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21 January 20054th class meeting

(Miller Chapter 2)

Environmental BiologyECOL 206

University of Arizonaspring 2005

Kevin Bonine, Ph.D.Alona Bachi, Matthew Herron, Graduate TAs

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206 Course Web Link:http://eebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol206/206_Page2005.html

• Lab on website for this weekand next

• Ishmael for next week (discussion questions on website)

• Think about Group Project (talk in lab next week)

• Aldo Leopold Reading for Monday• Miller Chapter 4 for most of next week,

then begin chapter 3(check out the CD/website for Miller text)

Environmental Biology 206

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Kyoto Protocol

Adopted 1997 (amended 2001 Marrakesh Accords)United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change (UNFCCC).

Sets basic, legally binding rules for emissions controls (reduce green-house gas emissions)

Goal is an overall emissions reduction by at least 5% from 1990 levels by 2008-2012.

Protocol has not yet “entered into force”, as it takes 55 member parties to ratify the protocol, including enough Annex I countries to encompass 55% of that groups carbon emissions. After the US pulled out, that figure could only be reached with the support of Russia, which accounts for 17% of world emissions.

Within 90 days of Russia's ratification, Kyoto signatories must start making cuts that will reduce emissions of six key greenhouse gases to an average of 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012. Countries which fail to meet the targets will face penalties and the prospect of having to make deeper cuts in future. Many experts believe Kyoto will be largely ineffective as the world's two biggest emitters, the US and China, will not cut their outputs. Although China did sign the protocol, as a developing country it is not yet required to begin reducing emissions.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3943727.stm

http://unfccc.int/2860.php

On 18 November 2004, Russia deposited its instrument of ratification with the United Nations. This marked the start of the ninety day count down to the entry in force of the Kyoto Protocol, an international and legally binding agreement to reduce greenhouse gases emissions world wide.

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Annex 1countries

AustraliaAustriaBelarusBelgiumBulgariaCanadaCroatiaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaEuropean Economic CommunityFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandItalyJapanLatvia, Liechtenstein, LithuaniaLuxembourgMonacoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalRomaniaRussian FederationSlovakia, SloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUkraineUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandUnited States of America

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AfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAndorraAngolaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelizeBeninBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBrazilBrunei DarussalamBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadChile

ChinaColombiaComorosCongoCook IslandsCosta RicaCôte d'IvoireCubaCyprusDemocratic People's Republic of KoreaDemocratic Republic of the CongoDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEthiopiaFijiGabonGambiaGeorgia

GhanaGrenadaGuatemalaGuineaGuinea BissauGuyanaHaitiHoly SeeHondurasIndiaIndonesiaIran (Islamic Republic of)IraqIsraelJamaicaJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKuwaitKyrgyzstanLao People's Democratic RepublicLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyan Arab JamahiriyaMacedonia (The former Yugoslav Republic of)MadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMali

Non-Annex 1 countries 5

MaltaMarshall IslandsMauritaniaMauritiusMexicoMicronesia (Federated States of)MongoliaMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNiueOmanPakistanPalauPanama

SurinameSwazilandSyrian Arab RepublicTajikistanThailandTogoTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkmenistanTuvaluUgandaUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Republic of TanzaniaUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVenezuelaViet NamYemenZambiaZimbabwe

Non-Annex 1 countries

Papua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesQatarRepublic of KoreaRepublic of MoldovaRwandaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbia and MontenegroSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSri LankaSudan

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Clean Drinking Water 7

http://www.epa.gov/safewater/

http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/nbw.asp

See Table 1 of NRDC's bottled water report for further comparisons and explanations.

1/quarter (limited waivers available if clean source)

YesYesHundreds/ month

YesYesBig City Tap Water (using surface water)

NoneNoNoNoneNoNoCarbonated or Seltzer Water

1/yearNoNo1/weekNoNoBottled Water

Testing Frequency for Most Synthetic Organic Chemicals

Must Test for Cryptosporidium, Giardia,Viruses?

Must Filter to Remove Pathogens, or Have Strictly Protected Source?

Testing Frequency for Bacteria

Confirmed E. Coli & Fecal ColiformBanned?

Disinfection Required?

Water Type

Some Key Differences Between EPA Tap Water and FDA Bottled Water Rules

Components of Earth

Atmosphere-troposphere (0-17k; N2, O2)-stratosphere (17-48k; O3)

Hydrosphere (H2O)-liquid, solid, gas

Lithosphere-crust and upper mantle

BiosphereMiller, 2003

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Energy Transfer

-Photosynthesis (Producers vs. Consumers)

CO2 + H2O + energy Glucose + O2

-Aerobic Respiration (Producers and Consumers)

Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy

(sun) (C6H12O6)

(ATP)(C6H12O6)

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Miller 2005

Primary Productivity (kcal per m2 per year)10

Humans use 27% earth’s NPP

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Miller 2005

Matter Quality

(Energy Quality)

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- Law of Conservation of Matterall atoms conservedthere is no “away”

Some Laws

- First Law of Thermodynamics:energy neither created or destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another

- Second Law of Thermodynamics:when energy changed from one form to another, some of the useful energy degradedto low quality, dispersed, less useful energy

(usually lost as heat)

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entro

py

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2nd Law of Thermodynamics

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~10%

Miller 2005

Ecosystem Cycles14

~10%

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Miller 2005

Food Web(w/o decomposers)

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~10%

Miller 2005

Decomposers

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9

Miller 2005

SOIL

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(soil formationtakes 15-1000 years)

Miller 2005

Soil

Org

anis

ms

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Miller 2005

Soil Types…

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Rhizobium spp.

Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria living in root nodules of plants, especially legumes (soybeans, alfalfa, mesquite, etc.)

-Nitrogen is a limiting factor in soil-Atmosphere comprises 78% nitrogen-Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) very stable-Only prokaryotes (not eukaryotes) reduce N2

- Efficient nitrogen-fixing systems couple the energy intensive chemical reduction of molecular nitrogen to photosynthesis.

Mutualism between eukaryote and prokaryote:-Plant provides source of energy and an ecological niche for the bacterium, which in return synthesises ammonia for the host plant.

Each nodule is occupied by about a billion of the rod-shaped microbes

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-Roots of soybean and alfalfa plants, with symbiotic Rhizobiumbacteria, help keep soils healthy and fertile.

-Applications for clean up of contaminated soils:toxic chemicals like TNT or toluene

(ingredient in fuel and dyes).

Genetic engineering?

-At the global scale, the Rhizobium-legume symbiosisprovides a quantity of fixed nitrogen equivalent to that produced by the entire chemical fertilizer industry

Rhizobium spp.21

Miller, 2003

Nitrogen Cycle78%

Fixation Denitrification

Ammonification Nitrification II

Nitrification I

(Rhi

zobi

um)

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Biogeochemical Cycles:

Nutrient atoms, ions, compounds needed for life cycle between abiotic and biotic.

-Water-Oxygen-Carbon-Phosphorus-Nitrogen-etc.

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Miller 2005

Rock cycles

B A

C

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13

Miller 2005

P cycle25

-Photosynthesis (Producers vs. Consumers)

CO2 + H2O + energy Glucose + O2

-Aerobic Respiration (Producers and Consumers)

Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy

(sun) (C6H12O6)

(ATP)(C6H12O6)

Carbon Cycling

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Fig 2-25Miller, 2003

Carbon Cycle(Marine)

To terrestrial -->

from terrestrial <--

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Fig 2-25Miller, 2003

Carbon Cycle(Terrestrial)

0.036%

<-- to marine

--> frommarine

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Fig 2-24Miller, 2003

Water Cycle29