molecules of life---whoa! biology 9-9-10. overview it’s all about the carbon major biological...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Molecules of Life---Whoa!
Biology
9-9-10
![Page 2: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview
• It’s all about the Carbon• Major Biological Molecules
Name Function
• Carbohydrates• Proteins• Lipids• Nucleic Acid
![Page 3: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Organic vs. Inorganic
• Organics Contain CARBON Covalently bonded Large molecules Come from something that is now or once was
alive
![Page 4: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Organic vs. Organic
• Inorganic No Carbon Ionic bonded Tiny Come from the earth’s crust
![Page 5: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Carbon
Carbon atoms have four valence electrons, allowing them to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen.
![Page 6: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Carbon
Carbon atoms can also bond to each other, which gives carbon the ability to form millions of different large and complex structures.
![Page 7: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Carbon Bonds
Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds.
![Page 8: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Macromolecules
• Organic molecules found in living cells
• Smaller molecules can combine to form VERY large chains: Polymerization
![Page 9: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Macromolecules
• The smaller molecules are called monomers.
• Monomers in a polymer may be identical or different.
• Macromolecules are grouped according to their chemical composition.
![Page 10: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Behind Door #1 We Have Our First Biological Molecule…
CARBOHYDRATES!!!
![Page 11: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Carbohydrates
• What is the main function???
• ENERGY!!!
• Plants, some animals, and other organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.
![Page 12: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
![Page 13: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Carbohydrates
• 2 different kinds: Simple Sugars: go right to bloodstream
after consumption Complex Carbohydrates: require
digestion; can be hours before body can use it.
![Page 14: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Simple Sugars
• Monosaccharides• Relatively small in size• Glucose
Blood sugar
• Sucrose Table sugar
• Fructose Fruit sugar
• Lactose Found in milk
![Page 15: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Complex Carbohydrates
• Polysaccharides: large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides.
• In animals….
• Glycogen: many animals store excess sugar here. Glycogen breaks down to glucose and is released into the blood when needed. In muscles, glycogen provides energy for contraction.
![Page 16: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Complex Carbohydrates
• In plants…
• Excess sugar plants make is stored as starch.
• Plants also make cellulose which gives plants their strength and rigidity. indigestible for humans
![Page 17: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Behind Door # 2…..
LIPIDS!!!
![Page 18: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Lipids
• What are functions of lipids?• Protection: fat pads over heart, kidneys, etc. Serves
as cushions over organs.• Hormones and Steriods made by the body: estrogen,
testosterone• Cholesterol found in cell membranes• Lubrication (joints): act like gel packs between joints.• Energy Storage• Important part of biological membranes (cell
membranes)• Waterproof coverings
![Page 19: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Lipids
• What are lipids made of?
• Mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms
• Lipids are generally NOT soluble in water What is another word for that property?
• HYDRAPHOBIC
![Page 20: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Lipids- Fatty Acids
• Fats- SATURATED
• Solids at room temperature; come from animals; single chain C molecules
• CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
• Oils- UNSATURATED/ POLYUNSATURATED
• Liquid at room temperature; come from plants; multiple bond chains of C
• CH2=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH2
![Page 21: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Lipids
• Hydrogenation
• Taking an unsaturated lipid and turning it into a saturated lipid by adding Hydrogen (H) to the lipid.
• Double bonds are broken and replaced by single bond H to Carbon.
• Tends to produce transfats.
![Page 22: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Lipids
• Lipids can be formed when a glycerol molecule combines with fatty acids
![Page 23: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Lipids
![Page 24: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Behind Door #3….
Nucleic Acids!!!
![Page 25: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Nucleic Acids
• What is their function?• To store and transmit hereditary/ genetic
information• DNA - • Deoxyribonucleic acid: biological blueprint• RNA - • Ribonucleic acid: carries out instructions from
DNA
![Page 26: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides: monomers that make up nucleic acids (polymers).
• Nucleotide structure:• 5-carbon sugar• Phosphate group
(-PO4)• Nitrogenous base
![Page 27: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Nucleic Acids
• Main Nucleotides:
• Adenine (DNA and RNA)
• Guanine (DNA and RNA)
• Cytosine (DNA and RNA)
• Thymine (DNA only)
• Uracil (RNA only)
![Page 28: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
And Finally… Behind Door #4…
PROTEINS!!!
![Page 29: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Proteins
• What are functions of Proteins??
• Structural: muscle, hair
• Enzymes--pure protein: catalysts which allow chemical reactions to take pace at normal body temperature.
• Transport: substances attach to protein to enter cells.
![Page 30: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Proteins
• Proteins are made of compounds called amino acids.
• All proteins contain C, O, N, H• Amino acids are made up of an amino
group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH).
• How do amino acids differ?• R-group
![Page 31: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Proteins
![Page 32: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Proteins
• What is an R-group?
• This is a generic notation for some type of Carbon group.
• The R-group can also be a Hydrogen.
• In this case it is whatever is attached to the amino and carboxyl groups that make up the amino acid.
![Page 33: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Proteins
![Page 34: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Proteins
• How many amino acids exist in nature?
• More than 20 different types (because of R-group)
• Proteins are among the most diverse macromolecule because of all the possible arrangements of amino acids.
![Page 35: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Proteins
• Proteins are polymers of amino acids.• Peptides/ polypeptides• Small, short strings of amino acids• Covalently bonded• Protein• A functional molecule built from one or
more polypeptides• Large; long chains of amino acids
![Page 36: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Proteins
• Complete Proteins: Animal protein molecules contain repeated use of all 20 different amino acids.
• Incomplete Proteins: Most plant sources produce proteins that do not contain all 20 amino acids. Vegetarians need to eat a variety of plants in
order to get the amino acids they need for their own protein synthesis.
![Page 37: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Proteins: Levels of Organization
• Proteins can have 4 different structural levels of organization.
• Primary Structure: is the sequence of its amino acids.
• Secondary Structure: the folding or coiling of a peptide chain. Typically done by hydrogen bonding.
![Page 38: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Proteins:Levels of Organization
![Page 39: Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10. Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc11a28abf838ca486a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Proteins: Levels of Organization
• Tertiary Structure: the complete 3-D arrangement of the polypeptide chain.
• Fourth Level of Structure: proteins with more than one chain; fourth level describes the way the different polypeptide chains are arranged with respect to each other.