aquifers of pakistan
TRANSCRIPT
AQUIFERS OF PAKISTAN & THE WORLD
Presented By
Syeda Mahgul Babar Sidra Shakoor Sidra Liaqat
Anam Talat Mirza Ambreen Parvaiz
What Is This Presentation All About??
Ҩ IntroductionҨ AquifersҨ Types Of AquifersҨ Artesian WellsҨ World’s Largest AquifersҨ Aquifers Of The WorldҨ Aquifers Of PakistanҨ Conclusion
Aquifer
Introduction
Types Of Aquifers According To Their
Properties
Confined Aquifer
Ҩ Confined aquifer is also called artesian aquifer
Ҩ They are bounded by two layers mostly by clay
Ҩ The pressure in confined aquifer is greater than atmospheric pressure
Confined Aquifers
Semiconfined Aquifers Ҩ Semi-confined are
intermediate between confined and unconfined aquifers
Ҩ It is confined by layers of lower permeability material through which recharge and discharge may occur
Ҩ South Africa have semi-confined aquifer
Unconfined Aquifers
Ҩ Also called Water Table Aquifers or Phreatic Aquifers
Ҩ Are exposed to the surface without any confining layer
Ҩ Partially saturated with water
Ҩ The Indus basin in Pakistan
Unconfined Aquifers
Fractured Aquifer
Ҩ They are found in rocks such as basalt and granite which contain usable amounts of groundwater in cracks, fissures and joints
Fractured Aquifer
Ҩ This how a fractured
aquifer looks like
Perched Aquifer
Ҩ Perched aquifer is often found in formation of glacial outwash where clay layers form impermeable layers above a primary aquifer
Types Of Aquifers Due To Different
Rock Types
Surficial AquifersҨ These aquifers are found in river valleys, deltas
and basinsҨ They are essentially unconsolidated clay, silt,
sand, gravel, and limestone formationsҨ The width of the surficial aquifer system is usually
less than 50 feet
Sedimentary Aquifers
Ҩ Sedimentary aquifers occur in consolidated sediments
Ҩ These aquifers are generally located in large, continuous sedimentary basins that may be tens or hundreds of meters thick
Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks
Ҩ The igneous and metamorphic rocks are permeable only where they are fractured
Fractured Rock Aquifers
Ҩ In fractured rock aquifers, groundwater is stored in the fractures, joints, bedding planes and cavities of the rock mass.
Ҩ About 40 per cent of groundwater in Australia is stored in fractured rock aquifers
Aquifers of the World
Aquifers Of The World
Ҩ Distribution of aquifers all around the world depends upon their topology and climate
Ҩ There are many aquifers in the world (In Africa, Asia, Europe and most of them are concentrated in Australia and the Americas)
Ҩ Aquifers are the main source of water extraction for the people and are facing a high level of depletion
Aquifers Of CanadaҨ A brief overview of topology of Canada
The Oak Ridges Moraine: One of the main aquifer systems
• Located in the South Ontario, Canada
• The moraine covers a geographical area of 1900 sq. km amidst Caledon and Rice Lake, near Peterborough
• It was formed due to glacial movement about 12,000 years ago
• It supports a wide variety of biodiversity in those ecosystems
The Oak Ridges Moraine
A Map of the Oak Ridges Moraine. Retrieved on 18-05-2013. Retrieved fromhttp://www.humberriver.ca/oakridges.html
Aquifers Of AmericaҨ Most of the aquifers of the world are concentrated in the
Americas
1. Sankoty Aquifer: • It is the most important aquifer of Illinois as it provides
water to the northwestern and central parts of the state
• Thickness ranges from 50-150 km
• Consists of quartz sand ranging from dust to marbles
• It is the widest aquifer of the state that is 100km in average thickness
The Sankoty Aquifer
William, S. D., Kempton, J. P. & Lott, R. B. The Sankoty-Mahomet Aquifer…….Central Illinois. (1994). PDF retrieved on 19/5/2013 fromhttp://www.isws.illinois.edu/pubdoc/COOP/ISWSCOOP-16.pdf
Mahomet AquiferҨ Important aquifer of the east central Illinois
Ҩ Covers 15 counties
Ҩ 50-200 ft thick
Ҩ It has pathogen and pollution free water
Ҩ Is the remains of prehistoric Mahomet River Valley
Ҩ Population projections tell that the number of people may increase from 100,000 to a total of 900,000
Mahomet Aquifers
Aquifers of Australia
The Yarragadee Aquifer: Ҩ Located in the southwest of Western Australia
Ҩ It a very deep aquifer located hundreds of meters underground
Ҩ Contains about 1000 cubic km of water
Ҩ Its recharge source is rainfall
Ҩ It fulfills the water needs of the people in that region
Ҩ They extract 45 gigalitres per year from this aquifer
Yarragadee Aquifer
The Yarragadee and Leederville Formations. Retrieved on 19/5/2013 fromhttp://www.viacorp.com/perth_water.htm
Aquifers of Africa• The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System:
World’s largest fossil water aquiferҨ Located in the underground eastern end of the Sahara
desert
Ҩ Parts of Chad, Libya & Sudan are also included in it
Ҩ Contains 150,000 cubic km of water-estimated results
Ҩ Composed of ferruginous sandstone, shale and clay
Ҩ Fresh to slightly blackish
Ҩ Contains high levels of calcium and sodium sulfates that lead to dissolution and leaching processes
Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System
Abouelmagd, A. A. Towards A Better Understanding …… GIS. Retrieved on 19/5/2013 fromhttp://abdoualy.com/Current-Research.php
Libya
SudanChad
Egypt
ReferencesҨ Batu, V. (1998). Aquifer Hydraulics: A Comprehensive Guide to Hydrogeologic Data
Analysis. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=JncPuWYf5qMC&pg=PA22&dq=types+of+aquifers&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lWSDUanjI9Cg7Abe1IDgAg&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=types%20of%20aquifers&f=false
Ҩ Cech, T. V. (2009). Principles of Water Resources: History, Development, Management and Policy. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=A2nJCPPixGQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
Ҩ Aquifer Basics. (2013). In USGS online. Retrieved from http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/aquiferbasics/volcan.html
Ҩ Mithra, S. (2013). What Is An Artesian Well?. Retrieved from www.wisegeek.org/what-is-an-artesian-well.htm
Ҩ Mahomet Aquifer. (2013). In Illinois State Water Survey online. Retrieved from http://www.isws.illinois.edu/gws/archive/mahomet.asp