metadata standards and applications 5. applying metadata standards: application profiles

Metadata Standards Metadata Standards and Applicationsand Applications

5. Applying Metadata 5. Applying Metadata Standards: Application Standards: Application

ProfilesProfiles

Goals of SessionGoals of Session

Learn how metadata standards are Learn how metadata standards are applied, used and documented:applied, used and documented:

Learn about the concept and use of Learn about the concept and use of application profilesapplication profiles

Explore how different metadata Explore how different metadata standards may be used together in standards may be used together in digital library applicationsdigital library applications

Metadata Standards & ApplicationsMetadata Standards & Applications 22


Why Application Profiles?Why Application Profiles?

Describes the set of metadata elements, Describes the set of metadata elements, policies, guidelines and vocabularies policies, guidelines and vocabularies defined for a particular domain, defined for a particular domain, implementation, or object typeimplementation, or object type– Declares the metadata terms an organization, Declares the metadata terms an organization,

information resource, application, or information resource, application, or community uses in its metadatacommunity uses in its metadata

– Documents metadata standards used in Documents metadata standards used in instance data, including schemas and instance data, including schemas and vocabularies, policies, required elements, etc.vocabularies, policies, required elements, etc.

– Called “application profile” or just “profile”Called “application profile” or just “profile”


Benefits of Documenting Terms We Benefits of Documenting Terms We UseUse

To provide authoritative specification To provide authoritative specification of term usageof term usage

To facilitate interoperability by To facilitate interoperability by informing potential users of domain informing potential users of domain consensusconsensus

To support evolution of vocabulariesTo support evolution of vocabularies To encourage alignment of practiceTo encourage alignment of practice To enable interpretation of legacy To enable interpretation of legacy

metadatametadata

Less Flexibility, More PredictabilityLess Flexibility, More Predictability

Many metadata standards are sufficiently flexible Many metadata standards are sufficiently flexible that they need a mechanism to impose some that they need a mechanism to impose some constraintsconstraints– Profiles allow expression of the decisions made for a Profiles allow expression of the decisions made for a

project in machine-readable form (XML or RDFproject in machine-readable form (XML or RDF)) RefiningRefining

– Allow a narrower interpretation of a standard to suit your Allow a narrower interpretation of a standard to suit your projectproject

CombiningCombining– Enable mixing elements from various different standards Enable mixing elements from various different standards

(there are limits to this!)(there are limits to this!)



Components of an AP Components of an AP

Human readable documentationHuman readable documentation– Property descriptions and relationshipsProperty descriptions and relationships– Domain or project specific instructionDomain or project specific instruction– Obligation and constraintsObligation and constraints

Machine-readable versions may contain:Machine-readable versions may contain:– Specific encoding decisions and XML or RDF Specific encoding decisions and XML or RDF

schemasschemas– Models of data relationships specific to the AP Models of data relationships specific to the AP

represented in the schemasrepresented in the schemas– Functional requirements and use cases Functional requirements and use cases

supporting decisionssupporting decisions


Using Properties from other SchemasUsing Properties from other Schemas

DC APs set stringent requirements for DC APs set stringent requirements for determining reusability of terms:determining reusability of terms:– Is the term a real “property” and defined as Is the term a real “property” and defined as

such within the source schema?such within the source schema?– Is the term declared properly, with a URI and Is the term declared properly, with a URI and

adequate documentation and support?adequate documentation and support?– In general, properties whose meaning is partly In general, properties whose meaning is partly

or wholly determined by its place in a hierarchy or wholly determined by its place in a hierarchy are not appropriate for reuse in DC APs without are not appropriate for reuse in DC APs without reference to the hierarchy.reference to the hierarchy.

Other styles of profiles have different Other styles of profiles have different requirements and strategies for developing requirements and strategies for developing machine-readability and validationmachine-readability and validation


Documenting new propertiesDocumenting new properties

Minimum: a web page, with the Minimum: a web page, with the relevant information available to relevant information available to other implementationsother implementations

Better: a web page and an accessible Better: a web page and an accessible schema using your terms as part of schema using your terms as part of your application profileyour application profile

Best: all terms available on a Best: all terms available on a distributed registrydistributed registry

Singapore FrameworkSingapore Framework

A Framework for designing metadata A Framework for designing metadata applications for maximum interoperabilityapplications for maximum interoperability– Defines a set of descriptive components that Defines a set of descriptive components that

arenecessary for documenting an Application arenecessary for documenting an Application ProfileProfile

– Forms a basis for reviewing Dublin Core Forms a basis for reviewing Dublin Core application profilesapplication profiles

– Relates APs to standard domain models and Relates APs to standard domain models and Semantic Web standardsSemantic Web standards

– http://dublincore.org/documents/singaporeframework/


An RDA Application ProfileAn RDA Application Profile

A DCMI/RDA Task Group has been defining A DCMI/RDA Task Group has been defining RDA properties and value vocabularies as RDA properties and value vocabularies as formal RDF vocabularies (with URIs)formal RDF vocabularies (with URIs)– IFLA has stated an intention to declare FRBR IFLA has stated an intention to declare FRBR

entities and attributes as wellentities and attributes as well– Next step is a DC application profile of RDA Next step is a DC application profile of RDA

according to the Singapore Frameworkaccording to the Singapore Framework– See See http://metadataregistry.org for the for the

provisionally registered properties/vocabulariesprovisionally registered properties/vocabularies


METS ProfilesMETS Profiles

Description of a class of METS documents Description of a class of METS documents provides document authors and provides document authors and programmers guidance to create and programmers guidance to create and process conformant METS documentsprocess conformant METS documents– XML document using a schemaXML document using a schema– Expresses the requirements that a METS Expresses the requirements that a METS

document must satisfydocument must satisfy METS Profiles are output in human-readable METS Profiles are output in human-readable

prose and not intended to be “machine prose and not intended to be “machine actionable” (but they use a standard XML actionable” (but they use a standard XML schema)schema)


Components of a METS ProfileComponents of a METS Profile

1. Unique URI1. Unique URI 2. Short Title2. Short Title 3. Abstract3. Abstract 4. Date and time of 4. Date and time of

creationcreation 5. Contact Information5. Contact Information 6. Related profiles6. Related profiles 7. Extension schemas7. Extension schemas

8. Rules of description8. Rules of description 9. Controlled 9. Controlled

vocabulariesvocabularies 10. Structural 10. Structural

requirementsrequirements 11. Technical 11. Technical

requirementsrequirements 12. Tools and 12. Tools and

applicationsapplications 13. Sample document13. Sample document


MODS ProfilesMODS Profiles

Some applications are establishing MODS Some applications are establishing MODS profiles to document usage, required profiles to document usage, required elements, controlled vocabularies used, elements, controlled vocabularies used, etc.etc.

Some examples:Some examples:– DLF Aquifer MODS profile: to establish DLF Aquifer MODS profile: to establish

implementation guidelines for rich shared implementation guidelines for rich shared metadata for cultural heritage materialsmetadata for cultural heritage materials

– British Library electronic journal MODS profileBritish Library electronic journal MODS profile


METS & MODS TogetherMETS & MODS Together

METS can be used to package METS can be used to package together the metadata with the together the metadata with the objectsobjects– METS allows for use of any XML METS allows for use of any XML

metadata schema in its extensionsmetadata schema in its extensions– MODS can be associated with any level MODS can be associated with any level

of the descriptionof the description– Technical metadata can be inserted and Technical metadata can be inserted and

associated with specific filesassociated with specific files


Summary Thoughts on APsSummary Thoughts on APs

Many metadata standards are sufficiently Many metadata standards are sufficiently flexible that profiling is necessaryflexible that profiling is necessary– Documenting what is used in an application Documenting what is used in an application

will simplify and enhance data presentation, will simplify and enhance data presentation, conversion from other sources, ability to conversion from other sources, ability to provide different outputsprovide different outputs

– Constraining a metadata standard by Constraining a metadata standard by specifying what is used and how facilitates specifying what is used and how facilitates data exchange and general interoperabilitydata exchange and general interoperability

Documentation is always a good value!Documentation is always a good value!


DC Application Profile DC Application Profile ExamplesExamples

Collections APCollections AP– http://www.dublincore.org/groups/collections/c

ollection-application-profile/2007-03-09/

Scholarly Works Application Profile (SWAP)Scholarly Works Application Profile (SWAP)– http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/repositories/digirep/ind

ex/Eprints_Application_Profile

Both these have been reviewed by the DC Both these have been reviewed by the DC Usage Board and are deemed compliant Usage Board and are deemed compliant with the DC Abstract Modelwith the DC Abstract Model


METS/MODS AP ExamplesMETS/MODS AP Examples

University of Maryland Descriptive University of Maryland Descriptive MetadataMetadata– http://www.lib.umd.edu/dcr/publications/taglibr

ary/umdm.html UVa DescMetaUVa DescMeta

– http://lib.virginia.edu/digital/metadata/descriptive.html

Texas Digital Library profile for electronic Texas Digital Library profile for electronic theses and dissertationstheses and dissertations– http://metalogger.files.wordpress.com/http://metalogger.files.wordpress.com/

2007/06/tdl-etd-mods-profile.pdf 2007/06/tdl-etd-mods-profile.pdf Metadata Standards & ApplicationsMetadata Standards & Applications 1717


Vocabulary Development in an Vocabulary Development in an AP: a Case Study of KMODDLAP: a Case Study of KMODDL

http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/aboutmeta2.php aboutmeta2.php

Needed to describe all kinematic models, plus Needed to describe all kinematic models, plus materials related to the modelsmaterials related to the models

Developed several special vocabularies:Developed several special vocabularies:– Voigt1 and Voigt2 (plus the IDs)Voigt1 and Voigt2 (plus the IDs)– KMODDL Type (plus ID)KMODDL Type (plus ID)– An AAT subset for An AAT subset for MediumMedium

Adapted:Adapted:– DLESE GradeRange for DLESE GradeRange for AudienceAudience– MARC Organization List for MARC Organization List for MODS:physicalLocationMODS:physicalLocation


Voigt1 and Voigt2Voigt1 and Voigt2

Based on a 19th century treatise on Based on a 19th century treatise on the Reuleaux models, which the Reuleaux models, which classified them based on mechanical classified them based on mechanical principles principles (http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/model.php)(http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/model.php)

Names of the mechanisms used as Names of the mechanisms used as subject termssubject terms

Classification numbers used as IDs to Classification numbers used as IDs to tie the related materials togethertie the related materials together


KMODDL Type VocabularyKMODDL Type Vocabulary http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/aboutmeta3.php http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/aboutmeta3.php

Used to differentiate a complex array of Used to differentiate a complex array of versions and related materials from one versions and related materials from one anotheranother

Allows distinctions between print and Allows distinctions between print and digital (of the same resources) and digital (of the same resources) and identifies granular levels within those identifies granular levels within those resources resources

Enables creation of organized web pages Enables creation of organized web pages presenting the information to userspresenting the information to users


KMODDL ExampleKMODDL Example

http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/model.php?m=244 model.php?m=244

Note:Note:– Browse tree tab on leftBrowse tree tab on left– Lists of linked References and Resources Lists of linked References and Resources

at the bottom of the pageat the bottom of the page– Attributed descriptionAttributed description– Tabs for Image and Movie on the top Tabs for Image and Movie on the top

rightright


Exercise Exercise Critique an Application Profile for a Critique an Application Profile for a

community or project, e.g., the Open community or project, e.g., the Open Language Archives Community Metadata Language Archives Community Metadata Set (OLAC-MS)Set (OLAC-MS)

– OLAC Metadata (DC-based) OLAC Metadata (DC-based) http://www.language-archives.org/OLAC/metadahttp://www.language-archives.org/OLAC/metadata.htmlta.html

– University of Maryland Descriptive Metadata University of Maryland Descriptive Metadata http://www.lib.umd.edu/dcr/publications/taglibrahttp://www.lib.umd.edu/dcr/publications/taglibrary/umdm.html ry/umdm.html

– UVa DescMeta UVa DescMeta http://lib.virginia.edu/digital/metadata/descriptihttp://lib.virginia.edu/digital/metadata/descriptive.html ve.html


Exercise: Questions to addressExercise: Questions to address

Does the profile define its user community Does the profile define its user community and expected uses?and expected uses?

How usable would the profile be for a How usable would the profile be for a potential implementer?potential implementer?

How (well) does the profile specify term How (well) does the profile specify term usage?usage?

How (well) does the profile define and How (well) does the profile define and manage vocabularies?manage vocabularies?

Are there key anomalies, omissions, or Are there key anomalies, omissions, or implementation concerns?implementation concerns?

metadata standards and applications 5. applying metadata standards: application profiles

Documents

metadata applications

metadata terms

different metadata standards

set of metadata elements

profile slide

decisions slide

various different standards

validation slide