Metals Unit• Metals make up 84 of the 103 elements on a

standard periodic table…the elements above 103 are also metals, but they are relatively rare and are man-made.

• Metals have a sea of free moving electrons that give them properties of conductivity, malleability, and ductility.

• Most all metals have a natural luster in their pure form, although some form oxide layers that cause them to be dull.

Abundance of Metals

• Aluminum is the most abundant metal on the earth…it is the 3rd most abundant element in the earth’s crust after oxygen and silicon.

• Iron is the second most abundant metal in the earth’s crust, closely followed by calcium.

Abundance of Elements In the Earth’s Crust

• 10 Most Abundant Elements in the Earth's Crust• Source: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,

77th Edition• Element Abundance• Abundance

• percent by weight parts per million by weight

• Oxygen46.1%461,000• Silicon28.2%282,000• Aluminum8.23%82,300• Iron5.63%56,300• Calcium4.15%41,500• Sodium2.36%23,600• Magnesium2.33%23,300• Potassium2.09%20,900• Titanium0.565%5,650• Hydrogen0.14%1,400

Aluminum• Aluminum is the most abundant metal on Earth, but it has

had a small impact on man until the 1900’s.• Aluminum is not found pure in nature and the process of

isolating aluminum was invented by Charles Joseph Bayer in 1887….called the Bayer process…see below.(900oC)

• Bauxite ore (Al2O3) is 37-54% aluminum.

Aluminum Data Sheet• Atomic Number 13• Atomic Mass 26.98 amu• Electron Config. 1s22s22p63s23p1 .• Density 2.70 g/cm3 • Melting pt. 660.3oC• Heat of fusion 10.71 kJ/mol or .09929 kj/g• Reflectivity 92% visible/98% infrared• Conductivity 59% of copper/30% copper’s

density• Al makes up 8% of the earth’s solid surface by

weight. • It has a low density and moderate strength.

Aluminum Data Sheet• Aluminum forms an oxide coating on the outside

that protects it from further oxidation.• 33% of aluminum comes from recycled aluminum…

this saves 95% of the energy…you only have to heat aluminum to 660 oC to melt and recycle as opposed to over 900oC for purifying it from Al2O3 ore.

• No known form of life uses aluminum salts in metabolic processes and organisms tolerate Al well.

Copper Data Sheet• Atomic Number 29• Atomic Mass 63.55 amu• Electron Config. 1s22s22p63s23p613d104s1.• Density 8.96 g/cm3 • Melting pt. 1,084.6oC• Heat of fusion 13.26 kJ/mol• Reflectivity 30% blue light to 86% red light• Conductivity The 2nd most conductive metal

94.6% as conductive as silver.• Al makes up .0068% of the earth’s crust by weight.

• It has a high ductility and melleability.

Copper Data Sheets (cont’d)• Alloys of copper• brass: copper + zinc• bronze: copper + tin• cupro nickel: copper + nickel• Together with cesium and gold (both yellow/gold)

and osmium (bluish) copper is only one of 4 metals that are other than grey/silver.

• Copper can be 100% recycled, but recycled copper has slight impurities which are difficult to remove and cannot be used for electrical conductive uses, but is fine for plumbing…copper can be joined easily for plumbing applications.

Top 4 Metals of Conductivity Resistivity ρ (Ω•m) at 20 °C σ Conductivity (S/m) at 20 °C

1. Silver 1.59×10−8 6.30×107

2. Copper 1.68×10−8 5.96×107

3. Gold 2.44×10−8 4.10×107

4. Aluminum 2.82×10−8 3.5×107

Gold Data Sheets• Atomic Number 79• Atomic Mass 196.97 amu• Electron Config. Gold: Z:79 [Xe] 6s1 4f14 (exception)• Density 19.3 g/cm3 • Melting pt. 1,064oC• Heat of fusion 12.5kJ/mol• Reflectivity 95%• Conductivity The 3rd most conductive metal 65%

as conductive as silver.• Au makes up 3.1x10-7% of the earth’s crust by

weight. • It has a high ductility and malleability and is very

resistant to oxidation and acids…aqua regia* is used to dissolve gold and platinum.

• (*mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids 1:3)

Gold Price

• The current price of gold is $1224.30 per ounce.• http://www.austincoins.com/gold-prices?mm_campaign=ded766d9b14132b905fbb47191e5350e&mm_replace=true&gclid=Cj0KEQjwstaqBRCT38DWpZjJotIBEiQAERS6

_Od2I_IGVajWMT96eQhzid0jjOlyU1xQH1n7TG3wauwaAreP8P8HAQ

• Link to gold price history

Specific Heats of Some Substances

• Substance c in J/gm K• Aluminum 0.900• Bismuth 0.123• Copper 0.386• Brass 0.380• Gold 0.126• Lead 0.128• Silver 0.233• Tungsten 0.134• Zinc 0.387• Mercury 0.140• Alcohol(ethyl) 2.4• Water 4.186• Ice (-10 C) 2.05• Granite .790 ..• Glass .84