ms. soles social studies social studies middle ages: conflicts/plagues
TRANSCRIPT
Ms. Soles
Social Studies
Social Studies
Middle Ages: Conflicts/Plagues
Lesson Topics
CONFLICTSWho was involved and why?What were the results?PLAGUES/DISEASEWhat were the causes?What were the effects?END OF MIDDLE AGES
The Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns, called by the pope and waged by kings and nobles who volunteered to take up the cross with the main goal of restoring Christian control of the Holy Land.
15th century illumination of Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont, where he preached an impassioned sermon to take back the Holy Land.
“Roots of the Crusades” Video
http://websearch.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ&zTi=1&sdn=websearch&cdn=compute&tm=129&gps=383_349_1056_460&f=10&su=p284.9.336.ip_p
Like pilgrims, each crusader swore a vow , to be fulfilled on successfully reaching Jerusalem, and they were granted a cloth cross to be sewn into their clothes. This "taking of the cross", eventually became associated with the entire journey; the word "crusade" (coming into English from the Medieval French croisade and Spanish cruzada) developed from this.
A Seal of the Knights Templar, with their famous image of two knights on a single horse, a symbol of their early poverty. The text is in Greek and Latin characters, followed by a cross, which means "the Seal of the Soldiers of Christ".
Video: “Origins of the Knights Templar”
http://websearch.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ&zTi=1&sdn=websearch&cdn=compute&tm=129&gps=383_349_1056_460&f=10&su=p284.9.336.ip_p
The crusaders came from all over western Europe, and fought a series of disconnected campaigns between 1095 and 1291; historians have given them numbers. Similar campaigns in the Iberian Peninsula and Eastern Europe continued into the 15th century.
The Siege of Antioch during the First Crusade, miniature by
Jean Colombe.
The crusader states after the First Crusade
The Crusades were fought mainly by Roman Catholics against Muslims and Greek Orthodox Christians in Byzantium, with smaller campaigns waged against pagan Slavs, pagan Balts, Mongols, and Christian heretics. Orthodox Christians also took part in fighting against Islamic forces in some Crusades.
The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule and their campaigns were launched in response to a call from the leaders of the Byzantine Empire for help to fight the expansion of the Muslim Seljuk Turks into Anatolia.
The Crusades had some temporary successes, but the Crusaders were eventually forced out of the Holy Land. Nevertheless the Crusades had major far-reaching political, economic, and social impacts on Europe.
Because of internal conflicts among Christian kingdoms and political powers, some of the crusade expeditions were diverted from their original aim, such as the Fourth Crusade, which resulted in the sack of Christian Constantinople and the partition of the Byzantine Empire between Venice and the Crusaders.
The Sixth Crusade was the first crusade to set sail without the official blessing of the Pope. The Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Crusades resulted in Mamluk and Hafsid victories, as the Ninth Crusade marked the end of the Crusades in the Middle East.
The 9th and Last Crusade1271-1272
The future Edward I of England undertook another expedition against Baibars in 1271, after having accompanied Louis on the Eighth Crusade. Louis died in Tunisia. The Ninth Crusade was deemed a failure and ended the Crusades in the Middle East.
Effects of the Crusades
The Crusades brought about results of which the popes had never dreamed, and which were perhaps the most, important of all. They re-established traffic between the East and West, which, after having been suspended for several centuries, was then resumed with even greater energy.
Along with trade, new scientific discoveries and inventions made their way east or west. Arab and classical Greek advances (including the development of algebra, optics, and refinement of engineering) made their way west and sped the course of advancement in European universities that led to the Renaissance in later centuries.
Increased trade brought many things to Europeans that were once unknown or extremely rare and costly. These goods included a variety of spices, ivory, jade, diamonds, improved glass-manufacturing techniques, early forms of gun powder, oranges, apples, and other Asian crops, and many other products.
Krak des Chevaliers,the largest Crusader castle
“The Black Death” of the Middle Ages
Almost half of the people of Western Europe died in a great sickness known as the Bubonic Plague. The plague was also referred to as "the Black Death” because the skin of diseased people turned a dark gray color.
It apparently began in China’s Gobi Desert, and it killed about 35 million Asian people. When sailors traveled to Asia, rats returned with them to Europe. Fleas living on the blood of infected rats then transferred the disease to the European people.
In 1347, Italian merchant ships returned from the Black Sea, one of the links along the trade route between Europe and China. Many of the sailors were already dying of the plague, and within days the disease had spread from the port cities to the surrounding countryside. The disease spread as far as England within a year.
The Europeans were susceptible to disease because they lived in crowded surroundings with very poor sanitary conditions. The Europeans often ate stale or diseased meat because refrigeration had not yet been invented.
Also, medicine was primitive and unable to remedy an illness that modern technology might have cured. Bad medical advice also advanced the plague. People were often advised to not bathe because open skin pores might let in the disease.
Video: Black Plague 1
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/35280-black-plague-1-video.htm
Some Europeans believed the plague was a sign from God. Groups tried to atone for the sins of the world by inflicting punishments upon themselves. They also had a tendency to persecute Jews and even clergymen who spoke out against them.
The Bubonic Plague continued to affect cities from time to time for hundreds of years. It still exists and is common among rodents. We have a cure for the disease, but occasionally people in isolated places still die from the Bubonic Plague.
Video: “Black Plague 2”
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/35281-black-death-2-video.htm
A Bishop Blesses Victims of the Black Death
The Hundred Years’ War
The Hundred Years' War was a conflict between France and England lasting 116 years, from 1337 to 1453. It was fought primarily over claims by the English kings to the French throne.
This series of conflicts is commonly divided into three or four phases: the Edwardian War (1337–1360), the Caroline War (1369–1389), the Lancastrian War (1415–1429), and the slow decline of English fortunes (1429–1453) after the appearance of Joan of Arc.
Though primarily a dynastic conflict, the war gave growth to ideas of both French and English nationality. Militarily, it saw the introduction of new weapons and tactics, which eroded the older system of feudal armies dominated by heavy cavalry.
Changes in ReligionThe practice of granting papal indulgences, fairly commonplace since the 11th century, was reformulated and explicitly monetized in the 14th century. Indulgences became an important source of revenue for the Church, revenue that filtered through parish churches to bishops and then to the pope himself. This was viewed by many as a corruption of the Church.
The turmoil of the Church, and the perception that it was a corrupted institution, sapped the legitimacy of the papacy within Europe and fostered greater loyalty to regional or national churches. Martin Luther published objections to the Church.
Lutherans' split with the Church in 1517, and the subsequent division of Catholicism into Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism, put a definitive end to the unified Church built during the Middle Ages.
Disappearing Middle Ages As trade increased in Europe, more and more opportunities were available for merchants and other tradespeople. Towns eventually grew into cities, a new class of people had been growing, the Middle Class. Feudalism was disappearing. Life centered around cities developed in Europe by the AD 1400’s.
Materials for Class Use
Review of the Middle Ages:http://www.mrdowling.com/
zip/703middleages.pdfTest 1:http://www.mrdowling.com/
zip/703test.pdfTest 2:http://www.mrdowling.com/
zip/703test2.pdf
Wow, our quick visit to the Middle Ages has been full
of information and memorable scenes!
The following three lessons will focus on the huge changes, MORE POSITIVE, that followed that age of kings, queens, castles, and crusades! Good-bye!
Resources
http://www.wikipedia.comhttp://
www.howstuffworks.comhttp://www.mrdowling.comhttp://www.history.com