molecules of life ( biology )
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 2
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Atom vs Elements
Atoms vs Ions vs Molecules
Electrons vs Neutrons vs Protons
Electrical Charge:Cation vs Anion vs Electrically neutral
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Atomic Number vs Atomic (Mass) Number
Isotopes vs Radioisotopes
Radioisotope Tracers and Decay
(12C6) : 6 electrons and 6 protons; 6neutrons(14C
6) (14N
7)
decay: 1 n 0 1 e - + 1 p+
(14N7) : 7 electrons and 7 protons; 7
neutrons
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Uptake of tracer in the lymph nodes involved with
lymphoma in the groin, both axilla, and neck (red areas)
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Intramolecular Chemical bondIonic Bond
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Intramolecular Chemical bondIonic BondCovalent Bond
, Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Compound vs Molecule
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1 1
molecular hydrogen (H 2)
Covalent BondsBondingelectrons
Nonbondingelectrons
p. 24
8 8
molecular oxygen (O 2)
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Polar vs Nonpolar molecules
Result: Partially positive and partiallynegative regions within the molecule
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Bond Type Electronegativity Difference
Nonpolar Covalent 0.4 or less
Polar Covalent Greater than 0.4 to 1.5
Polar Covalent Between 1.5 and 2.0(between nonmetals)
IonicBetween 1.5 and 2.0
(metal and nonmetal)
Ionic Greater than 2.0
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1) Ion Dipole Bond
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1) Ion Dipole Bond2) Hydrogen Bond
+ hydrogen (molecule 1) - - F,O,N,Cl (molecule 2)
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Attraction that forms between a partially
positive hydrogen atom and another atom(partially negative atom) in a separate orsame molecule
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Depiction of hydrogen bonding among the water molecules.
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Diagrams of hydrogen bonding involving selected simple molecules.
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23
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Universal solvent Universal solvent Universal solvent Universal solvent Solute andSolute andSolute andSolute and Solvent Solvent Solvent Solvent HydrophilicHydrophilicHydrophilicHydrophilic and Hydrophobicand Hydrophobicand Hydrophobicand Hydrophobic
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Universal solvent Universal solvent Universal solvent Universal solvent Solute and Solvent Solute and Solvent Solute and Solvent Solute and Solvent Hydrophilic and HydrophobicHydrophilic and HydrophobicHydrophilic and HydrophobicHydrophilic and Hydrophobic
o es ono es ono es ono es on an es onan es onan es onan es on((((surface tension)surface tension)surface tension)surface tension)
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Fig. 2-7c, p. 26
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Universal solvent Universal solvent Universal solvent Universal solvent Solute and Solvent Solute and Solvent Solute and Solvent Solute and Solvent Hydrophilic and HydrophobicHydrophilic and HydrophobicHydrophilic and HydrophobicHydrophilic and Hydrophobic
o es ono es ono es ono es on an es on sur acean es on sur acean es on su r acean es on sur acetension)tension)tension)tension) CapillarityCapillarityCapillarityCapillarity
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*Emulsifiers*Emulsifiers*Emulsifiers*Emulsifiers/ /// Emulsifying agentsEmulsifying agentsEmulsifying agentsEmulsifying agents
*Stabilizers*Stabilizers*Stabilizers*Stabilizers*Mayonnaise*Mayonnaise*Mayonnaise*Mayonnaise
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Universal solvent Universal solvent Universal solvent Universal solvent Solute and Solvent Solute and Solvent Solute and Solvent Solute and Solvent
Hydrophilic and HydrophobicHydrophilic and HydrophobicHydrophilic and HydrophobicHydrophilic and Hydrophobic
Cohesion and Adhesion (surface tension)Cohesion and Adhesion (surface tension)Cohesion and Adhesion (surface tension)Cohesion and Adhesion (surface tension)
Temperature stabilityTemperature stabilityTemperature stabilityTemperature stability(High(High(High(High specificspecificspecificspecific heat)heat)heat)heat)
Fever statesFever statesFever statesFever states
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pHpHpHpHA measure of the number of hydrogen ionsA measure of the number of hydrogen ionsA measure of the number of hydrogen ionsA measure of the number of hydrogen ions(H(H(H(H++++) in a solution) in a solution) in a solution) in a solutionThe more hydrogen ions, the lower the pHThe more hydrogen ions, the lower the pHThe more hydrogen ions, the lower the pHThe more hydrogen ions, the lower the pH
Pure water has neutral pH (pH=7)Pure water has neutral pH (pH=7)Pure water has neutral pH (pH=7)Pure water has neutral pH (pH=7)Number of HNumber of HNumber of HNumber of H ++++ ions = OHions = OHions = OHions = OH ---- ionsionsionsions
Acid and BasesAcid and BasesAcid and BasesAcid and Bases
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HHHH++++ + HCO+ HCO+ HCO+ HCO 3333 ---- HHHH2222COCOCOCO 3333 COCOCOCO 2222 + H+ H+ H+ H 2222OOOO
Acidosis and AlkalosisAcidosis and AlkalosisAcidosis and AlkalosisAcidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory Acidosis and AlkalosisRespiratory Acidosis and AlkalosisRespiratory Acidosis and AlkalosisRespiratory Acidosis and AlkalosisMetabolic Acidosis and AlkalosisMetabolic Acidosis and AlkalosisMetabolic Acidosis and AlkalosisMetabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis
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The molecules of life:The molecules of life:The molecules of life:The molecules of life:
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydratesProteinsProteinsProteinsProteinsLi idsLi idsLi idsLi ids
Nucleic acidsNucleic acidsNucleic acidsNucleic acids
MonomersMonomersMonomersMonomers vsvsvsvs PolymersPolymersPolymersPolymersCondensationCondensationCondensationCondensation vs vsvsvs HydrolysisHydrolysisHydrolysisHydrolysis
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Unit of StructureUnit of StructureUnit of StructureUnit of Structure :::: MonosaccharidesMonosaccharidesMonosaccharidesMonosaccharidesFunctionFunctionFunctionFunction ::::
Source of energySource of energySource of energySource of energyStructural material (e.g. cell membraneStructural material (e.g. cell membraneStructural material (e.g. cell membraneStructural material (e.g. cell membrane
Functional unitsFunctional unitsFunctional unitsFunctional units ::::MonosaccharideMonosaccharideMonosaccharideMonosaccharide glucose, fructose,glucose, fructose,glucose, fructose,glucose, fructose, galactosegalactosegalactosegalactose, ,,,ribose,ribose,ribose,ribose, deoxyribosedeoxyribosedeoxyribosedeoxyriboseDisaccharidesDisaccharidesDisaccharidesDisaccharides sucrose, lactose, maltosesucrose, lactose, maltosesucrose, lactose, maltosesucrose, lactose, maltoseOligosaccharidesOligosaccharidesOligosaccharidesOligosaccharides
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharidesPolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
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OH HO OH HOOH HO
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Fig. 2-13a, p. 31
P l h idP l h idP l h idP l h id A lA lA lA l
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PolysaccharidePolysaccharidePolysaccharidePolysaccharide - --- AmyloseAmyloseAmyloseAmylose
Fig. 2-13b, p. 31
P l h idP l h idP l h idP l h id GlGlGlGl
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PolysaccharidePolysaccharidePolysaccharidePolysaccharide - --- GlycogenGlycogenGlycogenGlycogen
Fig. 2-13c, p. 31
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1)1)1)1)TriacylglycerolsTriacylglycerolsTriacylglycerolsTriacylglycerols yield 2.5 times moreyield 2.5 times moreyield 2.5 times moreyield 2.5 times moreenergy than glycogenenergy than glycogenenergy than glycogenenergy than glycogen. ...
2) Stored without water thus less bulk2) Stored without water thus less bulk2) Stored without water thus less bulk2) Stored without water thus less bulkan we g as compare o g ycogenan we g as compare o g ycogenan we g as compare o g ycogenan we g as compare o g ycogenwhich binds water double its weight which binds water double its weight which binds water double its weight which binds water double its weight. ...
3) Stored glycogen sustains 24 hours3) Stored glycogen sustains 24 hours3) Stored glycogen sustains 24 hours3) Stored glycogen sustains 24 hours fasting while stored lipids will provide fasting while stored lipids will provide fasting while stored lipids will provide fasting while stored lipids will provideenergy for several weeks.energy for several weeks.energy for several weeks.energy for several weeks.
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Saturated, unsaturated,Saturated, unsaturated,Saturated, unsaturated,Saturated, unsaturated, cis cis cis cis , and, and, and, and trans trans trans trans fatty acids fatty acids fatty acids fatty acids
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Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids attached toa glycerol molecule
Fats more saturated than unsaturatedfatty acidsOils more unsaturated than saturatedfatty acids
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Composition:Composition:Composition:Composition:GlycerolGlycerolGlycerolGlycerol2 fatty acids2 fatty acids2 fatty acids2 fatty acidsPhosphoric acidPhosphoric acidPhosphoric acidPhosphoric acid
Amino alcoholsAmino alcoholsAmino alcoholsAmino alcohols(e.g.(e.g.(e.g.(e.g. cholinecholinecholinecholine) )))
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Function: Fat emulsification / detergent Function: Fat emulsification / detergent Function: Fat emulsification / detergent Function: Fat emulsification / detergent (surfactant)(surfactant)(surfactant)(surfactant)
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Sphingophospholipid Sphingoglycolipid(Glycosphingolipids)
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Plant Waxes
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PREEN OR
WAX GLANDS
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Interconversion of Lipoproteins
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Arteries thicken,Arteries thicken,Arteries thicken,Arteries thicken,
lose elasticity, andlose elasticity, andlose elasticity, andlose elasticity, and fill up with fill up with fill up with fill up withc o es ero , o erc o es ero , o erc o es ero , o erc o es ero , o erlipids, dead WBC,lipids, dead WBC,lipids, dead WBC,lipids, dead WBC,platelets and Caplatelets and Caplatelets and Caplatelets and Ca
High LDL increasesHigh LDL increasesHigh LDL increasesHigh LDL increasesriskriskriskrisk
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SmokingSmokingSmokingSmokingGenetic factorsGenetic factorsGenetic factorsGenetic factorsHigh cholesterolHigh cholesterolHigh cholesterolHigh cholesterolObesit Obesit Obesit Obesit Lack of exerciseLack of exerciseLack of exerciseLack of exerciseDiabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitusGender (maleness)Gender (maleness)Gender (maleness)Gender (maleness)Old ageOld ageOld ageOld age
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Unit of Structure:Unit of Structure:Unit of Structure:Unit of Structure: Amino AcidsAmino AcidsAmino AcidsAmino Acids
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Unit of Structure:Unit of Structure:Unit of Structure:Unit of Structure: Amino Acids
Peptide bondPeptide bondPeptide bondPeptide bond vs vsvsvs PolypeptidePolypeptidePolypeptidePolypeptide
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Primary Qua
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Secondary
te
rna
Tertiary
r
y
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an atom
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an atom
Fig. 2-2a, p. 21
---- KERATINKERATINKERATINKERATIN
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Unit of Structure:Unit of Structure:Unit of Structure:Unit of Structure: Amino AcidsAmino AcidsAmino AcidsAmino Acids
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Peptide bondPeptide bondPeptide bondPeptide bond vs vsvsvs PolypeptidePolypeptidePolypeptidePolypeptide
Structure:Structure:Structure:Structure:Conformation:Conformation:Conformation:Conformation: Primary structurePrimary structurePrimary structurePrimary structure
Secondary structureSecondary structureSecondary structureSecondary structure Tertiary structureTertiary structureTertiary structureTertiary structure Quaternary structureQuaternary structureQuaternary structureQuaternary structure
StructureStructureStructureStructure Function relationshipFunction relationshipFunction relationshipFunction relationship
ProteinProteinProteinProtein denaturationdenaturationdenaturationdenaturation loss of loss of loss of loss of proteinproteinproteinprotein activity.activity.activity.activity.
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pppp y yyy
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Alzheimer'sAlzheimer'sAlzheimer'sAlzheimer's diseasediseasediseasedisease - insoluble deposits in thebrain of peptides called amyloid-beta (A )
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p p y ( )derived from a mutant version their proteinprecursor.
ScrapieScra ieScra ieScra pie sheep
BovineBovineBovineBovine spongiform encephalopathyspongiform encephalopathyspongiform encephalopathyspongiform encephalopathy (BSE BSEBSEBSE) -"mad cow" disease
Creutzfeldt Creutzfeldt Creutzfeldt Creutzfeldt- ---JakobJakobJakobJakob diseasediseasediseasedisease (CJDCJDCJDCJD) humanversion
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Fig. 2-20a, p. 37
phosphategroup
adenine(A)
guanine(G)
NUCLEOTIDES IN DNANUCLEOTIDES IN DNANUCLEOTIDES IN DNANUCLEOTIDES IN DNA
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sugar (ribose)
(A)
thymine(T)
cytosine(C)
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Fig. 2-20b, p. 37
1)1)1)1) PrePrePrePre----lecture assignment of Chapter 3lecture assignment of Chapter 3lecture assignment of Chapter 3lecture assignment of Chapter 3(Cell Structure)(Cell Structure)(Cell Structure)(Cell Structure) next meeting after
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(Cell Structure)(Cell Structure)(Cell Structure)(Cell Structure) next meeting afterend of Chapter 2.
2)2)2)2) Post Post Post Post- ---Lecture Quiz on Chapters 2Lecture Quiz on Chapters 2Lecture Quiz on Chapters 2Lecture Quiz on Chapters 2
3)3)3)3) Long QuizLong QuizLong QuizLong Quiz (Chapters 1 & 2)(Chapters 1 & 2)(Chapters 1 & 2)(Chapters 1 & 2) afterpost-lecture quiz of Chapter 2. ...