MigrationMigrationBlock 8Block 8

What is Migration?What is Migration?

Migration is movement. There are Migration is movement. There are 3 3 types types of movement.of movement.

-Cyclic movementCyclic movement-Periodic movementPeriodic movement

-MigrationMigration

Cyclic MovementCyclic Movement Cyclic Movement is a journey of traveling back and forth through activity spaces, Cyclic Movement is a journey of traveling back and forth through activity spaces,

spaces where activity occurs.spaces where activity occurs. There are There are 33 types of cyclic movement: types of cyclic movement:

Commuting-The journey from home to work and home again. Commuting-The journey from home to work and home again. Seasonal movement- Movement relevant to seasons (tourism, vacations, etc).Seasonal movement- Movement relevant to seasons (tourism, vacations, etc). Nomadism- A cyclic movement that relates to survival, tradition, and culture.Nomadism- A cyclic movement that relates to survival, tradition, and culture.

Periodic MovementPeriodic Movement Periodic Movement, like cyclic movement, involves returning to home, but longer.Periodic Movement, like cyclic movement, involves returning to home, but longer. There are There are 33 types of periodic movement: types of periodic movement: Migrant labor- temporary migration of workers, for employment reasons.( Labor in Migrant labor- temporary migration of workers, for employment reasons.( Labor in

farm fields.)farm fields.) Transhumance- a system of pastoral farming in which ranchers move livestock Transhumance- a system of pastoral farming in which ranchers move livestock

according to the seasonal availability of pastures. Involving long periods of according to the seasonal availability of pastures. Involving long periods of residential relocation.residential relocation.

Military service- movement of citizens for military services.Military service- movement of citizens for military services.

MigrationMigration Migration is permanent relocation across significant distances.Migration is permanent relocation across significant distances. There are There are 22 types of migration: types of migration:

International migration- movement to other countries .International migration- movement to other countries . Internal migration- migration that occurs inside a country.Internal migration- migration that occurs inside a country.

The population of a country is influenced by migration. The population of a country is influenced by migration. Emigration (migrating out) and Immigration (migrating in) Emigration (migrating out) and Immigration (migrating in) also contribute to the population.also contribute to the population.

Why Do People Why Do People Migrate?Migrate?

People migrate because……People migrate because……Migration can be the result of a voluntary Migration can be the result of a voluntary action a conscious decision to move from action a conscious decision to move from

one place to the next.one place to the next.

Forced MigrationForced Migration

Forced Migration:Forced Migration: The The imposition of authority imposition of authority and power, producing and power, producing involuntary migration involuntary migration movements. movements.

The biggest example of The biggest example of forced migration is forced migration is The The Atlantic Slave Trade.Atlantic Slave Trade.

Laws of MigrationLaws of Migration

Every migration flow Every migration flow generates a return.generates a return.

Majority of migrants Majority of migrants move short distances.move short distances.

Migrants who move Migrants who move longer distances tend to longer distances tend to choose big-cities.choose big-cities.

Urban residents are less Urban residents are less migratory than people migratory than people of rural areas.of rural areas.

Families are less likely Families are less likely to make international to make international moves than young moves than young adultsadults

Types of Push and Pull FactorsTypes of Push and Pull Factors Power Relations-Power Relations- gender, race, gender, race,

ethnicity, and money are all ethnicity, and money are all factors who are chosen by factors who are chosen by employers who hire migrant employers who hire migrant workers.workers.

Political Circumstances-Political Circumstances- politically politically driven migration flows are driven migration flows are engendered and by both escape engendered and by both escape and expulsionand expulsion

Legal Status-Legal Status- immigrants who enter immigrants who enter a country without a work visa are a country without a work visa are illegally who fear illegally who fear deportation (fear deportation (fear of being sent home)of being sent home)

Environmental Conditions-Environmental Conditions- environmental crisis like environmental crisis like earthquakes also stimulate earthquakes also stimulate migrationsmigrations

Culture and Traditions-Culture and Traditions- people fear people fear that their culture will not survive that their culture will not survive political transitions. People who are political transitions. People who are will often move to safer places. will often move to safer places.

Global Migration FlowsGlobal Migration Flows Before the 1500s global Before the 1500s global

scale migration occurred scale migration occurred haphazardly, typically haphazardly, typically in pursuit of spices, in pursuit of spices, fame, or exploration.fame, or exploration.

Regional Migration FlowRegional Migration Flow

Regional migration Regional migration flows also center on flows also center on reconnecting cultural reconnecting cultural groups across borders.groups across borders.

Reconnecting cultural Reconnecting cultural groups across borders is groups across borders is when a separated when a separated community regroups by community regroups by crossing a country’s crossing a country’s border.border.

For example, when the For example, when the Jewish were migrating Jewish were migrating between Israel and between Israel and Palestine.Palestine.

Regional Migration Flow Regional Migration Flow (cont.)(cont.)

Regional migration Regional migration flows because of flows because of reason such as war. reason such as war. During Post WW2, During Post WW2, as many as 8 million as many as 8 million Americans emigrated Americans emigrated from Europe.from Europe.

Areas of economic Areas of economic prosperity such as prosperity such as Islands of developmentIslands of development are very promising for are very promising for countries that are less countries that are less developed.developed.

National Migration FlowNational Migration Flow

A massive A massive migration migration stream carried stream carried the center of the the center of the population westpopulation west

And shifting And shifting from north to from north to south.south.

After American After American civil War millions civil War millions of blacks of blacks migrated north migrated north to work. to work.

Refugees Main InfoRefugees Main Info Refugees, those who must flee Refugees, those who must flee

their country with only a few their country with only a few worldly possessions, children on worldly possessions, children on their back and memories of home their back and memories of home

World’s refugee population has World’s refugee population has grown steadily since 1951 grown steadily since 1951 establishment of the refugee establishment of the refugee convention which established convention which established specific laws for refugeesspecific laws for refugees

Many refugees flee their country Many refugees flee their country through cause of war, fear of through cause of war, fear of persecution.persecution.

Nations high commissioners for Nations high commissioners for refugees helped to repatriate refugees helped to repatriate (return to their homeland) most of (return to their homeland) most of the refugees from WWIIthe refugees from WWII

Refugees in AfricaRefugees in Africa Kuwait was invaded by Iraq and the Kuwaiti people abandoned their villages and headed to Kuwait was invaded by Iraq and the Kuwaiti people abandoned their villages and headed to

Turkey and Iran for SurvivalTurkey and Iran for Survival 2.5 million Afghanistans rushed west into Iran and 3.7 million ran fast into Pakistan due to the 2.5 million Afghanistans rushed west into Iran and 3.7 million ran fast into Pakistan due to the

Soviet invasion in 1979Soviet invasion in 1979

Kuwait is invadedKuwait is invaded People run for refuge to Turkey and Iran.People run for refuge to Turkey and Iran.

Afghanistans rush westAfghanistans rush west 3.7 million run into Pakistan for refuge3.7 million run into Pakistan for refuge Africa is severely afflicted by dislocationAfrica is severely afflicted by dislocation During the last 15 years, several of the world’s largest refugee crises occurred in Sub-Saharan During the last 15 years, several of the world’s largest refugee crises occurred in Sub-Saharan

AfricaAfrica Also in the country of Sudan during the civil war which lasted 2 years and caused 5,000,000 Also in the country of Sudan during the civil war which lasted 2 years and caused 5,000,000

people to be displacedpeople to be displaced

Refugees In South Asia, Southeast Refugees In South Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe and othersAsia, Europe and others

South Asia is the third-ranking Geographic South Asia is the third-ranking Geographic Realm in terms of refugeesRealm in terms of refugees

Today the biggest refugee camps are full Today the biggest refugee camps are full of survivors from the 2004 tsunami and of survivors from the 2004 tsunami and 2008 cyclone2008 cyclone

In 1990 Yugoslavia and its associated In 1990 Yugoslavia and its associated conflicts created the biggest refugee crisis conflicts created the biggest refugee crisis in Europe since WWII, the UNHCR in Europe since WWII, the UNHCR reported a total of 6,056,600.reported a total of 6,056,600.

In the western Hemisphere, Columbia is In the western Hemisphere, Columbia is the only country with a refugee problem the only country with a refugee problem caused by the country’s instability (2 to 3 caused by the country’s instability (2 to 3 million refugees)million refugees)

““The Earth’s refugee and internally The Earth’s refugee and internally displaced person populations are a displaced person populations are a barometer of the world’s futurebarometer of the world’s future

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

1980 Today

Refugees

3-D Column 2

1990

Migration in the Continent of Migration in the Continent of Europe Europe

Europe was a major participant of WWII Europe was a major participant of WWII lost a lot of their men.lost a lot of their men.

Foreign workers from North Africa, Foreign workers from North Africa, Turkey and Caribbean region, India and Turkey and Caribbean region, India and Africa were called “Guest Workers”Africa were called “Guest Workers”

Guest workers stayed in Europe because Guest workers stayed in Europe because they earned a little bit more money for they earned a little bit more money for their families than in their own countries.their families than in their own countries.

Many employers take advantage of Guest Many employers take advantage of Guest Workers because Workers because they are unaware of their they are unaware of their rightsrights

Guest workers are legal (documented) Guest workers are legal (documented) migrants who have short term work visas. migrants who have short term work visas. Often the destination government extend Often the destination government extend their visas if sectors of the economy still their visas if sectors of the economy still need laborersneed laborers

How do Governments How do Governments affect migration?affect migration?

GovernmentGovernment

The government tries to restrict or encourage The government tries to restrict or encourage immigration immigration

Ex. The Great Wall of China and the Berlin WallEx. The Great Wall of China and the Berlin Wall Some countries practice select immigration which is Some countries practice select immigration which is

individuals with certain backgrounds are kept from individuals with certain backgrounds are kept from enteringentering

Post September 11thPost September 11th

Before 9/11 U.S. border patrol concerned with drug Before 9/11 U.S. border patrol concerned with drug trafficking and human smuggling, whereas the trafficking and human smuggling, whereas the policies after focused on asylum-seekers, illegal, and policies after focused on asylum-seekers, illegal, and legal immigrants.legal immigrants.

The U.S. government detained people from 3 The U.S. government detained people from 3 countries where al-Qaeda operates who immigrated to countries where al-Qaeda operates who immigrated to the U.S seeking asylum.the U.S seeking asylum.

The Justice department also has a policy that detains The Justice department also has a policy that detains any illegal immigrant whether they have ties to a any illegal immigrant whether they have ties to a terrorist organization or not.terrorist organization or not.

Opposing SidesOpposing Sides Organizations such as Human Rights First and the Migration Organizations such as Human Rights First and the Migration

Policy Institute are against the new government policies on Policy Institute are against the new government policies on migration, claiming them as a violation to civil liberties and migration, claiming them as a violation to civil liberties and not a benefit to safety.not a benefit to safety.

Others agree, stating that the regulations only slow traffic and Others agree, stating that the regulations only slow traffic and the flow of business and tourism and has failed to slow illegal the flow of business and tourism and has failed to slow illegal immigration.immigration.

However, some claim that these decisions are an asset to However, some claim that these decisions are an asset to halting the growing population in the United States, and halting the growing population in the United States, and necessary precautions must be taken to prevent the necessary precautions must be taken to prevent the migrations of supposedly illegal immigrants into the States.migrations of supposedly illegal immigrants into the States.

Regardless as to which side you agree with, the government Regardless as to which side you agree with, the government appears to have the final say in whether or not certain natives appears to have the final say in whether or not certain natives of a country can be allowed to enter the country of America of a country can be allowed to enter the country of America freely.freely.