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Mercoledi di NEXA 8 luglio 2015 Governance Multistakeholder: Dagli standard tecnici agli standard giuridici Luca Belli, PhD [email protected]

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Page 1: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Mercoledi di NEXA 8 luglio 2015

Governance Multistakeholder: Dagli standard tecnici agli standard giuridici

Luca Belli, PhD [email protected]

Page 2: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Oggi parleremo di:

– Concetti chiave

– Governance multistakeholder a livello internazionale

• IETF (standardizzazione tecnica)

• ICANN (coordinazione + regolazione DNS)

• IGF (dibattito + possibile standardizzazione?)

– Governance multistakeholder a livello nazionale

2

Page 3: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Governance

3

“Governance is the sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs.

It is a continuing process through which conflicting or diverse interests may be accommodated and co-operative action may be taken.”

Cardoso Report, 2004

Page 4: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Internet Governance

4

“Internet governance is the development and application by governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet”

Tunis Agenda, para 34

Page 5: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

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Governance non é regolazione

Regolazione é insieme di strumenti che mantengono l’equilibrio di un sistema

Regolazione é oggetto della governance e puo’ esserne il risultato

Page 6: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

E’ sviluppo ed applicazione di regimi internazionali

International Regimes:

sets of “principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors’ expectations converge in a given area”

Krasner, 1983

6

Page 7: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Caratteristiche:

7

• (tendenzialmente) aperta e partecipativa

• (potenzialmente) multistakeholder i.e. coinvolge una pluralità di attori di natura differente in almeno una fase del processo

Page 8: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Origine ambientale

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UN Conference on Environment and Development, 1992

Page 9: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

9

“Promote and cooperate in education, training and public awareness related to climate change and encourage the widest participation in this process, including that of non-governmental organizations”

Art 4.i

“Seek and utilize, where appropriate, the services and cooperation of, and information provided by, competent international organizations and intergovernmental and non-governmental bodies”

Art 7.l

Page 10: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Convenzione di Aarhus, 1998

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“the public shall have access to information, have the possibility to participate in decision-making and have access to justice in environmental matters.” Art. 3.9

“Each Party shall ensure that in the decision due account is taken of the outcome of the public participation.” Art 6.8

“The public concerned” means the public affected or likely to be affected by, or having an interest in, the environmental decision-making

Page 11: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Stakeholder

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portatore d’interesse / soggetto interessato

i.e. ogni soggetto/entità avente un interesse (stake) in un determinato processo

Page 12: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Interesse

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“the economic or political motivation or the moral value that arouses the attention of an individual or an organisation with regard to a given process, thus leading to the investment of specific resources in order to influence the process’ outcome”

Belli, 2015

Page 13: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Nuovo paradigma di legittimità

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• Legittimità istituzionale: lo stakeholder si esprime in nome di poteri pubblici

• Legittimità discorsiva: lo stakeholder si esprime in difesa/nome di determinati valori o ideali

• Controllo di risorse: lo stakeholder esercita influenza in virtù di capacità economiche, tecniche o scientifiche

Hardy & Phillips, 1998

Page 14: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Consacrazione internazionale della governance multistakeholder di Internet

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Page 15: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Approccio multistakeholder alla governance di Internet

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Tunis Agenda (WSIS, 2005):

“we commit ourselves to the stability and security of the Internet as a global facility and to ensuring the requisite legitimacy of its governance, based on the full participation of all stakeholders”

para. 31

“We seek to improve the coordination of the activities of international and intergovernmental organizations [...]. A multi-stakeholder approach should be adopted, as far as possible, at all levels”

para. 37

Page 16: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Supporto internazionale dell’approccio

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Council of Europe • Declaration of the Committee of Ministers on human rights and the

rule of law in the Information Society, 2005 • Declaration by the Committee of Ministers on Internet governance

principles, 2011 G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy Making, 2011 “unremitting multistakeholder efforts” ITU Resolution on ITU's role in implementing the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society, 2014

Page 17: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

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Internet governange é un insieme di processi multi-

player e multi-layer a cui puo’ partecipare uno spettro

di stakeholder più o meno ampio

Page 18: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Governance internazionale di Internet

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• Quali processi permettono elaborazione di soluzioni efficaci?

• Quali processi permettono partecipazione democratica?

• Quali elementi possono essere trasposti dall’ambiente tecnico al giuridico?

Page 19: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Standardizzazione Internet (IETF)

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• componente essenziale dell’Internet governance

• fondamentale per permettere il funzionamento day-to-day di Internet e garantire l’interoperabilità di una rete di reti

Page 20: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Obiettivi della standardizzazione Internet

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• technical excellence;

• prior implementation and testing;

• clear, concise, and easily understood documentation;

• openness and fairness;

• and timeliness.

Bradner, RFC 2026

Page 21: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Basata su “rough consensus and running code”

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“Rough consensus does not require that all participants agree although this is, of course, preferred. In general, the dominant view of the working group shall prevail. (However, it must be noted that "dominance" is not to be determined on the basis of volume or persistence, but rather a more general sense of agreement.)”

Bradner, RFC 2418

Running code:

L’implementazione dello standard deve essere dimostrata. Almeno due applicazioni pratiche interoperabili sono necessarie.

Page 22: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Internet Draft is circulated on the mailing-list of an IETF working group

The draft is reviewed several times until a large

majority agrees on the content (rough consensus)

The draft is submitted to the Internet Engineering

Steering Group that issues a Last Call

The Draft Standard is tested to verify that it may work and be interoperable (running code)

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Page 23: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Processo partecipativo e democratico

Ma qual é il demos dell’IETF?

E.g. ‘IETF 91’

Private Sector Academia (Inter)governmental Non Affiliated

Page 24: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Problema 1: partecipazione limitata a chi ha competenze tecniche necessarie

Problema 2: standardizzazione condizionata agli interessi del settore privato

E.g. Sarebbe possibile elaborare uno standard che massimizza l’interesse dell’utente a sfavore dell’operatore?

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Page 25: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

• Permette elaborazione di soluzioni efficaci?

• Permette la partecipazione democratica?

• Puo’ essere trasposta dall’ambiente tecnico al giuridico?

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La standardizzazione Internet

• Si

• Partecipazione su base ‘aristocratica’

• Si

Page 26: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Approccio heterostakeholder?

Belli, 2015

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Page 27: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

L’elaborazione delle policies di ICANN si basa su

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modello partecipativo dell’IETF

(legittimità vis-à-vis comunità tecnica)

+

‘notice and comment’ US APA § 553(c)

(legittimità vis-à-vis diritto amministrativo)

Page 28: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Obiettivo dell’ICANN

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definire “contractually based self-regulatory regime that deals with potential conflicts between domain name usage and trademark laws on a global basis”

Clinton & Gore, 1997

organizzazione formalmente tecnica ma de facto é anche regolatore del DNS

Page 29: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

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Board é unico organo esecutivo “the corporation shall be managed and all corporate powers shall be exercised under the ultimate direction of the board” California Corporate Code §5210

Page 31: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

• Permette elaborazione di soluzioni efficaci?

• Permette la partecipazione democratica?

• Puo’ essere trasposta dall’ambiente tecnico al giuridico?

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Il policy-making dell’ICANN:

• Si

• Partecipazione su base ‘aristocratica’

• E’ giuridico

Page 32: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Peché non riprodurre un modello partecipativo di policy-elaboration in seno all’IGF?

32

• Working-group aperti potrebbero elaborare draft policy standard

• Le draft potrebbero essere raccomandate dall’IGF ed utilizzate, su base volontaria, come modelli in base a cui elaborare atti legislativi/regolamentari

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“The mandate of the Forum is to: [….] g. Identify emerging issues, bring them to the attention of the relevant bodies and the general public, and, where appropriate, make recommendations” Tunis Agenda, para. 72.g

+ Potenziali working group già esistono i.e. dynamic coalition

Page 34: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

BoF meeting

Council of Europe Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue on Network Neutrality and Human Rights, May 2013

Approvata dal Segretatiato dell’IGF nel luglio 2013

Obiettivi

• Discuss issues related to Net Neutrality

• The elaboration of a model framework on Network Neutrality

• The production of an annual report and a public meeting at IGF

34

IGF Dynamic Coalition on Network Neutrality

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networkneutrality.info

Page 36: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

A Model Framework on Net Neutrality

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• Proposal to elaborate a Model Framework via an open and participatory process

• Presentation of the Model Framework at the 2013 IGF

Page 37: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

and at the CoE Steering Committee on Media and Information Society, December 2013

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Page 38: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

In 2014 used by the European Parliament IMCO Committee to amend the Connected Continent

Regulation

38

Page 39: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Ma é ancora ‘Draft Policy Standard’

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Bisogno di Last Call

“The Dynamic Coalition on Network Neutrality will continue

the discussions leading up to the 2015 meeting, but the view

was also held that there was a need to develop a process

that allowed the entire IGF community to weigh in and

validate the findings of the Dynamic Coalition.”

Final Chair’s Summary of the IGF 2014

Page 40: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Attuale ‘Last call’ per stimolare i commenti della IGF Community e consolidarli in un Net Neutrality Policy Statement che sarà presentato all’IGF a Novembre

Potrebbe essere il primo IGF policy standard?

networkneutrality.info

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Page 41: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

IGF Dynamic Coalition on Platform Responsibility

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Recommendations on Terms of Service and Human Rights

platformresponsibility.info

Page 42: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

• Permette elaborazione di soluzioni efficaci?

• Permette la partecipazione democratica?

• Puo’ essere trasposta dall’ambiente tecnico al giuridico?

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La policy elaboration

• Si

• Partecipazione su base ‘aristocratica’ MA il risultato é solo proposta! Il legislatore decide

• E’ giuridico

Page 43: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

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A livello nazionale, organi consultivi multistakeholder possono inoltrare proposte a esecutivo e legislatore, che possono essere inclusi nell’organo stesso

Page 44: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

CGI.br

1.- Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia 2.- Ministério das Comunicações 3.- Casa Civil da Presidência da República 4.- Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e

Comércio Exterior 5.- Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e

Gestão 6.- Ministério da Defesa 7.- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento

Científico e Tecnológico 8.- Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações 9.- Fórum Nacional dos Secretários Estaduais da

Ciência e Tecnologia 10.- Notório Saber

11.- Setor Empresarial - Provedores de Acesso e Conteúdo 12.- Setor Empresarial - Provedores de Infra-

Estrutura de Telecomunicações 13.- Setor Empresarial - Bens de Informática, de

Telecomunicações e de Software 14.- Setor Empresarial - Usuários 15.- Terceiro Setor 16.- Terceiro Setor 17.- Terceiro Setor 18.- Terceiro Setor 19.- Setor Acadêmico 20.- Setor Acadêmico 21.- Setor Acadêmico

Page 45: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

CGI.br

Competenze: I - estabelecer diretrizes estratégicas relacionadas ao uso e

desenvolvimento da Internet no Brasil;

II - estabelecer diretrizes para a organização das relações entre o Governo e a sociedade, para:

- execução do registro de Nomes de Domínio,

- alocação de Endereço IP (Internet Protocol)

- administração do “ccTLD” .br,

no interesse do desenvolvimento da Internet no País

45

Creato tramite Decreto interministeriale Nº 147 de 31/05/1995

Alterato con Decreto Presidenziale Nº 4.829 de 03/09/2003

Page 46: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

CGI.br

III - propor programas de pesquisa e desenvolvimento que visem a qualidade técnica e inovação, bem como estimular a sua disseminação no país, com agregação de valor;

IV - promover estudos e recomendar procedimentos, normas e padrões técnicos e operacionais, para a segurança das redes e serviços de Internet;

V - articular a proposição de normas e procedimentos relativos à regulamentação das atividades inerentes à Internet;

VII - adotar os procedimentos administrativos e operacionais necessários para que a gestão da Internet no Brasil se dê segundo os padrões internacionais.

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Page 47: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Marco Civil

• 2009-2010: The Marco Civil public consultation process

• 2011-2014: Marco Civil’s trajectory in the National Congress

• 2014: Marco Civil is signed at NETmundial

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Page 48: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Consultazione (2009-2010)

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Page 49: Mercoledi di NEXA¬-77-belli.pdf · G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011 OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy ... no interesse

Conseil National du Numérique

Commission consultative indépendante

Creato con Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 29 avril 2011

Alterato con Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 13 décembre 2012

Obiettivo

Formuler de manière indépendante et de rendre publics des avis et des recommandations sur toute question relative à l’impact du numérique sur la société et sur l’économie.

A cette fin, il organise des concertations régulières, au niveau national et territorial, avec les élus, la société civile et le monde économique.

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Bibliografia

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• Belli L. (to be published in Autumn 2015) De la gouvernance à la régulation de l’Internet, Berger-Lévrault

• Belli L. (2015) A Heterostakeholder Cooperation for Sustainable Internet Policymaking, in Internet Policy Review, Vol. 4, n°2

• Belli L. & van Bergen M. (December 2013) Protecting Human Rights through Network Neutrality: Furthering Internet Users’ Interest, Modernising Human Rights and Safeguarding the Open Internet. Council of Europe,

• Belli L. (May 2013). Council of Europe Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue on Network Neutrality and Human Rights. Outcome Paper. Council of Europe

• Bradner, S. (1996). The Internet Standards Process - Revision 3, Request for Comments: 2026

• Bradner, S. (1998). IETF Working Group Guidelines and Procedures, Request for Comments: 2418

• Cardoso, H.F. (2004). We the peoples: civil society, the United Nations and global governance Report of the Panel of Eminent Persons on United Nations–Civil Society Relations

• Clinton, W.J. & Gore, A. Jr. (1 July, 1997). A Framework for Global Electronic Commerce • Hardy, C. & Phillips, N. (March/April 1998). Strategies of Engagement: Lessons from the

Critical Examination of Collaboration and Conflict in an Interorganizational Domain. Organization Science

• IGF Chair. (2014) Final Chair’s Summary of the IGF 2014, Connecting Continents for Enhanced Multistakeholder Internet Governance

• Krasner, S. (Ed.) (1983). International Regimes. Ithaca : Cornell University Press

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Grazie per l’attenzione!

[email protected]