1. 1. Cultivation Techniques of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Pakistan By Mr .Allah Dad Khan allahdad52@gmail.com Dated 25th to29th March 2015
2. 2. Medicinal Plants Awareness
3. 3. Medicinal herb in Pakistan 1) In Pakistan almost 2000 medicinal plants exists.However few are exploited and 90 % of the country medicinal herb requirement is imported . 2) About 50% populate in Pakistan cure using traditional medicines 3) There are more than 40000 traditional herb practitioners. 4) Agriculture Research and development have been focused mainly on major crops and to some extent on minor crops . 5) The medicinal herbs and spices have been ignored altogether as a result this sector is facing problems such as
4. 4. Important medicinal plant species of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province , Kashmir and Baluchistan and Sindh Plant names Parts used Approximate Annual Yield (tons) Aconitum chasmanthum (Atees) Roots 5 Aconitum heterophyllum (Atees) Roots 1 Acontium sp. (Atees) Leaves 7 Adianthum capillus Whole plant 120 Angelica glauca Roots 7 Artemisia vulgaris Leaves/ shoots 148 Atropa acuminate (angoori shafa) Roots 74 Berberis lyceum(Dar choob) Roots 300 Dioscorea deltoidea Rhizome 148 Dioscorea deltoidea (Kartha) Twigs 233 .
5. 5. Important medicinal plant species of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province , Kashmir and Baluchistan and Sindh Plant names Parts used Approximate Annual Yield (tons) Geranium wallichianum (Lejahari) Roots 18 Myrtus communs Fruits 45 Paeonia emodi( Mamekh) Rhizome 99 Podophyllum emodi (Ban kakri) Rhizome 55 Polygonum amplexicauler(bandok) Roots 27 Rheum emodi ( Rewand chini) Roots 259 Saxifraga ciliate ( Roots 37 Thymus serphyllum ( Ban Ajwain) Leaves 7 Valeriana wallichii ( Muski Bala) Rhizome 148 Zizyphus vulgaris (Unab) Fruits 30 .
6. 6. Issues related to Medicinal Plants in Pakistan 1) Depletion of existing stock and presently most of the plants are found scattered in the distant areas. 2) Threat to genetic erosion due to indiscriminate exploitation by the collectors 3) Quality deterioration 4) Few species are reported endanger to the extinct. 5) Development of the technology of propagation and regeneration of medicinal plants in their natural habitat. 6) Conservation of this natural resources.
7. 7. Increasing popularity of medicinal plants I. low cost: herbals are relatively inexpensive and the cost of pharmaceuticals to governments and individuals is rising II. drug resistance: the need for alternative treatments for drug-resistant pathogens III. limitations of medicine: the existence of ailments without an effective pharmaceutical treatment IV. medicinal value: laboratory and clinical corroboration of safety and efficacy for a growing number of medicinal plants V. cultural exchange: expanding contact and growing respect for foreign cultures, including alternative systems of medicine VI. commercial value: growing appreciation of trade and other commercial economic opportunities represented by medicinal plants
8. 8. Economic opportunities and cultivation of MP 1. Most of the world's supply of medicinal herbs is obtained by wild collection (often called "wildcrafting"), not by cultivation. 2. There are still many minor medicinal plant species in Country that are abundant in nature and can be collected in a sustainable fashion. 3. However, because of shrinking wild resources and a strengthening sentiment that biodiversity should be preserved, cultivation is becoming increasingly important.
9. 9. Economic opportunities and cultivation of MAP 4. Cultivation offers the possibility of not only preserving economically important wild plants in their natural habitats, but also of providing farmers with new crops. 5. Domestic and foreign markets for medicinal plants are growing rapidly and provide important opportunities for the development and diversification of Pakistani agriculture
10. 10. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants A Technique
11. 11. Capacity Building Training and Visit
12. 12. CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS a. A variety of medicinal plants grow in the temperate hilly region of Pakistan. These plants gained importance in the allopathic system of medicine . b. Plants such as Digitalis purpurea,Atropa belladonna, Colchicum sp. (Suranjan talkh), and many others were used in British and American pharmacopoeias c. This has resulted in the depletion of the existing stock and presently most of the plants are found scattered in the distant areas.
13. 13. CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS contd d. Some other species are also endangered through indiscriminate exploitation by the collectors. For quite a few of these valuable plants, either the quality has deteriorated or they have become extinct. e. Development of the technology of propagation and regeneration of medicinal plants in their natural habitat is essential for the conservation of this natural resource. f. Studies carried out by the Medicinal Plants Branch have revealed that temperate medicinal plants acquire perennial habits and therefore take more time to reach the stage of commercial exploitation.
14. 14. The cultivation of medicinal crops has many advantages. These include: As compared to the traditional crops, 1. Medicinal crops provide better returns than traditional crops; 2. Have very high domestic and export demand; 3. Fetch better prices in the market; 4. Could be stored for a long time, and sold at a time when better prices prevail in 5. the market; 6. Are the largely drought tolerant, and not easily grazed by animals; 7. Have low incidence of pest attacks and diseases; 8. Require minimum resources, therefore the cost of cultivation is lower compared to the traditional crops; 9. Could be raised as inter-crops, along with traditional crops, and also on degraded lands.
15. 15. WORLD IN 21st CENTURY 100% increase in Worlds population (12 billion by the year 2035). 50% reduction in forests cover. Life expectancy close to 100 years in most parts of the world. World resources of fossil fuel will be totally consumed. Plant products are used as Foodstuffs Flavoring agents and spices Perfumes and cosmetics Pharmaceutical and biological agents Recreational substances
16. 16. CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS contd In country cultivation of medicinal plants is very intermittent.Definately the medicinal plants are not alternative in major crops. These must be included as minor crops. Cultivation in Rainfed area Plants as xerophyte are growing there potential must be exploited through awareness and training.
17. 17. Cultivation as intercropping in various cropping system Various medicinal plants , keeping in view their growth habit can be inter cropped in orchids, forest and with major crops . Cultivation of trees The deciduous natural medicinal plants require more than 10 to 15 years for harvesting and economic return. These plants may be planted on separate lands, on slope hill sides ,Banks of canal and water resources. Weeds as Medicinal Plants There is a need develop agro technologies to keep theses weeds as a secondary crop. The farmers can earn an additional income for collecting and selling different parts of weeds.
18. 18. Cultivation of MAPs Package of Technology
19. 19. Package of technology for medicinal herb plants 1 Climate As per ecological zone 2 Organic Fertilizers Farm Yard manure, compost /biopost 3 Soil Land Preparation Loamy Soil preferred Through one to two Ploughing Followed by planking 4 Seed Choosing Seeds and seedlings Next in line comes choosing the seeds. The best option would be to choose disease resistant varieties
20. 20. Package of technology for medicinal herb plants Contd 5 Seed availability Method of seeding/sowing Through reliable source Planting Seeds One by One The Scatter Method/ broadcast Transplanting Seedlings/ nursery 6 Irrigation Through Taps , Bucket irrigation, Drip Irrigation which ever is feasible 7 Insect Pests and Diseases To be controlled through expert advice 8 Harvesting Proper maturity level or as directed
21. 21. Package of technology for medicinal plants contd 9 Collection of seed /leaves/roots/stem Collection as directed by expert And farmers own experience 10 Cleaning/Drying Dry in Sunlight / shade as recommended By researchers 11 Grading As per demand of the market 12 Packing /Packaging As Per quality and ingredients
22. 22. Package of technology for medicinal plants contd 13 Store Cool Dry Places 14 Transport to market Immediately or on the time The dealers desired for it 15 Marketing Local/Provincial/National/International Seek advice from experts about quantity, do not compromise on quality, as quality speaks.
23. 23. Cultivation of MAPs of Winter Season
24. 24. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants (Winter season) contd # Name Time of sowing Distan ce from Line to Line Cm Flowering Time Time of Harvestin g Yield per Hectare in Kgs 1 Ajwain ( Khurasani) Sept-Oct 36 March May -June 500-550 2 Ajwain desi Sept-Oct 36 March April- May 350-400 3 Alsi Oct-Nov 30 Feb April-May 700-800 4 Kalwonji Sep-Oct 30 March April-May 550-644
25. 25. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants (Winter season) # Name Time of sowing Distance from Line to Line Cm Flowerin g Time Time of Harvesting Yield per Hectare in Kgs 5 Tukhume balango Sept-Oct 30 Feb April 450-600 6 Malathi Sept-Oct 100 ----- After three to 4 years 4000-5000 7 Kuth Oct-Nov (roots) Pots --- After 3 Years
26. 26. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants Winter Season Contd # Name Time of sowing Distance from Line to Line Cm Flowering Time Time of Harvesti ng Yield per Hectare in Kgs 8 Zeera Sufaid Dec-Jan Broadcast --- Feb 350-375 9 Zeera Kala Sept- Oct 35 Nov Dec 375-400 10 Coriander Aug- Sept Broadcast ---- Oct-Nov 6000- 7000 fresh
27. 27. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants Winter Season Contd # Name Time of sowing Distance from Line to Line Cm Flowering Time Time of Harves ting Yield per Hectare in Kgs 11 Methi July-Aug Broadcast Sept- Nov 6000- 12 Mehindi June -sept 45 --- March - June 1500- 3000 13 Aspaghool Sept- Oct 15-20 Feb March - April 450-500
28. 28. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants Winter Season Contd # Name Time of sowing Distance from Line to Line Cm Flowerin g Time Time of Harvesting Yield per Hectare in Kgs 15 Rai Oct-Nov 36 Feb March-April 300-350 16 Soyia Oct-Nov 36 Feb March -April 400-500 17 Kali Zeeri Aug-Sept 50 Nov Dec-Jan 200-250
29. 29. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants Winter Season Contd # Name Time of sowing Distance from Line to Line Cm Flowerin g Time Time of Harvesting Yield per Hectare in Kgs 18 Kao Oct-Nov 36 -- Feb-March 400-450 19 Meethra Sept-Oct 36 --- March-April 400-500 20 Haloon Oct-Nov 36 -- March-April 300-400
30. 30. Cultivation of MAP,s of Summer Season
31. 31. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants Summer Season # Name Time of sowing Distance from Line to Line Cm Flowe ring Time Time of Harvesting Yield per Hectare in Kgs 1 Adrak March-April 45 --- Dec-Jan 20000- 25000Fresh 2 Gekhwar (Aloe vera ) March Pots --- After 4 Years 15000 Fresh 3 Choongan(seed) July Pots --- ---- 4 Haldi March-April 45 --- Dec-Jan 20000 to 25000 Fresh
32. 32. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants Summer Season contd # Name Time of sowing Distance from Line to Line Cm Flowe ring Time Time of Harvesting Yield per Hectare in Kgs 5 Pudina Feb-March 30 --- 15-20cm Stage 200-250 6 Saunf March -April 45 --- June-July 1695 7 KilKil Feb-March 50 --- Oct-Nov 160-200
33. 33. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants Summer Season contd # Name Time of sowing Distanc e from Line to Line Cm Floweri ng Time Time of Harvest ing Yield per Hectare in Kgs 8 Babchi March- April 40-50 -- July - Dec 1000-1200 9 Lemon Grass Feb- March 50 Nov- Dec June - Aug 25000-30000 10 Koortuma March- April 50 --- June - July 8000-1000
34. 34. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants Summer Season contd # Name Time of sowing Distance from Line to Line Cm Flowerin g Time Time of Harvesti ng Yield per Hectare in Kgs 11 Kulfa March- June 25 --- April-Aug 1000 kg saag 12 Till July 45 Oct-Nov 13 Castor July-Aug 3 meter ---- Nov 800
35. 35. Cultivation of Shrubs and Trees
36. 36. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants /trees Akhroot Alubukhara Apple Apricot Anjeer Amrood Annarr Aamm Amla Ashokk Amaltas Angoor Avacado Ananas Bakian Badam Ber Bhai Bankhoor Baikar
37. 37. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants /trees contd Chakotra Cheeko Chalghoza Falsa Gul e mohar Gardinia Gule Nishtar Gilgil Harida
38. 38. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants /trees contd Jaman Jatropa Kikar Kiliari Kachnar Khajoor Kajoo Kela Lasura Mahrukh Mitha Malta Moringa Nimbo Narial Neem Nashpati
39. 39. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants /trees contd Papita Pecan Nut Pista Phulai Persimon Ritha Strawberry Sebakthorn Sohanjna Shaftalo Sharifa Toot Tea Timber
40. 40. Cultivation of Medicinal Plants /trees Unab
41. 41. Some Glimpses of MAP,s
42. 42. Tulsi
43. 43. Aloe vera
44. 44. Lemon Grass
45. 45. Dhania
46. 46. Methi
47. 47. Haldi ( Turmeric)
48. 48. Fennel
49. 49. Oyster Mushroom
50. 50. Jamun
51. 51. Choongan