Chapter 19Chapter 19

Elements and Their PropertiesElements and Their Properties

MetalsMetals

Properties of Properties of MetalsMetals– ConductConduct heat and electricity. heat and electricity.– LusterLuster- reflect light well.- reflect light well.– MalleableMalleable- can be hammered or - can be hammered or

rolled into sheets.rolled into sheets.– DuctileDuctile- can be drawn into wires.- can be drawn into wires.

Metals- Cont.Metals- Cont.

– Ionic Bonds-Ionic Bonds- combine with combine with nonmetals by losing nonmetals by losing electrons.electrons.

Metals- Cont.Metals- Cont.

– Metallic Bonds-Metallic Bonds- positively charged positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of electrons; ions are in sliding layers of electrons; ions are in sliding layers and electrons are weakly held; readily and electrons are weakly held; readily form ionic bonds with nonmetals.form ionic bonds with nonmetals.

Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals The Alkali Metals-The Alkali Metals- softer softer

and more reactive than and more reactive than other metals.other metals.– Highly Highly reactivereactive with oxygen with oxygen

and water; don’t occur and water; don’t occur naturally in elemental naturally in elemental forms.forms.

– Combine readily with other Combine readily with other elements due to elements due to singlesingle electrons in the outer electrons in the outer energy level.energy level. Alkali Metals are

found in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.

Alkali Metals- Cont.Alkali Metals- Cont.

- - Multiple usesMultiple uses– Human Health- Human Health- Na, K, LiNa, K, Li– Photocells- some depend on Photocells- some depend on Ru or CsRu or Cs– Francium- a Francium- a radioactive elementradioactive element which which

breaks down giving off particles and breaks down giving off particles and energyenergy

Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals

Alkaline Earth Metals-Alkaline Earth Metals- not found not found naturally in elemental form; naturally in elemental form; twotwo electrons in outer energy level.electrons in outer energy level.

Alkaline Earth Metals are found in Group 2 of the Periodic Table.

Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals

– Applications- Applications- StrontiumStrontium and and MagnesiumMagnesium found in fireworks; Magnesium in vehicles, found in fireworks; Magnesium in vehicles, ladders, and bats; ladders, and bats; CalciumCalcium in statues and in statues and countertopscountertops

– Human body- Human body- CalciumCalcium in in

bones; bones; BariumBarium in disease in disease

diagnoses; diagnoses; RadiumRadium

formerly used in cancer formerly used in cancer

treatmenttreatment

Transition MetalsTransition Metals

Transition Metals-Transition Metals- they often occur in they often occur in nature as uncombined elementsnature as uncombined elements

Transition Metals are found in Groups 3-12 of the Periodic Table.

Transition Metals- Cont.Transition Metals- Cont.

– Typically form Typically form colored compounds- colored compounds- ChromiumChromium found in found in rubies and emeraldsrubies and emeralds

Chromium in it’s raw form.

Transition Metals- Cont.Transition Metals- Cont.

– Iron Triad-Iron Triad- Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel Iron-Iron- Most widely used of all metals and Most widely used of all metals and

main ingredient in main ingredient in steelsteel; abundant in Earth’s ; abundant in Earth’s crustcrust

Cobalt & Nickel-Cobalt & Nickel- used in some steels used in some steels NickelNickel used to coat other metals used to coat other metals

Transition Metals- Cont. Transition Metals- Cont.

– Copper, silver, gold- Copper, silver, gold- CoinageCoinage metals metals since once were commonly used in coinssince once were commonly used in coins Copper-Copper- used in electric wiring because it is used in electric wiring because it is

a superior electricity conductor.a superior electricity conductor. Silver-Silver- used in photographic film and paper, used in photographic film and paper,

jewelryjewelry Gold-Gold- used in jewelry and fillings used in jewelry and fillings

Transition Metals- Cont. Transition Metals- Cont.

– Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury- Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury- Group 12Group 12 on on the periodic tablethe periodic table Zinc & Cadmium-Zinc & Cadmium- often used to coat or plate often used to coat or plate

other metalsother metals Mercury-Mercury- only room temperature liquid only room temperature liquid

metal; used in thermometers and batteriesmetal; used in thermometers and batteries

Transition Metals- Cont.Transition Metals- Cont.

– Inner transition-Inner transition- seem disconnected seem disconnected from the rest of the periodic tablefrom the rest of the periodic table Lanthanides-Lanthanides- include include La, Cr, Pr, Sm, Eu, Gd, La, Cr, Pr, Sm, Eu, Gd,

TbTb Actinides-Actinides- all are radioactive and unstable; all are radioactive and unstable;

UraniumUranium is the best known is the best known

Uranium in raw form.

NonmetalsNonmetals

Properties of Properties of NonmetalsNonmetalsUsually gases or Usually gases or brittlebrittle solids at room solids at room

temperature temperature

Are not malleable or ductile Are not malleable or ductile

Usually poor Usually poor conductorsconductors of heat and of heat and electricity electricity

Usually not lustrousUsually not lustrous

Non Metals- Cont. Non Metals- Cont.

– Ionic compoundsIonic compounds form when nonmetals form when nonmetals gain gain electronselectrons from metals and become from metals and become negativenegative ions. ions.

– Covalent compoundsCovalent compounds form when form when nonmetals share electrons with other nonmetals share electrons with other nonmetals.nonmetals.

Nonmetals- Cont.Nonmetals- Cont.

Hydrogen-Hydrogen- most most common element in common element in universeuniverse– Diatomic molecule-Diatomic molecule- two two

atoms of the same atoms of the same element in a element in a covalent covalent compoundcompound

– Highly Highly reactivereactive element element found mostly on Earth as found mostly on Earth as part of a water part of a water compoundcompound

Nonmetals- Cont.Nonmetals- Cont.

Halogens-Halogens- include Bromine, Iodine, include Bromine, Iodine, Fluorine, Chlorine, and AstatineFluorine, Chlorine, and Astatine

Halogens are found in group 17 of the periodic table.

Nonmetals- Cont.Nonmetals- Cont.

– A A saltsalt forms when a halogen gains one forms when a halogen gains one electron from a metalelectron from a metal

– Uses of HalogensUses of Halogens Chlorine-Chlorine- disinfectant and bleach disinfectant and bleach Bromine-Bromine- dyes in cosmetics dyes in cosmetics Iodine-Iodine- hormone regulation hormone regulation

– Sublimation-Sublimation- a solid changes directly a solid changes directly into a gas without first becoming a liquidinto a gas without first becoming a liquid

Nonmetals- Cont.Nonmetals- Cont.

Noble Gases-Noble Gases- exist as isolated, stable exist as isolated, stable atomsatoms– Helium-Helium- used in blimps and balloons used in blimps and balloons– Neon, Argon, Krypton-Neon, Argon, Krypton- used in lights used in lights

Review QuestionReview Question

CC1212 H H2222 O O1111

Number of atomsNumber of atoms C=C= H=H= O=O=

Total number of atoms:________Total number of atoms:________

Mixed GroupsMixed Groups

Properties of Properties of MetalloidsMetalloidsForm ionic and covalent bondsForm ionic and covalent bonds

Have some metallic and some nonmetallic Have some metallic and some nonmetallic propertiesproperties

Partial conduction gives them Partial conduction gives them semiconductorsemiconductor characteristics characteristics

Mixed Groups- Cont.Mixed Groups- Cont.

Boron Group-Boron Group- named for the first named for the first element in Group 13element in Group 13– Boron-Boron- use in water softening products, use in water softening products,

antiseptic, and fuelsantiseptic, and fuels– Aluminum-Aluminum- abundant in Earth’s crust; abundant in Earth’s crust;

used in cans, foil wrap, pans, building used in cans, foil wrap, pans, building materials, and aircraftmaterials, and aircraft

Mixed Groups- Cont.Mixed Groups- Cont. Carbon Group-Carbon Group- four electrons in outer four electrons in outer

energy levelenergy level– Carbon-Carbon- found in coal, oil, natural gas, and foods found in coal, oil, natural gas, and foods– Silicon occurs as an allotrope- same element Silicon occurs as an allotrope- same element

with different molecular structureswith different molecular structures Silicon-Silicon- found in sand, rocks, and soil found in sand, rocks, and soil The main component in The main component in semiconductorssemiconductors, which , which

conduct electricity under certain conditionsconduct electricity under certain conditions

– Germanium-Germanium- also used in semiconductors also used in semiconductors– Tin-Tin- used to coat other metals used to coat other metals– Lead-Lead- toxic, so no longer used in paint toxic, so no longer used in paint– Diamonds, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene Diamonds, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene

are all are all allotropesallotropes of carbon. of carbon.

Mixed Groups- Cont.Mixed Groups- Cont.

Nitrogen Group-Nitrogen Group- five electrons in five electrons in outer energy level; trend to form outer energy level; trend to form covalent bondscovalent bonds– Nitrogen-Nitrogen- used to make nitrates and used to make nitrates and

ammoniaammonia– Phosphorus-Phosphorus- used in water softeners, used in water softeners,

fertilizers, match heads, fine chinafertilizers, match heads, fine china– Antimony and Bismuth-Antimony and Bismuth- used with other used with other

metals to lower melting pointsmetals to lower melting points

Mixed Groups- Cont.Mixed Groups- Cont. OxygenOxygen or Group 16 or Group 16

– OxygenOxygen- makes up 20% of air, is used by - makes up 20% of air, is used by living things in respiration, and provides living things in respiration, and provides protection from the sun’s radiationprotection from the sun’s radiation

– SulfurSulfur- used to form sulfides for pigment - used to form sulfides for pigment in paintin paint

– SeleniumSelenium- used in photocopiers and - used in photocopiers and multivitaminsmultivitamins

– Te & PoTe & Po are also oxygen group are also oxygen group elements.elements.

Mixed Groups- Cont.Mixed Groups- Cont. Synthetic elements-Synthetic elements- scientists create scientists create

elements not usually found on elements not usually found on EarthEarth; ; synthetic elements usually disintegrate synthetic elements usually disintegrate quicklyquickly– Uranium can be made into Uranium can be made into NeptuniumNeptunium which which

forms plutonium when it disintegratesforms plutonium when it disintegrates– Plutonium can be changed into Plutonium can be changed into AmericumAmericum, which , which

is used in is used in smoke detectors. smoke detectors. – TransuraniumTransuranium have more than have more than 9292 protons and protons and

are synthetic and unstableare synthetic and unstable The study of synthetic elements helps scientists to The study of synthetic elements helps scientists to

understand the understand the forcesforces holding the holding the nucleusnucleus together. together. Element 114 lasted for Element 114 lasted for 3030 seconds. seconds. It combined 114 protons with It combined 114 protons with 175175 neutrons. neutrons. It broke apart due to enormous It broke apart due to enormous repulsionrepulsion between the between the

protons.protons.