Mo#va#onandEmo#onChapter10

PsychologyPeriod5

INTRODUCTION

ThinkPairShareandJournal•  Whatmotivatesyou?

•  Whatmakesyougetupatbedinthemorning?

•  Whatdrivesyoutodowhatyoudo?

WhatisMo#va#on?

•  Motivationisaneedordesirethatenergizesbehavioranddirectsittowardagoal.

•  Itiswhateitherstartsorstopsbehavior.Itistheinternalandexternalforcesthatdriveourthoughts,moods,andbehaviors.

Mo#va#on

•  ExtrinsicMotivation:typeofmotivationinwhichapersonperformsanactionbecauseitleadstoanoutcomethatisseparatefromorexternaltotheperson.Example:Goingtoworkformoney.

•  IntrinsicMotivation:typeofmotivationinwhichapersonperformsanactionbecausetheactitselfisrewardingorsatisfyinginsomeinternalmanner.Example:Creatingawebsiteforfun.

DifferentTheoriesonMo#va#on

•  Differentschoolsofthoughtlookatmotivation(thatpowerthateitherstartsorstopsbehavior)throughdifferentlenses.

•  Instincttheory•  DriveTheory•  Incentivetheory

Ins#nctTheory

•  Instincttheoryproposesthatorganismsaremotivatedtoengageincertainbehaviorsbecauseoftheirgeneticprogrammingandbecausethesebehaviorsleadtosuccessintermsofnaturalselection.

•  Forexample,wepursuesexinordertoreproducetopropagatethehumanspecies.Itisaninnatebiologicalneed.

Ins#nctualBehaviors

•  Reproductionandsocialdominance•  Humanbeingsareterritorial“thisisourspace”bynature.

•  Someanimalshaveinstinctualbehaviorslikematingdancesandnestbuildingsequences.

DriveTheory•  DrivetheoryakaDriveReductionorHomeostatic

theory.Thisperspectiveviewsbehaviorasmotivatedbytheneedtoreduceinternaltensioncausedbyunmetbiologicalneeds.

•  Thisunmetneed“drives”ustobehaveinawaythatcausestheintensityofthedrivetobereduced.

•  Theyworkby“negative”feedback,thatisoneexperiencesanunpleasantfeeling(hunger,thirst)untilyoumeettheneed.

DriveTheoryCon#nued

•  Thebrainmakessurethebodyiskeptinbalance(bodytemperature,fluidlevels,energysupplies,needforrest).

•  Thisbalanceoroptimalstateiscalledhomeostasis.Thisisournaturalstate.Thebodydoesitsbesttostaybalanced.(hunger,thirst,sexdrive,sleep)

•  However,howdoweaccountforeatingdisorders?

Incen#veTheory•  Incentivetheorystatesthatbehaviorismotivatedbythe

pullofexternal(outside)goalssuchasrewards.•  YoucometoclasstogetanA•  Youworkouttogetcompliments•  Yougotoworktoearnmoneytobuyahouse•  Areallhumanbehaviorsmotivatedbyincentives?What

doyouthink?

Incen#veTheory

•  Notallofhumanbehaviorhasadirectrewardattachedtoit.Forexample,howaboutthosewhoaremotivatedtoachievejustforthesakeofachievingorwhodothingsforfunorpersonalgrowth.

•  Whataresomeofthethingswedoforfunthatdon’thaveanyincentiveattachedtothem?

TypesofMo#ves

•  Motivescanbedividedintothreemajorcategories

•  PrimaryMotives•  StimulusMotives•  SecondaryMotives

TypesofMo#vesinDetail

•  PrimaryMotivesarebasedonbiologicalneedsthatmustbemetforsurvival.Theyareinnatelikehunger,thirst,painavoidance,needsforair,sleep,eliminationofwastes,andregulationofbodytemperature.

Mo#vesinDetail

•  Stimulusmotives:expressourneedsforstimulationandinformation.Forexample,activity,curiosity,exploration,throwingparties,surfthenet,reading,hangingoutwithfriends,emailingeachother.Imaginewhatyourlifewouldbelikeifyoufeltnoarousal?Nostress?BORING!

Mo#vesinDetail•  Secondarymotives:basedonlearnedneeds,drives,

andgoals.Helpsexplainmanyhumanactivitieslikemakingmusic,creatingawebpage,tryingtowinaskateboardingcontestorAmericanIdol.

•  ThesemotivesarerelatedtolearnedneedsforPOWER,AFFILIATION,(theneedtobewithothers),approval,status,security,andachievement.

Mo#ves

•  PrimaryMotives(likesatisfyinghunger)•  StimulusMotives(likelearningcomputersordancingforfun)

•  Secondarymotives(motivatedtodosomethingforfame,power,approvalstatus)

Whatmotivesdotheseactivitiesbelongto?•  Readinghistoryforpleasure•  Hunger•  TryingoutforAmericanIdol.

Sensa#onSeekers•  Sensationseekingisatraitofpeoplewhopreferhigh

levelsofstimulation.Whetheryouarehighorlowinsensationseekingisprobablybasedonhowyourbodyrespondstonew,unusual,orintensestimulation.

•  Peoplewhoscorehighonsensationseekingtendtobeindependent,bold,whovaluechange.Theyreportmoresexualpartnersthanlowscorers,always“lookingforthrills.”

PsychologyQues#on

Pleasewriteaonepagemissionstatementforyourlife.Whatmotivatesyou?Whatgivesyourlifemeaningandpurpose?Whatdoyouhopetoaccomplishwiththetimethat’sbeengiventoyou?

Sensa#onSeekers

•  Lowsensationseekersareorderly,nurturing,giving,andenjoycompanyofothers.

•  Whichareyou?•  Mostpeoplearesomewhereinthemiddleofthesetwoextremes.

NeedforAchievement

•  NeedforAchievementMotivation– Motivationisahabitualdesiretoachievegoalsthroughonesefforts.Thedesiretoexcelormeetsomeinternalizedstandardofexcellence

– Peoplewanttodowellinanysituation

Story

•  DavidMandel(1983)aformerNaziconcentrationcampinmate,recalledhowastarving“fatherandsonwouldfightoverapieceofbreadlikedogs.”Onefather,whose20yearoldsonstolehisbreadfromunderhispillowwhileheslept,wentintoadeepdepression,askingoverandoveragainhowhissoncoulddosuchathing.Thenextdaythefatherdied.“Hungerdoessomethingtoyouthat’shardtodescribe.”Mandelexplained.

Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs •  AbrahamMaslowbelievedthatpeoplestriveforapositiveviewoftheselftorealizetheirownpotentialsfully.

•  Believedtheseneedswereinnatebutwithoutasupportive,nurturingenvironment,thisessentialstrivingforfullpotentialcouldnottakeplace.

•  Inotherwords,hebelievedweallstrivetoworkatourfullestpotential.Weallwanttobecome“selfactualized”thatisreachingandusingourfullpotentialinourvocationalandpersonallife.

The Rose That Grew From Concrete

AbrahamMaslow

•  Hebelievedapersonmustsatisfytheneedsatthelowerlevelsbeforemovingontotackletheonesatthetop.

•  Forexample,ifyoudon’thaveenoughtoeat,orscaredyoumayloseyourhouse,youprobablywon’tstriveasmuchforpersonalaccomplishment.

•  Thisisverydifficulttotest.Alsosomeofthemostcreativepeoplehavelivedinpoverty.EdgarAllenPoeforexample

Emo#ons

•  Emotionisdefinedasastatecharacterizedbyphysiologicalarousal,changesinfacialexpression,gestures,postureandsubjectivefeelings.

•  Anexampleofphysiologicalchanges(orarousal)areapoundingheart,sweatingpalms,“butterfliesinthestomach”,andotherbodilyreactions.

EightPrimaryEmo#ons

•  Fear•  Surprise•  Sadness•  Disgust•  Anger•  Anticipation•  Happy•  Trust

LieDetectors

•  Doliedetectorswork?•  Liedetectorsarecalledpolygraphs.Theyrecordchangesinphysiologicalarousal.

•  It’snotreallyaliedetectorbecausecriticssaythereisno“lieresponse.”

•  Itrecordsgeneralemotionalarousal-itcan’ttellthedifferencebetweenlyingandfear,anxiety,orexcitement.

LieDetectors

•  Somepeoplecanliewithoutanxiety.•  DavidLyken(1998)hasdocumentedmanycasesinwhichinnocentpeoplewerejailedafterbeingconvictedonthebasisofapolygraphevidence.

FacialExpressions

•  Basicexpressionsseemtobefairlyuniversal

•  Childrenwhoarebornblindexpressemotionsthesamewaysightedpeopledo

FacialFeedbackHypothesis

•  TheFacialFeedbackHypothesisstatesthatfacialexpressionscanactuallycauseemotion!

•  Changesinheartrateandskintemperature.•  Smilingwhenyourdownmayhelpimprovemoodbutitsimportanttodealwithyouremotionsconstructively

AdaptedfromslidesbyMarinaSangkavichai