOWING 70 YEARS OF EXCESS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
200 400 600 800
Time from start (years)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Sea-l
evel ri
se (
m)
Total sea level rise
Ocean Expansion
Ice-melt
Greenhouse gas emissions (“super-Kyoto” action)
IPCC 2001
Sea-Level Rise, over the coming millennium
Peaking in 2050
SEA LEVEL RISE RISKS TO SMALL ISLAND-STATES
Coastal flooding Amplified storm surges Damaged coastal infrastructure (roads, etc.) Salination of island fresh-water (esp.
subterranean cells) Impaired crop production Population displacement: diverse health
risks (nutrition, infection, mental health)
MEAN SEA LEVEL RISE AT ARABIAN SEA
TIDAL LINK DRAIN
SHAH SAMANDO CREEK
JATI DRAIN
CHOLARI DHAND
SANHRO DHAND
WATER BODY
WATER BODY
HIGH WATER LINE
VEGETATION
Saltwater intrusion in the estuaries
Area Affected by Sea Intrusion
DISTRICT/
AREA (ha)
TALUKA (ha) Fully Eroded
Partially Eroded
Total Not Eroded
Thatta 1,324,606
348,093
186,400 534,493 790,113
Shah Bundar 297,707 205,940 35,055 240,995 56,712
Ghora Bari 94,686 2,986 9,867 12,853 81,833
Kharo Chan 192,902 39,147 8,944 48,091 144,811
Mirpur Sakro 300,629 4,503 20,057 24,560 276,069
Jati 357,215 49,411 112,069 161,480 195,735
Keti Bundar 81,467 46,106 408 46,514 34,953
Badin 323,749 14,595 17,978 32,573 291,176
Golarchi 179,798 2,764 9,736 12,500 167,298
Badin 143,951 11,831 8,242 20,073 123,878
Total 1,648,355
392,688
204,378 597,066 1,051,289
JHABO WETLAND KARO-GHANGRO DRAIN
Nematalosa nasusSardinella longicepsSardinella sindensisStrongylura strongyluraCociella crocodilaTerapon jarbuaSillago sihamaLeiognathus splendensPomadasys commersonni Pomadasys maculatesAcanthopagrus latusLiza subviridisLiza vaigiensis
Labeo bogaMystus gulioGlossogobius giurisChanna punctataOreochromis mossambica
10 km
Keti Bandar
Shah Bandar
Keti Bandar, looking towards the Arabian Sea.
SEA LEVEL RISE
Sea level Rise-Damb
Tippun; Hajamro creek Hardly a few centimeter above high
water mark
LOSS OF HUMAN LIFE & PROPERTY
Migration; Mero Dablo Village
Homeless; Phirth village
THANKS