environmental biology ecol 206 university of...
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14 February 200514th class meeting
(Miller Chapter 3)
Environmental BiologyECOL 206
University of Arizonaspring 2005
Kevin Bonine, Ph.D.Alona Bachi, Matthew Herron, Graduate TAs
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Hawaiian Vegetation Fire Effects Internship Opportunity
We are seeking motivated, enthusiastic, physically fit individuals to assist with research on the impacts of an invasive scaly sword fern (Nephrolepis multiflora) and lava-ignited wild fires on native Hawaiian rainforest in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Work will involve backcountry hiking and possibly camping in various terrain and weather conditions. Field sites are located in Hawaiian rainforest communities with lava substrate and native matt ferns reaching 30' in height.Vegetation will be identified, measured and biomass sampled. Interns will occasionally assist the park's vegetation management program.Three internship positions will begin April 1st and end either June 1st (2 positions) or July 1st (1 position). Roundtrip airfare between Portland and Hilo, dorm style housing within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, and a daily meal reimbursement ($25/day) will be provided.Preference will be given to individuals with coursework in botany/forestry or related fields. If interested send a cover letter, resume, and names of three references to [email protected] and [email protected].
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206 Course Web Link:http://eebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol206/206_Page2005.html
• Postponed a few things on website• Thank T. Edwards and M. Herron• Exam Wed 16 Feb• Miller Chapter 3
(check out the CD/websitefor Miller text)
Environmental Biology 2062
= Tortoise Population
Phoenix
Tucson
= Urban buffer
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Xerus erythropusXerus erythropus
X. princepsX. princeps
X. inaurisX. inauris
SpermophilopsisleptodactylusSpermophilopsisleptodactylus
X. rutilusX. rutilus
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Fig.1Zomlefer 1994
Paraphyletic
Polyphyletic
MONOPHYLETIC
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Anura ‘frogs’
Urodela salamanders
Gymnophiona caecilians
Mammalia
Testudines turtles
‘Lizards’
‘Lizards’
Amphisbaenia
Serpentes snakes
‘Lizards’
‘Lizards’
Rhynchocephalia tuatara
Crocodylia crocs etc.
Aves birdsSee Fig 2-1 (Pough et al., 2001)
To F
ishe
s an
d An
cest
or
Amphibians
Amniotes
Diapsida
Reptilia
Tetrapoda
Lepi
dosa
uria
SquamataExtantReptile Groups
Archosauria
Synapsida
340 MaBP(Paleozoic)
Amphibian / Amniote Split 5
‘Reptilia’(= 4 orders, without birds)
1. Testudines (Chelonia, Turtles)-duh-shell shape ~ ecology-no arboreal or gliding forms
2. Squamata (‘Lizards’ and Snakes)-lizards not monophyletic-repeated loss of limbs-very diverse
Terrapene ornata ornata
Elgaria kingii
Crotaphytuscollaris
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‘Reptilia’(= 4 orders, without birds)
3. Crocodylia (Crocodiles, Alligators, Caiman)-threatened (21 spp. remain)-snout shape ~ diet-related to archosaurs
(birds and dinosaurs)
4. Rhynchocephalia (Sphenodontida, Tuatara)-2 extant species-islands of New Zealand-operate at ~cold temperatures
Sphenodon sp.
Crocodylus siamensis
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Ranking Biodiversity?
RI = (Di + Ui)(deltaPi/Ci)
D = distinctivenessU = utilitydelta P = enhanced probability of survivalC = cost of strategy
Direct limited funds…Ecological Contribution?
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DNA sequence Codes for Proteins etc.
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Genetic Code
A (adenine), T (thymine), [U(uracil)]C (cytosine), G (guanine)
(Coding, sense strand)(5' -> 3') ATGGAATTCTCGCTC(3' <- 5') TACCTTAAGAGCGAG
(Template, antisense strand)
(5' -> 3') AUGGAAUUCUCGCUC(mRNA made from Template strand)
1-Transcription2-Translation
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Proteins of amino acids
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Favors Average Traits
Favors One Extreme
Favors Both extremes
Ricklefs 2001, Figure 16.14Natural Selection:
Beak Size (for example)
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Ricklefs 2001, Figure 16.15
Result of Disruptive Selection
(Favors Both extremes)
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Ridley 1996
Drosophila Bristle Count
Disruptive Selection (Favors Both extremes)
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Disruptive
Directional Stabilizing
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Ridley 1996
Stabilizing Selection for Human Birth Weight
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Stalk Eyed Flies
Sexual Selection
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Science Plus, 1997 p. S33
Speciation often result of:1. Geographic Isolation2. Reproductive Isolation
(Genetic Drift)
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Evolution by Natural Selection
vs. Lamarck
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Tarbuck and Lutgens 1999
Darwin to the Galapagos
FernandinaAndIsabela
Genovesa
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Campbell 1993
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Galapagos Marine Iguana (Iguanidae)
Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Only lizard to feed at sea-algae, seaweed
Up to 10 or 12 m deepUp to a hour-long dives for large males
(Darwin shipmate)
Highly social8,000 indivs/ km of coast
16 islandsCold upwelling water nourishes algae
Fernandina/Isabelamales to 10+ kgfemales to almost 3 kg
Genovesamales only to 1 kgfemales to < 1kg
Why? Water temperature and current strength
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Martin Wikelski, Princeton
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Katrina Mangin
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Martin Wikelski, Princeton
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Martin Wikelski, Princeton
Galapagos Marine Iguana (Iguanidae) 25
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Martin Wikelski, Princeton
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Galapagos Marine Iguana (Iguanidae)
Amblyrhynchus cristatus
El Nino lack of food (Why?)
Starvation b/c high cost of salt excretion
Animals may lose 15% body length-bone absorption
Only adult vertebrate known to regularly shrink(astronauts)
Largest animals die-sexual selection-natural selection
Martin Wikelski, Princeton
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Primary Succession.Similarities to Hawaii?
total # species, # endemics?
Why feed in the sea?Why salt glands?Why no fear of humans?
Speciation?
(Adaptive Radiation to fill available niches)
Amblyrhynchus cristatusGalapagos Marine Iguana
Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Charles Darwin visited 1830s.
Theory ofEvolution by Natural Selection
SHOW VIDEO!
Ground Finches
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