mountain building and crustal deformation. economic consequences of geologic structures tracing coal...
TRANSCRIPT
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Mountain Building and Crustal Deformation
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Economic Consequences of Geologic Structures
• Tracing Coal Seams, Aquifers, etc.
• Ore Deposits are often localized along faults and folds
• Petroleum Traps
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Isostasy
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Thickness and Density
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Isostatic Rebound in
Canada
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Mountain Building (Orogeny)
Orogeny is the variety of processes that occur during mountain-building, including:
• Distinctive Patterns of Deposition • Deformation • Metamorphism • Intrusions • Volcanic Activity • Oceanic Trenches • Seismic Activity
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A Subduction Zone
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Metamorphism and Orogeny
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Why Mountains are High
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How Fast Can Folds Form?
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Hutton’s Unconformity, Scotland
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Large Fold, Turkey
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Eroded Fold, Pennsylvania
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Fold in Glacier, Antarctica
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Anticlines and
Synclines
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Folds, Pennsylvania
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Which Way was Up?
Sedimentary Structures are governed by:
• Gravity
• Exposure to the Surface
They all have a “right way up”
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Foliation
Foliation is a sheetlike structure that forms when rocks are deformed.
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Foliation
In every case, the foliation is:
• In the direction of least resistance
• at right angles to the direction of greatest compression.
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Axial Plane
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Folds and Foliation
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Folds and Foliation
• On a small scale (microscopic to centimeters), foliation forms
• On a large scale (centimeters to kilometers), rocks fold.
• Both foliation and the axial plane of the fold are at right angles to the direction of greatest compression.
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Fold And Foliation
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Growth of Minerals
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The Importance of Minor Folds
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Minor Folds and Foliation Are Clues to Much Larger
Structures
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How Geologists Use These Clues
• Here's an outcrop that might be seen in the field.
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How Geologists Use These Clues
• We can mentally fill out the rest of the fold.
• Note that we still have no idea how big the fold is, only what kind it is.
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Complex Folds, ScotlandComplex Folds, Scotland
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Complex Folds, Scotland
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Faults, Appalachians
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Thrust Faults in Snow
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Domes and Basins