Modern BiologyTerm 1/3Review

Chapter 1Characteristics of lifeScientific Method Hypothesis vs. TheoryMicroscope techniques

BiologyThe study of life

•Characteristics of Life▫Organization▫Cells▫Response to Stimuli▫Homeostasis▫Metabolism▫Growth and

Development▫Reproduction▫Change Through Time

Organization and CellsATOM BIOLOGICAL MOLECULE ORGANELLE

CELL

TISSUEORGAN

Homeostasis

Metabolism• The maintenance of a

stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing.

• The sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment.

Homeostasis & Metabolism

Steps of the Scientific Method

1. Observation: the act of perceiving a natural occurrence

2. Forming a Hypothesis1. A statement that explains observations and data and can

be tested

3. Test Hypothesis1. Experimenting -Control group vs Experimental group

2. Independent variable vs dependent variable 4. Record and Study Data5. Write a conclusion

Chapter 4The Discovery of Cells Organelles of a cellTwo basic types of cells – Prokaryotic vs EukaryoticRelationships between size, shape, function, etcDistinguish between plant and animal cellsMakeup of a multicellular organism – cells – tissues – organs – organ systems - organism

The History of Cell Robert Hooke Anton von Leeuwenhoek

• 1665• Created the first

microscope• Studied cork and saw

“little boxes”

• 1673• Dutch trader, considered

to be the father on microbiology

• Made better lens

Comparing Cells: Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes

SAME

FEATURES DIFFERENT FEATURES

PRO- KARYOTES

No membrane-bound organelles,

Smaller upper limit,

Pili, Mesosome, Nucleoid region, Binary fission, circular DNA +

plasmids*,

EU- KARYOTES

Plasma membrane DNA

Flagella Metabolic functions

Ribosomes, All Characteristics

of life, Membrane-bound

organelles, Nucleus,

Larger upper limit,

Mitosis/Meiosis*, Linear DNA*

 Comparing Cells: Plant to AnimalOrganelles unique to each

PLANTS ANIMALS

plastids like chloroplasts centrioles

cell wall

central vacuole

Chapter 5Passive and active transportDiffusion and OsmosisHypo-, hyper-, and iso- tonic solutionsEndocytosis vs Exocytosis

“Passive Transport” • Crossing cell membrane

using NO energy. • EXAMPLES

▫ Diffusion▫ Osmosis▫ Facilitated Diffusion▫ Diffusion through ion

channels

Diffusion

Osmosis

Active Transport

•Uses energy; against concentration gradient

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Chapter 6The chemical equationThe role of chlorophyll & accessory pigmentsThe Light Reaction – roles of reactants and productsThe Dark Reaction – roles of reactants and products * The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration*

Obtaining Energy

Gets energy directly Gets energy indirectly

AUTOTROPHSHETEROTROPHS

Visible Spectrum• Light can be reflected,

transmitted or absorbed by the object

• Pigments: compounds that absorb light. This subtracts them from the visible spectrum

Visible Spectrum•Chlorophyll is a pigment

▫Reflects green▫Absorbs blue and red

•Carotenoids are accessory pigments▫Absorb green▫Enable plants to capture more energy

Chapter 7The chemical equationThe major events of glycolysisCompare the types of fermentationPathways of aerobic respirationAerobic vs. anaerobic respiration

Fermentation

The process which cells release energy (from food molecules) by producing ATP without oxygen

Anaerobic

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation

Chapter 8Structure and types of chromosomesHaploid and diploid cellsDescribe the events of the cell cycleSummarize the phases of mitosis and meiosisCompare mitosis with meiosisAsexual and sexual reproduction – results, advantages, etc

ChromosomesAutosomes Sex Chromosomes

• All the others chromosomes in an organism.

• 44 of the 46 chromosomes in humans

• determine sex of offspring • Humans are either X or Y.

▫ In humans, XX = female, XY = male.

▫ 2 of the 46 chromosomes in humans

DIPLOID ANDHAPLOID CELLS•Diploid: cells with two sets of chromosomes. All

cells, except sex cells, are diploid or 2n.•Haploid: cells with one set of chromosomes.

Only sex cells (eggs and sperm), are haploid or 1n.

•Egg + sperm = zygote; n + n = 2n.

Cell Cycle

Sexual ReproductionThe production of offspring through meiosis

and the union of a sperm and an egg.Offspring are genetically different from parents.Enables species to adapt.

Karyotype

Cell Division in Prokaryotes•Prokaryotes reproduce

using a process called Binary Fission

Chapter 10Structure and function of DNADNA replicationTypes of RNA and their functionsTranscriptionGenetic code—codon and anticodonTranslation—protein synthesis

The DNA Song

•We love DNA, made of nucleotides!•Sugar, phosphate, and a base bonded on

one side.•Adenine and Thymine make a lovely pair!•Cytosine without Guanine would feel very

bare!•Oh, oh, DNA, molecule of genes!!•Deoxyribonucleic acid, here we come

college deans!

RNA vs. DNARNA• Single-stranded

molecule in most of its biological roles and has a much shorter chain of nucleotides.

• Contains ribose• Complementary

nucleotide to adenine is uracil

DNA

• Double-stranded helix

• Contains deoxyribose

• Complementary nucleotide to adenine is thymine

Chapter 12: Day Threehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics

So why the big diff?

Summary: Protein Synthesis

DNA RNA PROTEIN

transcription translation

GeneticsChapters 9 and 12

• At its most fundamental level, inheritance in organisms occurs by means of discrete traits, called “genes”.

• This property was first observed by

Gregor Mendel

Introduction to Genetics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics Chapter 12: Day One

•Genotype- the letter combinations showing possible alleles

•Identical alleles are homozygous

•Opposite alleles are heterozygous

•Phenotype is the form of the trait that shows up in what the organism looks like

rr = homozygous white

Rr = heterozygous red

RR = homozygous red

whiteredor