mol 2014 - the connected caribbean - ebook

8/12/2019 Mol 2014 - The Connected Caribbean - eBook

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tgo kjhhoktom

L sjknj-fltornl` hotwjri lpprjlkg

tj plttorhs jd gjfjbohonty lhm

mnvorsnty nh tgo pro-kj`jhnl` pornjm

Lhbus L. L. Fj`

klrneeolh


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[nmostjho SrossL how bohorltnjh jd Sue`nsgnhb

^ju lro rolmnhb l du`` vorsnjh jd tgns ejji, djr droo!

]gns ejji ns plrt jd tgo [nmostjho o-`nerlry wgoro fjst jd jur

pue`nkltnjhs lro du``y lkkossne`o djr droo. Djr lkkoss tj fjro

droo ejjis vnsnt1 www.snmostjho.kjf/`nerlry

Mjwh`jlm Du`` SMD

Tnsnt tgo [nmostjho o-`nerlry tj erjwso jur o-ejjis. Djr l fnhnfl`

doo yju klh purkglso l du``y duhktnjhl` SMD lhm ey mjnhb sj, yju

go`p tj ioop jur `nerlry ruhhnhb.

www.snmostjho.kjf/`nerlry


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[nmostjho Sross

tgo kjhhoktom

klrneeolh


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Srjodskgrndt

tor vorirnabnhb vlh

mo brllm vlh Mjktjr llh mo _hnvorsntont @onmoh,

jp bozlb vlh Uoktjr Flbhnkus prjd. fr. K.A.A.F. [tjìor,

vj`bohs eosùnt vlh got Kj`òbo vjjr Srjfjtnos

to vormomnboh jp


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5327->3-77>3-5?>-7

@ly-jut & kjvor mosnbh1 [nmostjho Sross

Mo tjtstlhmijfnhb vlh mnt prjodskgrndt worm hlhknoo` fjbo`nai bofllitmjjr mo Homor`lhmso Jrblhnsltno vjjr Rotohskglppo`nai Jhmorzjoi (HRJ)9prjaokthuffor 522-45-33


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@l for, `l for, tjuajurs rokjffohkoSlu` Tl`ry, 53

Tjjr Lhmr


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@nst jd Dnburos


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= ]nos tglt Flttor, Flttor tglt ]nos1 L ]gojrotnkl` Drlfowjri djr

[jknj-fltornl` Hotwjri [tumnos


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2 Klknquoslhm tgonr Kj`òktnvos1 Lh Otghjgnstjrnk Tnow jd Sj`ntnkl`

Hotwjris ?

Klknkl` hotwjris1 l drlbfohtlry lrkgloj`jbnkl` vnow 2

Klknkl`hotwjris1 l vnow drjf otghjgnstjry 53?) jr tgo ku`turl`fjslnk jd [lfuo` Rn`sjh (>;), dln` tj klpturo tgo kjfpòxnty jd tgo Klrneeolh.Oxplhmnhb tgo nst jd kjhkopts ls sgjrt-glhms djr moskrnenhb wglt tgo Klrneeolh nswn`` l`sj hjt ernhb rosjùtnjh. Ls klh eo sooh drjf tgo wjrm k`jums jh tgo kjvorjr tgo jho eo`jw jd tgo dnrst kglptor jd Eohtoz-Ujajs @l Ns`l quo so ropnto (Dnburo


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53

Nh pro-kj`jhnl` lrkgloj`jby jho jd tgo sjùtnjhs gls eooh tj mnvnmo tgo rokjrmnhtj mnskroto ohtntnos tglt klh eo kltobjrnzom lhm jrmorom, l wly jd wjrinhb tgltns jdtoh rodorrom tj ls tgo ku`turo gnstjrnkl` prjaokt. go provlòht fjmos jdkltobjrnzltnjh jd tgns prjaokt `nos lt tgo golrt jd l `jhb gnstjry jd rosolrkg jh tgo

jrnbnhs lhm ro`ltnjhs eotwooh pro-kj`jhnl` ku`turos lhm sjknotnos, l`rolmy bjnhbelki tj tgo dnrst eobnhhnhbs jd Klrneeolh lrkgloj`jby ls l kjgoroht sknohtndnkmnsknp`nho (_``jl Guhb 535).

Nh tgonr fjst elsnk djrf tgoso kltobjrnzltnjhs lro elsom jh l enhlry mnvnsnjhtglt strjhb`y djkusos jh tgo prosohko jr lesohko jd jho trlnt jr lspokt jd fltornl`ku`turo lssofe`lbos. Elsom jh tgns l pornjm, robnjh, snto, jr lrtodlkt wn`` eo putnhtj l kltobjry djr wgnkg l rlhbo jd jtgor ku`turl` lspokts lro lh nfp`nknt plrt. Djrnhstlhko, l tofpjrl`, spltnl`, ku`turl` lhm sjknotl` ejuhmlry gls trlmntnjhl``y eoohmrlwh eotwooh l-korlfnk lhm korlfnk fltornl` ku`turo lssofe`lbos (kd. Ujuso>5). gns folhs tglt nd l snto rokjrm kjhtlnhs korlfnks nt ns uhmorstjjm tj eoplrt jd l brjup jd Korlfnk Lbo sntos. gns ns tgjubgt jd ls jho kltobjry tgltnhkùmos jtgor sjknotl` jr ku`turl` trlnts, sukg ls gjrtnku`turo, kòlr`y lrtnku`ltomro`nbnjus lhm korofjhnl` `ndo, otk. go prjeòf wntg tgojrnos elsom jh jho

enhlry kltobjrnzltnjh ns tglt tgoy lro fukg tjj nhkùsnvo tj oxp`lnh tgo kjfpòxhlturo jd tgo lrkgloj`jbnkl` rokjrm. Rgoh tgns wls rokjbhnzom tgo ejuhmlrnos jdmnkgjtjfjus kltobjrnos woro jdtoh sgndtom jr lelhmjhom l`tjbotgor, sukg ls glsglppohom wntg tgo nhdlfjus nmohtndnkltnjh jd Krle lhm [go`` pojpòs nh SuortjUnkj (o.b. Ulnhoy ;?, ?5).

Ls l rosu`t fjro enhlry suemnvnsnjhs jd prnflry enhlry kltobjrnos woro jdtohlmmom `ltor. gns rosu`tom nh twj-stoppom enhlry fjmo`s. Oxlfpòs jd sukg twj-stoppom enhlry k`lssndnkltnjhs systofs nh tgo Klrneeolh lro tgo olr`y lrkgloj`jbnkl`wrntnhbs jh tgo Lrlwlis, polkodu` wntg dnho fltornl` ku`turo, lhm Klrnes, wlr`niowntg krumor fltornl` ku`turo (o.b. Snhkgjh 4


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55, 533;9 [nobo` >5). Jdtoh l tgnrm stop kltobjry ns lmmom tj tgns wgnkg nselsom jh robnjh. gns mnddorohtnltos eotwooh lh Lrkglnk, Olr`y lhm @lto Korlfnk

Lbo tglt glvo spokndnk Broltor lhm @ossor Lhtn`òlh kjfpjhohts sukg ls nh tgogjrnzjh lpprjlkg lmjptom ey Alkquos lhm Gohry Sotnt-Aolh Ujbot (Ernbgt 534l) lhm tgo kroltnjh jd lh oxplhsnvo spltnl`-tofpjrl`-ku`turl` fjmo`.

go eoluty jd sukg kltobjrnzltnjhs ns tglt tgoy klh prjvnmo `jkl``y motlnòmbrjupnhbs lhm jrmor tgoso ls `lrbor suprl-kltobjrnos. gns prjvnmos ro`ltnvo`y kòlrfjmo`s jd (fltornl`) ku`turl` gnstjry lhm bojbrlpgy. ôt, wglt rosolrkgors stumynhbmnlkgrjhnk lhm nhtorrobnjhl` plttorhs jd fjen`nty lhm oxkglhbo glvo djuhm ns tglt

hostom kltobjrnos mj hjt lmoqulto`y rodòkt tgo trlhsntnvnty lhm nhtorro`ltomhossjd Klrneeolh sjknl` gnstjrnos lhm fltornl` ku`turl` roportjnros. go prjeòf wntgtgoso fjmo`s ns tglt ovoh tgo fjst sjpgnstnkltom hostom kltobjrnos hokossntlto lglrm eroli tglt ovohtul``y gls tj eo mrlwh eotwooh mnddoroht brjups (Sotorsoh,

; [jfotnfos tgns rosu`ts nhtj tgo rokjbhntnjh jd jvor`lp eotwooh kltobjrnos, sukg ls tgo Kuelhprjtj-lbrnkj`ls. ]jubgt tj roprosoht l fjmjs mo vnmltglt wls plrt`y lbrnku`turl` eut `lkinhb l kòlrgnorlrkgnkl` sjknoty lhm ku`turo (_``jl Guhb lhm Tl`krko` Ujals 5335).

= L`tgjubg Ujuso lhm Eu`òh lhm Eu`òh woro tgo flnh prjpjhohts jd tgonr tgojrnos lhm fotgjm,flhy jtgors tjji snfn`lr jr k`jso`y ro`ltom rjutos jd lpprjlkg tj tgns prjeòf (o.b. L``lnro 229

Kglh`ltto Elni lhm Hlrblhos [tjrmo >39 Snhkgjh 4


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ot l`.533=).?[j, wgn`o (hostom) fjmo`s lro gnbg`y lmvlhkom, plrtnku`lr`y nh tgoKlrneeolh, nt ns hjw jdtoh do`t tglt tgoy dln` tj klpturo tgo sjknl` lhm ku`turl`nhtrnklknos jd pro-kj`jhnl` gnstjry (Kurot 533?1 ?2-?79 Gjdflh lhm Gjjb`lhm53


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5;

klh eo oxp`jrom, lhl`ysom lhm nhtorprotom ey lmjptnhb l hotwjri lpprjlkg (Dnburo9 Erlhmos, ot l`.53


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5=

L hotwjri lpprjlkg ns eun`t jh tgo profnso tglt nt ns nhsnbgtdu` tj stumy gjwnhmnvnmul` ohtntnos nh l mltl sot lro mnddorohtnl``y kjhhoktom tj jtgor ohtntnos.

Lt tgo jutsot nt ns nfpjrtlht tj hjto tglt elsnkl``y lhytgnhb klh kjhstntuto l hjmolhm tgo tnos kjhhoktnhb nt klh eo lhy sjrt jd ro`ltnjh, wgnkg l``jws djr l vlrnotyjd hotwjri lpprjlkgos tglt wn`` eo oxplhmom upjh nh `ltor kglptors. L hjmo klh

glvo ls flhy tnos ls tgoro lro hjmos nh tgo hotwjri wgnkg nt ns l plrt jd jr ovohfjro nd hjmos klh eo kjhhoktom ey fjro tglh jho typo jd tno. Rglt ns ospoknl``y


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5?

nhtorostnhb djr tgo purpjsos jd tgns stumy ns tglt nh hotwjris tgoro ns mnddorohtnl`brjupnhb jd hjmos lhm tnos. ot, eokluso l hotwjri lpprjlkg djkusos jh kjhhoktnjhshjt ejuhmlrnos, tgo kjfpjsntnjh jd brjups ns elsom jh tnos eotwooh hjmos lhmhjt jh brjup ejuhmlrnos (Dnburo


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54

[nx ns tgo flbnk hufeor jd mobroos pjnhtnhb tj tgo kjhkopt tglt snx sjknl`nhtorlktnjhs soplrlto twj rlhmjf nhmnvnmul`s jh lvorlbo. gns hotwjri mnstlhko nsjdtoh rodorrom tj nh dnktnjhl` lhm pjpu`lr sknohtndnk lkkjuhts jd hotwjri strukturos,eut ns, mopohmnhb jh tgo sottnhb jd tgo hotwjri uhmor stumy, l `nttò jh tgo `jw

snmo. Nt ns hovortgoòss truo tglt rlhmjf hjmos nh flhy rol`-`ndo hotwjris klheo kjhhoktom ey folhs jd l surprnsnhb`y sgjrt pltg. gns gls eokjfo ihjwh lstgo sfl``-wjr`m pgohjfohjh (Rltts >>9 Dnburo 5.4.=). [j-kl`òm woli tnosp`ly l pnvjtl` plrt nh sfl``-wjr`m hotwjris eokluso tgoy l``jw lh nhmnvnmul` tjrolkg jut eoyjhm gns jr gor `jkl` brjup jd strjhb tnos.2go nmol jd woli tnosns kjhkoptul``y k`jso tj tgo nfpjrtlhko lrkgloj`jbnsts òhm tj oxjtnk jeaokts nhsnto lssofe`lbos1 sorvnhb tj kjhhokt tgo `jkl` pojpò jrnbnhl``y `nvnhb lt tgo snto tjjtgors eoyjhm tgo nffomnlto robnjh. go duhktnjh jd woli tnos nh (sjknl`) hotwjrisns kòlr, eut gjw mj kortlnh hotwjris djrf sfl``-wjr`ms:

go pgysnknsts Rltts lhm [trjbltz fjmo`òm gjw sukg sfl``-wjr`ms mopohmom

jh tno lttlkgfoht lhm l kùstornhb kj-oddnknoht. Nh tgonr rlhmjf -fjmo` tgoy dnrstlestrlktom tj twj oxtrofos, jho wls kl`òm tgo klvofoh lhm tgo jtgor tgo [j`lrnlhotwjri.7Rltts lhm [trjbltz rol`nzom, gjwovor, tglt eotwooh tgoso oxtrofos tgoroworo vory lrbo kùstornhb kj-oddnknoht rlhbos lhm tglt prjpohsnty djr kùstornhb wlsl`rolmy mopohmoht jh l suestrlto jd hjmo lhm tno-ro`ltnjhs. Nh tgonr -fjmo` tgoystlrtom jut drjf l rnhb-`lttnko hotwjri. gns ns l pordokt`y knrku`lr brlpg nh wgnkgh hjmos lro ro`ltom tj I jtgor hjmos, I/5 jh olkg snmo (Dnburo >).

Jvorl``, sfl``-wjr`ms soof tj eo lh lttrlktnvo fjmo` tj oxp`lnh dolturos jd tgokjhhoktom plst. Djr oxlfpò, nh gns stumy jh tgo kjhhoktom wjr`m jd tgo Tninhbs,[nhmeloi kjhstrukts twj hotwjris tglt prjvnmo l bjjm oxlfpò jd l gnstjrnkl``ylhm lrkgloj`jbnkl``y lttostom sfl``-wjr`m ([nhmeloi 5332). Jho hotwjri ns elsomjh snto lssofe`lbos, wgnò tgo jtgor ns lh lddn`nltnjh hotwjri jd `jkltnjhs lhmnhmnvnmul`s fohtnjhom nh tgo Tntl Lhsilrnn, lh lkkjuht jd tgo `ndo lhm tnfos jdtgo fnssnjhlry Ensgjp Lhsilr. Rglt ns nhtorostnhb ns tglt, ls l hotwjri fjmo`, tgotoxtul` stumy lhm tgo hotwjri elsom jh kj-jkkurrohko jd lrtodlkt typos prosoht

2 Hjto tglt tgo kjhhjtltnjh woli ns s`nbgt`y fnsòlmnhb. Eonhb woli mjos hjt folh tglt tgo tno ntso`d

ns mjuetdu` jr hjt jd gnbg vlùo1 o.b. wgoh, nh lh lrkgloj`jbnkl` klso, wo soo `nttò ovnmohko djr lkjhhoktnjh jr tglt tgo lfjuht jd oxjtnk fltornl` ns jh`y vory sfl`` kjfplrom tj tgo lfjuht jd `jkl`fltornl`. ]o wolihoss jd l tno ns ro`ltnvo tj tgo kjfpjsntnjh jd l hjmos mjfnhlht suebrlpgs. Nhdlkt, eokluso jd tgonr kjhhoktnvo pjtohtnl`, jho kju`m sly tglt tgo nfplkt jd sukg oxjtnk tnos djr tgojvorl`` hotwjri ns broltor tglh tgjso jd strjhb tnos. ]o kohtrl`nty jd woli tnos ns tgus ossohtnl``y lhotwjri jporltnjhl`nzltnjh jd tgo (nh tgo Klrneeolh) wo`` -ihjwh wjri jd Flry Go`fs jh tgo pjworjd tgo oxjtnk (Go`fs 77).

7 Nh l klvofoh hotwjri nd l hjmo ns kjhhoktom tj lhjtgor hjmo nt ns l`sj gnbg`y `nio`y tglt nt wn`` kjhhokttj l hjmo tglt tgo jtgor hjmo ns l`rolmy kjhhoktom tj. ]o rosu`t ns l `lrbo hufeor jd futul` kjhtlkts fnfnkinhb tgo pjpu`lr k`nkg tglt jur Sl`loj`ntgnk lhkostjrs woro plrt jd sfl``, `jkl`nzom klvo-brjups. ]ns ns bjjm djr `jkl` kjgosnjh, eut motrnfohtl` djr kjhhoktnjhs eotwooh brjups. [j`lrnl wlsl ktnjhl` guflh-nhglentom p`lhot nh Nsllk Lsnfjvs Djuhmltnjhlhm Ujejt sornos. ]ns p`lhot wlsjh`y splrso`y nhglentom ey oxtrofo nsj`ltnjhnsts wgj jh`y rlhmjf`y plnrom up tj flto. Hjmos nh tgo

[j`lrnl fjmo` wn`` glvo hj prjpohsnty tj nhtorlkt wntg lhyjho nh plrtnku`lr, sj nt ns gnbg`y uh`nio`ytglt `jkl` kùstornhb wn`` ovj`vo.


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kjfplrleò rosu`ts. Ejtg nhmnklto tglt tgo Tninhb hotwjri wls go`m tjbotgor ey lsfl`` hufeor jd woli tnos eotwooh (bojbrlpgnkl``y) jkl` kùstors. gorodjro, ovohnd tgoy woro sprolm l`` jvor Ourjpo lhm eoyjhm, sjfo Tninhb Lbo kjffuhntnosworo plrt jd l sfl``-wjr`m.

[nhmelois klso-stumy l`sj sgjwom tglt woli tnos tohmom tj kùstor lt spokndnkhjmos. Lkkjrmnhb tj tgo Tntl Lhsilrnn nt wls Ensgjp Lhsilr lhm jtgor kòrbyfoheut hjt `lnty wgj mnm fjst jd tgo trlvo``nhb eotwooh vn``lbos lhm tjwhs. Gnbgor-rlhinhb fofeors jd tgo Kgurkg tgorodjro kroltom tgo sfl`` hotwjri mnstlhkoseotwooh tgo wnmo`y mnsporsom `jkltnjhs fohtnjhom nh tgo toxt. go slfo klh eoslnm djr Tninhb Lbo sntos. Tninhb trlmnhb tjwhs jr ofpjrnl, sukg ls Gomoey lhmUneo nh Mohflri, go`m tgo flajrnty jd tgo tnos wntgnh tgo fjmo`. rlmnhb tjwhstgus `ly lt tgo elsns jd tgo sfl``-wjr`m jd tgo Tninhbs lhm woro rospjhsneò djrgj`mnhb nt tjbotgor. gns sgjws tglt, lsnmo drjf woli tnos, kjhhoktnvnty nh tgownmor hotwjri klh l`sj mopohm jh tgo kohtrl` pjsntnjh jd kortlnh hjmos.

go nmol jd pjwordu` jr kohtrl` hjmos ns k`jso`y l``nom tj tgo myhlfnk lhmkjfpòx strukturo jd l hotwjri. goso hotwjri gues klh eo kjhkoptul`nzom lspjrts jd trlmo, eokluso tgoy lro tgo stlrt- jr ohmpjnht jd huforjus rjutos (Sj`lhyn4;). Muo tj tgo sgoor qulhtnty jd tnos tglt bj tj jr lwly drjf tgof, tgoy lrotgo kohtro jd jtgorwnso òss-kjhhoktom hotwjri kjfpjhohts (Dnburo . Hjhotgoòss, l survoy jd òss tglh 53% jd tgo rol`wjr`mwnmo woe djuhm jvor djur guhmrom jd sukg gnbg`y kjhhoktom plbos, l sfl``hufeor jd wgnkg glm lh ovoh gnbgor nhmobroo. Elsom jh tgns lhm snfn`lr stumnosElrlels lhm kj`òlbuos djuhm tglt hjmo mobroos nh hotwjris sukg ls tgo wjr`mwnmo

woe glm tgo dlt-tlnòm mnstrneutnjh nhmnkltnvo jd l pjwor `lw (Lèort, ot l`.>>9Elrlels, ot l`.>>). L pjwor `lw, flmo wo`` ihjwh ey stumnos jd so`d-jrblhnznhbsystofs, ns modnhom ey tgo oxpjhohtnl` ro`ltnjh jd tgo droquohky jd lh jkkurrohko tjlhjtgor trlnt jd tglt jkkurrohko (Elrlels 533;). Jho trlnt jd l pjwor `lw ns tglt ntns sklò-droo1 tgo nhtrjmuktnjh jd l kjhstlht dlktjr rosu`ts nh l prjpjrtnjhlto skl`nhbjd tgo jrnbnhl` pjwor-`lw ro`ltnjh (Howflh 533=).

go dnrst surprnsnhb rosu`t jd tgonr stumnos jd tgo woe prjfptom Elrlels lhmgns rosolrkg brjup tj `jji djr pjwor `lws nh jtgor hotwjris, tjj. gns quostdjr pjwor `lw mnstrneutnjhs ns moskrneom nh gns pue`nkltnjh @nhiom. Nt glfforomgjfo tgo nfpjrtlhko jd (sklò-droo) hotwjris tj l wnmo lumnohko, nhkùmnhb

sovorl` lrkgloj`jbnsts (Erubgflhs 53


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lstjuhmnhb rlhbo jd rol` `ndo hotwjris1 drjf kj-stlrrnhb Gj``ywjjm lktjrs tj tgofotlej`nk systof jd tgo guflh ko``. [jfotgnhb l`` sukg hotwjris sglro ns tglttgoy dj``jw l djrf jd Slrotjs prnhknp`o nh wgnkg tgo flajrnty jd tgo tnos pjnht tj lfnhjrnty jd tgo hjmos (Dnburo Elrlels prjpjsos tglt tgoro lro twj bohorl`

myhlfnk prjkossos rospjhsne`o djr tgns. go dnrst ns soquohtnl` hotwjri brjwtg.gns prjkoss gls l hotwjri ovj`vnhb jh l stop ey stop elsns. Murnhb ovory stopl how hjmo lhm h tnos lro lmmom tj tgo hotwjri tglt wnro tj l rlhmjf hjmo. Nhtgns wly hjmos tglt lro tgo dnrst jh tgo skoho glvo tgo `lrbost lbbroblto kglhko jdrokonvnhb nhkjfnhb tnos. @ltokjfors sgju`m tgorodjro l`wlys eo oss kjhhoktom tglhtgo olr`y enrms. Nt ns hjt mnddnku`t tj nflbnho tglt tgns fnbgt wjri nh l rol` wjr`mskohlrnj.


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5>

uhmor`no sovorl` jr flhy rol` hotwjris fly eohodnt drjf tgo typo jd ovjùtnjhlrystumy jddorom ey lrkgloj`jby.

Nh tgojry, tgo gypjtgosns tglt pro-kj`jhnl` nhtorlktnjh hotwjris tlio tgo sglpolhm dj``jw tgo myhlfnks jd jho jr fjro jd tgo fjmo`s mnskussom lejvo klh eo

vorndnom lblnhst lrkgloj`jby rol`nty. Djr oxlfpò, wntg l strotkg jd tgo nflbnhltnjh,nt kju`m eo k`lnfom tglt mnlkgrjhnk kjhtnhunty lhm kglhbo nh tgo Klrneeolhlrkgloj`jbnkl` rokjrm woro rlhmjf prjkossos. Nh tgns klso wo wju`m soo plttorhsjd gjfjbohonty lhm mnvorsnty tglt lro uhkgokiom ey lhy jtgor typos jd prjkossos,eut djr tgop tglt l hjmo ns ro`ltom tj l rlhmjf jtgor hjmo. gns ns porglps k`jsosttj tgo uhmnddorohtnltom vnow go`m ey Eohtoz-Ujaj tglt ohvnsnjhs tgo Klrneeolh lsl splko jd kgljs, l`tgjubg nt sgju`m eo hjtom tglt Iooblh gls pjnhtom jut tglt tgnskgljtnk Klrneeolh ns ntso`d l kjfpòx lmlptnvo systof (Iooblh 533=). Nh kjhtrlsttj tgns, plttorhs jd gjfjbohonty lhm mnvorsnty fly eo robu`lr`y strukturom, o.b.dj``jwnhb l `lttnko `lyjut. Djr oxlfpò, kjffuhntnos wju`m kjhhokt tj jh`y l dow

jd tgonr k`jsost honbgejurs, djr wgltovor folsuro jd mnstlhko jho tlios (Iooblh535) fnbrltnjh lhm ku`turl` mnddusnjhfjmo`. Nh tgns fjmo` tgo hotwjri ns nhntnl``y elsom jh lrbo-sklò fnbrltnjhs wntgnhl bojbrlpgnkl``y kjhstrlnhom eut nhtor`jkiom lrkgnpo`lbnk wjr`m. goh lblnh, ls glseooh mnskussom lejvo, rokoht ovnmohko subbosts tglt tgo Klrneeolh wls rltgor fjro`nio l sfl`` wjr`m, wntg vlrnjus lhm sustlnhom `jhb-mnstlhko woli tnos kjhhoktnhbnts vlrnjus kjlstl` lhm ns`lhm kjffuhntnos (Gjdflh lhm Gjjb`lhm 53


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gypjtgosos tglt fly eo mrldtom drjf tgo oxnstnhb ejmy jd Klrneeolh lrkgloj`jbnkl`tgojrnos.

Gnmmoh hotwjri fjmo`s nh Klrneeolh lrkgloj`jby

gns how lpprjlkg tj tgo nhmnbohjus plst jd tgo robnjh gls l`rolmy eoohdjrosglmjwom ey jho lhm l gl`d moklmo jd stumnos tglt glvo lmmrossom l fyrnlmjd hotwjri nhtorlktnjhs nh tgo djrf jd fjen`nty lhm oxkglhbo stumnos jd pojp`o,bjjms lhm nmols (o.b. Ejjfort 53339 Ernbgt 53


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tgo sprolm jd Lrlwlilh `lhbulbos lhm fltornl` ku`turo roportjnros lro elsom jhtgo nmol jd ku`turl` lssnfn`ltnjh (Gokioheorbor 5339 Ejjfort 53339 Glvnsor >4), hjmo snzo ns elsom jh eotwoohhoss kohtrl`nty (roprosohtnhb hjmos fjstsukkossdu` nh hotwjri strltobnos) lhm hjmo kj`jur drjf e`lki tj wgnto roprosohts stltuskohtrl`nty (roprosohtnhb hjmos fjst sukkossdu` lt kjrpjrlto strltobnos). Hjto tglt tgns fjmo`sgjws tglt nt ns fjst lmvlhtlbojus tj fnx ejtg strltobnos (soo Kglptor 2).


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gjw kortlnh typos jd brjup strukturos, nhtor-porsjhl` gnorlrkgnos, lhm fltornl`ku`turo eo`jhbom tjbotgor (o.b. [nobo` >5). gns jdtoh bjos nh kjhauhktnjh wntglh okj`jbnkl` porspoktnvo (o.b [towlrm =79 [orvnko 45). Nh tgo skgjj` jd @ltnh

Lfornklh [jknl` Lrkgloj`jby, l vlrnlht jd gnstjrnkl` fltornl`nst Flrxnsf (FkBunro

53359 FkBunro lhm Hlvlrroto 533?), ovnmohko djr kortlnh suesnstohko strltobnoslro kjhsnmorom tj eo nhmnkltnvo jd gjw sjknj-pj`ntnkl` hotwjris woro djrfom lhmflnhtlnhom (o.b. [lhjal 53329 Tlrbls Lrohls 7?, 7>9 To`jz Flbbnj`j ot l`.749 [nobo` 533=), djr nhstlhko, subbost tgo oxnstohko jd twj typos jd pj`ntnkl`hotwjri strltobnos, jho nh wgnkg tgoro lro strjhb nhtorlktnjhs nh kjffuhntnosvorsus pj`ntnkl` hotwjris tglt lro eun`t jh tgo kroltnjh lhm flnhtohlhko jd nhtor-

brjup tnos.Rglt tgoso gnmmoh hotwjri strukturos lhm myhlfnks nh Klrneeolh

lrkgloj`jbnkl` tgojrnos to`` us ns tglt tgo prjeòf ns hjt tglt nt ns mnddnku`t tjdjrfu`lto lhm lpp`y (sjknl`) hotwjri tgojrnos nh Klrneeolh lrkgloj`jby, ls sjfowju`m kjhtoht (Iooblh 53329 J`nvor 533>). Jh tgo kjhtrlry, gnmmoh hotwjritgojry djrfu`ltnjh lhm lpp`nkltnjh gls l`rolmy eooh uhmortlioh jh l `lrbosklò. gns gls òm tj l mnskroplhky eotwooh tgo oxtoht tglt tgojrnos jd (sjknl`)hotwjris glvo eooh ofp`jyom lhm tgo lwlrohoss tglt tgoso fjmo`s prosuppjsospokndnk (sjknl`) hotwjri strukturos lhm myhlfnks. go rosu`t gorojd ns tglt tgososystofs lro jdtoh nhtorprotom drjf tgo tjp mjwh elsom jh tgo spokndnk tgojrotnk

porspoktnvos tglt glvo eooh usom tj uhmorstlhm tgof. Nh tgo klso stumnos N wn`` usooxnstnhb tgojrnos lhm oxp`nknt`y mrldt lhm mnskuss tgof ls hotwjris. goso stlhmlrmhotwjris wn`` tgoh eo kjhtrlstom tj hotwjri oxp`jrltnjhs elsom jh lrkgloj`jbnkl`lhm otghjgnstjrnkl` sjurkos nh jrmor tj kgoki tgonr jrnbnhl` gypjtgosos.

Hotwjris jd pojpò lhm hotwjris jd pjts

L`tgjubg tgo prodnx sjknl` ns l`fjst nhstnhktnvo`y put eodjro lhy typo jd hotwjristumy, tgoro ns hjtgnhb nhgoroht`y sjknl` lejut hotwjris (Erlhmos, ot l`.539 Sro`` 53


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tgo prosoht (o.b. Flhs 53


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jd ro`ltnjhs yju lro ontgor nh tgo brjup jr yju lro jut. Nd yju lro nh tgo brjuptgoro ns hj mnddorohtnltnjh jd wgj mjos jr bots lhm tgus sgju`m mj jr bot wglt.


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ntso`d ey tgo lmjptnjh jd lh oxp`jrltnvo hotwjri lpprjlkg. Fjrojvor, ls wn`` eomnskussom nh tgo dj``jwnhb kglptors, tgo lrkgloj`jbnkl` lhm otghjgnstjrnk rokjrm jdtgo Klrneeolh sgjws k`olr ovnmohko djr l moop-gnstjrnk jhtj`jby nh wgnkg jeaoktsworo plrt jd l wnmor sjknj-kjsfnk hotwjri jd ro`ltnjhs eotwooh guflhs, lhnfl`s,

spnrnts lhm jtgor sueaoktnvo eonhbs. Ls sukg tgns wjris soois tj ofp`jy hotwjrisknohko kjhkopts tj nhtobrlto porspoktnvos jh gjw nhtorlktnjhs eotwooh guflhs,guflhs lhm tgnhbs, lhm tgnhbs tgofso`vos tlio p`lko nh (


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hotwjri sknohko (Erlhmos ot l`. 53


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hotwjri lpprjlkg nh tgo Klrneeolh ns tglt nt wn`` prjvnmo how vnows jh j`mquostnjhs kjhkorhnhb lspokts jd tgo pro-kj`jhnl` kjhhoktnvnty nh tgns robnjh.

jbotgor wntg prjvnmnhb l prjjd jd kjhkopt djr lh lrkgloj`jbnkl` sjknj-fltornl`hotwjri lpprjlkg, tgns lnf sglpos tgo flnh quostnjh jd tgns wjri1 gjw klh wo

oxp`lnh tgo plttorhs jd gjfjbohonty lhm mnvorsnty nh tgo pro-kj`jhnl` Klrneeolhls tgo rosu`t jd sjknj-fltornl` hotwjris, elsom jh ovnmohko drjf fltornl` ku`turoprlktnkos lhm roportjnros: gns wn`` eo mjho ey lhswornhb l rlhbo jd fjro spokndnkquostnjhs1 wglt lro tgo kjrro`ltnjhs eotwooh tgo gypjtgosos jd gnmmoh hotwjrifjmo`s lhm jesorvom hotwjri ro`ltnjhs9 wglt lro tgo hotwjri nhtormopohmohknosjd fltornl` ku`turo prlktnkos lhm sjknl` nhtorlktnjhs9 wgnkg sjknl` strltobnos woropjssne`y usom nh tgo kroltnjh jd tnos jh tgo `jkl`, robnjhl` lhm nhtorrobnjhl` sklò9gjw woro hotwjri typos lhm òvo`s nhtobrltom9 gjw woro hotwjris tofpjrl``y lhmkrjss-ku`turl``y trlhsntnvo:

Jut`nho

gns nhtrjmuktjry kglptor nmohtndnom sovorl` tgofos jd nfpjrtlhko. go dnrstgorojd wls tgo rol`nzltnjh tglt tgo pro-kj`jhnl` Klrneeolh lrkgloj`jbnkl` rokjrmns hjt jh`y tgo jutkjfo jd sjknl` hotwjris, eut klh ntso`d l`sj eo uhmorstjjm lskjhsnstnhb jd hotwjris jr systofs jd fltornl` ku`turo. goso systofs klh eouhmorstjjm ey kjfenhnhb twj mnsknp`nhos, fltornl` ku`turo stumnos lhm hotwjrisknohko. go `lttor prosohts l vnow jd ro`ltnjhs eotwooh ohtntnos, rltgor tglh tgonrnhgoroht qul`ntnos, wgnò fltornl` ku`turo stumnos djkusos jh ro`ltnjhs eotwoohguflhs lhm fltornl` ku`turo. Nt ns prjdntleò tj kjfenho tgo twj, eokluso tgoy klh

rovol` tgo nhtormopohmohknos eotwooh sjknl` nhtorlktnjh lhm fltornl` ku`turo jr,jh l `lrbor sklò, sjknotl` gnstjrnos lhm systofs jd fltornl` ku`turl` prlktnkos lhmroportjnros. gns wn`` kjhtrneuto tj l mnsknp`nhlry fjvofoht lwly drjf ossohtnl`nstk`lssndnkltnjhs jd ejuhmom jr hostom sots jd fltornl` ku`turo lssofe`lbos lhm,ey oxtohsnjh, fjhj`ntgnk tgojrnos jh tgo gnstjrnos jd pro-kj`jhnl` ku`turos lhmsjknotnos. go nmol ns tj oxp`jro sjfo jd tgoso fjro trlmntnjhl` tgojrnos wntg hotwjrilpprjlkgos. goso fjro trlmntnjhl` lrkgloj`jbnkl` tgojrnos l`rolmy kjhtlnh nmolsjh tgo myhlfnks lhm strukturo jd plst (sjknl`) hotwjris jd wgnkg tgo gypjtgososwn`` eo tostom nh rodorohko tj tgo hotwjri klso stumnos.

Kglptor 5 wn`` prjvnmo lh jvorvnow jd tgo kurroht uhmorstlhmnhb jd pro-kj`jhnl`

fjen`nty lhm nhtorlktnjh nh nts bojbrlpgnk, okj`jbnkl` lhm gnstjrnkl` kjhtoxts.gns wn`` prjvnmo tgo hokosslry kjhtoxt djr tgo hotwjri klso stumnos ls wo`` lspnhpjnht sjfo jd tgo plrlfotors lhm myhlfnks tglt sglpom pro-kj`jhnl` hotwjris.Kglptor ; sorvos ls lh nhtrjmuktjry kglptor nhtj tgo hotwjri sknohko kjhkoptslhm folsuros ofp`jyom nh tgo klso stumnos. Kglptor = wn`` prjvnmo l kjhkoptul`drlfowjri tj mnskuss tgo spokndnk nhtormopohmohknos jd sjknl` lhm fltornl` ro`ltnjhsey mrlwnhb jh tgojrnos drjf Flussnlh lhm @jw`lhm [jutg Lfornklh otghjbrlpgnkporspoktnvos. Kglptors ?, 4, 2 lhm 7 trlko, lhl`yso lhm nhtorprot l mnvorso sot jdhotwjris drjf tgo pro-kj`jhnl` lhm prjtj-kj`jhnl` pornjm lhm kjhtrlst tgoso tjoxnstnhb tgojrnos lhm gypjtgosos, plrtnku`lr`y ls tgoy mol` wntg tgo tgofos jd

ku`turl` mnvorsnty lhm sjknj-pj`ntnkl` jrblhnzltnjh. Ultgor tglh prjvnmo l syhtgosns


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jd tgoso klso stumnos, tgo dnhl` kglptor wn`` mnskuss gjw tgoy klh eo sooh ls dnrststops nh l how, hotwjriom uhmorstlhmnhb tglt kjfenhos hotwjri sknohko fotgjmslhm tokghnquos wntg suestlhtnvo `nhos jd ovnmohko, lhtgrjpj`jbnkl` vnowpjnhtsjh oxkglhbo, fltornl` ku`turo tgojrnos, lhm nhmnbohjus jhtj`jbnos. gns ajnht

lpprjlkg ns krntnkl` djr uhmorstlhmnhb tgo hotwjris tlioh drjf tgo lrkgloj`jbnkl`rokjrm nh torfs jd tgo sjknotl` lhm ku`turl` gnstjrnos jd tgo nhmnbohjus pojp`o jdtgo Klrneeolh (Kglptor >).


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Nh jtgor wjrms, nd N uhmorstlhm gjw l fju`m `jjis djr nts hutrntnjh, tgns mjos hjtlutjfltnkl``y bnvo fo tgo klplen`nty tj oddjrtòss`y hlvnblto tgo jiyj suewly.

Rglt ns fjro, tgo kjhtoxt jd l hotwjri ns hjt jh`y jd nhtorprotnvo snbhndnklhkoeut wn`` l`sj glvo eooh l sglpnhb dlktjr nh tgo djrfltnjh lhm movo`jpfoht jd tgo

hotwjri nh tgo dnrst p`lko. Kjhsoquoht`y, hotwjris jd wgltovor inhm lro bohorl``yhjt stumnom ls systofs tglt oxnst lhm duhktnjh sun bohorns. gns ns modnhnto`y tgo klsodjr lrkgloj`jbnkl` hotwjris wgnkg klhhjt eo uhmorstjjm wntgjut l kòlr brlsp jdtgo sottnhb nh wgnkg tgoy woro ofeommom.

Bojbrlpgy

Jho wly tj modnho tgo Klrneeolh ls l robnjh ns ey nts fjst prjfnhoht bojbrlpgnkl`lhm okj`jbnkl` dolturo1 tgo Klrneeolh [ol. jbotgor wntg tgo Bu`d jd Foxnkj, ntklh tokghnkl``y eo kjhsnmorom ls l fomntorrlholh sol l sol tglt ns sofn-nsj`ltom

drjf lh lmalkoht jkolh ([vormrup, ot l`.=5) lhm ns tgo sokjhm `lrbost hjh-jkolhnk ejmy jd wltor, kjfprnsnhb lh lrol jd k.5,2?=,333 if5. go Klrneeolh[ol prjpor ns ejrmorom ey tgo Broltor Lhtn`òs tj tgo hjrtg, @ossor Lhtn`òs tj tgoolst, tgo [jutg Lfornklh flnh`lhm tj tgo sjutg lhm Kohtrl` Lfornkl tj tgo wost.Nt kjhhokts tj tgo Bu`d jd Foxnkj lt nts wostorh oxtohts lhm tgo Lt`lhtnk Jkolhtj tgo hjrtg lhm olst. Nh tgo sjutg nt kjhhokts tj twj jtgor ejmnos jd wltor1 tgo@lbj mo Flrlklnej nh Tohozuo`l lhm tgo Bu`d jd Slrnl. grjubg tgo `lttor lhm tgoKjùfeus Slsslbo eotwooh rnhnmlm lhm tgo flnh`lhm, jho klh blnh lkkoss tj tgomo`tl jd tgo Jrnhjkj Unvor (Nhtorhltnjhl` Gymrjbrlpgnk Jrblhnzltnjh ?;).

jmly tgo Klrneeolh kjhsnsts jd tgnrty ns`lhm lhm two`vo flnh`lhm torrntjrnos

nhkùmnhb sjvoronbh stltos, mopohmohknos, lhm jvorsols moplrtfohts tgokjfenhom torrntjry jd wgnkg kjfprnsos jvor sovoh tgjuslhm ns`lhms. goso ns`lhmsvlry gubo`y nh snzo1 drjf Kuel, tgo `lrbost ns`lhm nh tgo Klrneeolh, tj nsòs tgltlro glrm`y fjro tglh l rjki surdlknhb lejvo sol òvo`. Kuel, Gnsplhnj`l (hjwlmlysGlntn lhm Mjfnhnklh Uopue`nk), Suortj Unkj, lhm Alflnkl tjbotgor djrf tgoBroltor Lhtn`òs. go flhy ns`lhms flinhb up tgo Elglfls lhm uris lhm Klnkjs`no tj tgo hjrtg tgorojd. Lhjtgor lrkgnpo`lbj, kj`òktnvo`y ihjwh ls tgo (_.[. lhmErntnsg) Tnrbnh Ns`lhms no tj tgo olst jd Suortj Unkj. Nh tgo Olst, tgo @ossor Lhtn`òskjhsnst jd l kj`òktnjh jd ns`lhm lrkgnpo`lbjos tglt lro jdtoh suemnvnmom nhtj tgo@oowlrm lhm Rnhmwlrm ns`lhms (wntg tgo mnvnsnjh lt tgo Mjfnhnkl kglhho`, sjutg

jd Bulmo`jupo lhm Flrno-Bl`lhto). go ns`lhms jd rnhnmlm lhm jelbj, jddnknl``yhjt plrt jd tgo Rnhmwlrm Ns`lhm brjup, lro `jkltom k`jso tj tgo [jutg Lfornklhflnh`lhm mnvnmom ey folhs jd tgo Bu`d jd Slrnl lhm tgo Kj`jfeus plsslbo drjftgo Tohozuo`lh flnh`lhm lhm Jrnhjkj mo`tl. goro lro l`sj ns`lhm lrkgnpo`lbjosjdd tgo kjlst jd Tohozuo`l, sukg ls Ns`l Flrblrntl, @js Ujquos, Lruel,Kurllj, lhmEjhlnro wntg snfn`lr sfl`` lrkgnpo`lbjos pjsntnjhom jdd ûklth lhm tgo Kohtrl`

Lfornklh flnh`lhm (soo tgo Flp jh p.


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sukg ls Elrelmjs, lro kjfp`oto`y surrjuhmom ey tgo Lt`lhtnk Jkolh. Durtgorfjro,sjfo nd hjt fjst lrkgloj`jbnkl` stumnos klrrnom jut nh Klrneeolh flnh`lhm sottnhbsglvo jdtoh `odt jut lhy djrf jd mnskussnjh jr porspoktnvo jh tgo Klrneeolh ns`lhmslhm vnko vorsl (Ujmrbuoz Ulfjs 53


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ku`turl` jr bojbrlpgnk p`lko ns tgus dnrst lhm djrofjst l pjst-kjhtlkt pgohjfohjh,nhntnl``y lrnsnhb wntg tgo ostle`nsgfoht jd tgo [plhnsg Flnh ls l pj`ntnkl` lhmokjhjfnk robnjh ([luor 44).

Jh tgo jtgor glhm tgo nhtor`jkiom fjvofoht jd pojpò, bjjms lhm nmols kju`m

glvo kroltom sjknl` hotwjris tglt kjvorom tgo oxplhso jd wglt ns hjw rokjbhnzomls tgo Klrneeolh. Rju`m tgns hjt glvo kroltom l robnjh nh l`` eut hlfo: gorons l kltkg tj tlinhb tgns lpprjlkg. Eokluso sukg lh nhkùsnvo hotwjri ns lh jpohohtnty, tgoro ns hj rolsjh tj stjp trlknhb nts jut`nhos lt tgo ejrmors jd tgo Klrneeolh[ol. Ovoh wgoh tlinhb l fnhnfl`nst vnow tj tgo nmol jd mnddusnjh lhm nhtorlktnjhtgoro ns l`wlys sjfo ovnmohko tj eo djuhm djr (nhtorrobnjhl`) tnos. Nhmoom, elsomjh kurroht `nhos jd ovnmohko, tgo kjhkopt tglt flhy sjknl` hotwjris lro sfl``wjr`ms hotwjris tglt kjhsnst jd hjml` kùstors tglt lro jh`y kjhhoktom ey l dowtnos klh eo oxtrlpj`ltom tj tgo pro-kj`jhnl` Klrneeolh (soo Kglptor ;). Nh jtgorwjrms, `jkl` ns`lhm kjffuhntnos kju`m eo kjhhoktom ey folhs jd surprnsnhb`y dow

nhtorfomnlto tnos tj kjffuhntnos dlr eoyjhm Klrneeolh sgjros.Djr nhstlhko, ls N sgl`` mnskuss eo`jw, lt kortlnh fjfohts nh tnfo tgo Jrnhjkj

Mo`tl lhm @jwor Jrnhjkj wls ls fukg plrt jd l Klrneeolh nhtorlktnjh spgorols woro tgo kjlsts lhm ns`lhms jr plrt jd l @jwor Jrnhjkj nhtorlktnjh spgoro,mopohmnhb jh jhos porspoktnvo (Ejjfort 5333). Kjffuhntnos drjf tgoso robnjhsworo nh turh nhtorlktnhb, ontgor mnrokt`y jr tgrjubg tgo kjlst jd tgo Bunlhls lhm tgoFnmmò lhm _ppor Jrnhjkj, wntg tgo Lflzjh robnjh lhm eoyjhm (Gokioheorbor533?9 Gjrhejrb, ot l`.533?9 Gjrhejrb 533?). go slfo klh eo slnm wntg roblrmtj kjhhoktnjhs eotwooh tgo Kj`jfenlh lhm Tohozuo`lh kjlst lhm tgo Lhmosrobnjh jr Kohtrl` Lfornkl lhm Foxnkj (Gjjpos lhm Djhsokl 533;9 Ujuso lhm

Kruxoht 4;). Ey folhs jd tgns rjuto jr porglps ovoh D`jrnmnlh kjhhoktnjhs,tgo Klrneeolh wls prjele`y kjhhoktom tj tgo Hjrtg Lfornklh [jutgwost lhm[jutgolst, lhm sj djrtg.

go kltkg ns tglt l hotwjri porspoktnvo, eonhb elsom jh kjhhoktnvnty, mjos hjtòhm ntso`d rolmn`y djr mo`nholtnhb robnjhl` jr ku`turl` ejuhmlrnos lhm ns nh dlkt nhkjfpòto kjhtrlst tj nt (Flình 53


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=? 1

lhm kjhhoktom ey folhs jd ro`ltnvo`y hlrrjw sol-plsslbos.5 go ro`ltnvo`y sgjrtmnstlhkos eotwooh `lhmflssos prosohtom pro-kj`jhnl` flrnhors wntg oxko`òhthlvnbltnjhl` `lhmflris. Jtgor tglh tgo strotkgos jd wltor `jkltom eotwooh rnhnmlmlhm Brohlml lhm tgo Lhoblml Slsslbo, tgoro lro hj jtgor strotkgos drjf wgnkgsjfojho kju`m hjt soo drjf jho ohm tj tgo jtgor jh l kòlr mly. go nhtorvnsnen`nty

jd ns`lhms kju`m glvo eooh ovoh durtgor ohglhkom ey eonhb nh gnbgor oòvltnjhs jrnh tgo klso jd kortlnh ltfjspgornk oddokts, durtgor ohle`nhb nhtorvnsnen`nty. Rgohkortlnh ltfjspgornk kjhmntnjhs lro fot, sovorl` jtgor flnh`lhm tj ns`lhm strotkgosjd wltor, hjt trlmntnjhl``y porkonvom ls plsslbos, porglps mnm hjt ovoh roprosoht`lrbo hlvnbltnjhl` jestlkòs (jrros lhm Ujmrbuoz Ulfjs 5337).

Tnowom drjf `lrbo ku`turl` sklòs nt ns kòlr tglt bojbrlpgy ns plrt`y rospjhsneòdjr tgo plttorhs jd fjen`nty lhm oxkglhbo nh tgo robnjh ([nobo` >59 Rlttors 75,>2). [gndts nh fltornl` ku`turl` roportjnros, spokndnkl``y korlfnk styòs, nho up wntgtgo nmol jd l kglnhom ns`lhm wjr`m tj l kortlnh oxtoht. Djr nhstlhko, rosolrkg klrrnomjut ey Ujuso (74, >5) tglt gls eooh ro-kjhdnrfom ey Ernbgt (53


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p`lko wntgnh sfl``or robnjhs. L sglrp qulhtntltnvo dl``-jdd jd l kortlnh rlw fltornl`klh jdtoh eo sooh jutsnmo nts nffomnlto lrol jd prjkurofoht (o.b. Nsohmjjrh, ot l`.

53379 Ihnppoheorb 5332).L Srjxnfl` Sjnht Lhl`ysns (jr SSL) jd `lhmflssos ns n``ustrltnvo jd tgo bojbrlpgnkmyhlfnks jd Hjrtg-Olstorh Klrneeolh hotwjris (Erjjmelhi 53331


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=2 1

hotwjri wju`m stoor robnjhl` nhtorlktnjh hotwjris nhtj tgo mnroktnjh jd l rnhb-`lttnko sglpo, dlvjurnhb mjwh-tgo-`nho nhtorlktnjh.

L mnvorso boj`jby lhm okj`jby

go Klrneeolh ns`lhms, wntg tgo oxkoptnjh jd Kuel, `no jh tgo Klrneeolh p`lto,tgo boj`jbnkl` gnstjry jd wgnkg ns stn`` golvn`y moeltom (Alkisjh 53359 Snhmo`` lhmElrrott >3). go hjrtgorh oxtrofnty jd tgns p`lto ns l trlhsdjrf vlu`t, ruhhnhbl`jhb tgo sjutgorh kjlsts jd Kuel lhm tgo hjrtgorh kjlst jd Gnsplhnj`l lhmSuortj Unkj. goso ns`lhms woro prosufle`y djrfom murnhb tgo _ppor Krotlkojus,uhmorbjnhb vj`klhnk, flrnho somnfohtltnjh lhm fotl-fjrpgnk prjkossos nhtgo kjurso jd tgonr djrfltnjh (Mrlpor, ot l`. >=). Hjwlmlys tgo toktjhnks lroro`ltnvo`y trlhqun` kjfplrom tj nts olr`y gnstjry lhm tgo dlu`t `nho mjos hjt bohorltolhy lktnvo vj`klhnsf. Gjwovor, muo tj tgo prjxnfnty jd tgo Gnsplhnj`l lhm Suortj

Unklh trohkgos, tgo lrol klh eo sueaokt tj mostruktnvo qulios, djr oxlfpò tgo jhostglt struki Sjrt Ujyl`, Alflnkl (5) jr Glntn (53=).

Lsnmo drjf bnvnhb tgo robnjh nts lrk-sglpo wgoh `jjiom lt jh l flp, tgosoprjkossos prjmukom l mnvorso boj`jbnkl` `lhmsklpo. go boj`jby lhm sglpo jd lhns`lhm wls lhm ns lh nfpjrtlht dlktjr tglt nhdùohkom tgo kgjnkos lhm prlktnkos jdmln`y guflh `ndo. Gnbg lrols woro strltobnkl``y lmvlhtlbojus, wgnò d`lt surdlkosworo suntom djr eun`mnhb `lrbor vn``lbos, djr oxlfpò. [ott`nhb nh`lhm wju`m glvoerjubgt kjffuhntnos ro`ltnvo sokùsnjh, wgnò rnvors lhm elys prosohtom `jbnstnkl`

jppjrtuhntnos (Kjjpor 5332). Tj`klhnk oruptnjhs woro nhdroquoht eut kl`lfntjus.


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D`lt, `nfostjho ns`lhms jh tgo jtgor glhm wju`m prjvnmo dow lrols wntg wnhm sglmonh klso jd l trjpnkl` stjrf jr gurrnklho. Fjst nfpjrtlht`y, nts vlrnom boj`jby l`sjnfp`nom tglt tgo robnjh wls mjttom wntg `ntgnk rosjurkos, sukg ls vlrnjus typos jdkgorts lhm sofn-proknjus stjhos (soo Kglptor ?).

go Klrneeolh ns`lhms lhm kjlsts (oxkopt djr tgo Elglfls hjrtg jd Uuf Kly)lro l`` `jkltom nh tgo trjpnkl` eo`t eotwooh tgo rjpnk jd Klhkor lhm 7 hjrtg,prjvnmnhb tgo ohtnro robnjh wntg l trjpnkl` flrnho k`nflto. Hjhotgoòss, lkrjsstgo robnjh lhm murnhb tgo yolr wo soo l ro`ltnvo`y `lrbo vlrnltnjh nh lvorlbo `jwlhm gnbg tofporlturos lhm nh tgo lvorlbo rlnhdl`` por fjhtg, rlhbnhb eotwooh55 (lvorlbo `jw Alhulry) lhm ;; K. (lvorlbo gnbg Au`y) lhm 24 ff (Flrkg,

Lruel) tj l tjrrohtnl` ;277 ff. (Hjvofeor, wnhmwlrm Mjfnhnkl) jd rlnhdl``.goso dùktultnjhs nh tofporlturo lhm proknpntltnjh mopohm jh dlktjrs sukg lssolsjh, bojbrlpgnk `jhbntumo, oòvltnjh, `jkltnjh nh ro`ltnjh tj tgo flnh ejmnos jdwltor (wnhmwlrm, òowlrm lhm kohtrl` plrts jd tgo ns`lhms), lhm (trlmo) wnhms. Nh

dlkt, ovoh tgo slfo tofporlturo lhm rlnhdl`` fnbgt eo oxpornohkom mnddoroht`y jhl mly-tj-mly elsns, mopohmnhb jh k`jum plttorhs, suh nhtohsnty, wnhm spooms lhmbohorl` gufnmnty (soo l`sj Kjjpor 53


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=> 1

tglt woro ku`tnvltom nh gjfo blrmohs. [tlpò djjms nhkùmom l fnx jd vlrnjus tueors sukg ls tgo ku`tnvltom flhnjk (Flhngjt oskuòhtl) lhm swoot pjtltj (Npjfjoleltltls) lhm tgo wn`m flruhbuoy jr zlfnl (Qlfnl sp.) eolhs (@obufnhjslo)lhm kjrh (Qol flys). Bjurms (Kukurentl sp.) sorvom ejtg ls djjm lhm kjhtlnhors

(Fnkiòeurbg lhm Slbh-Anfhoz 53;9 Howsjf lhm Rnhb 533=).L`jhbsnmo tgoso djjm krjps tgo nhmnbohjus pojpòs ku`tnvltom kjttjh, vlrnjusgl`ùknhjbohnk lhm fomnknhl` p`lhts, lhm spnkos. Nh lmmntnjh, (glrmwjjm) troosworo utn`nzom djr gldtnhb tjj`s lhm flhudlkturnhb stltuos, jrhlfohts, lfuòts lhmnh kjhstruktnjh (Jstlpijwnkz >7). S`lht uso nh tgo @ossor Lhtn`òs murnhb tgoKorlfnk Lbo ns l`sj kglrlktornzom ey gjfo blrmohnhb lhm tgo ku`tnvltnjh jd lvlrnoty jd drunts lhm stlpò krjps. Drjf 433 LM jhwlrms, suetò kglhbos wntgroblrm tj tgo kjfpjsntnjh jd tgo d`jrl` lssofe`lbo nhmnklto nhkrolsom prossuro jhtgo `jkl` ohvnrjhfoht (E`lhklholux 533>9 Howsjf lhm Solrsl`` 533;).

Oxp`jntltnjh jd dluhl` rosjurkos wls nhdùohkom ey tgo mnddorohtnl` lkkoss

tj spokndnk torrostrnl` lhm flrntnfo zjhos (MoDrlhko 53>9 Iooblh533>9 Iooblh, ot l`.53379 Fjrsnhi 53;9 @lffors-Ionasors 53329 Fj` 53329 Jrtobl 533?). Jtgor`lrbor flrnho lhnfl`s, sukg ls sol-turtòs (Kgo`jhnnmlo) lhm flhltoos (rnkgokgusflhltus) l`sj glm lh nfpjrtlht mul` rjò tj p`ly ls djjmstudd lhm rlw fltornl` djrtgo flhudlkturo jd lfuòts lhm sglflhnk plrlpgorhl`nl.

Ldtor tgo Sònstjkoho, `lrbor `lhm lhnfl`s woro rlro. Gjwovor, sfl`` blfowls guhtom lhm kjhsufom uhtn` tgo Olr`y Kj`jhnl` pornjm. Lsnmo drjf roptnòstgoso woro l`sj rjmohts, `nvnhb k`jso tj blrmohs lhm vn``lbos, sukg ls rnko rlts(Jryzjfynhn) lhm gutnls (Nsj`jejmjh spp.). go otghjgnstjrnk sjurkos nhmnklto tglt`lrbor flffl`s lhm roptnòs woro jdtoh rosorvom djr o`ntos. gns ns l`sj suppjrtom eysjfo lrkgloj`jbnkl` `nhos jd ovnmohko (MoDrlhko 53


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?3

jd kj`jurdu` enrm-doltgors ls jrhlfohtltnjh (J`nvor 5333). Nh lmmntnjh, pordjrltomlhm mokjrltom mjb tootg glvo l`sj eooh usom ls jrhlfoht lhm lro sjfotnfos djuhmtjbotgor nh `lrbo klkgos (Jrtobl 27).=

Rglt ns nfpjrtlht tj uhmorstlhm ns tglt fjst torrostrnl` dluhl` lhm tj l

òssor oxtoht ovoh d`jrl` lhm flrntnfo dluhl` spoknos mnm hjt glvo l uhndjrfmnstrneutnjh jvor tgo robnjh. Djr oxlfpò, nt fly eo orrjhojus`y kjhkùmom drjftgo lejvofohtnjhom prosohko jd bunhol pnb ejhos nh neos tglt, nd tgo spoknos wlsprosoht jh Suortj Unkj, nt fust glvo eooh prosoht jh jtgor, holrey, okj`jbnkl``ysnfn`lr ns`lhms ls wo``. Gjwovor, nh tgns plrtnku`lr klso nt ns fjro `nio`y tglt bunholpnbs woro trlhspjrtom tj tgo ns`lhm ey guflhs ls plrt jd l spokndnk nhtorlktnjhhotwjri wgnkg fly hjt glvo oxtohmom tj (l``) jtgor ns`lhms nh tgo HjrtgolstorhKlrneeolh (MoDrlhko, ot l`. 53


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?9 Ejjfort 533315>2-5>79 Kl``lbglh 533


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?5

nhk`umos tgo mlhbors lssjknltom wntg tgo krjssnhb jd l kglhho` (Erlrm, ot l`.53


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?; 1

Kl``lbglh gls uhmortlioh sovorl` stumnos jh tgo `nio`ngjjm jd flrntnfo kjhtlkts(o.b. Kl``lbglh >3, 533


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?=

nhtorvnsnen`nty jr dlvjurle`o sol kurrohts eotwooh twj lrols oqul`s sjknl` nhtorlktnjh.Ultgor, nhtorvnsnen`nty lhm sol kurroht stumnos prosoht lh ohvnrjhfohtl` spoktrufjd pjssnen`ntnos (kd. Kl``lbglh 533


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?? 1

EK), (5) tgo Olr`y Korlfnk Lbo (?33/=33 EK-LM 433/733), lhm (;) tgo @ltoKorlfnk Lbo (LM 433/733-5). [jfotnfos tgoso `jhbor pornjms lro durtgorsuemnvnmom nhtj lh Olr`y lhm @lto pglsos jr trlhsntnjhl` pornjms, sukg ls tgo Olr`y

Lrkglnk Lbo jr tgo dlso trlhsnknjhl` jd tgo Mjfnhnklh Uopue`nk. Lsnmo drjf tgns,

ovory ns`lhm (lrkgnpo`lbj) gls nts jwh ku`turl` pornjmnzltnjh (Ujuso >59 Dnburo


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?4

2=). Ls l rosu`t, tgo Klrneeolh ns`lhms woro kj`jhnzom ey pojpòs wntg twjqunto mnddoroht ihlppnhb tokghnquos lhm lssjknltom lssofe`lbos. go sjutgorh`ntgnk fltornl` ku`turo brjup, trlmntnjhl``y kl`òm Jrtjrjnm, ns kglrlktornzom ey lvorsltnò lhm jppjrtuhnstnk tjjìnt lhm ihlppnhb tokghnquo, wjrinhb drjf sfl``

kjros tj prjmuko d`lios lpp`nom nh l vlrnoty jd purpjsos. go wostorh brjup jd ntgnkfltornl`s, ihjwh ls tgo (Klsnfnrlh) Klsnfnrjnm, ns mnstnhbunsgom ey tgo prosohkojd `lrbor kjros tj prjmuko d`lios lhm `jhb tgnh e`lmos, l`tgjubg jvor tnfo tgoporkohtlbo jd e`lmos nh ro`ltnjh tj d`lios s`jw`y mrjppom (Ujmrbuoz Ulfjs, ot l`.53


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?2 1

Klrneeolh `nvom nh sfl`` sjknl` uhnts kjhsnstnhb jd hjt fjro tglh toh nhmnvnmul`s.


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?7

rlhbnhb nh snzo drjf l po`òt tj jhos folsurnhb fjro tglh < f. lkrjss, tgo purpjsojd wgnkg ns uhkòlr klh eo djuhm nh Kuel, tgo Mjfnhnklh Uopue`nk, lhmSuortj Unkj. go typnkl` sglpos jd ko`ts lhm tgo mnstnhkt plttorh jd wolr jd ombo-brjuhm kjeeòs lro l`sj nhmnkltnvo jd wnmo-sglrom `ntgnk tjj` prlktnkos (Ujmrbuoz

Ulfjs 53


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lhm nhkrolsnhb`y nhtorkjhhoktom ns`lhm lhm flnh`lhm wjr`ms (Gjdflh, Ejjfort,ot l`.53


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43

tgo oxtoht jd wgnkg tgns nhvj`vom tgo knrku`ltnjh jd nhdjrfltnjh jr l`sj jd bjjmslhm rlw fltornl`s. Nt ns l`sj nfpjrtlht tj hjto tglt kjhtnhunty jd djuhmltnjhl`ku`turo lhm sjknoty mjos hjt hokosslrn`y kjhtrlmnkt olr`nor jpnhnjhs jh tgo lktul`fjvofoht jd how pojp`os nhtj tgo Klrneeolh (Erlrm 53


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43, 533?9 Hlrblhos [tjrmo >?). 3). L`tgjubg lmvlhkos glvo eooh flmo jh tgo stumyjd nts korlfnks lhm lssjknltom lssofe`lbos (Kglh`ltto Elni 53>9 Ujmrbuoz Ulfjs 53


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45

L`tgjubg pglso trlhsntnjhs klh jdtoh hjt eo oxp`lnhom ls tgo rosu`t jd jhop`lko, jho prjkoss, jr jho fjfoht nh tnfo tgoy klh eo sooh ls lh ovoht. Nd lhotwjri uhmorbjos l pglso trlhsntnjh tgoh l systof wn`` summoh`y ovj`vo tgltklh glvo kjfp`oto`y how myhlfnks wgoh kjfplrom tj provnjus stlbos (Slmbott lhm

Sjwo`` 53


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4; 1

gns ns l`sj tgo pornjm murnhb wgnkg tgo lrkgloj`jbnkl` rokjrm yno`ms tgo eostovnmohko djr robnjhl` lhm nhtorrobnjhl` nhtorlktnjhs (Dntzpltrnki, ot l`. 53379Gjdflh, Ernbgt, ot l`.53329 Ihnppoheorb 5332).5).4).goy lro flnh`y sfl`` jeaokts mosnbhom tj eo wjrh jr olsn`y klrrnom lhm woroprjele`y krldtom nh gjusogj`m sottnhbs ey hjh-spoknl`nsts. Nt gls tj eo hjtom tglt

tgoso jrhlfohts lro dlnr`y stlhmlrmnzom wntg ro`ltnvo`y `nttò vlrnltnjh wntgnh tgoslfo kltobjry jd jeaokts. Sorglps tgns ns ro`ltom tj tgo dlkt tglt, lsnmo drjf eonhbporsjhl` jrhlfohts, tgoy woro l`sj knrku`ltom nh wnmo-rlhbnhb oxkglhbo systofs(Gjdflh. Ernbgt, ot l`.5332).

go flajrnty jd tgoso jeaokts mopnkt lhnfl`s jr dlhtlstnk krolturos. go nmohtntnosjd jtgors, sukg ls tgo sfl`` tgroo-pjnhtom stjho, ejho kjrl` lhm sgo`` lrtodlkts, lroòss olsn`y nhtorprotom. Ls wn`` eo mnskussom eo`jw tj tgo nhmnbohjus pojpò jd tgoKlrneeolh tgoso woro hjt jh`y jeaokts eut nhspnrntom tgnhbs lhm jtgor tglh guflheonhbs (Erouio` 5329 Rl`mrjh 537). go


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fltornl` kjuhtorplrts jd tgns systof sorvom tj krolto, flnhtlnh lhm kjhtost sjknl`ro`ltnjhs nh how wlys (soo Kglptors 2 lhm 7).

Uobnjhl` survoys lkrjss tgo Klrneeolh subbost tglt tgo pjpu`ltnjh stn`` nhkrolsomrlpnm`y murnhb tgo pornjm LM =33-233 (Kurot 533?9 Gjdflh 53


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4? 1

Nt ns sldo tj sly tglt nh tgo ns`lhms tgo flajrnty jd sukg rosolrkg wls klrrnom jutnh Suortj Unkj lhm, tj l `ossor oxtoht, tgo sjutg lhm olst Mjfnhnklh Uopue`nk.gns robnjh, mnvnmom ey tgo Fjhl Slsslbo, gls eokjfo ihjwh ls tgo golrt`lhmjd klknkl`ku`turo nh tgo Lhtn``os.>, 53>, 53


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44

Djr tgo pornjm LM 5) nmohtndnom jh`y dnvo `lrbor ku`turl`sornos (soo Dnburo 9 Dnburo 7.


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42 1

Nh sgjrt, pj`ntnks wls hjt tgo jh`y lspokt jd nhmnbohjus ku`turo lhm sjknoty tjmnsp`ly lh nhkrolsnhb`y kjfpòx lhm `jkl``y mohso sjknl` strukturo murnhb tgo `lstkohturnos eodjro Ourjpolh kjhtlkt. go rnso jd tgo klknklzbjwoht glhm nh glhmwntg jtgor myhlfnks nh nhtor- lhm nhtrl-kjffuhl` ro`ltnjhs. Brjwnhb pjpu`ltnjh

hufeors folht `lrbor sjknl` hotwjris. Gjwovor, ovoh nd tgoro wls l tjtl` brjwtg jdhjmo lhm tno qulhtnty, tgo sjknl` tnos tglt nhmnvnmul`s glm mnm hjt hokosslrn`y oxplhmbojbrlpgnkl``y. go oxplhsnjh jd vn``lbo kohtros nhtj p`lzl kjfpòxos sorvnhb tgownmor robnjh fust glvo kjhvorbom wntg l how uhmorstlhmnhb jd tgo kj`òktnvo. gnsns l`sj suppjrtom ey ovnmohko djr fjro `lrbo-sklò kjffuhl` suesnstohko strltobnossukg ls dnsgnhb lhm lbrnku`turo lhm fjro rodnhom djjm proplrltnjh tokghnquos. Nhtgns pornjm tgo nmol jd kjffuhnty wls kòlr`y oxtohmom tj hjh-inh, porglps djr tgodnrst tnfo nh tgo gnstjry jd tgo Klrneeolh ([nobo` 533=9 jrros 53


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47

tgo oxnstohko jd l kjhb`jforltnjh jd lhj pojpòs, sjfotnfos brjupom uhmortgo golmor tgo Lrlwli (Ujuso =7l), wgj jkkupnom tgo Broltor Lhtn`òs drjfOlstorh Kuel tj Suortj Unkj (@jvh ;?). @nhbunstnkl``y tgo lhj wju`m l``glvo eo`jhbom tj tgo slfo Lrlwlilh `lhbulbo dlfn`y tglt ns wnmo`y mnstrneutom

jvor tgo [jutg Lfornklh flnh`lhm (Brlheorry lhm Tosko`nus 533=9 Gokioheorbor535) durtgor mnvnmom tgoso Lrlwlilh spolinhb brjups jh tgo elsnsjd (korlfnk) fltornl` ku`turo trlnts lhm sjknj-pj`ntnkl` jrblhnzltnjh1 [ue-lhjnh Kuel lhm Alflnkl, K`lssnkl` lhj jh tgo ns`lhm jd Gnsplhnj`l, lhm Olstorhlhj jh Suortj Unkj lhm sjfo jd tgo hjrtgorh @ossor Lhtn`òs. j flhy, lhjfltornl` ku`turl` roprosohts tgo lostgotnk opntjfo jd tgo nhmnbohjus pojpòs jd tgo

Lhtn`òs (Eorkgt, ot l`.>29 Iorkglkgo >=9 Uobnjhl` Fusouf jd Lrkgloj`jbyL`tjs mo Kglvjh > Y


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jd tgns brjup (Ejjfort 53


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23

jh tgo sjknj-ku`turl` ejuhmlrnos jd brjups glvo trlmntnjhl``y eooh prjpjsomelsom jh tgo mnstrneutnjh jd typos jd fltornl` ku`turo lhm tgo fjro tglh `nio`yorrjhojus nmohtndnkltnjh jd gnstjrnkl``y ropjrtom otghnk jr `nhbunstnk lddn`nltnjhs.

Rntgjut mohynhb tgo nfpjrtlhko jd nhmnbohjus porkoptnjhs jd ku`turl`, `nhbunstnk,

otghnk lhm sjknl` mnddorohkos, N doo` nt ns eottor tj òt tgoso ejuhmlrnos pjtohtnl``yoforbo drjf tgo lrkgloj`jbnkl` fltornl`, rltgor tglh nfpjsnhb tgof tjp-mjwh.Djr tgns rolsjh N wn`` nfnt tgo lpp`nkltnjh jd tgoso leo`s nh lhy djrf tj lh lesjùtofnhnfuf.

Jhtj`jby

Lh jhtj`jbnkl` lpprjlkg djkusos jh nhmnbohjus tgojrnos jd eonhb lhm ns lhlhtgrjpj`jbnkl` lmlptltnjh jd jhtj`jby ls nt ns usom nh (fotl-pgysnkl`) pgn`jsjpgy.

Lh jhtj`jbnkl` lpprjlkg soois tj klpturo sl`noht, ofnk uhmorstlhmnhbs lhm

oxp`lhltnjhs jd tgo dolturos jd tgo wjr`m, tgo p`lko jd guflhs lhm jtgor eonhbs nhnt, lhm gjw tgns klfo tj eo. Nh tgns tgo torf jhtj`jby ns k`jso`y lhl`jbjus tj tgokjhkopts jd wjr`mvnow jr kjsfjvnsnjh, eut nt snbhl`s l moplrturo drjf tgo hjtnjhtglt wglt (hjh-Rostorh) pojpò tgnhi lhm doo` lejut tgonr wjr`m lro vlrnlhts nhoxprossnjhs jd jr porspoktnvos jh jho trlhskohmohtl` rol`nty. Ultgor, rodorrnhb tjl wjr`mvnow jr kjsfjvnsnjh ls lh jhtj`jby nhstolm stlrts wntg tgo nmol tglt gjwpojpò tgnhi lhm doo` lejut tgonr wjr`m l`nbhs wntg gjw tgns wjr`m `ntorl``y ns.gns ns l rlmnkl` fjvo lwly drjf ro`ltnvnsf nh dlvjur jd tgo lkkoptlhko jd tgo(nhtorhl`) rol`nsf jd jtgor wlys jd tgjubgt (Bjjmflh 279 Jvornhb >3). gnsns hjt wntgjut sjfo mostruktnvo kjfp`nkltnjhs lejut ihjwòmbo lhm trutg-k`lnfs

nh tgo dno`m jd (lrkgloj`jbnkl`) lhtgrjpj`jby (Gohlro, ot l`. 5332). Gjwovor, tgorol`nzltnjh tglt hjh-Rostorh jhtj`jbnos lro (nhtorhl``y) rol` lhm jbnkl` l`rolmy olmstj lh nfpjrtlht sgndt nh jur jwh porkoptnjh jd tgof. Djr oxlfpò, prlktnkos tgltlro nhkjhsnstoht wntg jur rol`nty nh tglt klso rodorrom tj nh lklmofnk vorhlku`lrwntg torfs ls flbnkl`, osjtornk, jr syfej`nk oxprossnjhs flio sohso nhtgo kjhtoxt jd tgo jrnbnhl` jhtj`jbnkl` systof lhm sgju`m tgus eo lhl`ysom lhmnhtorprotom ls sukg (soo l`sj Slòoi lhm Unsajrm 53>Y


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hlturl`, n.o. (enj`jbnkl``y) nhgoroht, eut elsom jh l eonhbs porspoktnvo. [j, nh tgonrjwh kjhtoxts spnrnts lhm lhnfl`s wn`` lkt ls guflhs, tlì `nio guflhs, lhm glvosnfn`lr fltornl` ku`turl` roportjnros lhm prlktnkos o.b. gjusos, mross, glffjkis,djjmstudds (Tnvonrjs mo Klstrj 533=). Rglt ns fjro, eokluso spnrnts lhm lhnfl`s

soo tgofso`vos ls guflhs, spnrnts wn`` pjtohtnl``y soo guflhs ls proy, wgnò lhnfl`sfly porkonvo jd guflhs ls promltjrs linh tj spnrnts.Ls sukg tgo flhndost djrf jd olkg spoknos ns l foro ohvo`jpo (l k`jtgnhb)

wgnkg kjhkol`s lh nhtorhl` guflh djrf, usul``y jh`y vnsneò tj tgo oyos jd tgoplrtnku`lr spoknos jr tj trlhs-spokndnk eonhbs sukg ls sglflhs (Tnvonrjs mo Klstrj>71 =23-=2


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Ejjfort 53329 [tovohs-Lrrjyj 53349 Rgntogolm533). Nt ns l`` tgo fjro roflrileò tglttgo fltornl` oxprossnjhs jd kofnsf (nmj`s, lfuòts, porsjhl` lkkjutrofohts,korlfnk mokjrltnjh, sglflhnk plrlpgorhl`nl lhm jtgor vlùleòs wntg prjhjuhkom(zjj)lhtgrjpjfjrpgnk nflbory roflnhom ro`ltnvo`y uhndjrf lkrjss tgo ns`lhms. Lsueaokt tglt wn`` eo roturhom tj nh Kglptor 7.

Jho fly lsi1 gjw wju`m nhmnbohjus jhtj`jbnos glvo nfplktom gjw sjknl`hotwjris duhktnjhom: Nh tgns roblrm nt ns nfpjrtlht tj uhmorstlhm tglt Lfornhmnlh

porspoktnvnsf ns hjt jh`y l fjmo` jd eonhb jr nmohtnty, eut l`sj jd ro`ltnjhl`sueaoktnvnty. Rntg tgns N folh tj sly tglt sueaoktnvo jr lbohtnvo stltos lro elsom jhjutwlrm mnddorohkos eut nhtorhl`nzom oqul`ntnos. gus glvnhb l kortlnh porspoktnvokjhstrlnhs jr oxplhms tgo pjtohtnl` jd l spnrnt, lhnfl` jr guflh tj nhtorlkt wntg tgowjr`m lhm jtgors nh nt. gns kglhbos tgo qul`nty lhm qulhtnty jd pjssneò ro`ltnjhs o.b. l guflh tglt gls eokjfo jutwlrm`y lhnfl` fly nhlmvortoht`y eo guhtomlhm oltoh ey jtgor guflhs. Nh jtgor wjrms, tgns dòxneò porspoktnvo wju`m glvol``jwom djr l wnmo rlhbo jd pjssneò (sjknl`) tnos eotwooh guflhs lhm jtgor typosjd eonhbs.

gns gls roporkussnjhs djr lrkgloj`jbnkl` nhtorprotltnjhs jd gjw plst Klrneeolh

kjffuhntnos woro hotwjriom. Djr oxlfpò, nt folhs tglt fltornl` ovnmohkojd kjhhoktnjhs eotwooh guflhs, lhnfl`s, spnrnts lhm lhkostjrs o.b. zjj-lhtgrjpjfjrpgnk mosnbhs, klrvnhb jd potrjb`ypgs, pjst-fjrtof flhnpu`ltnjh jdguflh ejhos sgju`m hjt (jh`y) eo nhtorprotom ls tgo rosu`t jd fotlpgjrnkl` jrjtgorwnso syfej`nk eoglvnjurs. Nhstolm, tgoso fly glvo eooh oxprossnjhs jd `ntorl`ro`ltnjhs eotwooh sueaokts. gjubg tgns jhtj`jby pusgos eoyjhm tgo ejuhmlrnos jdwglt l Rostorh hlturl`nstnk drlfowjri kjhsnmors tj eo truo lhm pjssneò sjknl`nhtorlktnjhs, drjf lh ofnk porspoktnvo sukg l wnmor dno`m jd nhtor-sueaoktnvo ro`ltnjhswju`m glvo oxpjhohtnl``y nhkrolsom tgo tjtl` lfjuht jd pjtohtnl` sjknl` plrthorslhm kjfpotntjrs. Ovoh nd wo wju`m jh`y eo strnkt`y nhtorostom nh oxp`lhltnjhs tglt

l`nbh wntg l fjmorh vnow jd sueaoktnvnty, wo klhhjt mnskjuht tgo dlkt tglt ro`ltnjhswntg jtgor tglh guflh eonhbs glm l brolt oddokt jh tgo gnstjrnkl` trlaoktjrnos jdsjknotnos lhm ku`turos nh tgo pro-kj`jhnl` pornjm.

[uestrltos lhm prjkossos jd pro-kj`jhnl` hotwjris

gns jvorvnow gls jh`y gnbg`nbgtom bohorl` trohms, wntg flhy `jkl` plrtnku`lrntnosjd Klrneeolh ohvnrjhfohts lhm gnstjrnkl` kjhtoxts odt uhmnskussom. gns enrms oyo-vnow gls tgus hokosslrn`y jeskurom fukg jd tgo nhtrnklknos jd tgo kurroht skgj`lr`ymoeltos (soo Iooblh, ot l`.53


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mnskuss l hufeor jd okj`jbnkl` lhm gnstjrnkl` plrlfotors, suestrltos lhm prjkossos.goso l`` klfo tjbotgor nh kroltnhb l myhlfnk bojbrlpgnk lhm ku`turl` splkokglrlktornzom ey l gnbg lfjuht jd fnkrj- lhm flkrj-òvo` kjhhoktnjhs.

Dnrst jd l``, ls Ujuso (74) glm rokjbhnzom provnjus`y, tgo bojbrlpgnk `lyjut jd

tgo Klrneeolh ns`lhms fust glvo glm l sglpnhb oddokt jh tgo plttorhs jd gjfjbohontylhm mnvorsnty nh tgo robnjh. Gjwovor, nh tgo klso jd tgo Klrneeolh, tgo pjpu`lrporkoptnjh jd tgo ohvnrjhfohtl` snfn`lrnty jd (trjpnkl`) ns`lhms ns kjhtrlmnktom eytgo `lrbo vlrnoty nh `jkl` okj`jbnkl` lhm boj`jbnkl` systofs. gns folht mnddorohtnl`lkkoss tj rosjurkos, wgnkg wls kjhmuknvo djr tgo kroltnjh jd nhtor-ns`lhm hotwjris.Jh tgo jtgor glhm ohvnrjhfohts woro snfn`lr ohjubg tj l``jw lhl`jbjus `jklòvjùtnjhlry movo`jpfohts nh suesnstohko prlktnkos, fltornl` ku`turo prjmuktnjhlhm mnstrneutnjh lhm (okj`jbnkl`) elso-`nhos djr eo`nod systofs. goso mnddorohtnlèut lhl`jbjus ohvnrjhfohts wju`m glvo ronhdjrkom l fnxom kj`òktnvo jd sjknj-ku`turl` prlktnkos lhm wlys jd mwo``nhb wntgnh tgoso ns`lhmsklpos.

L`tgjubg fukg roflnhs uhihjwh wntg roblrm tj flrntnfo `jbnstnks lhm(porkoptnjhs jd) sldoty, l gnbg mobroo jd nhtor-ns`lhm vjylbnhb, nhmnkltom eylrkgloj`jbnkl` lhm otghjgnstjrnk sjurkos, wju`m glvo eooh l `jbnkl` jutkjfo jdtgns hlturl`, sjknl` lhm fltornl` `lhmsklpo. Nh tgns roblrm nt ns l`sj hjtleò tglttgo bojbrlpgnk `lyjut jd tgo Hjrtgolstorh Klrneeolh kjrro`ltos wntg tglt jd l`lttnko-hotwjri. Fjst ns`lhms woro nhtorvnsneò lhm `jkl` lrkgnpo`lbjos woro l`wlyswo``-kjhhoktom tgrjubg oxkglhbo jd bjjms lhm nhtor-ns`lhm rosnmohtnl` fjen`nty(Gjdflh, Ernbgt, ot l`.53329 @lddjjh 53


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gns wls kjrro`ltom tj tgo sj`nmndnkltnjh jd robnjhl` pj`ntnos. Drjf LM


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Kglptor ;

Lrkgloj`jby ls l Hotwjri [knohko1Elsnk Kjhkopts lhm Folsuros

K`lnf < Hotwjri sknohko ns tgo stumy jd hotwjri fjmo`s. YV

K`lnf 5 ]goro lro tgojrnos lejut hotwjri roprosohtltnjh lhm hotwjri

tgojrnos lejut pgohjfohl1 ejtg kjhstntuto hotwjri tgojry.

YV

K`lnf ; Hotwjri sknohko sgju`m eo ofpnrnkl` hjt oxkùsnvo`y sj, eut

kjhsnstoht`y lhm nts vlùo lssossom lblnhst l`torhltnvo

roprosohtltnjhs. YV

K`lnf = Rglt sots hotwjri mltl lplrt ns tgo nhknmohko strukturo jd nts

mjflnh. YV

K`lnf ? Lt tgo golrt jd hotwjri sknohko ns mopohmohko, ejtg eotwooh

lhm wntgnh vlrnleòs. YV

K`lnf 4 Hotwjri sknohko ns ovj`vnhb nhtj l fltgofltnkl` sknohko nh ntsjwh rnbgt YV

K`lnf 2 Hotwjri sknohko ns ntso`d fjro jd lh ovj`vnhb hotwjri tglh l

plrlmnbf oxplhmnhb drjf l enb elhb.

Omntjrnl` jd tgo dnrst nssuo jd Hotwjri [knohko (Erlhmos, ot l`. 53


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[kjtt 53


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wntg roblrm tj hotwjri stumnos spokndnkl``y nh mnskussnjhs kjhkorhnhb fltrnx ro-jrmornhb, l wly jd jrblhnznhb tglt rovol`s robu`lrnty lhm plttorhnhb nh l sornos jdmltl pjnhts (Erlhmos, ot l`.53


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[nto L1

Srjmukos

Lssofe`lbo gls

[nto E1

Lssofe`lbo gls[nto K1

Srjmukos

Lssofe`lbo gls

[nto M1

Lssofe`lbo gls[nto O1

Lssofe`lbo gls[nto D1

Srjmukos

Lssofe`lbo gls

L

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MO

D

M}Dnburo ;.51 Drjf lrkgloj`jbnkl` lssofe`lbo tj hotwjri. Goro tgo lrkgloj`jbnkl` rokjrm jdtgo sjutgorh Kgroflhosnlh ns`lhms lro kjfenhom lhm nhknmohkos (n.o. kj-jkkurrohkos) jdlrtodlkts nh lssofe`lbos lhm ihjw`ombo jd prjmuktnjh kohtros ns lestrlktom nhtj l hotwjri.

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D 3 3 3 3 < 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

B 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

G 3 3 3 3 3 3 < 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

N 3 3 3 3 3 3 < 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

A 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 < < 3 < 3 3 3 3 3 3

I 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 < 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

@ 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 < 3 < < < 3 3

F 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 < 3 3 < 3 < 3

H 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 < 3 < 3 3 < 3

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Dnburo ;.;1 Drjf fltrnx tj hotwjri vnsul`nzltnjh. Goro tgo fltrnx lmlptom drjfKgroflhosnls ktnjhl` snto lssofe`lbos ns vnsul`nzom ls l hotwjri. Nh tgo fltrnx


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hotwjris elsom jh tgo fjmo`s plrlfotors lhm tgo lesohko jr prosohko jd snto-hjmos nh tgo hotwjri. Lfjhb jtgor tgnhbs tgonr fjmo` sorvos tj n``ustrlto tgo jhb-torf hotwjri oddokts jd tgo


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(soo l`sj Erubgflhs 53.2 >.; 5.3 .2 ;.5 =.7 4.3 7.5

S >.2 >.2 >.2 2.? ;.4


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l hotwjri nt ns roqunrom tglt hjmos lro oqunvlòht nh torfs jd tgonr duhktnjh nh tgohotwjri tglt ns fjmo`òm lhm tglt tgoy klh eo kjhhoktom ey ro`ltnjhs tglt eo`jhbtj lh oqunvlòht kltobjry. L hotwjri fjmo` jd kj-kntltnjhs wntgnh l kj`òktnjh jdlklmofnk plpors, djr oxlfpò, wju`m eo mrlwh utn`nsnhb rodorohkos eotwooh plpors

lhm hjt elsom jh wgotgor tgo lutgjrs jd tgo plpors lro porsjhl` lkqulnhtlhkos jrhjt.5go slfo wju`m eo tgo klso djr lh lrkgloj`jbnkl` hotwjri. Djr nhstlhko, jhoklh mosnbhlto glentltnjh sntos ls hjmos lhm kjhhokt tgof nd tgoro ns kj-prosohko jdlrtodlkt typos nh tgo snto lssofe`lbo, ls gls eooh mjho nh tgo gypjtgotnkl` hotwjriprosohtom nh Dnburo ;.5 (o.b. Fn``s, ot l`.5351 5


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`lhmflssos kjhhoktom ey sovoh ernmbos. go quostnjh wls wgotgor nt wls pjssneòtj wlì l rjuto tglt kjvorom tgo wgjò knty wntgjut elkitrlkinhb ovoh jhko. gnsprjeòf ns snfn`lr tj l fjmorh mnlbrlf-trlknhb-puzzò nh wgnkg jho gls tj dj``jwlh Ouòrnlh rjuto nh jrmor tj kjhhokt tgo mjts lhm kjfpòto tgo pnkturo. Nh

l sornos jd twohty-twj plrlbrlpgs Ouòr dnrst prjkoomom tj lestrlkt tgo prjeòf,rokjbhnznhb tglt nts sjùtnjh wls hjt elsom jh tgo `lyjut jd Ihnbseorb jr lhyjtgor rol` wjr`m oxlfpò, eut jh tgo rjutos eotwooh pjnhts nh Ihnbseorb tlinhbtgo djrf jd ernmbos eotwooh knty mnstrnkts.;Ldtor surfnsnhb tglt tgo Ihnbseorbprjeòf glm hj sjùtnjh, go tgoh lestrlktom tglt djr l`` klsos, nd tgoro lro fjrotglh twj lrols tj wgnkg lh jmm hufeor jd ernmbos òlm, tgoh sukg l ajurhoy nsnfpjssneò. ôt wgoh tgo hufeor jd ernmbos ns jmm djr oxlkt`y twj lrols, tgohtgo ajurhoy ns pjssneò nd nt stlrts nh ontgor jd tgoso twj lrols. ôt nd tgoro lro hjlrols tj wgnkg lh jmm hufeor jd ernmbos òlm, tgoh tgo roqunrom ajurhoy klh eolkkjfp`nsgom stlrtnhb drjf lhy lrol (Ouòr nh Gjpinhs lhm Rn`sjh 533=). goso

lestrlktnjhs lhm tgojrofs `ltor prjvnmom tgo elso djr wglt wls tj eokjfo ihjwh lsbrlpg tgojry l torf pjpu`lrnzom nh glhmejjis ey tgo Lfornklh fltgofltnknlhDrlhi Glrlry (o.b. 4>).

gns dnrst oxlfpò jd brlpg tgojry mo`nvors lh oòfohtl` trutg lejut hotwjrilpprjlkgos. Nh jrmor tj dnhm sjùtnjh tj prjeòfs roblrmnhb ro`ltnjhs, jho glstj (


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sjfotnfos rodorrom tj ls l `jjp. L enhlry fltrnx wn`` typnkl``y kjhsnst jd l sornosjd zorjos ruhhnhb mnlbjhl``y l`jhb tgo fltrnx, mnvnmnhb nt nh gl`d (Dnburo ;.;).

Hjt l`` hotwjri mltl wn`` hokosslrn`y rodòkt twj-wly jr roknprjkl` ro`ltnjhs, eutnt ns l`sj pjssneò tj wjri wntg tno mnroktnjhs nh brlpgs. Nd l brlpg ns uhmnroktom nt

folhs tglt ontgor l`` tnos lro kjhsnmorom tj eo roknprjkl` jr tglt nt mjos hjt flttordjr tgo fjmo` nd tnos lro roknprjkltom jr hjt. L fltrnx jd lh uhmnroktom brlpgklh eo olsn`y rokjbhnzom eokluso nt wn`` eo pordokt`y syffotrnkl`. L vnsul`nzltnjhjd sukg l brlpg wn`` nh prnhknpò sgjw l`` tnos ls snhbò `nhos. Nd hjt l`` tnos nh lhotwjri lro hokosslrn`y roknprjkl`, tgns flios l brlpg mnroktom. gns ns robu`lr`yvnsul`nzom ey folhs jd lh lrrjw-golm lt tgo ohm jd l tno nhmnkltnhb nts mnroktnjh.Eokluso kortlnh hjmos fnbgt eo `nhiom ey jh`y jho mnroktom tno, l mnroktom brlpgwn`` hjt (l`wlys) yno`m l syffotrnkl` fltrnx. L`tgjubg nt ns jdtoh mnddnku`t tjuhmorstlhm tgo mnroktnjh jd ro`ltnjhs nh lrkgloj`jbnkl` mltl sots, mnroktom brlpgsfnbgt kjfo nhtj p`ly nh kortlnh klsos, o.b. l kòlr brlsp jh prjmukors, mnstrneutjrs

lhm kjhsufors nh l kglho jprltjnro.Nh tgo hotwjri jd Kgroflhosnl tnos glvo eoohbnvoh mnroktnjhl`nty elsom jh l gypjtgotnkl` lhm lmfnttom`y rltgor pordokt mltlsot tglt klh nmohtndy prjmukors, mnstrneutjrs lhm kjhsufors. gns mltl sot tgorodjroyno`ms lh l-syffotrnkl` fltrnx (Dnburo ;.;). Dnhl``y, tnos klh l`sj eo prjvnmom wntgl vlùo nh l fltrnx. Ospoknl``y nh tgo klso jd lrkgloj`jbnkl` hotwjris tgns klh jdtohrosu`t nh durtgor nhsnbgts nhtj tgo spokndnk gnstjrnk prjkossos sglpnhb tgo hotwjri(Soopòs lhm Ujeorts Ar. 53


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mnsp`ly tgo tnos eotwooh ontgor tgo hjmos nh tgo rjws jr tgjso nh tgo kj`ufhs eytrlhspjsnhb tgo jrnbnhl` 5-fjmo fltrnx nhtj l


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(Dnburo ;.?). gns lpprjlkg klh l`sj sorvo tj kjfplro tgo hotwjris jd mnddorohtobjs, wgnkg prjvnmos nhdjrfltnjh jh gjw mnddoroht hjmos klh glvo kjfpòto`ymnddoroht obj-hotwjris lhm klh tgus eo vory mnddoroht ro`ltnjhl` ohtntnos, ovoh ndtgoy lro plrt jd tgo slfo hotwjri.

go dlkt tglt hjmos lhm tnos klh ntorl``y eo lhytgnhb l`sj lpp`nos tj lrkgloj`jbnklòbj-hotwjris. Djr oxlfpò nt ns pjssneò tj mosnbhlto l spokndnk lrtodlkt ls Obj lhmsoo gjw nt kjhhokts tj l wnmor woe jd tgnhbs nh jrmor tj eottor uhmorstlhm tgltspokndnk lrtodlkt (typo). [ntos lro jhko lblnh lh nhtuntnvo kgjnko djr lh obj-hotwjri

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L E K M O D B G N A I @ F H J S \

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7 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 < 3 < < < < 3

> 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 < 3 3 3 < <


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eo`jhb tj fu`tnpò typos, styòs, lssofe`lbos jr jtgor kltobjrnos.?gns dòxneò vnowjd fu`tn-skl`lr lhm hostom hotwjri kjgosnjh fnbgt eo lpp`nkleò wgoh lhl`ysnhbtgo lrkgloj`jbnkl` rokjrm jd tgo Klrneeolh ls l hotwjri (soo Kglptor 7).

go slfo lpp`nos djr uhmorstlhmnhb hjmo pjwor, tgo strukturl` nfpjrtlhko

jd jho hjmo ro`ltnvo tj l`` jtgor hjmos, wntgnh hotwjris. @jjinhb lt pjwor nhsjknoty nt klh eo porkonvom tj rost nh tgo glhms jd lh nfpjrtlht pue`nk dnburo, lòlmor sukg ls l kgnod, inhb jr prosnmoht. Jh tgo jtgor glhm vlrnjus typos jd pjworklh l`sj eo sooh tj `no wntg porsjhs wgj glvo l fjro kjvort lkkoss tj nfpjrtlhtnhstntutnjhs eut wgj kjhhokt twj mnddoroht okjhjfnos jd pjwor1 tgo prjvorenlòfnhohko brnsos. go slfo klh eo slnm roblrmnhb kohtrl`nty nh hotwjris tglt klh eorokjvorom lrkgloj`jbnkl``y. Djr oxlfpò, elsom jh sottòfoht plttorhs nt klh eo slnmtglt l snto tglt ns k`jso tj flhy jtgor sntos wls `nio`y lh nfpjrtlht `jkltnjh. L sntofly eo kjhhoktom tj l dow jtgor sntos eut kju`m stn`` eo kohtrl` djr jtgor rolsjhs.Djr oxlfpò eokluso nt ns pjsntnjhom jh l krntnkl` auhkturo jd twj trlmo rjutos.

L mnddoroht vnow jd pjwor wn`` ohtln` l mnddoroht uhmorstlhmnhb jd kohtrl` p`lkos,prjkossos, porsjhs jr tgnhbs nh l systof. Nh jtgor wjrms, tgo inhm jd lhl`ysns jdbrjup djrfltnjh jr hotwjri pjwor roqunrom mopohms jh tgo kjhkopt jd brjup jrpjwor tglt ns roòvlht djr tgo quostnjh lt glhm. Eo`jw N wn`` ernod`y mnskuss sovorlèlsnk kjhkopts lhm folsuros jd hotwjri brjupnhb lhm pjwor eodjro lpp`ynhb tgosotj tgo klso jd Kgroflhosnl.

go hotwjri folsuros ofp`jyom nh tgns wjri lro ro`ltnvo`y snfpò jporltnjhs.Hovortgoòss, l`tgjubg nt ns tgojrotnkl``y pjssneò tj klrry jut brlpg-tgojrotnkl`folsuros ey glhm, folsurnhb ovoh l sfl`` ro`ltnjhl` mltl sot klh eo l `lejrnjusprjkoss. Djrtuhlto`y, l rlhbo jd lhl`ytnk sjdtwlro klh eo usodu` djr spoomnhb up

tgoso kl`ku`ltnjhs. Nt ns hokosslry tj uhmorstlhm tgo brlpg-tgojrotnkl` elsns jdl`bjrntgfs nh jrmor tj kjfprogohm tgo rosu`ts jd tgo lhl`ysns, yot tgo ro`ltnvo`yolsy-tj-uso nhtordlko lhm ropjrts jh flhy jd tgoso prjbrlfs dlkn`ntlto l fjro rlpnmlhm nhkrolsom uhmorstlhmnhb jd tgo mltl sot. go rosu`t ns tglt tgoso ro`ltnvo`y olsn`ylkkossneò hotwjri lhl`ytnk prjbrlffos glvo bnvoh l ejjst tj hotwjri stumnoslkrjss tgo ejlrm.

L`tgjubg prjkossnhb l`bjrntgfs fly roqunro l `lrbo lfjuht jd kjfputnhbpjwor, tgo ro`ltnvo`y sfl`` snzo jd fjst lrkgloj`jbnkl` hotwjris fntnbltos tgnsprjeòf. go flajrnty jd lhl`ysos lpp`nom nh rokoht lrkgloj`jbnkl` hotwjri stumnosklh eo mjho jh jw-spok porsjhl` kjfputors, wntg kl`ku`ltnjhs tlinhb jh`y l sgjrt

tnfo. Jd kjurso, ls tgo kjfpòxnty jd brlpg lhm jtgor hotwjri tgojrotnkl` fjmo`slhm folsuros kjhtnhuos tj nhkrolso nh lrkgloj`jby, fjro kjfpòx kl`ku`ltnjhswn`` roqunro fjro kjfputnhb. Djr hjw, fjst fltrnkos klh eo kroltom nh l snfpòsprolmsgoot prjbrlffo lhm tgoh oxpjrtom nhtj l rlhbo jd prjbrlfs ls l toxt (.txt)jr kjffl mo`nfntom dnò (.ksv) jr kroltom lhm omntom nh tgo hotwjri prjbrlf ntso`d.Jtgor jdtoh usom dnò typos nhkùmo .bf` (Brlpg Fjmo``nhb @lhbulbo), .hot (Slaoi)lhm .m` (_KNhot).

? [uebrlpgs lro nhmnkltom ey lkkj`lmos nh tgo toxt1 o.b. {F-H-S} djr tgo suebrlpg kjhsnstnhb jd hjmosF, H lhm S.


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go pjssnen`nty jd vnsul`nznhb kjfpòx hotwjris ns l vory pjwordu` dolturo jdhotwjri stumnos (Erlhmos, ot l`.5334). L snhbò dnburo mopnktnhb l hotwjri klhn`ùstrlto sjfotgnhb tglt l wrnttoh mnskussnjh jd l hotwjris strukturo klhhjtgjpo tj rovol` nh sovorl` plbos. Durtgorfjro, tgo nhtuntnvo flppnhb jd l vnsul`nzom

hotwjri klh kjffuhnklto nhdjrfltnjh tj hjh-spoknl`nsts tglt l fltrnx jr djrfu`lklhhjt. L vnsul`nzom hotwjri fjmo` klh prosoht fjro nhdjrfltnjh tglh l fltrnxkju`m gj`m. L hufeor jd hotwjri lhl`ytnk prjbrlfs jddor tgo pjssnen`nty tj lttlkgfjro qul`ntnos (kj`jur, snzo, sglpo, otk.) jr qulhtntnos tj tnos lhm ovoh tj hjmos.goso klh tgoh sorvo ls vnsul` ioys djr kortlnh typos jd nhdjrfltnjh. @lrbor hjmosnzos lro jdtoh usom tj nhmnklto tglt l hjmo ns kohtrl``y pjsntnjhom nh tgo hotwjri.gns klh l`sj eo mjho wntg hjh-ro`ltnjhl` nhdjrfltnjh (o.b. prjmukor, mnstrneutjrjr kjhsufor sntos9 Dnburo ;.;).

L brjwnhb kgjnko nh hotwjri lhl`ytnk sjdtwlro ns eokjfnhb kjfforknl``y jrdroo`y lvln`leò.4_KNhot (Ejrblttn, ot l`.5335l) ns tgo fjst wnmo`y usom prjbrlf

djr hotwjri lhl`ysns nh tgo sjknl` sknohkos. Nt ns l`sj tgo jho fjst jdtoh djuhm nhlrkgloj`jbnkl` hotwjri stumnos tgus dlr. gns sglrowlro klh glhmò `lrbo lfjuhtsjd mltl, jddors l ro`ltnvo`y olsy tj uso nhtordlko, mnrokt slvnhb lhm omntnhb jdfltrnkos, lutjfltom fltrnx glhm`nhb, lhm l rlhbo jd lhl`ytnk jptnjhs. [poknl`nzomkjfpjhohts klh l`sj eo `jlmom nhtj tgo flnh prjbrlf nh jrmor tj ohglhko ntsduhktnjhs. Fltrnkos klh eo vnsul`nzom ey folhs jd tgo Hotmrlw sjdtwlrokjfpjhoht (Ejrblttn, ot l`. 5335e). L`tgjubg sjfo fjmo`s lhm folsuros goroglvo eooh kroltom jr klrrnom jut wntg _KNhot 4.3 (nhmnkltom por klso), fjst glvoeooh mjho wntg vnsjho 5.; lhm `ltor vorsnjhs (Erlhmos lhm Rlbhor 533=). 2

Tnsjho ns droowlro lhm jddors tgo pjssnen`nty tj krolto brlpgs mnrokt`y ey mrlwnhb

tgof. Drjf tgns hotwjri fjmo` tgo prjbrlf kroltos tgo fltrnx jd tgo brlpg tgltklh eo oxp`jrom wntg sovorl` elsnk lhm lmvlhkom folsuros. goso lhl`ysos klh tgohl`sj eo olsn`y vnsul`nzom ey folhs jd l hufeor jd mnddoroht sottnhbs. Hjmos lhm tnosklh eo prjvnmom wntg l mnddoroht `jkltnjh jr lppolrlhko lhm nt ns pjssneò tj lttlkgoxtrl nhdjrfltnjh tj tgof lpp`ynhb l eun`t-nh omntjr. Fltrnkos klh eo oxpjrtomlhm nfpjrtom tj jtgor pjpu`lr hotwjri lhl`ytnk sjdtwlro, sukg ls _KNhot. Nhlmmntnjh, tgo hotwjri vnsul`nzltnjhs klh olsn`y eo oxpjrtom nhtj l hufeor jd jtgor(brlpgnk) dnò djrflts. Tnsjhos vnsul` nhput jddors lh oddnknoht wly tj mrlw lhmoxp`jro sfl`òr ro`ltnjhl` mltl sots. Nh kjfenhltnjh wntg tgo jptnjh tj lttlkg lhm

4 Kurroht`y, l Rninpomnl lrtnkò tntòm [jknl` Lhl`ysns Hotwjri [jdtwlro prjvnmos tgo fjstkjfprogohsnvo lhm up-tj-mlto `nst jd lvln`leò hotwjri lhl`ytnk sjdtwlro (gttp1//oh.wninpomnl.jrb/wnin/[jknl`ZhotwjriZlhl`ysnsZsjdtwlro, lkkossom 5?-7-53


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vnsul`nzo oxtrl lttrneutos tj hjmos lhm tnos, nt ns l prlktnkl` lhm nhtuntnvo l`torhltnvotj _KNhot djr (sfl`òr) hotwjri lrkgloj`jbnkl` stumnos.7

Folsuros jd tgo hotwjri ls l wgjò

goro lro flhy typos jd hotwjri folsuros. Sorglps tgo fjst oòfohtlry lrotgjso tglt folsuro tgo hotwjri ls l wgjò. goso klh l`sj eo usom tj kjfplrojho hotwjri tj lhjtgor. Hotwjri mohsnty jr splrsohoss, djr oxlfpò, ns l folsuroro`ltom tj tgo drlktnjh jd tnos djuhm vorsus tgo tjtl` pjssneò hufeor jd tnos. Ovohwntgjut lhy durtgor lhl`ysns tgo hotwjri mohsnty klh eo nhsnbgtdu`. Jho tgnhb tgltwn`` eo kòlr drjf l dnrst kursjry b`lhko ns wgotgor l hotwjri ns oxkossnvo`y splrso jrmohso. L`tgjubg hotwjri splrsohoss jr mohsnty ns hjt hokosslrn`y l modnhnhb dolturojd l hotwjri hotwjris wntg snfn`lr òvo`s jd mohsnty fly glvo l kjfpòto`ymnddoroht strukturl` `lyjut , nt mjos prosoht lh nhntnl` nfprossnjh jd strukturo,

kjgosnvohoss lhm kjhhoktomhoss jd tgo jvorl`` hotwjri. Djr enhlry, hjh-`jjpfltrnkos tgo mohsnty ns olsn`y kl`ku`leò1

, wgoro t ns tgo suf jd l`` ko``s nhtgo fltrnx (n.o. tgo tjtl` hufeor jd tnos) lhm hns tgo tjtl` hufeor jd hjmos. gojutkjfo wn`` eo sjfowgoro eotwooh 3 lhm


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O ns = (LKDO). go mnlfotor jd l hotwjri jr suebrlpg nh tgo hotwjrins tgo `ohbtg jd tgo `jhbost pltg eotwooh lhy plnr jd vortnkos djr wgnkg l pltglktul``y oxnsts (Howflh 53


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>4

Kjros prosoht yot lhjtgor wly jd `jjinhb lt brjups wntgnh hotwjris. L i-kjrons l sot jd hjmos tglt ns ro`ltom eokluso tgoy lro lt olst lmalkoht tj i jtgor hjmos nhtgo slfo kjfpjhoht. Lt jw hufeors l kjro ns l gnbg`y nhk`usnvo wly jd jjinhb ltbrjups nh hotwjris. Nt klh, gjwovor, eo durtgor mnvnmom ey mnstnhbunsgnhb eotwooh

i-kjro lhm i+< kjro fofeors o.b. tgo i-kjro fofeors lro plrt jd tgo brjupeut tgo i+


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>2

Uol`nsnhb tglt tgns ro`ltnjhl` mltlelso klh l`sj eo oxp`jrom ls lh lddn`nltnjhfltrnx jd tgo 5-fjmo brlpg nt ns l`sj pjssneò tj jji lt suebrlpgs tgrjubg lrtodlkttypo kjhhoktnjh rltgor tglh snto kjhhoktnjhs. go 5-fjmo brlpg sgjws gjw hjtjh`y sntos eut l`sj lrtodlkt typos lro gj`mnhb tgo hotwjri tjbotgor. Qjjfnhb nh

jh typo 4 nt sgjws tglt tgns hjmo, `nio snto I, ns l kohtrl` bltgornhb p`lko nh tgohotwjri1 n.o. nt gls flhy mnddoroht fofeors. Nh turh tgoso lro l`sj fofeors jdjtgor lrtodlkt typos. gns porspoktnvo klh n`ùstrlto gjw lh lrtodlkt (typo) fnbgtmndduso tgrjubg l hotwjri lhm ovoh nhtorlkt wntg jtgor (typos jd ) lrtodlkts wgnòmjnhb sj. ypo < lhm ;, djr oxlfpò, lro òss wo`` kjhhoktom tglh typo 5, sj ntkju`m eo gypjtgosnzom tglt tgo `lttor ns fjro `nio`y tj sprolm tgrjubg kjfpjhoht


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kohtrl`nty klh eo blnhom ey motorfnhnhb tgo sgjrtost pltgs eotwooh l plnr jd hjmosnh l brlpg lhm kl`ku`ltnhb wgnkg drlktnjh jd tgo pltg ruhs tgrjubg tgo hjmo nhquostnjh, ropolt tgns folsuro djr l`` plnrs jd hjmo nh tgo brlpg lhm suffnhb up l``jd tgoso drlktnjhs.


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mobroo, I, F, H lhm S glvo tgo slfo kohtrl`nty. Rntg tgo hotwjri jd Kgroflhosnlnh fnhm tgns kju`m eo oxp`lnhom ls ovnmohko djr l sprlw`nhb nhtorlktnjh spgoro.

ot `jjinhb lt eotwoohhoss lhm stltus, Is kohtrl`nty ns dlr gnbgor tglh tgjso jdtgo jtgor hjmos. gns nfp`nos tglt ovoh nd sntos wn`` glvo lh oqul` plrt nh tgo

tjtl` lfjuht jd hotwjri nhtorlktnjh, sjfo jd tgof lro fjro strltobnkl``y `jkltom eotwoohhoss lhm glvo l gnbgor tjtl` stltus muo tj tgonr nhtorlktnjhs wntg jtgorpjwordu` hjmos. I wju`m glvo jkkupnom l vory kohtrl` pjsntnjh wntgnh tgo Hjrtgkjfpjhoht jd Kgroflhosnl.

Jtgor typos jd kohtrl`nty mj hjt hokosslrn`y ohtln` tglt lhjmo gls flhykjhhoktnjhs. Hjmo A, djr oxlfpò, gls tgo sokjhm gnbgost eotwoohhoss, ovoh ndnt gls jh`y 4.?% jd tgo tjtl` mobroo. @jjinhb lt tgo hotwjri fjmo` nt eokjfoskòlr wgy1 A ns tgo ernmbo eotwooh twj jtgorwnso uhkjhhoktom hotwjri robnjhs. Lsnfn`lr tgnhb lpp`nos djr @, wgj lktul``y gls tgo gnbgost k`jsohoss. I jh tgo jtgorglhm ns ro`ltnvo`y dlr drjf fjst hjmos, ospoknl``y hjmos S lhm \ nh tgo jutsinrts jd

tgo hotwjri. Nh tgns gypjtgotnkl` klso eonhb k`jso tj flhy jtgor hjmos klh ohtln`l mnddoroht typo jd kohtrl`nty. [uppjso tglt jkkuplhts jd snto @ wnsgom tj oxplhmtgonr mnstrneutnjh tj jtgor kjffuhntnos. L gnbg k`jsohoss kju`m nhmnklto tglt tgnswju`m roqunro l ro`ltnvo`y fukg sfl`òr nhvostfoht djr @ tglh djr jtgor sntos nhtgo robnjh.

Hotwjri oxp`jrltnjhs

Kgroflhosnl ns lh nfpordokt fjmo` djr rol` lrkgloj`jbnkl` hotwjris nt ns tjjpordokt. Nt ns l `jkltnjh wgoro jh`y l dow tnos elsom jh tgo prosohko jr lesohko

jd tgnhbs djrf tgo elsns jd sjknoty lhm ku`turo. goro lro durtgorfjro jh`y l dowsntos tglt mnsp`ly vory `nttò vlrnltnjh nh tgo fltornl` ku`turl` roportjnro. Gnstjrnkl`rol`ntnos lhm lrkgloj`jbnkl` rokjrms lro dlr fossnor lhm òss jho-mnfohsnjhl`tglh Kgroflhosnls ns`lhm wjr`m. Djrtuhlto`y, hotwjri fjmo``nhb lhm mltl-mrnvohhotwjris lktul``y mj hjt glvo tj eo elsom jh sukg holr pordokt mltl sots. Nhdlkt, tgoy rlro`y lro (Nslisoh 53


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7) lhm mnskussom nh Kglptor 5 subbosts tglt wgotgor l sgo`` ns hlturl``y sjknl`jr sjknl``y hlturl` ns snfp`y l flttor jd porspoktnvo. Nh dlkt, nt soofs tglt Lhmroza Lhtkzli lhm Flròhl

Lhtkzli (5334) glvo djuhm ovnmohko djr oxlkt `y tgns inhm jd sjknj-kjsfnk ohtlhbòfohts nh tgo@lto Korlfnk Lbo sgo`` prjkurofoht sntos jh tgo @js Ujquos lrkgnpo`lbj (Tohozuo`l). Hjhotgoòss,erjlmohnhb l trlmntnjhl``y Rostorh vnow wntg rodorohko tj jtgor sjknl` jhtj`jbnos mjos hjt sj`vo tgonssuo jd wglt kjhstntutos l fltornl` sjknl` tno lhm wglt mjos hjt. Ovoh nd nmols lejut wglt kjhstntutos

l sjknl` nhtorlktnjh mnffior drjf jhtj`jby tj jhtj`jby, ovory sjknoty l`wlys nhkùmos tgnhbs tglt klhhjteo jr snfp`y lro hovor sjknl`nzom (wntg).


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49 Snhior 53


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31 47-2).

Bulklhlblr gnfso`d roflnhom Kjùfeus l``y, lhm kjhtnhuom tj sohm gnf bndtslt tgo how [plhnsg Kj`jhy jd @l Nsleo`l (Molblh lhm Kruxoht 53359 Fj` 53379

Rn`sjh >31 2?-2>). ot jh l `lrbor sklò tgo mostruktnjh jd @l Hlvnmlm wls tgoeobnhhnhb jd l jhb spnrl` jd vnjòhko eotwooh Ourjpolhs lhm tgo nhmnbohjus pojpòsjd tgo Klrneeolh. Nh Gnsplhnj`l tgns ku`fnhltom nh tgo [plhnsg-nhmnbohjus Rlrs

jd Gnbuoy jd


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,

systofs (J`soh 53>). go prje`of nos nh tgo nhtorprotnvo nhtordlkonh wgnkg ejtg mjflnhs kjfo tjbotgor.

gns l`sj lpp`nos tj tgo Klrneeolh, wgoro (flkrj-robnjhl`) hotwjris glvofjst`y eooh mol`t wntg ls rod`oktnjhs jd otghnkntnos, nmohtntnos lhm ku`turos mrlwh

drjf ro`ltnjhs eotwooh tgnhbs (Bourms 53


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9 [yios 533?).

Nh tgns sohso tgo Ossln sur o mjhns tru`y l rodòktnjh jd tgo typo jd lhtgrjpj`jbnstlhm nhmnvnmul` Flrko` Fluss wls lhm tgo porsjhl`ntnos ohblbom nh tgo lhtgrjpj`jbyjd tgo mly wntg wgjf go wjriom, hjt nh tgo òlst gns dlfjus uhkò, tgo sjknj`jbnst


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71 42).4

Rgoh tgo oxkglhbo jd bndts ns kjhsnmorom tj eo l tjtl` sjknl` pgohjfohjh, ntrolmn`y eokjfos lpplroht tglt nt mjos nhmoom tjukg jh l `lrbo hufeor jd ro`ltomsueaokts. Hjhotgoòss jho lspokt nh plrtnku`lr klubgt Flusss lttohtnjh. Go wlspuzzòm ey tgo dlkt tglt tgo roknprjkl` bndt ls tjtl` sjknl` dlkt ns djuhm nh sj flhysjknotnos lhm gls prjvoh tj eo sukg lh oddoktnvo sjknl` fokglhnsf. Nh gns ossly

go tgorodjro wjhmors YwVglt ruò jd òbl`nty lhm so`d-nhtorost, nh sjknotnos jd lelkiwlrm jr lrkglnk typo, kjfpo`s tgo bndt tglt gls eooh rokonvom tj eo je`nbltjrn`yroknprjkltom: Rglt pjwor rosnmos nh tgo jeaokt bnvoh tglt klusos nts roknpnoht tjply nt elki: (Fluss >31 =). Djr gns oxp`lhltnjh go turhom tj tgo kjhkopt jdlspnrnt jr djrko kjhtlnhom wntgnh tgo tgnhb bnvoh.

Lh oferyjhnk vorsnjh jd tgns gypjtgosns klh eo djuhm nh Jrnbnhs jd tgo Hjtnjhjd Fjhoy (Fluss 9 Djurhnor 53341 5=3-5=3) nhstolmjddlnto ssjknlòs tjtlòs (tjtl` sjknl` dlkts).

2 [uesoquoht rosolrkg jh tgoso kjhkopts lhm flhy jd tgonr snfn`lr`y porkonvom kjuhtorplrts nh jtgorku`turos gls rovolòm tglt tgonr lfl`blfltnjh wntg fjhoy ns lh lrtodlkt jd olr`y lhtgrjpj`jbnkl`

stumnos jd vlùo, rltgor tglh prjjd jd tgo oxnstohko jd fjhotlry systofs eodjro tgo movo`jpfoht jdfjhoy (Brloeor 533).


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Y5>V1 =52) `niownso `lfohts tglt Fluss wls fnsòm eyhltnvo bgjsts lhm bje`nhs stjrnos. Lkkjrmnhb tj @vn-[trluss lhy hjtnjh jd glu nhtgo bndt wls hjtgnhb fjro tglh l truk nhmnbho (Bjmo`nor >>).

Uoflrile`y, nt soofs tglt tgo kjhkopt jd l spnrnt nh tgo bndt gls lblnh blnhomsjfo fjfohtuf wntg tgo tgojrnos jd fltornl`nty lhm jeaokts ls sueaokts mnskussomlejvo. Fjrojvor, tgo nmol tglt tgnhbs klh eo lutjhjfjus lhm sjfogjw klh glvotgo slfo qul`ntltnvo stltus ls guflh eonhbs gls l`wlys eooh prosoht nh wjris tgltworo nhdùohkom ey Fluss (>3). Slrtnku`lr`y mnskussnjhs jd tgo stltus jd bndts

7 ]o kjhhoktnjh eotwooh oxkglhbo lhm flbnk wju`m eo durtgor oxlfnhom ey ]urhwl`m nh gnsOkjhjfnks nh Srnfntnvo Kjffuhntnos (]urhwl`m ;5).

> ]oso twj mnstnhkt `nhos jd krntnquos ejtg djkus jh Fluss lpp`nkltnjh jd tgo Fljrn kjhkopt jd glu.Lsnmo drjf tgo krntnquo jh tgo glu ls stjltnhb snbhnor, skgj`lrs glvo pjnhtom tj prjeòfs wgohlpp`ynhb sokjhmlry mltl jh tgo glu nh jrmor tj nhtrjmuko tgns gypjtgosns jd tgo spnrnt nh tgo bndt.

]ns `nho jd krntnquo ns nhtorostnhb nh nts jwh rnbgt, eut hjt jd mnrokt kjhkorh goro (o.b. Brloeor 533


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49 Rlttors >2). gns wjri l`sjlmms tj tgns iu`l lhl`jby jesossnjh, eut jh`y fjmorlto`y sj. N mj hjt k`lnf tgltmnrokt lhl`jbnos eotwooh twohtnotg-kohtury ns`lhm Fo`lhosnl lhm tgo pro-kj`jhnl`Klrneeolh lro nh jrmor, eut N gj`m tgo vnow tglt tgns prjtj-typnkl` oxkglhboprlktnko mjos kòlr`y n`ùstrlto tgo nhtormopohmohknos eotwooh sjknl` lhm fltornl`hotwjris.

Iu`lvlùleòs kjfo nh twj typos1 hoki`lkos jd rom sgo``, kl`òm sju`lvl, lhmwgnto sgo`` erlkoòts, kl`òm fwl`n, wgnkg lro oxkglhbom djr jho lhjtgor l`jhb iomljr pltgs. gns oxkglhbo ns gnbg`y korofjhnl`, nhvj`vnhb flbnk spo``s lhm strnkttlejjs.[ol trlvo` ns tgo jh`y wly tj rolkg oxkglhbo plrthors nh jtgor robnjhs.

Eokluso nhtor-ns`lhm trlvo` ns tjj mlhborjus lhm kjst`y djr l flh tj mj jh gns jwh,iu`loxpomntnjhs lro jrblhnzom nh wgnkg l brjup jd foh sots jut tj oxkglhbo iu`lvlùleòs wntg tgonr trlmo plrthors jh tgo holrost honbgejurnhb ns`lhm. Murnhbtgo 73s tgo systof wls stn`` prosoht nh lpprjxnflto`y tgnrty kjffuhntnos tgltstrotkg jut lkrjss ns`lhm Fo`lhosnlh jvor lh lrol ihjwh ls tgo Flssnf, sjfotnfoskl`òm tgo Iu`l rnhb (@olkg lhm @olkg 7;). Nt ns tlìom lejut ls nd nt wls l blfolhm foh oxkglhbnhb iu`l lro rodorrom tj ls p`lyors. Aust `nio oxko``nhb nh kortlnhspjrts nhkrolsos jhos sjknl` stlhmnhb, tgo sukkoss jd iu`lp`lyors nhdùohkos tgonrlhm tgonr k`lhs sjknj-pj`ntnkl` stltus (@nop >7->>). Nt sgju`m eo kòlrtglt l`` jd tgoso oxkglhbos lro sjknl` nhtorlktnjhs nh wgnkg tgo Oqul`nty Fltkgnhbro`ltnjhl` fjmo` mjfnhltos Nt mjos nhmoom flttor wglt ns oxkglhbom, eotwoohwgj, wgoh lhm gjw fukg, eut tgoro ns hj lesjùto oxkglhbo rltnj.

]o iu`l vlùleòs lro folht tj eo mnsp`lyom ey wjfoh, eut tgonr oxkglhbo ns ossohtnl``y l flòprlktnko (Ronhor >3).


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39 Ujsflh lhm Uueo` 74), jr lsl elso tj lkqunro vlybulnh jrmor tj ohtor nhtj Oqul`nty Fltkgnhb wlsn oxkglhbos.goso ro`ltnjhs tgoh blrhor sjknl` stlhmnhb jr dlfo djr tgo wgjò jd tgo ns`lhmkjffuhnty, prjvnmnhb lh l`torhltnvo nhtor-kjffuhl` Lutgjrnty Ulhinhb (Mlfjh

53359 Fuhh 74).go slfo klh eo slnm wgoh rodorrnhb tj tgo iu`lvlùleòs tgofso`vos. Lhhotto

Ronhor (>5) gls gnbg`nbgtom tgns kohtrl` rjò jd tgo fjst vlùom fwl`n lrfelhmlhm sju`lvl hoki`lkos nh tgo rjernlhms. Murnhb gor dno`mwjri jh wjfoh vlùleòssgo ostle`nsgom tglt flhy sjknl` ro`ltnjhs jd Iu`l p`lynhb kjffuhntnos worostrukturom lrjuhm ioopnhb l kortlnh gnbg`y vlùom fwl`njr sju`lvljut jd oxkglhbo.Nhstolm jd djkusnhb jh sjknl` ro`ltnjhs ls tgo sglpnhb fokglhnsf jd nhmnvnmul`lhm kjffuhl` nmohtnty, gor rosolrkg kjhkohtrltom jh tgnhbs oxkùmom drjf tgooxkglhbo strukturo. Nh l krjss-ku`turl` rovnow jd snfn`lr prlktnkos, sgo pjstu`ltomtglt sukg tgnhbs lro jd l hlturo sj nhl`nohleò tglt tj oxkglhbo jr jtgorwnso `jso

tgof wju`m kluso l kglhbo nh sjknoty tglt wju`m eo oxtrofo`y motrnfohtl` tjnhmnvnmul` lhm kjffuhl` nmohtnty. Hovortgoòss, nt ns mnddnku`t tj ioop l vlybuljutjd tgo glhms jd nts suntjrs.55

Iu`lns l vory kjfpotntnvo blfo p`lyom djr tgo gnbgost pj`ntnkl` stlios. Eonhb lsukkossdu` p`lyor folhs trlhskohmnhb jhos inhsgnp brjup lhm kjhhoktnhb jhoso`dwntg lh o`nto brjup jd foh (Fuhh 741 251 7->>).


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7) fjmo` jd porspoktnvnsf. Ls Tnvonrjs mo Klstrj pjnhtomjut nh l durtgor rodnhofoht jd gns fjmo`, tgo sueaoktnvnty jd lhy eonhb ns hjt lduhmlfohtl` bnvoh. Ultgor nt ns nhd`uohkom lhm lktnvltom tgrjubg tgo porspoktnvo

jd lhm nhtorlktnjhs wntg jtgors. Goro, tgo stlto jd eonhb l sueaokt, ns l qul`nty

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49 [lhtjs-Brlhorj 533>e9 Tlubgh Gjwlrm 5335). Go sgjws gjw porsjhs jd brolt nfpjrt, ejtg guflh lhm jtgor tglh guflheonhbs, woro kjhhoktom tgrjubg kof oxkglhbo lhm nmj`ltry. Nh tgns sohso tgonroxkglhbo ns l sjknl` lhm fltornl` hotwjri nh wgnkg l plrtnku`lr k`lss jd tgnhbsgls l kohtrl` pjsntnjh, sukg ls tgo iu`l oxkglhbo. Gjwovor, J`nvor (533>1 ?>-43)subbosts tglt kof wls (l`sj) l hufnhjus djrko, l pjtohky kjhtlnhom nh ejtgguflh lhm jtgor tglh guflh eonhbs tglt kju`m glvo eooh trlhsdorrom eotwoohtgof.5;Nh tgns sohso, tgoro soofs tj eo sjfo `jkl` elso djr Flussnlh tgojrnos jdtgo nhspnrntom bndt.

Nh tgo kjhtoxt jd tgo porspoktnvnsf fjmo` pojpòs lhm tgnhbs glvo lhjtgor

typo jd nhtormopohmohky, tjj. Rgnò tgo jrnbnhl` fjmo` jd porspoktnvnsf jh`ynhkjrpjrltom guflhs, lhnfl`s lhm spnrnts ls sueaokts, nt gls rokoht`y eooh oxtohmomtj l`sj nhkùmo tgo Lfornhmnlh tgojry tglt jeaokts klh l`sj eo (fu`tn-) porspoktnvnstsueaokts. Nh go Jkku`t @ndo jd gnhbs, [lhtjs-Brlhorj (533>l, omntjr) lhm jtgor@jw`lhm [jutg Lfornklh otghjbrlpgors prosoht oxlfpòs jd tgo sgndtnhb sueaoktnvostltos jd jeaokts nh Lfornhmnlh jhtj`jbnos. gonr wjri nfp`nos tglt jeaokts klh l`sjkglhbo porspoktnvos lhm sueaoktnvo stltos n.o. soo tgofso`vos ls lhm jdtoh jutwlrm`yeokjfo fjro guflh. Olr`y gnstjrnk moskrnptnjhs subbost tglt tgo jeaokts guflhsusom tj ohblbo wntg jtgor tglh guflh eonhbs woro fjro tglh rntul` nflbory jrplrlpgorhl`nl jr ovoh klrrnors jd porsjhgjjm1 tgoy woro pjwordu` sueaokts nh tgonr

jwh rnbgt. gns ns kòlr`y roprosohtom nh tgo mnskussnjhs jh nhmnvnmul` kofs nh tgowjri jd Slh, sukg ls eo`jw1

]ns zofnBulelhkox wls nh tgo kjuhtry jd l brolt klknquo, jho jd tgo prnhknpl`klknquos, wgjso hlfo wls Lufltox YV lhm tgoy sly tglt tgoro lro twj jtgors nhgor kjfplhy9 jho ns l gorl`m, lhm tgo jtgor l bltgoror lhm bjvorhjr jd tgo wltors.

5; ]o Broltor Lhtn`òlh, Lrlwlilh kofklh eo trlkom elki tj l snfn`lr torf nh @jijhj (ruo Lrlwli).Goro sofojr sofognmohjtos tgo bjjm spnrnts tglt go`p tgo fomnknho flh lhm l sglflh jr kuror nsihjwh ls sfn-n. [ofo l`sj folhs swoothoss nh @jijhj, gjwovor (mo Bjoao 533> Y5>V1 533).J`n

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